1. How did such false theories and hoaxes proliferate?

The Code of Kalantiaw was not widely accepted or widely spread as a legitimate legal code, and its
authenticity as a historical document has been widely debated and disputed. It is believed to have been
fabricated during the American colonial period in the Philippines in order to justify American rule.

The belief in a flat Earth has been around for thousands of years, but in recent times the idea has
reemerged through online communities and social media. Proponents of the flat Earth theory often
spread their ideas through videos, blogs, and online forums. Additionally, conspiracy theories and
misinformation have contributed to the proliferation of the flat Earth belief.

The Hollow Earth theory, which proposes that the Earth is not a solid sphere but is instead hollow and
contains a central sun, has been around for hundreds of years. It has been promoted and popularized by
various figures and organizations throughout history, including 19th-century mystics and esoteric
societies. In recent times, the theory has been spread through online communities, conspiracy websites,
and social media. Additionally, some proponents of the theory have written books and made videos to
promote their ideas.

Crop circles have been reported for centuries and have gained widespread attention in recent times.
They are believed to have been created by various natural and human causes, including weather
patterns, wind, and human hoaxers. The phenomenon has been widely reported in the media, and crop
circle images have been widely shared and circulated on the internet. Additionally, various books,
documentaries, and websites have been created to explore and explain the mystery of crop circles.
These factors have contributed to the proliferation of interest and belief in crop circles.

Homeopathy, a system of alternative medicine based on the belief that highly diluted substances can
cure illnesses, originated in the late 18th century and has been widely practiced in many countries. The
practice of homeopathy has proliferated due to various factors, including:

Word of mouth: Homeopathic treatments have been passed down through generations, and satisfied
patients have often recommended the practice to others.

 Marketing and promotion: Homeopathic companies and practitioners have actively marketed
and promoted their services through various channels, including print, television, and online
advertising.
 Celebrity endorsements: Some celebrities have publicly endorsed homeopathic treatments,
which has helped to increase public awareness and interest in the practice.
 Lack of scientific evidence: The lack of scientific evidence for the efficacy of homeopathic
treatments has not deterred many people from using it as a form of alternative medicine.
 Cultural beliefs and traditions: In some cultures, traditional and alternative forms of medicine,
such as homeopathy, have been passed down for generations and continue to be widely used.
 2. How was Code of Kalantiaw debunked or disproven?

The authenticity of the Code of Kalantiaw, a supposed ancient legal code from the Philippines,
has been widely disputed and debunked by historians and scholars. The main reasons for this
are:

 Lack of historical evidence: There is no concrete historical evidence that the Code of
Kalantiaw existed prior to the 20th century.

 Anachronisms: The language and laws contained in the Code of Kalantiaw contain
anachronisms and inconsistencies with known Philippine history and cultural practices.

 Evidence of fabrication: The text of the Code of Kalantiaw bears similarities to Spanish
and American colonial legal codes, leading some to believe it was fabricated during the
colonial period to justify American rule.

 Absence in pre-colonial records: The Code of Kalantiaw is not mentioned in any pre-
colonial records or oral traditions, which would be expected if it were an ancient legal
code.

 Scholarly consensus: The overwhelming consensus among historians and scholars is that
the Code of Kalantiaw is a fabrication and not a legitimate historical document.

How was Flat Earth debunked or disproven?

The flat Earth theory has been discredited by scientific evidence and universally accepted by the
scientific community as a false belief. The main reasons for this are:

 Observations of Earth's shape: Observations of the Earth's shape from space, as well as the
curved horizon visible from earth, provide conclusive evidence that the Earth is not flat.
 Astronomical observations: The behavior of celestial bodies, such as the sun and moon, would
be vastly different if the Earth were flat and can only be explained by a spherical Earth.
 Physical experiments: Physical experiments, such as the Foucault pendulum and the Bedford
Level experiment, have been performed for centuries and demonstrate that the Earth is a
sphere.
 Global navigation: The ability to accurately navigate and fly around the world would not be
possible if the Earth were flat.
 Scientific consensus: The overwhelming consensus among scientists and the scientific
community is that the Earth is an oblate spheroid, not flat.
 How was hollow earth theory debunked or disproven?

The Hollow Earth theory, which proposes that the Earth is not a solid sphere but is instead hollow and
contains a central sun, has been discredited by scientific evidence and universally rejected by the
scientific community. The main reasons for this are:

 Observations of Earth's interior: Seismic studies, the behavior of Earth's magnetic field, and the
measurement of gravitational forces all provide evidence that the Earth is solid and not hollow.
 Absence of a central sun: There is no evidence of a central sun or any other large body in the
Earth's interior.
 Scientific explanations for polar openings: The supposed polar openings in the Earth's surface, as
described by hollow Earth proponents, have been shown to be misinterpretations of natural
phenomena such as ice formations and mirages.
 Lack of empirical evidence: There is no empirical evidence to support the idea that the Earth is
hollow, and all available scientific evidence contradicts this idea.
 Scientific consensus: The overwhelming consensus among scientists and the scientific
community is that the Earth is a solid sphere and not hollow.

How was crop circles debunked or disproven?

Crop circles, which are patterns formed in crops, have been the subject of speculation and debate for
decades. While some believe they are created by extraterrestrial beings or other supernatural forces,
the scientific explanation is that they are mostly made by human hoaxers. The main reasons for this are:

 Observations of creation process: Many crop circles have been observed being made by human
hoaxers using simple tools such as ropes and boards.
 Confessions of hoaxers: Some individuals have publicly confessed to creating crop circles as
hoaxes, and their methods and techniques have been documented.
 Lack of physical evidence: Despite claims of supernatural or extraterrestrial origins, there is no
physical evidence to support these theories.
 Scientific explanation: The patterns observed in crop circles can be explained by natural
processes such as wind and erosion, as well as human manipulation.
 Scientific consensus: The scientific community generally agrees that the vast majority of crop
circles are made by human hoaxers and not by supernatural or extraterrestrial forces.

How was homeopathy debunked or disproven?

Homeopathy has not been scientifically proven to be effective beyond a placebo effect. The principles
behind homeopathy go against established laws of science and numerous studies have failed to show
any efficacy beyond a placebo effect. The World Health Organization and the National Health Service in
the UK state that there is no scientific evidence that homeopathy is effective for any health condition.
The scientific community generally considers homeopathy to be a discredited form of alternative
medicine.
What are the possible reasons why some people still believe in debunked theories and hoaxes?

There are several reasons why some people persist in believing in debunked theories and hoaxes:

 Confirmation Bias: People tend to seek out information that supports their existing beliefs and
ignore or dismiss evidence that contradicts them.
 Lack of critical thinking skills: People may not have the skills or knowledge to critically evaluate
information and distinguish between credible and false information.
 Emotional connection: People may have a personal or emotional connection to a particular
belief or theory that makes them resistant to changing their mind.
 Social influence: People are influenced by those around them, including family, friends, and
community. If a significant number of people believe in a particular theory or hoax, it can be
difficult for an individual to question it.
 Misinformation: People may be exposed to misinformation through media, the internet, and
other sources, and may not have the means to verify its accuracy.
 Conspiracy theories: People may believe in conspiracy theories because they provide a simple
and often appealing explanation for complex events.
 Psychological factors: Beliefs and attitudes can also be influenced by cognitive biases and
psychological factors, such as need for certainty, aversion to change, and fear of the unknown.