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Full Download Solution Manual For Balanced Introduction To Computer Science A 3 e 3rd Edition 0132166755 PDF Full Chapter
Full Download Solution Manual For Balanced Introduction To Computer Science A 3 e 3rd Edition 0132166755 PDF Full Chapter
TRUE
TRUE
3.1
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8. TRUE or FALSE? The World Wide Web was developed in the early 1970s, shortly after
the development of the Internet.
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
11. The Internet of today evolved from the ARPANet of the 1960s and 70s. In what ways is
the Internet similar to the old ARPANet? In what ways is it different?
Following the initial design of the ARPANet, the Internet is a distributed network that
utilizes packet-switching. However, the number of users and variety of uses for the
Internet has far exceeded any expectations of the ARPANet, which was designed for use
by a small number of military researchers. To accommodate the large number of
computers on the Internet, it has evolved into a hierarchical network, with high-speed
backbones for transmission between central locations and slower communication lines for
local connections.
12. The Internet is often described as the "Information Superhighway." Describe how the
analogy of a highway system fits the structure of the Internet.
13. Paul Baran proposed two groundbreaking design ideas for the structure and behavior of
the ARPANet. Describe these design ideas and the benefits they provide.
The first of Baran’s ideas adopted for the ARPANet was that of a distributed network,
where control is distributed across a large number of machines. This allows for
messages to be rerouted along alternate connections when a particular computer or
connection fails. Baran’s other idea central to the ARPANet architecture was that of
packet-switching, where messages to be sent over the network are first broken into small
pieces and then sent independently to their final destination. Advantages of this approach
3.2
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include a more efficient use of the connections, the ability to react to failures and
congestion, and improved reliability.
In a packet-switching network, messages to be sent over the network are first broken into
small pieces known as packets, and these packets are sent independently to their final
destination. If a message is broken into packets and the packets are transmitted
independently, it is probable that at least part of the message will arrive at its destination,
even if some failures occur within the network. If the recipient receives only part of the
message, TCP software on his or her computer can acknowledge the partial message’s
receipt and request retransmission from the sender.
15. Internet communications are defined by a set of protocols called TCP/IP. What do TCP
and IP stand for, and what is the role of each protocol in transmitting and receiving
information?
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) controls the method by which messages are broken
down into packets and then reassembled when they reach their final destination. Internet
Protocol (IP), on the other hand, is concerned with labeling the packets for delivery and
controlling the packets’ paths from sender to recipient.
16. What is an IP address? What steps are involved in mapping a computer's domain name
(e.g., www.creighton.edu) to its IP address?
17. Which has grown at a faster rate, the Internet or the Web? Justify your answer.
The data in Figure 3.15 gives somewhat mixed results. If you look at the period from
2006 to 2010, the Web has grown at a faster rate, with the number of Web servers
increasing by 133% compared with a 72% increase in Internet-connected computers.
Most recently, from 2008 to 2010, the number of Web servers has increased at a smaller
rate: 17% versus 33%. If you judge Web size by the number of pages, then the Web is
growing much faster (from 8 billion pages in 2005 to 40 billion pages in 2009).
18. What is hypertext? How are the key ideas of hypertext incorporated into the Web?
3.3
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The term hypertext refers to documents that interlink text and media, such as images,
sounds, and alternate story lines. The Web utilizes hypertext in that Web pages can
contain other media and links to other pages as well.
19. What specific features did the Mosaic browser include that were not available in earlier
browsers? How did these features help make the Web accessible to a larger audience?
Mosaic employed buttons and clickable links as navigational aids, making the Web easier
to traverse. The browser also supported the integration of images and media within pages,
which enabled developers to create more visually appealing Web documents.
20. Describe two factors that contributed to Microsoft’s dominance of the browser market.
Microsoft’s financial position was much stronger than Netscape’s — due to its success
with other software products, Microsoft possessed vast resources with which to develop
and market its browsers. Also, Microsoft was able to leverage its dominance in operating
systems by packaging Internet Explorer as part of Windows.
21. What does HTTP stand for, and what is its role in facilitating Web communications?
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol that determines how messages
exchanged between browsers and servers are formatted.
22. The World Wide Web Consortium maintains and regulates Web-related standards and
oversees the design of Web-based technologies. Visit their Web site (www.w3.org) to
review the organization’s goals and list of technologies under active development.
Describe three technologies (other than HTML, HTTP, and XML) whose development is
managed by the World Wide Web Consortium.
23. How does caching improve the performance of a Web browser? Does caching reduce the
number of interactions that take place between the browser and the Web server?
3.4
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[256]Ib., p. 165.
[257]“Modern Abyssinia,” p. 224.
[258]Compare, e.g., his remark on p. 223, “They have any
amount of pluck,” with Parkyns’s comments quoted on p. 24 of
this book.
[259]E.g. p. 222.
[260]Ib., p. 216.
[261]Eyre and Spottiswoode.
[262]Cf. p. 308.
[263]Mr. Wylde describes the Ras as “by far the cleverest and
most enlightened man that the country possesses.” He is a
possible successor to the Abyssinian throne.
[264]Colonel Rochfort’s Report.
APPENDIX
LEPIDOPTERA.
NYMPHALIDAE.
Danainae: Limnas chrysippus (Linn.) ♀. The ground
colour of the pale tint characteristic of
1
Oriental specimens and usually replaced by
a much darker shade in African.
Danainae: L. chrysippus (Linn.) var. alcippus (Cram.) ♂♂.
2
Typical.
Nymphalinae: 1 Neptis agatha (Cram.).
1 Precis cebrene (Trim.).
PAPILIONIDAE.
Pierinae: 1 Catopsilia florella (Fabr.) ♂.
2 Colias electra (Linn.) ♂ ♀.
Terias brigitta (Cram.) ♂ ♂ ♀.
3
Dry season forms; not extreme.
3 Eronia leda (Boisd.) ♂ ♀ ♀.
One of these females has an orange apical
patch on the forewing, almost as distinct as
that of the male.
1 Pinacopteryx sp. ?
A female, rather worn; simulating Mylothris
agathina ♀.
Probably a new species, but being in poor
condition and a single specimen it would not
be advisable to describe it.
1 Belenois severina (Cram.) ♀. Dry season form.
1 Phrissura sp. ♂.
A male, of the P. sylvia group. This form of
Phrissura has not previously been recorded
from any part of East Africa.
Papilioninae: 8 Papilio demodocus (Esp.).
HYMENOPTERA.
1 Dorylus fimbriatus (Shuck.) ♂.
COLEOPTERA.
LAMELLICORNIA.
Scarabaeidae: Oniticellus inaequalis (Reiche).
1
Only known from Abyssinia.
Cetoniidae: 1 Pachnoda abyssinica (Blanch.).
1 Pachnoda stehelini (Schaum).
Both Abyssinian species.
PHYTOPHAGA.
Cassididae: 1 Aspidomorpha punctata (Fab.).
HETEROMERA.
Cantharidae: 2 Mylabris, probably a new species.
NEUROPTERA.
1 Nemoptera, probably a new species.
ORTHOPTERA.
Acridiidae: 1 Cyrtacanthacris
sp.
1 Phymateus brunneri? (Bolivar).
1 Phymateus leprosus (Fab.).
1 Petasia anchoreta (Bolivar).
Mantidae: 1 Sphodromantis bioculata (Burm.).
1 Chiropus aestuans? (Sauss.).
In addition to the above, Dr. Hayes presented three insects
captured by him at Gedaref in the Soudan, including a pair of a
magnificent new species of Buprestid beetle of the genus
Sternocera, taken in coitu. This species has recently been described,
from Dr. Hayes’ specimen and two others in the British Museum, by
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, who has given it the name Sternocera druryi
(“Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.” Oct., 1904, p. 247). The third insect is an
example of a Cantharid beetle, which does great damage to the
crops at Gadarif. Its determination as Mylabris hybrida (Bohem.) is
therefore a matter of some importance.
THE END
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