ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

ONE HEALTH INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

NAME ENDALKACHEW NEGA HABITU

ID NSR/883/12

SUBMITTED TO M.R LAKEW DESTA (MPH)

SUBMISSION DATE 14/09/2015 E.C

BY ENDALKACHEW NEGA
 Introduction of case study in one health approach
One Health is an interdisciplinary approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of
human, animal, and environmental health. Case studies are an essential tool in
demonstrating the practical application of the One Health approach.

Monkey pox is a zoonotic disease caused by the Monkey pox virus (MPXV), which belongs to
the Ortho poxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans
through contact with infected animals, particularly rodents and primates. The disease was first
identified in 1958 when outbreaks occurred in monkeys

Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause serious illness in both humans and animals.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of the One Health approach, which
recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. One Health is a
collaborative and interdisciplinary approach that involves multiple sectors and stakeholders in
addressing health issues.

1. Case study of Monkey pox

Case Study:

 In 2017, an outbreak of monkey pox occurred in Nigeria, affecting both humans and
animals. The outbreak was first reported in September 2017, and by December, over 300
cases had been reported in 16 states in Nigeria. The outbreak was traced back to the
consumption of bush meat, which is a common practice in Nigeria. The virus was also
found in rodents and primates, which were being sold in markets for consumption.

Core areas of One Health approach in monkey pox:

1. Surveillance and early detection:

BY ENDALKACHEW NEGA
  One Health emphasizes the need for early detection and surveillance of disease
outbreaks. In the case of monkey pox, surveillance systems need to be in place to detect
outbreaks in animals and humans.

2. Risk communication and community engagement:

 One Health recognizes the importance of community engagement and risk

communication in disease control. In the case of monkey pox, community engagement is
essential to educate people about the risks associated with the consumption of bush meat
and the need for proper hygiene and sanitation practices.

3. Integrated disease control:

 One Health emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to disease control. In the
case of monkey pox, this involves the coordination of efforts between human and animal
health sectors to control the spread of the disease.

4. Research and innovation:

 One Health recognizes the importance of research and innovation in disease control. In
the case of monkey pox, research is needed to understand the transmission dynamics of
the virus and to develop effective vaccines and treatments.

In conclusion, the One Health approach is critical in addressing zoonotic diseases like monkey
pox. It recognizes the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health and
emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral collaboration to control disease
outbreaks.

2. Case study of COVID-19

case study

BY ENDALKACHEW NEGA
In terms of a case study, the One Health approach has been applied to the COVID-19 pandemic
in a number of ways. For example, scientists have been studying the genetic makeup of the virus
to better understand its origins and transmission pathways. Veterinarians have been monitoring
animal populations for signs of infection and working to prevent potential spillover events.
Environmental scientists have been studying the impact of human activity on the environment
and the potential for environmental drivers of disease emergence.

 One of the core areas of One Health in the context of COVID-19 is the study of zoonotic
diseases. Zoonotic diseases are diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans, and
COVID-19 is believed to have originated in bats and then transmitted to humans,
possibly through an intermediate animal host. Understanding the ecology and
transmission of zoonotic diseases is critical for preventing future outbreaks.

 Another core area of One Health in the context of COVID-19 is the study of the
environmental factors that contribute to the emergence and spread of diseases.
Environmental factors such as deforestation, urbanization, and climate change can impact
the distribution and behavior of animals, as well as the transmission of diseases. By
studying the interactions between humans, animals, and the environment, One Health can
help identify and mitigate the environmental drivers of disease emergence.

 Overall, the One Health approach is critical for addressing the complex and
interconnected health challenges of our time, including the COVID-19 pandemic. By
bringing together experts from multiple fields and sectors, One Health can help us better
understand and prevent the emergence and spread of diseases.

3. Case study of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).

Case study

BY ENDALKACHEW NEGA
  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by the
MERS coronavirus (MERS-COV). First identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012, the disease
has since spread to other countries in the Middle East, as well as to Asia, Europe, and
North America. The One Health approach is a holistic approach that recognizes the
interconnectivity of human, animal, and environmental health. This approach is
particularly relevant in the context of zoonotic diseases like MERS, which can spread
between animals and humans.

The core areas of the One Health approach in the context of MERS include:

1. Surveillance:

 One Health surveillance systems can help to identify potential outbreaks of MERS in
both animal and human populations. This can involve monitoring animal populations for
signs of illness, as well as tracking human cases of MERS.

2. Risk assessment:

 One Health risk assessments can help to identify the factors that contribute to the spread
of MERS, including environmental factors, animal husbandry practices, and human
behavior. This information can be used to develop strategies to prevent the spread of the
disease.

3. Communication and collaboration:

 One Health communication and collaboration strategies can help to ensure that all
stakeholders, including public health officials, veterinarians, and the general public, are
aware of the risks associated with MERS and are working together to prevent its spread.

4. Research:

 One Health research can help to improve our understanding of the biology of MERS,
including how the virus is transmitted between animals and humans. This information
can be used to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

BY ENDALKACHEW NEGA
In conclusion, the One Health approach is a critical tool for addressing the threat of zoonotic
diseases like MERS. By bringing together experts from different fields to work together, we can
better understand the factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases and develop effective
strategies to prevent their spread.

4. Case study of Salmonella

case study

 A case study of Salmonella in the One Health approach is the outbreak that occurred
in the United States in 2010. The outbreak was traced to contaminated eggs produced by
a single farm in Iowa. The outbreak resulted in over 1,900 reported cases of Salmonella
infections in humans, as well as millions of recalled eggs. The outbreak highlighted the
need for better surveillance, prevention, and control measures to address the threat of
Salmonella in the food supply chain.

1. Surveillance:

 One core area of Salmonella in the One Health approach is surveillance.

 Surveillance involves monitoring the occurrence of Salmonella infections in humans,
animals, and the environment.
 Effective surveillance requires collaboration between public health officials,
veterinarians, and environmental scientists.
 Another core area of Salmonella in the One Health approach is prevention and control.

2. Prevention

 Prevention involves measures to reduce the risk of Salmonella contamination in food,

water, and other environmental sources.

3. Control

 Control measures involve identifying and eliminating sources of contamination, as well

as treating infected individuals to prevent further spread of the disease.

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  Effective prevention and control requires a coordinated effort involving public health
officials, veterinarians, farmers, and other stakeholders.

In conclusion, Salmonella is a significant public health concern that requires a One Health
approach to effectively address. Core areas of Salmonella in the One Health approach include
surveillance, prevention, and control. Effective collaboration between public health officials,
veterinarians, and other stakeholders is essential to prevent and control the spread of Salmonella
and protect human, animal, and environmental health.

REFERENCE

1. Global Health Security Agenda.

2. Taylor, L.H., Latham, S. M. & Mark, E. (2001). Risk factors for human disease
emergence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological
Sciences 356:983–989.
3. Jones, K.E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J. L, &
Daszak, P. (2008). Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451:990–993.

4. Karesh, W.B., Dobson, A., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., Lubroth, J., Dixon, M. A., Bennett, M.,

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