Uva Wellassa University

Assignment 03
Title
Electronics

UWU/CST/21/058
BSc. Hons in Computer Science in Technology

Created on

September 13, 2023

1. Combinational Logic Circuit

Combinational logic circuits produce outputs solely based on their current inputs, with no regard
for past inputs or the circuit's history. Examples include:
Example: A code converter, a half adder, a full adder, a subtractor, a comparator, an encoder, a
decoder, a multiplexer, and so on

Digital circuits called combinational logic circuits solely depend on the inputs that are being used
at the time. Since they lack memory, the only factors affecting their output are the present inputs.

AND gate
It outputs true (1) if and only if all its inputs are true.
- Example: A light bulb in a room is on if and only if both the switch near the door and the switch
near the bed are turned on.

OR gate
It outputs true (1) if at least one of its inputs is true.
Example: A garage door opens if you press either the button inside the garage or the remote control
button.
2. Sequential Logic Circuit (1-bit Memory)

Sequential logic circuits have memory elements and are capable of storing one bit of information.
Examples include:
Example: A code converter, a half adder, a full adder, a subtractor, a comparator, an encoder, a
decoder, a multiplexer, and so on

Digital circuits called combinational logic circuits solely depend on the inputs that are being used
at the time. Since they lack memory, the only factors affecting their output are the present inputs.

SR latch

A simple circuit with two inputs (S for Set and R for Reset) and two outputs (Q and Q'). It can
hold one bit of memory.
Example: A light switch in your home, where 'S' turns the light on (Set) and 'R' turns it off (Reset).
3. Frequency Divider / Counter (BCD / Decade)

Frequency dividers/counters are used to divide an input clock frequency or count events. BCD
(Binary-Coded Decimal) counters count in decimal (0-9). Examples include:

BCD Counter:
A 4-bit BCD counter counts from 0000 to 1001 (0 to 9 in decimal) before resetting.
Example: A digital clock displaying hours in a 12-hour format, counting from 00 to 09.

Decade Counter
A 4-bit decade counter counts from 0000 to 1001 (0 to 9 in binary) before resetting.
Example: A traffic light controller cycling through the red, green, and yellow lights in sequence.

4. Encoders / Decoders

Encoders convert multiple inputs into a smaller number of outputs, while decoders do the opposite,
expanding inputs into more outputs. Examples include:

4-to-2 Encoder
It takes four inputs and encodes them into two outputs.
 - Example: A remote control where pressing four different buttons corresponds to two unique
codes for volume up and down.

3-to-8 Decoder
It takes three inputs and decodes them into eight outputs.
Example: A memory chip enabling one of eight different memory locations when given a 3-bit
address.

5. Adders / Subtractors / Multipliers / Dividers

These arithmetic circuits perform mathematical operations.
Examples include:
Adder

A 4-bit adder takes two 4-bit inputs and produces a 4-bit sum output.
Example: A calculator adding two 4-digit numbers.

Subtractor
A 4-bit subtractor takes two 4-bit inputs and produces a 4-bit difference output.
Example: A computer performing subtraction to calculate the result of a subtraction operation.
Multiplier
A circuit that multiplies two binary numbers, such as a binary multiplier.
Example: A digital signal processing chip performing fast multiplication of two binary numbers.

Divider
A circuit that divides one binary number by another to produce a quotient and remainder.
Example: A digital thermometer converting a temperature value from Celsius to Fahrenheit using
division.

6. Multiplexers / Demultiplexers

Multiplexers select one of several inputs and route it to a single output, while demultiplexers do
the reverse. Examples include:
4-to-1 Multiplexer
It selects one of four inputs to be sent to the output based on a selection signal.
Example: A data bus selector in a computer's central processing unit (CPU).
1-to-4 Demultiplexer
It takes one input and routes it to one of four possible outputs based on a selection signal.
Example: A memory chip distributing data to one of four memory locations based on the address
signal.