Ex.

No 1 Half-Wave rectifier with and without filter

Objective

1. To plot input and output waveforms of the Half Wave Rectifier with and without Filter
2. To find ripple factor of Half Wave Rectifier with and without Filter
3. To find percentage regulation of Half Wave Rectifier with and without Filter
Apparatus

S.No Appar Type Range Quantity

atus
01 Transformer Step-down 0-12V 01

02 Diode IN4007 01

03 Decade Resistance Box 10-1KΩ 01

04 Capacitor 1000µF/25V 01

05 Digital Multimeter(DMM) (0-20V) 01

06 CRO & CRO Probes 01

07 Breadboard and Wires

INTRODUCTION:

A device is capable of converting a sinusoidal input waveform into a unidirectional

waveform with non zero average component is called a rectifier.
A practical half wave rectifier with a resistive load is shown in the circuit diagram.
During the positive half cycle of the input the diode conducts and all the input voltage is
dropped across RL. During the negative half cycle the diode is reverse biased and it acts
as almost open circuit so the output voltage is zero.
The filter is simply a capacitor connected from the rectifier output to ground. The
capacitor quickly charges at the beginning of a cycle and slowly discharges through R L
after the positive peak of the input voltage. The variation in the capacitor voltage due to
charging and discharging is called ripple voltage. Generally, ripple is undesirable, thus
the smaller the ripple, the better the filtering action.
EXPERIMENT (without Filter)

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram of the rectifier without filter.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to ac mains and the secondary side to the
rectifier input.
3.Note down the no load voltage before applying the load to the Circuit and by using the
Multimeter, measure the ac input voltage of the rectifier and its frequency.
4.Now Vary the RL in steps of 100Ω by varying the DRB from 1100Ω to 100Ω and
note down the load voltage (VL) using the multimeter for each value of R L and
calculate the percentage regulation.
5.Measure the AC and DC voltage at the output of the rectifier for each value of RL
using Multimeter. 6.Now Observe the output waveform on CRO across R L and find
out value of Vm.
7. Now calculate Vdc, Vrms, Ripple Factor and other parameters of half wave rectifier
according to the given formulae.
8. Measure the amplitude and time period of the transformer secondary (input
waveform) by connecting CRO.
9.Feed the rectified output voltage to the CRO and measure the time period
and amplitude of the waveform.
EXPERIMENT (with Filter)
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram of the rectifier with filter.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to ac mains and the secondary side to the
rectifier input.
3. By the multimeter, measure the ac input voltage of the rectifier and, ac and dc
voltage at the output of the rectifier.
4. Measure the amplitude and time period of the transformer secondary (input
waveform) by connecting CRO.
5.Feed the rectified output voltage to the CRO and measure the time period
and amplitude of the waveform.
Using CRO

Model Graph:

Result :
Ex.no 2 Full-Wave Rectifier With And Without Filter

Objective

1. To plot input and output waveforms of the Full Wave Rectifier with and without Filter
2. To find ripple factor for Full Wave Rectifier with and without Filter
3. To find regulation for Full Wave Rectifier with and without Filter
Apparatus

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

01 Transformer Center 12-0-12V 01
tapped
02 Diode IN4007 02
03 Resistance 1KΩ 01
04 Capacitor 1000µF/ 01
25V
05 Multimeter (0-20V) 01
06 CRO 01
07 Breadboard and
Wires

INTRODUCTION:

A device is capable of converting a sinusoidal input waveform into a unidirectional

waveform with non zero average component is called a rectifier. A practical half wave
rectifier with a resistive load is shown in the circuit diagram. It consists of two half
wave rectifiers connected to a common load. One rectifies during positive half cycle of
the input and the other rectifying the negative half cycle. The transformer supplies the
two diodes (D1 and D2) with sinusoidal input voltages that are equal in magnitude but
opposite in phase. During input positive half cycle, diode D1 is ON and diode D2 is
OFF. During negative half cycle D1 is OFF and diode D2 is ON. Generally, ripple is
undesirable, thus the smaller the ripple, the better the filtering action.
Experiment(without filter)
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram of the rectifier without filter.

2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to ac mains and the secondary side to the
rectifier input.

3. By the multimeter, measure the ac input voltage of the rectifier and, ac and dc voltage
at the output of the rectifier.

4. Measure the amplitude and time period of the transformer secondary(input

waveform) by connecting CRO.

5. Feed the rectified output voltage to the CRO and measure the time period
and amplitude of the Waveform.

Experiment (With filter)

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram of the rectifier with filter.

2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to ac mains and the secondary side to the
rectifier input.

3. By the multimeter, measure the ac input voltage of the rectifier and, ac and dc voltage
at the output of the rectifier.

4. Measure the amplitude and time period of the transformer secondary(input

waveform) by connecting CRO.

5. Feed the rectified output voltage to the CRO and measure the time period
and amplitude of the waveform.
Tabular Column Without

Filter Using DMM:

Using CRO :

Model Graph:
 Ex.no 3
CLIPPER CIRCUIT

Aim :
To study positive diode clipping,
negative diode clipping with and
without biasing, using PN diode and
Zener diode.
Apparatus required:
1. Function Generator.
2. Oscilloscope.
3. DC Power Supply.
4. Breadboard, Diodes, Capacitors
and Resistor.

Theory

In a positive clipper, the positive half cycles of the input voltage will be removed. The circuit arrangements
for a positive clipper are illustrated in the figure given below. As shown in the figure, the diode is kept in
series with the load. During the positive half cycle of the input waveform, the diode ‘D’ is reverse biased,
which maintains the output voltage at 0 Volts. Thus causes the positive half cycle to be clipped off. During
the negative half cycle of the input, the diode is forward biased and so the negative half cycle appears
across the output. When a portion of both positive and negative of each half cycle of the input voltage is to
be clipped (or removed), combination clipper is employed.

(i) Positive Diode Clipping Circuits

Model Graph:
Input waveform Output waveform
(ii) Negative Diode Clipping Circuits
Model Graph:
Input waveform Output waveform

(iii) Positive Bias Diode Clipping

(iv) Negative Bias Diode Clipping

Model Graph:
Input waveform Output waveform

(v) Diode Clipping of Different Bias levels

Model Graph:
Input waveform Output waveform

(vi) Zener Diode Clipping

Model Graph:
Input waveform Output waveform

Procedure :
1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure.
2. Ensure that the variable DC is at minimum and the source is at 10VP.P.
 3. Observe and Sketch the input and output waveforms.
4. Increase the variable DC voltages to 4V and 6V for respectively, for biased circuits and notice to
what voltage are the positive/negative peaks chopped off, sketch the waveforms.

Result:
Exp.No: 4 CLAMPER CIRCUIT
Aim :
To study positive diode clipping, negative diode clipping with and without biasing, using PN diode
and Zener diode.
Apparatus:
1. Function Generator.
2. Oscilloscope.
3. DC Power Supply.
4. Breadboard, Diodes, Capacitors and Resistor.
Theory:

A clamper is an electronic circuit that changes the DC level of a signal to the desired level without
changing the shape of the applied signal. In other words, the clamper circuit moves the whole signal up or
down to set either the positive peak or negative peak of the signal at the desired level. The dc component is
simply added to the input signal or subtracted from the input signal. A clamper circuit adds the positive dc
component to the input signal to push it to the positive side. Similarly, a clamper circuit adds the negative
dc component to the input signal to push it to the negative side.

The positive clamper is made up of a voltage source Vi, capacitor C, diode D, and load resistor RL. In the
below circuit diagram, the diode is connected in parallel with the output load. So the positive clamper
passes the input signal to the output load when the diode is reverse biased and blocks the input signal when

the diode is forward biased.

During negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is forward biased and hence no signal
appears at the output. In forward biased condition, the diode allows electric current through it. This current
will flows to the capacitor and charges it to the peak value of input voltage Vm. The capacitor charged in
inverse polarity (positive) with the input voltage. As input current or voltage decreases after attaining its
maximum value -Vm, the capacitor holds the charge until the diode remains forward biased.
During positive half cycle:
During the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is reverse biased and hence the signal
appears at the output. In reverse biased condition, the diode does not allow electric current through it. So
the input current directly flows towards the output.
When the positive half cycle begins, the diode is in the non-conducting state and the charge stored in the
capacitor is discharged (released). Therefore, the voltage appeared at the output is equal to the sum of the
voltage stored in the capacitor (Vm) and the input voltage (Vm) {i.e. Vo = Vm+ Vm = 2Vm} which have
the same polarity with each other. As a result, the signal shifted upwards.
The peak to peak amplitude of the input signal is 2Vm, similarly the peak to peak amplitude of the output
signal is also 2Vm. Therefore, the total swing of the output is same as the total swing of the input.
The basic difference between the clipper and clamper is that the clipper removes the unwanted portion of
the input signal whereas the clamper moves the input signal upwards or downwards.
Negative clamper
During positive half cycle:

During the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is forward biased and hence no signal
appears at the output. In forward biased condition, the diode allows electric current through it. This current
will flows to the capacitor and charges it to the peak value of input voltage in inverse polarity -Vm. As
input current or voltage decreases after attaining its maximum value Vm, the capacitor holds the charge

until the diode remains forward biased.

During negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is reverse biased and hence the signal
appears at the output. In reverse biased condition, the diode does not allow electric current through it. So
the input current directly flows towards the output.

When the negative half cycle begins, the diode is in the non-conducting state and the charge stored in the
capacitor is discharged (released). Therefore, the voltage appeared at the output is equal to the sum of the
voltage stored in the capacitor (-Vm) and the input voltage (-Vm) {I.e. Vo = -Vm- Vm = -2Vm} which
have the same polarity with each other. As a result, the signal shifted downwards.

Biased clampers

Sometimes an additional shift of DC level is needed. In such cases, biased clampers are used. The working
principle of the biased clampers is almost similar to the unbiased clampers. The only difference is an extra
element called DC battery is introduced in biased clampers.

Positive clamper with positive bias

If positive biasing is applied to the clamper then it is said to be a positive clamper with positive bias. The
positive clamper with positive bias is made up of an AC voltage source, capacitor, diode, resistor, and dc
battery.

During positive half cycle:

During the positive half cycle, the battery voltage forward biases the diode when the input supply voltage is
less than the battery voltage. This current or voltage will flows to the capacitor and charges it.
When the input supply voltage becomes greater than the battery voltage then the diode stops allowing
electric current through it because the diode becomes reverse biased.

Circuit Diagram:
Positive Clamper

Model graph:
Input waveform Output waveform

Positive Clamper with positive biased:

Model Graph

Positive Clamper with negative biased:

Model Graph
Input Waveform Output Waveform

Negative Clamper

Model Graph
Input Waveform Output Waveform

Negative Clamper with bias

PROCEDURE:
1. Check the components using multimeter
2. Setup the first circuit
3. Apply the sine wave input to the circuit.
4. Simultaneously observe the input and output on CRO.
5. Repeat the above steps for all circuits
6. Plot the waveforms

RESULT:
Ex.no: 5 Frequency response of CE amplifier

Aim:

1. To obtain Frequency response characteristics of Common emitter

amplifier

2. To determine Bandwidth.

Apparatus

S.N App Type Rang Quant

o arat e ity
us
01 Transistor BC10 01
7
02 Resistance 33KΩ,4.7 KΩ,2.2 01
KΩ
8.2 KΩ,1 KΩ
03 Regulated Power supply (0- 01
30V)
04 Capacitor 10µF 03

05 Signal Generator 10- 01

1M
Hz
06 CRO 01

07 Breadboard and
Wires ,CRO
Probes

Circuit Diagram
Theory:

The common emitter amplifier is a three basic single stage bipolar junction transistor and is used as a
voltage amplifier. The input of this amplifier is taken from the base terminal, the output is collected from
the collector terminal and the emitter terminal is common for both the terminals. The below circuit diagram
shows the working of the common emitter amplifier circuit and it consists of voltage divider biasing, used
CRO
to supply the base bias voltage as per the necessity. The voltage divider biasing has a potential divider with
two resistors are connected in a way that the midpoint is used for supplying base bias voltage. There are
different types of electronic components in the common emitter amplifier which are R1 resistor is used for
the forward bias, the R2 resistor is used for the development of bias, the RL resistor is used at the output it
is called as the load resistance. The RE resistor is used for the thermal stability. The C1 capacitor is used to
separate the AC signals from the DC biasing voltage and the capacitor is known as the coupling capacitor.

The figure shows that the bias vs gain common emitter amplifier transistor characteristics, if the R2 resistor
increases then there are an increase in the forward bias and R1 & bias are inversely proportional to each
other. The alternating current is applied to the base of the transistor of the common emitter amplifier circuit
then there is a flow of small base current. Hence there is a large amount of current flow through the
collector with the help of the RC resistance. The voltage near the resistance RC will change because the
value is very high and the values are from the 4 to 10k ohm. Hence there is a huge amount of current
present in the collector circuit which amplified from the weak signal, therefore common emitter transistor
work as an amplifier circuit.

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. A 10V supply is given to the circuit.
3. A certain amplitude of input signal (say 20mv at 1 kHz) is kept constant using signal generator and
for different frequencies, the output voltage (V0) from CRO are noted.
4. Gain for with and without feedback is calculated using Where Vo is output voltage, Vi is input
voltage.
5. Plot the graph between Gain (in dB) and frequency.
Model Graph

Result:
Ex.No: 6 Frequency response of Common Collector Amplifier

Aim:

To study the common collector amplifier and find it’s Bandwidth.

Apparatus Required:

Theory:

In common collector amplifier as the collector resistance is made to zero, the collector is at AC
ground that is the reason for which the circuit is also called as grounded-collector amplifier or
this configuration has voltage gain close to unity and hence a change in base voltage appears as
an equal change across the load at the emitter, hence the name emitter follower is given to this
circuit. In other words emitter follows the input signal.

This circuit performs the function of impedance transformation over a wide range of frequencies
with voltage gain close to unity. In addition to that, the emitter follower increases the output
level of the signal. Since the output voltage across the emitter load can never exceed the input
voltage to base as emitter-base junction would become back biased. Common collector state has
a low output resistance, the circuit suitable to serve as buffer or isolating amplifier or couple to a
load with large current demands.

Characteristics of CC Amplifier:

1. Higher current gain.

2. Voltage gain of approximately unity.
3. No current or voltage phase shift.
4. Large input resistance.
5. Small output resistance.
Circuit diagram

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Set source voltage Vs = 50mV (say) at 1 KHz frequency using the function generator.
3. Keeping input voltage constant vary the frequency from 50 Hz to 1 MHz in regular steps
and note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph: gain (dB) verses Frequency on a semi log graph sheet.
5. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

Expected waveform:

In the usual application, mid band frequency range are defined as those frequencies at which the
response has fallen to 3dB below the maximum gain (|A| max). These are shown as fL and fH and
are called as the 3dB frequencies are simply the lower and higher cut off frequencies
respectively. The difference between higher cut off and lower cut off frequency is referred to as
bandwidth ( fH - fL ).
Tabulations: Vs = 50mV

Result:
Ex.no. 7 Frequency response of Common Source FET amplifier

Objective:
1. To obtain Frequency response characteristics of Common Source FET amplifier
2. To determine Bandwidth.
Apparatus

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

01 N-Channel FET BFW10 01

02 Resistance 01
(6.8KΩ, 1MΩ, 1.5KΩ)
03 Regulated Power supply (0-30V) 01

06 Capacitor (0.1µF, 0.1µF, 47µF) 01

07 Signal Generator 10-1M Hz 01

08 CRO 01

09 Breadboard and Wires ,CRO

Probes

Circuit Diagram
Theory:

Transistor amplifier circuits such as the common emitter amplifier are made using Bipolar
Transistors, but small signal amplifiers can also be made using Field Effect Transistors. These
devices have the advantage over bipolar transistors of having an extremely high input impedance
along with a low noise output making them ideal for use in amplifier circuits that have very
small input signals.

The design of an amplifier circuit based around a junction field effect transistor or “JFET”, (N-
channel FET for this tutorial) or even a metal oxide silicon FET or “MOSFET” is exactly the
same principle as that for the bipolar transistor circuit used for a Class A amplifier circuit we
looked at in the previous tutorial.

Firstly, a suitable quiescent point or “Q-point” needs to be found for the correct biasing of the
JFET amplifier circuit with single amplifier configurations of Common-source (CS), Common-
drain (CD) or Source-follower (SF) and the Common-gate (CG) available for most FET devices.

Experiment

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. A 10V supply is given to the circuit.
3. A certain amplitude of input signal (say 20mv at 1 kHz) is kept constant using signal
generator and for different frequencies, the output voltage (V0) is taken at Drain from
CRO.

( )
4. Gain of the amplifier is calculated usingGain ( dB ) =20 log
Vo
Vin
5. Where Vo is output voltage, Vi is input voltage.
6. Plot the graph between Gain in dB and frequency.
PIN DIAGRAM: