Section 3.4 & 3.

5 Classwork
a. To compute the z-score corresponding to the CO2 emissions of 6.48, we first need to calculate
the mean and standard deviation of the data set. Then, we can use the formula:

z = (x - mean) / standard deviation

To find the mean, we add up all the values and divide by the number of values. In this case, there
are 34 values.

mean = (1.31 + 5.38 + 10.36 + 5.73 + 3.57 + 5.40 + 6.24 + 8.59 + 9.46 + 6.48 + 11.06 + 7.94 +
4.63 + 6.12 + 14.87 + 9.94 + 10.06 + 10.71 + 15.86 + 6.93 + 3.58 + 4.09 + 9.91 + 7.82 + 8.70 +
8.33 + 9.38 + 161.57 + 7.31 + 16.75 + 9.95 + 23.87 + 7.76 + 8.86) /34 = 8.942

To find the standard deviation, we need to calculate the variance first. We can use the formula:

variance = Σ(x - mean)^2 / n

Where Σ represents the sum of all values, x represents each individual value, mean represents the
mean we calculated earlier, and n represents the number of values.

variance = ((1.31 - 8.942)^2 + (5.38 - 8.942)^2 + (10.36 - 8.942)^2 + (5.73 - 8.942)^2 + (3.57 -
8.942)^2 + (5.40 - 8.942)^2 + (6.24 - 8.942)^2 + (8.59 - 8.942)^2 + (9.46 - 8.942)^2 + (6.48 -
8.942)^2 + (11.06 - 8.942)^2 + (7.94 - 8.942)^2 + (4.63 - 8.942)^2 + (6.12 - 8.942)^2 + (14.87 -
8.942)^2 + (34

b. Find the five-number summary.

The five-number summary consists of the minimum, first quartile (Q1), median (Q2), third
quartile (Q3), and maximum of a data set.

To find the five-number summary, we need to arrange the data in ascending order.
1.31, 3.58, 3.57, 4.09, 4.63, 5.38, 5.4, 5.73, 6.12, 6.24, 6.48, 6.93, 7.31, 7.76, 7.82, 8.33, 8.59,
8.7, 8.86, 9.38, 9.46, 9.91, 9.94, 9.95, 10.06, 10.36, 10.71, 11.06, 14.87, 15.86, 16.75, 23.5, 9.83,
161.57

The minimum is 1.31

Q1 is the median of the lower half, so we take the average of the two middle values, which are
7.82 and 8.33. The average is (7.82 + 8.33) / 2 = 8.075.
Q2 is the median of all the data, so it is the middle value, which is 8.59.
Q3 is the median of the upper half, so we take the average of the two middle values, which are
10.06 and 10.36. The average is (10.06 + 10.36) / 2 = 10.21.
The maximum is 161.57.

Therefore, the five-number summary is:

Minimum: 1.31
Q1: 8.075
Q2 (Median): 8.59
Q3: 10.21
Maximum: 161.57

c. To find the outlier(s), we can use the 1.5 * IQR (interquartile range) rule.

The interquartile range (IQR) is the difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first
quartile (Q1).

IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 10.21 - 8.075 = 2.135

Next, we can calculate the lower and upper bounds:

Lower bound = Q1 - 1.5 * IQR = 8.075 - 1.5 * 2.135 = 4.28875

Upper bound = Q3 + 1.5 * IQR = 10.21 + 1.5 * 2.135 = 14.54625

Any data point that is less than the lower bound or greater than the upper bound is considered an
outlier.

In this case, the data point 161.57 is greater than the upper bound of 14.54625, so it is considered
an outlier.

d. To construct a boxplot, we need to plot the five-number summary on a number line and
represent the data distribution using a box and whisker plot.

The five-number summary is:

Minimum: 1.31
Q1: 8.075
Median: 8.59
Q3: 10.21
Maximum: 161.57