Air pollution

and
Meteorological phenomena

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‫• آﺷﻜﺎرا ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻫﻮا در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ از ﻳﻚ روز ﺗﺎ روز دﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻧﺸﺮ آﻻﻳﻨﺪه ﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ آب و ﻫﻮا‪ ،‬ﺷﺪت وزش ﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﭘﺮوﻓﻴﻞ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ دﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺷﺪت ﻧﻮر ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ‪ ،‬و ‪...‬‬

‫‪• Meteorology‬‬
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‫‪ .1‬ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‬

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Vertical Temperatures and Zones

•Troposphere
– Lowest layer of atmosphere

– Temperature decreases with

height on average – 6.5 oC/km

– Depth varies from 8-18 km

– Characterized by vertical and

horizontal air motion;
– Location of all "weather"
phenomena
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 ‫ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻻﻳﻪ ازن‬.2

Ozone depletion

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WHERE IS THE OZONE LAYER?

Stratosphere

Ozone Concentration (ppm)

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‫ﻻﻳﻪ اُزون ﻻﻳﻪاي ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ در ﻻﻳﻪ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻮﺳﻔﺮ ﺟﻮ زﻣﻴﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ از ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮل ازون ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎل ‪1913‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دو ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚدان ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮي ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎمﻫﺎي ﺷﺎرل ﻓﺎﺑﺮي و ﻫﺎﻧﺮي ﺑﻮﻳﺴﻮن ﻛﺸﻒ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ اُزون ﺑﺎ ﺟﺬب ‪ 95–99٫9‬درﺻﺪ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻓﺮاﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اداﻣﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺮ روي ﻛﺮه زﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﻳﻪ ٔ◌ اوزون ‪ 95–99٫9‬درﺻﺪ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻓﺮاﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ را ﺟﺬب ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪10‬‬

 OZONE: Sources

Ozone is produced naturally in

photochemical reactions in the
stratospheric ozone layer --“good
ozone” -- is decreasing!
However, ozone has increased in
troposphere due to photochemical
smog reactions -- “bad ozone” 11
Here’s a
different version
of the figure 
Shows 2 peaks,
a major peak in
O3 density in the
stratosphere, a
smaller
secondary peak
in the lower
troposphere
Ozone Density
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(1017 molecules / m3)
THE CHAPMAN MECHANISM
(first proposed in 1930s)

 ozone is continuously produced

and destroyed
 through PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTIONS in the stratosphere
involves oxygen (O2), molecular
oxygen (O), photons of UV
radiation, and OZONE (O3).
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‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ازون‪-‬اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮل اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﻛﺮده و ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮلﻫﺎي‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن را ﻣﻲﺷﻜﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﺗﻢﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮل اﻛﺴﻴﮋن دﻳﮕﺮي واﻛﻨﺶ داده و ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮل اوزون را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ازون ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺼﻞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وزش ﺑﺎد و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬

‫‪The Chapman‬‬
‫‪O O‬‬ ‫‪O O‬‬ ‫‪O O‬‬ ‫‪Mechanism‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

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 O
O O O

O
O O O

O
O O
O
O O

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 The Chapman Mechanism

Ozone being Ozone being Ozone being Ozone being

formed destroyed formed destroyed
naturally naturally naturally naturally

a balance of ozone is established over time

prevents much of the harmful UV radiation
from reaching the earth's surface.
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 Ultraviolet Radiation
• 230-280 nm damages nucleic acids
• Stops reproduction of cells by
breaking apart the DNA bonds
• Ozone production peaks at 185nm
• Ozone absorbance and destruction at 200-320nm

Ozone formation Ozone destruction



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 ‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻻﻳﻪ اوزون‬
‫در واﻗﻊ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎت ﻣﺎوراء ﺑﻨﻔﺶ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ در اﻳﺠﺎد ﻻﻳﻪ اوزون اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻮﺳﻔﺮي و ﻫﻢ در ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ آن ﻧﻘﺶ دارد‪ .‬اوزون ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪاري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮل اﻛﺴﻴﮋن اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮم ﻳﺎ ازت ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺸﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت از زﻣﻴﻦ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﻛﻠﺮوﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎ )‪ (CFC‬در اﻳﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﺧﺘﺮاعﺷﺪ و در ﺻﻨﻌﺖ و ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻮﺳﻔﺮ راه ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ و ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻛﻠﺮ و ﺑﺮم ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در آنﻫﺎ ﻃﻲ واﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﻻﻳﻪ اُزون ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‪ CFC s‬ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺮد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﻳﺨﭽﺎل ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ اﺳﭙﺮي ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت اﻛﻨﻮن ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻴﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اي‬
‫ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﺮده‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﻳﺨﭽﺎل ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻼل ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎك ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‪ ،‬دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮع و‪ ...‬ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ اوزون ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر در ﺳﺎل ‪ 1974‬ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻻﻳﻪ اوزون ﻧﻴﺰ از اواﺧﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻫﻪ آﻏﺎز‬
‫ﺷﺪ و ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﮔﺎم ﻫﺎي ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻛﻠﺮو ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮرو ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻬﺎ )‪ (CFC‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻻﻳﻪ اوزون ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

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 They circulate in the atmosphere until they reach the stratosphere.

Cl
C
F
Cl
UV F

+ radiatio
C
F Cl
n +
F
Cl- “free
radical”

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 Over time a single chlorine atom can cause the breakdown of as
many as 100,000 molecules of ozone.

+ +
Cl- O3
ClO O2
“free radical” (ozone)

+ +
O
ClO Cl- O2
“free radical”
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 Catalytic O3 Destruction!
X + O3(g) = OX + O2(g)

OX + •O = X + O2(g)

Net Reaction: O3(g) + •O = 2O2(g)

– One molecule of X will continue to act as a catalyst in this reaction again

and again, destroying O3 molecules until X itself is removed or destroyed

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 What is X?
• Hydroxyl Radical (OHꞏ)
– Responsible for up to 1/2 of all O3 destruction in lower
stratosphere

• Nitric Oxide (NOxꞏ)

– Produced in lower atmosphere via biomass burning,
lightning, mostly oxidized to NO2/HNO3 & rained out
before reaching stratosphere
– Some does reach stratosphere, especially N2O, which
is photolyzed, producing NOꞏ
– NO destroys O3, forms NO2
• NO2 reactions with other X molecules (OHꞏ, Clꞏ),
can store them and then release them later
• Chlorine (Clꞏ) and Bromine (Brꞏ) Radicals 23
 ‫ اﺛﺮ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي‬.3

Greenhouse effect

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Explanation of the causes of global warming

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 Muir Glacier, Alaska

Glaciers

Glaciers are
retreating:
worldwide

Photo credit:
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Global Warming Art
 ‫ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﻫﻮا و اﺧﺘﻼط ﻋﻤﻮدي‬.4

Vertical stability and dispersion

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 ‫• ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﻫﻮا‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ آن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﺮدن ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬

‫• ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ آﻻﻳﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮا ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻋﻤﻮدي در اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ واﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬

‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪي ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات دﻣﺎي ﻫﻮا در ارﺗﻔﺎع اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ دارد‪.‬‬

‫• ﻫﻮاي ﭘﺎﻳﺪار‬
‫• ﻫﻮاي ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪار‬

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 ‫• ﻧﺮخ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻣﺎي آدﻳﺎﺑﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺧﺸﻚ‬
‫)‪• Dry adiabatic lapse rate (Tadia‬‬
‫• ﻧﺮخ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻣﺎي ﻏﺎﻟﺐ )واﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ(‬
‫)‪• Ambient (prevailing) lapse rate (Tenv‬‬

‫• ﻫﻮاي ﭘﺎﻳﺪار‬
‫• ﻫﻮاي ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪار‬

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