IMOGENE KING

Imogene King was born on Jan. 30, 1923, in West Point, Iowa. During
her early high school years, she decided to pursue a career in
teaching.

Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment was first introduced in

the 1960s. From the title itself, the model focuses on the attainment
of certain life goals. It explains that the nurse and patient go hand-
in-hand in communicating information, set goals together, and then
take actions to achieve those goals.
 BETTY NEUMAN
Born in Lowel, Ohio in 1924, Betty Neuman earned her diploma as a
Registered Nurse in 1947 from the Peoples Hospital School of
Nursing in Akron, Ohio. She went on to complete her Bachelor of
Science in Nursing in 1957 and her Master of Science in Mental
Health, both from the University of California-Los Angeles in 1966.
She also earned a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Pacific Western
University in 1985.

A nursing theory developed by Betty Neuman is based on the

person's relationship to stress, response, and reconstitution factors
that are progressive in nature. The Neuman Systems Model presents
a broad, holistic, and system-based method to nursing that
maintains a factor of flexibility.
 DOROTHY JOHNSON
Dorothy E. Johnson was born on August 21, 1919 in Savannah,
Georgia. She earned her Bachelor of Science in Nursing in 1942 from
Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1948, she received
her Master’s degree from Harvard University. During her career,
Johnson was an assistant professor of pediatric nursing, an associate
professor of nursing, and a professor of nursing at the University of
California in Los Angeles. She retired in 1978.

Defined Nursing as “an external regulatory force which acts to

preserve the organization and integration of the patient's behaviors
at an optimum level under those conditions in which the behavior
constitutes a threat to the physical or social health, or in which
illness is found.”
 IDA JEAN ORLANDO

Ida Jean Orlando was a first-generation Irish American born on

August 12, 1926. She dedicated her life to studying nursing and
graduated in 1947 and received a Bachelor of Science degree in
public health nursing in 1951. In 1954, she completed her Master of
Arts in Mental Health consultation.

Orlando was one of the first nursing theorists to write about the
nursing process based on her own research. Her Deliberative
Nursing Process Theory focuses on the interaction between the
nurse and patient, perception validation, and the use of the nursing
process to produce positive outcomes or patient improvement.
 JOYCE TRAVELBEE

Joyce Travelbee was born in 1926 and is known for her work as a
nursing theorist. In 1956, Travelbee earned her Bachelor of Science
in Nursing degree from Louisiana State University. She was given a
Master of Science in Nursing degree in 1959 from Yale University.
Her career dealt predominantly with psychiatric nursing and
education.
Joyce Travelbee believed that everything the nurse (as a human)
said or did with an ill person (as a human) helped to fulfill the
purpose of nursing. The nurse and the patient are human beings,
relating to each other. The process is that of interaction.
 MADELEINE LEININGER

Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August 10, 2012) was an

internationally known educator, author, theorist, administrator,
researcher, consultant, public speaker, and the developer of the
concept of transcultural nursing that has a great impact on how to
deal with patients of different culture and cultural background.

Leininger discovered that nurses needed a better understanding of

patients' cultures to best administer care to them. Patients are more
likely to follow recommendations for health and healing when their
caregivers understand and respect their cultural norms.
 ROSEMARIE PARSE
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse graduated from Duquesne University in
Pittsburgh, and earned her Master’s and Doctoral degrees from the
University of Pittsburgh.Rosemarie Rizzo Parse. Parse served as a
faculty member at the University of Pittsburgh, as well as the Dean
of the Duquesne University School of Nursing. Between 1983 and
1993, she was a professor and coordinator of the Center for Nursing
Research at the City University of New York’s Hunter College.

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse created the Human Becoming Theory of

Nursing, which guides nurses to focus on quality of life from each
person's own perspective as the goal of nursing. It presents an
alternative to most of the other theories of nursing, which take a
bio-medical or bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach.
 NOLA PENDER
Nola J. Pender, PhD, RN, FAAN earned her BS in 1964 and her MA in
1965 from Michigan State University in East Lansing, MI. She
received a PhD. from Northwestern University of Evanston, IL in
1969. She was a nurse educator for over 40 years.

Nola Pender's nursing theory focused on health promotion and

disease prevention, making it stand out from other nursing theories.
It is highly applicable in the community health setting. It promotes
the nursing profession's independent practice, being the primary
source of health-promoting interventions and education.
 MARGARET NEWMAN
Newman earned a degree in home economics and English from
Baylor University. She spent five years caring for her mother, who
was dying of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease).
"The 5 years I spent with her before she died were difficult, tiring,
restrictive in some ways, but intense, loving, and expanding in other
ways," she later wrote. After going through these experiences,
Newman decided to become a nurse.

Newman's theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness, which

proposes that all individuals can achieve a state of health that
involves the experience of interacting and connecting with the
environment. According to the theory, relationships are the focus of
nursing, which assists individuals in expanding consciousness.
 MYRA LEVINE
Myra was born in Chicago, Illinois on Sunday, December 12, 1920.
She was the surviving child of a pair of twin girls and the oldest of
three children. Her parents were Julius Jay, who was the owner of a
hardware store, and Celia Bluma Estrin. Growing up, her father
suffered from chronic gastrointestinal problems, these health issues
eventually became one of Myra's motivations to study health care
sciences.

According to Levine's theory, every patient has a unique range of

adaptive responses, which vary based on the individual
circumstances of the patient including age, gender, and illness. The
responses are the same, but the timing and manifestation of
organismic responses will be unique for each patient's pulse rate.