OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

PRE-MIDTERM EXAMINATION
COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING
LEAD211
1 SEMESTER, A.Y. 2023-2024
ST

NAME:
SECTION:

GENERAL DIRECTIONS:
1. Read and analyze each question and choices carefully.
2. Strictly “NO ERASURES”. Erasures will invalidate your answer.
3. Write your answer before the number.

1. Policing that reflects the cultural diversity of a community can help build trust and positive relationships between
law enforcement and the people they serve. When community members see officers who understand their culture
and language, they are more likely to cooperate with law enforcement.
a Community Trust and Engagement c Reducing Bias and Stereotyping
b Cultural Competency d Language Access

2. Police officers need to be culturally competent, meaning they have an understanding and appreciation of
the cultural norms, values, and practices of the communities they interact with.
a Community Trust and Engagement c Reducing Bias and Stereotyping
b Cultural Competency d Language Access

3. Multiculturalism in policing aims to reduce bias, discrimination, and stereotyping by training officers to be
aware of their own biases and to treat all individuals fairly and equitably, regardless of their cultural
background.
a Community Trust and Engagement c Reducing Bias and Stereotyping
b Cultural Competency d Language Access

4. In multicultural communities, there can be linguistic barriers to effective policing. Law enforcement
agencies may need to provide language access services, such as interpreters or bilingual officers, to ensure
that all community members can communicate with the police.
a Community Trust and Engagement c Reducing Bias and Stereotyping
b Cultural Competency d Language Access

5. Encouraging diversity within the police force by recruiting and retaining officers from various cultural
backgrounds. A diverse police force can better understand and connect with the diverse community it serves.
a Diverse Workforce c Language Access
b Cultural Competency Training d Community Engagement

6. Providing cultural competency training to law enforcement officers. This training helps officers understand
different cultures, appreciate cultural differences, and interact respectfully with individuals from diverse
backgrounds.
a Diverse Workforce c Language Access
b Cultural Competency Training d Community Engagement

7. Language Access: Ensuring language access for individuals who may not speak the dominant language of
the region. This can involve having bilingual or multilingual officers, interpreters, or translation services
available.
a Diverse Workforce c Language Access
b Cultural Competency Training d Community Engagement
8. Actively engaging with the community to build trust and positive relationships. This can involve attending
cultural events, meetings with community leaders, and collaborating with community organizations.
a Diverse Workforce c Language Access
b Cultural Competency Training d Community Engagement

9. Police officers should have a fundamental awareness of the cultural diversity within the communities they
serve. This includes understanding the values, customs, beliefs, and traditions of different cultural groups.
a Cultural Awareness and Understanding c Religious Accommodation
b Recruitment and Diversity d Fair and Equitable Policing

10. Agencies should actively recruit officers from diverse backgrounds to better reflect the demographics of
the community they serve. A diverse police force can enhance cultural competence.
a Cultural Awareness and Understanding c Religious Accommodation
b Recruitment and Diversity d Fair and Equitable Policing

11. Law enforcement should be aware of and accommodate religious practices and observances when
interacting with individuals from different faiths.
a Cultural Awareness and Understanding c Religious Accommodation
b Recruitment and Diversity d Fair and Equitable Policing

12. Multicultural competence includes ensuring that policing practices, policies, and procedures are fair and
equitable for all, regardless of cultural background. This includes unbiased profiling and the use of force
policies.
a Cultural Awareness and Understanding c Religious Accommodation
b Recruitment and Diversity d Fair and Equitable Policing

13. A crucial skill for understanding the perspectives and concerns of individuals from diverse backgrounds.
Officers should listen attentively and without judgment to effectively communicate with community
members.
a Active Listening c Effective Communication
b Empathy d Conflict Resolution

14. Officers should be able to put themselves in the shoes of others, especially when dealing with individuals
who may have had different life experiences or cultural challenges.
a Active Listening c Effective Communication
b Empathy d Conflict Resolution

15. Officers should be skilled communicators who can adapt their communication style to meet the needs of
individuals from diverse backgrounds. This includes being aware of language barriers and using appropriate
language access resources.
a Active Listening c Effective Communication
b Empathy d Conflict Resolution

16. Multicultural competence includes the ability to resolve conflicts and misunderstandings that may arise
due to cultural differences. Officers should be trained in culturally sensitive conflict resolution techniques.
a Active Listening c Effective Communication
b Empathy d Conflict Resolution

17. Implement comprehensive cultural competency training programs for all officers. These programs should
cover topics such as cultural awareness, sensitivity, humility, and competence. Training should be ongoing,
anot
Cultural Competency
just a one-time Training Programs
event. c Diversity Recruitment
b Implicit Bias Training d Cultural Competence Mentorship

18. Provide training on recognizing and addressing implicit biases that may affect decision-making and
interactions with individuals from diverse backgrounds. This can help officers become more aware of their
biases and how to mitigate their impact.
a Cultural Competency Training Programs c Diversity Recruitment
b Implicit Bias Training d Cultural Competence Mentorship

19. Actively recruit officers from diverse backgrounds to better reflect the demographics of the community. A
diverse police force can enhance cultural competence.
a Cultural Competency Training Programs c Diversity Recruitment
b Implicit Bias Training d Cultural Competence Mentorship

20. Pair less culturally competent officers with mentors who have advanced cultural competence skills. This
mentorship can help transfer knowledge and improve skills.
a Cultural Competency Training Programs c Diversity Recruitment
b Implicit Bias Training d Cultural Competence Mentorship

21. An ongoing process that involves training, education, self-awareness, and community engagement.
a MULTICULTURAL c WAYS TO DEVELOP CULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS

22. Refers to the intentional effort by law enforcement agencies to embrace and accommodate the diverse
cultural backgrounds and identities of the communities they serve.
a MULTICULTURAL c MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS

23. It is the ability of law enforcement officers and agencies to effectively interact with and serve culturally
diverse communities. It involves a deep understanding and appreciation of cultural differences, as well as the
development of skills, knowledge, and practices that enable officers to work with individuals from various
cultural backgrounds in a respectful, fair, and equitable manner.
a MULTICULTURAL c MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILL

24. Refers to your ability to understand people from different cultures and engage with them effectively.
a MULTICULTURAL c MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
b CROSS- CULTURAL COMPETENCE d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS

25. It is the ability of law enforcement officers and agencies to effectively interact with and serve culturally
diverse communities. It involves a deep understanding and appreciation of cultural differences, as well as the
development of skills, knowledge, and practices that enable officers to work with individuals from various
cultural backgrounds in a respectful, fair, and equitable manner.
a MULTICULTURAL c MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS

26. Refers to the recognition and incorporation of cultural diversity within law enforcement agencies, as well
as the development of policing strategies and practices that take into account the various cultural
backgrounds and needs of the communities they serve.
a MULTICULTURAL c MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS

27. Recognizing potential conflicts related to cultural issues and taking proactive steps to prevent them from
escalating.

a Conflict Avoidance c De-Escalation Techniques

b Cultural Resource Utilization d Cultural Intelligence

28. Crucial for diffusing potentially volatile situations. Officers should be trained in de-escalation techniques
that are sensitive to cultural factors

a Conflict Avoidance c De-Escalation Techniques

b Cultural Resource Utilization d Cultural Intelligence

29. Knowing how to access cultural resources and community organizations that can provide support and
assistance to individuals from specific cultural groups.

a Conflict Avoidance c De-Escalation Techniques

b Cultural Resource Utilization d Cultural Intelligence

30. Is the ability to function effectively in culturally diverse situations. It involves the capability to adapt to
new cultural contexts and work comfortably with people from different backgrounds.

a Conflict Avoidance c De-Escalation Techniques

b Cultural Resource Utilization d Cultural Intelligence

31. Policing that reflects the cultural diversity of a community can help build trust and positive relationships
between law enforcement and the people they serve. When community members see officers who
understand their culture and language, they are more likely to cooperate with law enforcement.
a Community Trust and Engagement c Reducing Bias and Stereotyping
b Cultural Competency d Language Access

32. Police officers need to be culturally competent, meaning they have an understanding and appreciation of
the cultural norms, values, and practices of the communities they interact with.
a Community Trust and Engagement c Reducing Bias and Stereotyping
b Cultural Competency d Language Access

33. Multiculturalism in policing aims to reduce bias, discrimination, and stereotyping by training officers to be
aware of their own biases and to treat all individuals fairly and equitably, regardless of their cultural
background.
a Community Trust and Engagement c Reducing Bias and Stereotyping
b Cultural Competency d Language Access

34. In multicultural communities, there can be linguistic barriers to effective policing. Law enforcement
agencies may need to provide language access services, such as interpreters or bilingual officers, to ensure
that all community members can communicate with the police.
a Community Trust and Engagement c Reducing Bias and Stereotyping
b Cultural Competency d Language Access

35. Encouraging diversity within the police force by recruiting and retaining officers from various cultural
backgrounds. A diverse police force can better understand and connect with the diverse community it serves.
a Diverse Workforce c Language Access
b Cultural Competency Training d Community Engagement

36. Providing cultural competency training to law enforcement officers. This training helps officers
understand different cultures, appreciate cultural differences, and interact respectfully with individuals from
diverse backgrounds.
a Diverse Workforce c Language Access
b Cultural Competency Training d Community Engagement

37. Language Access: Ensuring language access for individuals who may not speak the dominant language of
the region. This can involve having bilingual or multilingual officers, interpreters, or translation services
available.
a Diverse Workforce c Language Access
b Cultural Competency Training d Community Engagement

38. Actively engaging with the community to build trust and positive relationships. This can involve attending
cultural events, meetings with community leaders, and collaborating with community organizations.
a Diverse Workforce c Language Access
b Cultural Competency Training d Community Engagement

39. Police officers should have a fundamental awareness of the cultural diversity within the communities
they serve. This includes understanding the values, customs, beliefs, and traditions of different cultural
groups.
a Cultural Awareness and Understanding c Religious Accommodation
b Recruitment and Diversity d Fair and Equitable Policing

40. Agencies should actively recruit officers from diverse backgrounds to better reflect the demographics of
the community they serve. A diverse police force can enhance cultural competence.
a Cultural Awareness and Understanding c Religious Accommodation
b Recruitment and Diversity d Fair and Equitable Policing

41. Law enforcement should be aware of and accommodate religious practices and observances when
interacting with individuals from different faiths.
a Cultural Awareness and Understanding c Religious Accommodation
b Recruitment and Diversity d Fair and Equitable Policing

42. Multicultural competence includes ensuring that policing practices, policies, and procedures are fair and
equitable for all, regardless of cultural background. This includes unbiased profiling and the use of force
policies.
a Cultural Awareness and Understanding c Religious Accommodation
b Recruitment and Diversity d Fair and Equitable Policing

43. A crucial skill for understanding the perspectives and concerns of individuals from diverse backgrounds.
Officers should listen attentively and without judgment to effectively communicate with community
members.
a Active Listening c Effective Communication
b Empathy d Conflict Resolution

44. Officers should be able to put themselves in the shoes of others, especially when dealing with individuals
who may have had different life experiences or cultural challenges.
a Active Listening c Effective Communication
b Empathy d Conflict Resolution
a45.
Active Listening
Officers should be skilled communicators who can adaptc Effective Communication
their communication style to meet the needs of
b Empathy d Conflict Resolution
individuals from diverse backgrounds. This includes being aware of language barriers and using appropriate
language access resources.

46. Multicultural competence includes the ability to resolve conflicts and misunderstandings that may arise
due to cultural differences. Officers should be trained in culturally sensitive conflict resolution techniques.
a Active Listening c Effective Communication
b Empathy d Conflict Resolution

47. Implement comprehensive cultural competency training programs for all officers. These programs should
cover topics such as cultural awareness, sensitivity, humility, and competence. Training should be ongoing,
not just a one-time event.
a) Cultural Competency Training Programs c Diversity Recruitment
b) Implicit Bias Training d Cultural Competence Mentorship

48. Provide training on recognizing and addressing implicit biases that may affect decision-making and
interactions with individuals from diverse backgrounds. This can help officers become more aware of their
biases and how to mitigate their impact.
a Cultural Competency Training Programs c Diversity Recruitment
b Implicit Bias Training d Cultural Competence Mentorship

49. Actively recruit officers from diverse backgrounds to better reflect the demographics of the community. A
diverse police force can enhance cultural competence.
a Cultural Competency Training Programs c Diversity Recruitment
b Implicit Bias Training d Cultural Competence Mentorship

50. Pair less culturally competent officers with mentors who have advanced cultural competence skills. This
mentorship can help transfer knowledge and improve skills.
a Cultural Competency Training Programs c Diversity Recruitment
b Implicit Bias Training d Cultural Competence Mentorship

51. An ongoing process that involves training, education, self-awareness, and community engagement.
a MULTICULTURAL c WAYS TO DEVELOP CULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS

52. Refers to the intentional effort by law enforcement agencies to embrace and accommodate the diverse
cultural backgrounds and identities of the communities they serve.
a MULTICULTURAL c MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS

53. It is the ability of law enforcement officers and agencies to effectively interact with and serve culturally
diverse communities. It involves a deep understanding and appreciation of cultural differences, as well as the
development of skills, knowledge, and practices that enable officers to work with individuals from various
cultural backgrounds in a respectful, fair, and equitable manner.
a MULTICULTURAL c MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS
54. Refers to your ability to understand people from different cultures and engage with them effectively.
a CROSS- CULTURAL COMPETENCE c MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS

55. It is the ability of law enforcement officers and agencies to effectively interact with and serve culturally
diverse communities. It involves a deep understanding and appreciation of cultural differences, as well as the
development of skills, knowledge, and practices that enable officers to work with individuals from various
cultural backgrounds in a respectful, fair, and equitable manner.
a MULTICULTURAL c MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS

56. Refers to the recognition and incorporation of cultural diversity within law enforcement agencies, as well
as the development of policing strategies and practices that take into account the various cultural
backgrounds and needs of the communities they serve.
a MULTICULTURAL c MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE
b MULTICULTURALISM d MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE SKILLS

57. Recognizing potential conflicts related to cultural issues and taking proactive steps to prevent them from
escalating.

a Conflict Avoidance c De-Escalation Techniques

b Cultural Resource Utilization d Cultural Intelligence

58. Crucial for diffusing potentially volatile situations. Officers should be trained in de-escalation techniques
that are sensitive to cultural factors

a Conflict Avoidance c De-Escalation Techniques

b Cultural Resource Utilization d Cultural Intelligence

59. Knowing how to access cultural resources and community organizations that can provide support and
assistance to individuals from specific cultural groups.

a Conflict Avoidance c De-Escalation Techniques

b Cultural Resource Utilization d Cultural Intelligence

60. Is the ability to function effectively in culturally diverse situations. It involves the capability to adapt to
new cultural contexts and work comfortably with people from different backgrounds.

a Conflict Avoidance c De-Escalation Techniques

b Cultural Resource Utilization d Cultural Intelligence

61 What is the main government agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state in
Singapore?

a Malaysia police force c singapore police force

b japan police force d Thailand police force

62. What is the primary role of Brimob in Indonesia?

a Maintaining security and handling law c Managing wildlife conservation
enforcement duties d international affairs management
b Conducting foreign relations

63 When was Brimob originally formed?

a In the 1960s c In the 1980s

b During Indonesia's struggle for independence in d In the 1970s
the 1940s

64. What distinguishes Brimob from regular police in Indonesia?

a Their specialized training and capabilities c Their expertise in marine biology

b Their preference for desk work d Their hidden talent and skills

65 South Wales Police and its predecessor forces.South Wales Police officer engaging with children after
the Pope's visit to Cardiff in?

a June 1982 c June 1992

b july 1982 d July 1992

66 from the Celtic times to the present day. The Heritage Centre's mission is to preserve the history of?

a PNP c policing in South Wales

b Indonesian Police d Policing in North Wales

67 Acronym of SSD?

a Special service district c Special service division

b Special service distributin d Special services districts

68 is a governmental body responsible mainly for the administrative supervision of the police and
coordination of police administration.

a NPA c Indonesia Police

b NPSC d Singapore Police

69.oversees matters relating to police education, communication, criminal identification, criminal

statistics and police equipment.

a Detachment c Malaysia system

b NPSC d Indonesia Police

70 Commission is to guarantee the neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political pressure
and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in police administration.

a NPSC c LPA
b NPA d MPA

71 What is NPSC ?
a National policing system commission
b National policy system commission c National Police Safety Commission
d National Police Saver Commission

72 An apolitical body under the general supervision of independent agencies, free of direct central
government executive control.

a Detachment c Malaysia Police

b Indonesia Police d Japan Police

73 the central coordinating law enforcement agency of the Japanese police system.

a NPSC c NPA
b NPM d NPC

74 In Japan NPA have 9 divided officers rank, what is the highest position in the Japan National Police
Agency?

a NPA Commissioner General. c Chief Inspector

b Senior Commissioner d Assistant Commissioner

75 What is NPA?

a National Police Academy c National Police Association

b National Police Agency d National Police Alert

76 In what year did the National Public Safety Commission formed?

a 1945 c 1947
b 1946 d 1948

77 Where is the headquarters of NPSC?

a Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo c Shibuya, Tokyo

b Shinjuku, Tokyo d Ginza, Tokyo

78 The commission consists of a chairman, who holds the rank of minister of state, and ____ members
appointed by the prime minister with the consent of both houses of the Diet.
a One c Six
b Four d Five

79 MHA is responsible for maintaining law and order within the country. It deals with issues related to
public safety, counterterrorism, and disaster management.

a Internal Security c Civil Services

b Border Management d Police and law enforcement

80 It plays a vital role in safeguarding a nation's borders, managing immigration and emigration, and
ensuring border security.

a Police and Law Enforcement c Internal Security

b Civil Services d Border Management

81 The ministry often handles the civil services administration, including the recruitment, training, and
management of civil servants.

a Border Management c Internal Security

b Civil Services d Police and Law Enforcement

82 The MHA oversees police forces and law enforcement agencies, ensuring their efficiency and
effectiveness.

a Police and Law Enforcement c Border Management

b Internal Security d Civil Services

83 .The MHA plays a crucial role in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery, helping to protect
citizens during natural or man-made disasters.

a Central Intelligence c Internal Security

b Disaster Management d Civil Services

84 What is the primary mission and role of the Internal Security Department in Singapore?

a Preventing threats c Terrorism

b Safeguarding National Security d Espionage

85 Can you provide examples of the types of threats and challenges that the ISD addresses in its work?

a Espionage, Terrorism, and subversion. c Investigation, Terrorism, and subversion.

b Espionage, Counter-terrorism, and subversion. d Espionage, Terrorism, and Rebellion.

86 Special services was created on

a.July 22 1940 c.August 23 1950

b.June 22 1940 d. October 23 1950

87 what is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in Malaysia?

a BJMP c RMP
b MHA d PNP

88 when RMP enstablish?

a MARCH 24 1808 c MARCH 25 1807

b MAY 28 1804 d MAY 28 1807

89 what is the highest rank in RMP?

a CHIEF OF POLICE c Staff Sergeant

b Inspector-General of Police d GENERAL

90. The enforcement who is responsible for the maintenance of public order through enforcement of
the Kingdom's law in Thailand.

a. RMP c. SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE

b. PNP d. ROYAL THAI POLICE
91. Which Southeast Asian country has a centralized police system?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

92. Which Southeast Asian country has a highly respected and efficient police force known for low corruption
levels?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

93. Which Southeast Asian country has the highest police-to-population ratio?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

94. Which Southeast Asian country's police force is known for its strict discipline and stringent training?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

95. Which Southeast Asian country has a community-based policing approach?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

96. Which Southeast Asian country has the most advanced technology and surveillance systems in its police
force?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

97. Which Southeast Asian country has faced criticism for human rights abuses by its police force?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

98. In which Southeast Asian country is the police force under the control of the military?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

99. Which Southeast Asian country's police force has been successful in combating drug trafficking?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

100. Which Southeast Asian country has a dedicated tourist police force to ensure the safety of tourists?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar
101. Which Southeast Asian country's police force actively uses social media for public engagement and
crime prevention?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

102. Which Southeast Asian country's police force has the fastest response time to emergency calls?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

103. Which Southeast Asian country has recently implemented community policing reforms in its police
system?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

104. Which Southeast Asian country's police force has been praised for its efforts in counter-terrorism?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

105. Which Southeast Asian country has a police force that focuses on preventive policing rather than
reactive policing?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

106. Which Southeast Asian country's police force has been criticized for its limited resources and capability?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

107. Which Southeast Asian country's police force is known for its high level of professionalism and integrity?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

108. Which Southeast Asian country has a police force that has implemented gender mainstreaming
initiatives?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

109. Which Southeast Asian country has a police force that actively collaborates with international law
enforcement agencies?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

110. Which Southeast Asian country's police force has a strong emphasis on public trust and confidence?
a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

111. Which Southeast Asian country has a police force with the most diverse workforce?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

112. Which Southeast Asian country has a police force that focuses on community outreach programs and
initiatives?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

113. Which Southeast Asian country's police force has the highest clearance rate for solving crimes?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

114. Which Southeast Asian country has a police force that utilizes facial recognition technology for criminal
identification?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

115. Which Southeast Asian country has a police force that actively promotes traffic safety and enforces
strict traffic regulations?

c Thailand
a Indonesia d Myanmar
b Singapore

116. Which Southeast Asian country's police force has the highest level of public satisfaction?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

117. Which Southeast Asian country has a police force that uses K-9 units for various law enforcement tasks?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

118. Which Southeast Asian country's police force has faced challenges in tackling organized crime?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar

119. Which Southeast Asian country has a police force that actively engages in anti-corruption initiatives?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar
120. Which Southeast Asian country has a police force that has been successful in reducing overall crime
rates in recent years?

a Indonesia c Thailand
b Singapore d Myanmar