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N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y A T W O R K

Pyrogel Insulation
TECHNICAL GUIDE
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N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y A T W O R K
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Pyrogel Insulation
TECHNICAL GUIDE

Contents

Introduction 3

Thermal Conductivity ASTM C 177 - Thermal Conductivity 5

ASTM C 335 - Thermal Conductivity 5

Dimensional Stability ASTM C 356 - Linear Shrinkage Under Soaking Heat 6

ASTM C 411/C 447 - Hot Surface Performance 6
ASTM E 228 - Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 6
Effects of Long Term Thermal Exposure 6

Mechanical Resilience ASTM C 165 - Compressive Strength (Room Temp) 7

ASTM C 592, Section 11.11.6 - Procedure for Heat and Vibration 7
ASTM C 1101, Section 7.1 and 7.2 - Flexibility and Resilient Flexibility 7
Compression Recovery at High Stress Load 7

Water Resistance ASTM C 1559 - Wicking 8

ASTM C 1104 - Water Vapor Adsorption 8
ASTM C 1511 - Water Repellency 8

Chemical Resistance ASTM C 665, Section 13.8 - Corrosion Test 9

ASTM C 795 - Standard Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in
Contact With Austenitic Steel 9
Extractable pH Measurements of Pyrogel 6350 9
ASTM C 1338 - Fungal Resistance 9

Fire Testing ASTM E 84 - Flame and Smoke Spread 10

UL 1709 - Structural Steel Fire Protection 10
European Testing 10

Acoustical Properties ASTM E 1222 - Insertion Loss of Pipe Lagging Systems 11

Appendix A - C 177 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 12

Appendix B - ASTM C 335 CONDUCTIVITY 21
Appendix C - ASTM C 356 - LINEAR SHRINKAGE UNDER SOAKING HEAT 26
Appendix D - ASTM C 411/C 447 - HOT SURFACE PERFORMANCE 28
Appendix E - ASTM E 228 - LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION 32
Appendix F - EFFECTS OF LONG TERM THERMAL EXPOSURE 39
Appendix G - MECHANICAL RESILIENCE 44
Appendix H - PYROGEL 6350 COMPRESSION RECOVERY AFTER HIGH STRESS LOAD 51
Appendix I - ASTM C 795 STANDARD SPEC FOR THERMAL INSULATION FOR USE IN CONTACT WITH AUSTENITIC STEEL 57
Appendix J - EXTRACTABLE pH MEASUREMENTS OF PYROGEL 6350 60
Appendix K - ASTM C 1338 - FUNGAL RESISTANCE 64
Appendix L - ASTM E 84 - FLAME AND SMOKE SPREAD 69
Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION 71
Appendix N - EUROPEAN TESTING 88
Appendix O - ASTM E 1222 - INSERTION LOSS OF PIPE LAGGING SYSTEMS 93


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Pyrogel Insulation
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Introduction

Pyrogel® is a high-temperature insulation blanket formed of silica aerogel and reinforced with a non-woven, carbon- and
glass-fiber batting.

Silica aerogels possess the lowest thermal conductivity of any known solid. Pyrogel achieves this industry-leading thermal
performance in a flexible, environmentally safe, and easy-to-use product.

Ideal for insulating the curved surfaces and complex shapes typical of today’s refining and petrochemical infrastructure,
Pyrogel is an essential material for those seeking the ultimate in thermal protection.

Pyrogel Advantages:

• Superior Thermal Performance — 2 to 8 times better than competing insulation products

• Reduced Thickness and Profile — Equal thermal resistance at a fraction of the thickness

• Less Time and Labor to Install — Easily cut and comformed to complex shapes, tight curvatures, and spaces with
restricted access

• Physically Robust — Soft and flexible but with excellent springback, Pyrogel recovers its thermal performance even
after compression events as high as 50 psi

• Shipping and Warehousing Savings — Reduced material volume, high packing density, and low scrap rates can reduce
logistics costs by a factor of five or more compared to rigid, pre-formed insulations

• Simplified Inventory — Unlike rigid pre-forms such as pipe cover or board, the same Pyrogel blanket can be kitted to
fit any shape or design

• Excellent Fire Protection — Equal to or better than other insulation materials, including mineral wool and calcium
silicate

• Hydrophobic Yet Breathable — Pyrogel repels liquid water but allows vapor to pass through

• Environmentally Safe — Landfill disposable, shot-free, with no respirable fiber content


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Pyrogel Insulation
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Introduction

Pyrogel’s main properties are categorized and described on the following pages. Below is a a summary of key test results.

Specification Compliance and Performance

Test Procedure Property Results

ASTM C165 Compressive Strength Stress at 10% strain = 11.6 psi (80 kPa)
Stress at 25% strain = 24.7 psi (170 kPa)
ASTM C356 Linear Shrinkage Under Soaking Heat < 2.5%

ASTM C411 Hot Surface Performance Passed

ASTM C592 Modified Mineral Fiber - Weight Loss From Vibration Passed

ASTM C871 Leachable Chloride, Flouride, Silicate and Sodium Ions Passed chemical requirements of C795

ASTM C1101 Classifying the Flexibility of Mineral Fiber Blankets Class: Resilient Flexible

ASTM C1104 Water Vapor Sorption 4% (by weight)

ASTM C1338 Fungal Resistance of Insulation Materials Passed

ASTM C1511 Liquid Water Retention After Submersion 4% (by weight)

ASTM C1559 Modified Wicking of Water Into Glass Fiber Passed (no wicking)

ASTM E84 Surface Burning Characteristics Flame Spread Index = 0

Smoke Developed Index = 5
UL 1709 Hydrocarbon Pool Fire 6 mm = 15 min
- 4” (100 mm) steel pipe 12 mm = 25 min
- 0.016” (0.4 mm) stainless steel cladding 18 mm = 34 min
24 mm = 42 min
30 mm = 51 min


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Thermal Conductivity

ASTM C 177 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Aspen has completed third-party validation of its thermal conductivity results. Thermal conductivity of the Pyrogel 6350
material is as follows:

• Pyrogel 6350 = 16.3 mW/m-K @ 50°C

• Pyrogel 6350 = 34.8 mW/m-K @ 350°C

The final report in Appendix A shows the full thermal conductivity curve from 50°C to 300°C.

Thermal Conductivity
ASTM C 177 Results
Temperature (°F)
100 200 300 400 500 600
35
Thermal Conductivity, k (BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F)

Mean Temp. °C 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Thermal Conductivity, k (mW/m-K)

30 °F 32 122 212 302 392 482 572 662

0.20
k mW/m-K 15.9 16.3 16.9 18.1 20.2 23.5 28.2 34.8
25
BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.24
0.15
20

0.10 15

10
0.05
5

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature (°C)

ASTM C 335 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Aspen completed a third-party validation of its thermal conductivity using the guarded end pipe configuration. Results are
in agreement with C-177 within the standard deviation of the two test results and are as follows:

• Pyrogel 6350 = 21.6 mW/m-K @ 149°C

The final report is in Appendix B.


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Dimensional Stability

ASTM C 356 - LINEAR SHRINKAGE UNDER SOAKING HEAT

ASTM C 356 measures linear shrinkage when subjected to soaking heat for 24 hours. The third party result for Pyrogel
6350 at 309°C was <2.5%. The third party test result can be found in Appendix C.

ASTM C 411/C 447 - HOT SURFACE PERFORMANCE

Dimensional stability is also part of the criteria for determining maximum use temperature, ASTM C411/C447. This is a
pipe test configuration. At a hot surface temperature of 385°C, shrinkage across the length of the pipe was <0.33%, and
circumferential shrinkage measured at 10 cm intervals was <2.3%. Third party test results can be found in Appendix D.

ASTM E 228 - LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

ASTM E 228 can be found in Appendix E. A number of materials were tested in this report. However, only the table and
plot for Pyrogel 6350 have been included in Appendix E. Testing was done from -170°C - 250°C.

EFFECTS OF LONG TERM THERMAL EXPOSURE

An internal analysis of simulated long term exposure (up to 20 years) was done to understand thermal and mechanical
stability. The report is attached in Appendix F. The simulated 20-year exposure indicates that Pyrogel will exhibit
minimal shrinkage and thermal performance degradation over the course of its lifetime at its recommended operating
temperature. The shrinkage was less than 2% with no change in thermal performance.


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Mechanical Resilience

ASTM C 165 - COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ( ROOM TEMP)

Compressive resistance measured at both 10% and 25% compression for standard conditions is shown in Appendix
G, section 3.0, tables 2 and 3. It is part of a large report from Bodycote outlining a number of tests. The average
compressive resistance was 80 kPa (@10%) and 170 kPa (@25%).

ASTM C 592, SECTION 11.11.6 - PROCEDURE FOR HEAT AND VIBRATION

In this test method, the sample is heated for 24 hours @ 210°C and then vibrated for 6 hours @ 12 Hz and 3 mm
displacement. The results are attached in Appendix G, Table 1. Pyrogel 6350 shows a 6.4% weight loss upon heat
treatment, which is mostly absorbed water. After vibration, the material recovers some of its weight due to re-absorption
of water. The net result of heating and vibration is that there is essentially no loss due to vibration. Appendix G, Fig 1
shows the material after heating and vibration. As may be observed, the material is essentially pristine.

ASTM C 1101, SECTION 7.1 AND 7.2 - FLEXIBILITY AND RESILIENT FLEXIBILITY

The sample was tested for flexibility and resilient flexibility. The sample is classified as resilient flexible. The results of third
party testing are in Appendix G, Page 6.

COMPRESSION RECOVERY Chart 1

AT HIGH STRESS LOAD Compressive Stress vs. Percent Strain
Crosshead Speed = 5 ipm
Maximum Stress = 6.033 Mpa = 875 psi

An internal analysis of compression

7.0
recovery showed Pyrogel 6350 to
recover 80% of its thickness after loads 6.0
Compressive Stress, MPa

as high as 875 psi. The report is given

5.0
in Appendix H. The stress strain curve
is shown in Chart 1 at right. 4.0
PG6350
3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
% Strain


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Water Resistance

ASTM C 1559 - WICKING

In this test, insulation is suspended in water, and the distance that water wicks is measured over 168 hours. Pyrogel 6350
is hydrophobic (repels water) and shows no water wicking. Results of third party testing are located in Appendix G,
Tables 7 and 8.

ASTM C 1104 - WATER VAPOR ADSORPTION

This test measures the water absorbed by insulation exposed to a high humidity environment. Results are shown in
Appendix G, Table 5. The average weight gain is 4%, and the average volume gain is 1%. Pyrogel 6350 meets the
requirements for ASTM C 547 Standard Specifications for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation.

ASTM C 1511 - WATER REPELLENCY

Water repellency test results are given in Appendix G, Table 6. Average weight gain was 2.3 grams, which is 0.0023 kg.
ASTM C 800 Specification for Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation requires Repellency in kg 0.020 max. Pyrogel 6350 passes
the requirement of ASTM C800.


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Chemical Resistance

ASTM C 665, SECTION 13.8 - CORROSION TEST

Pyrogel 6350 was tested using the Standard Specification for Mineral-Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Light Frame
Construction and Manufactured Housing Section 13.8 only, aluminum and copper. The performance criteria for this
test are outlined in ASTM C 547 Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation Section 7.4. The specification
is corrosion no greater than comparative plates in contact with sterile cotton and is greater than or equal to 21 for
aluminum and copper. Our test results in Appendix G, Table 4 give values of 39.5 and 40 for aluminum and copper
respectively, a clear pass for these criteria.

ASTM C 795 - STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR THERMAL INSULATION FOR USE IN

CONTACT WITH AUSTENITIC STEEL

Difficulties were encountered with testing in accordance with ASTM C 795 “Standard Specification for Thermal Insulation
for Use in Contact with Austenitic Steel.” This specification requires testing in accordance with C 871 and C 692. The
chemical requirements of this specification, C 871, were easily met with our results being well within specification. The
results were: pH 8.6, chloride 24 ppm, and fluoride 1 ppm. However, testing in accordance with C 692 proved to be an
obstacle. Aspen’s insulation blanket is hydrophobic; the C 692 method requires contact between the insulation and the
water. To circumvent the non-wicking behavior of our materials, tunnels were cut into the insulation coupons, and the
water dripped directly into these cracks. The test result was a pass with 4 coupons showing no cracking. Appendix I has
the results for C 795.

Extractable pH Measurements of Pyrogel 6350

Pyrogel 6350 is hydrophobic, therefore there was some question as to the validity of the pH measurement for C871. This
test is also designed for materials that readily wick water. In order to replicate real-world conditions involving the use
of Pyrogel 6350, a modified ASTM C871 test was done to determine surface extractable pH. The method was meant to
replicate small amounts of water that may inadvertently compromise the insulation system. Details of the test are found
in Appendix J. The results indicated that extractable pH values for Pyrogel 6350 using a modified ASTM C871 did not
differ significantly from the values obtained by ASTM C871 — pH was 7.1 for the modified test and 7.3 for the official test.

ASTM C 1338 - FUNGAL RESISTANCE

Pyrogel 6350 was tested using the Standard Test Method for Determining Fungi Resistance of Insulation Materials and
Facings. The criteria for a pass are that test specimens have growth no greater than on the comparative item. Pyrogel
6350 showed zero or no growth and is considered a pass. Appendix K has the third party test data.


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Fire Testing

ASTM E 84 - FLAME AND SMOKE SPREAD

Testing in accordance with ASTM E 84 Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials was
performed on Pyrogel 6350 and is given in Appendix L. Pyrogel 6350 satisfies the criteria for a Class A rating with flame
spread index: 0, smoke developed index: 5, and fuel contribution: 0.

UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

Pyrogel 6350 was tested for Rapid Rise Fire Tests Hydrocarbon Pool Fire
of Protection Materials for Structural Steel. The UL 1709 Results
sample is subjected to furnace heat of 2000°F
1000
1000
and the approximate heat flux of 204 kW/m2.
Thermocouples recorded the temperature of the 900
900
500
steel pipe under the insulation and the time to
reach 1000°F under the insulation is reported. 800
800
Four layers of Pyrogel 6350 take 47:20 (MM:SS) 400
to reach 1000°F. The third party test results can 700
700

be found in Appendix M.
Pipe Temperature (°F)

Pipe Temperature (°C)

600
600
mm (in) 300

500
500 6 (0.24)

12 (0.48)
400
400 200
18 (0.72)
300
300
24 (0.96)

200
200 30 (1.20) 100

100
100

0
00
00 10
10 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
50 60
60

Time (min)

EUROPEAN TESTING

Pyrogel 6350 was tested according to EN ISO 13823 and EN ISO 11925-2. The results for the third party testing are
located in Appendix N.

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Acoustical Properties

ASTM E 1222 - INSERTION LOSS OF PIPE LAGGING SYSTEMS

ASTM E1222 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of the Insertion Loss of Pipe Lagging Systems. The third
party test results are presented in graph form and the complete test report is located in Appendix O.

Pipe Lagging Insertion Loss

ASTM E 1222-90 Results

35
33

30
28

25
23
Insertion Loss (dB)

20
18

15 f IL f IL
(kHz) (dB) (kHz) (dB)
13
0.6 13 2.0 18

10 0.8 8 2.5 20

8 1.0 13 3.2 26

1.3 15 4.0 32
5
1.6 15 5.0 35
3

0
-2
500 1000
1000 1500 2000
2000 2500 3000
3000 3500 4000
4000 4500 5000
5000
Frequency (Hz)

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Appendix A - C 177 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix A - C 177 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix A - C 177 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix A - C 177 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix A - C 177 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix A - C 177 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix A - C 177 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix A - C 177 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix A - C 177 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix B - ASTM C 335 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix B - ASTM C 335 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix B - ASTM C 335 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix B - ASTM C 335 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix B - ASTM C 335 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

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Appendix C - ASTM C 356 - LINEAR SHRINKAGE UNDER SOAKING HEAT

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Appendix C - ASTM C 356 - LINEAR SHRINKAGE UNDER SOAKING HEAT

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Appendix D - ASTM C 411/C 447 - HOT SURFACE PERFORMANCE

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Appendix D - ASTM C 411/C 447 - HOT SURFACE PERFORMANCE

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Appendix D - ASTM C 411/C 447 - HOT SURFACE PERFORMANCE

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Appendix D - ASTM C 411/C 447 - HOT SURFACE PERFORMANCE

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Appendix E - ASTM E 228 - LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

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Appendix E - ASTM E 228 - LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

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Appendix E - ASTM E 228 - LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

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Appendix E - ASTM E 228 - LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

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Appendix E - ASTM E 228 - LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

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Appendix E - ASTM E 228 - LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

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Appendix E - ASTM E 228 - LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION

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Appendix F - EFFECTS OF LONG TERM THERMAL EXPOSURE

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Appendix F - EFFECTS OF LONG TERM THERMAL EXPOSURE

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Appendix F - EFFECTS OF LONG TERM THERMAL EXPOSURE

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Appendix F - EFFECTS OF LONG TERM THERMAL EXPOSURE

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Appendix F - EFFECTS OF LONG TERM THERMAL EXPOSURE

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Appendix G - MECHANICAL RESILIENCE

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Appendix G - MECHANICAL RESILIENCE

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Appendix G - MECHANICAL RESILIENCE

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Appendix G - MECHANICAL RESILIENCE

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Appendix G - MECHANICAL RESILIENCE

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Appendix G - MECHANICAL RESILIENCE

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Appendix G - MECHANICAL RESILIENCE

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Appendix H - PYROGEL 6350 COMPRESSION RECOVERY AFTER HIGH STRESS LOAD

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Appendix H - PYROGEL 6350 COMPRESSION RECOVERY AFTER HIGH STRESS LOAD

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Appendix H - PYROGEL 6350 COMPRESSION RECOVERY AFTER HIGH STRESS LOAD

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Appendix H - PYROGEL 6350 COMPRESSION RECOVERY AFTER HIGH STRESS LOAD

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Appendix H - PYROGEL 6350 COMPRESSION RECOVERY AFTER HIGH STRESS LOAD

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Appendix H - PYROGEL 6350 COMPRESSION RECOVERY AFTER HIGH STRESS LOAD

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Appendix I - ASTM C 795

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Appendix I - ASTM C 795

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Appendix I - ASTM C 795

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Appendix J - EXTRACTABLE pH MEASUREMENTS OF PYROGEL 6350

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Appendix J - EXTRACTABLE pH MEASUREMENTS OF PYROGEL 6350

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Appendix J - EXTRACTABLE pH MEASUREMENTS OF PYROGEL 6350

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Appendix J - EXTRACTABLE pH MEASUREMENTS OF PYROGEL 6350

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Appendix K - ASTM C 1338 - FUNGAL RESISTANCE

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Appendix K - ASTM C 1338 - FUNGAL RESISTANCE

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Appendix K - ASTM C 1338 - FUNGAL RESISTANCE

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Appendix K - ASTM C 1338 - FUNGAL RESISTANCE

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Appendix K - ASTM C 1338 - FUNGAL RESISTANCE

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Appendix L - ASTM E 84 - FLAME AND SMOKE SPREAD

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Appendix L - ASTM E 84 - FLAME AND SMOKE SPREAD

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix M - UL 1709 - STRUCTURAL STEEL FIRE PROTECTION

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Appendix N - EUROPEAN TESTING

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Appendix N - EUROPEAN TESTING

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Appendix N - EUROPEAN TESTING

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Appendix N - EUROPEAN TESTING

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Appendix N - EUROPEAN TESTING

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Appendix O - ASTM E 1222 - INSERTION LOSS OF PIPE LAGGING SYSTEMS

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Appendix O - ASTM E 1222 - INSERTION LOSS OF PIPE LAGGING SYSTEMS

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Appendix O - ASTM E 1222 - INSERTION LOSS OF PIPE LAGGING SYSTEMS

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Appendix O - ASTM E 1222 - INSERTION LOSS OF PIPE LAGGING SYSTEMS

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