COMMUNICATION SKILLS INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATIONS _ There are such abilities in human beings that distinguish them from animals. abilities are our skills as they distinguish one individual from another. Apart from fulfilling the basic necessities of food water and clothing, we need to good communication skills in us which turn a person into complete social To develop these habits, we must know that we need to improve upon these from time to time. If we remain aware of our shortcomings in effective ions we will be able to make effective interactions. munication skills play vital role in shaping a good candidate in interviews, ‘at different places, getting promotions, speaking in public ete. While a person's talent communication skills are judged first of all.’ 7 unication skills of the employees in any office, can be honed (sharpened) ‘companies by adopting various techniques, such as— =— By looking into the problems that come in the way of being able to convey messages effectively. _ By discussing on time management which becomes the major reason of stress among them and obstructs a healthy communication. By employing trainers and such sessions that facilitate better skills. “By organising workshops on communication skills which help the ‘managements to deal with their employees. 1 tion skills is the set of those skills which enable a person to on so that it is not received but also understood. These behaviours which serve to convey information for the individual. I i suage finger-spelling, lip reading and i ability through which communication ors and subordinates in professional oral and written language. of actions, events, experiences,= 2 Communication Skills in English, nw 1.1.4 Commonly Known Types of Communication : (c (a) Interpersonal Communication Skills @ (b) Intrapersonal Communication Skills iti (©) Actual Encounter : (a) Simple Observation (©) Non Verbal Communication Skills (@ Mass Communication 7 (a) Interpersonal Communication Skills : These skills include face-to-face ( communication which takes place between two persons. It can be died. tas dialogue, 4 (b) Intrapersonal Communication Skills : These _ skills “ include ( contemplation and meditation. According to saints, this type of communication takes place in singing of prayers, religious songs and performing rituals. ! (©) Actual Encounters : These skills are also known as focussed interactions, This also means that the two persons involved in interaction are aware of the fact that communication is actually taking place in them. (d) Simple Observations : These observations are also known as unfocussed | _ interactions. This means that there is no dialogue exchange between two persons but @ person simply observes or tries to listen to persons whom he doesn't know or with | whom he is actually not conversing. (e) Non-Verbal Communication : These skills language, eye contact and facial expressions ete which in means the typed symbols of communication, (f) Mass Communication : ks etc. which convey messages to include gestures, body written communication These skills include television, cinema, a large number of Population. 1.1.2 Effective Communication Skill radio, Effective communication skill is rsonal communication. These stage: (@) The Eploratory Stage : This stage is also known as the phatic stage and the course of conversation, This stage be called 'the warming up' st: Tt sets level of conversation. 'g up' stage. (b) The Personal Stage : This stage includes a more Personal element into versation. Individuals start openin; rare ae 8 up and hesitation in rts . This is the last stage of Professional interaction, pee understanding the different stages of 8 are —jon Skills The Ultimate Stage : This is the stage in which conversations between relatives, neighbours and family ete which is no way a part of profession and ely personal. a9 can easily get to know as to where one should conclude one's conversation i How to Make Communication Effective a) One should be honest. Dishonesty does not make the communication effective. 3) One should take interest in people with whom one is communicating. - Bad body language such as sitting with the sings of restlessness, scratching _ head, tapping of the toes etc should be avoided. ) One should understand the listener too as communication is a two way process. e) Making eye contact and smile are such signals which make non-verbal r munication effective. ing too much of technical expression and jargon do not appeal every ner, so, to make the communication effective, these should be used only nn the speaker feels that the listener is understanding it or should imply be avoided. in speaking or writing makes both the types of verbal munication. Therefore, one needs to be careful about taking one's time. should not be very aggressive while communicating with others, eness in speech and writing makes communication effective. but not the least, the speaker or writer should first think before he s or writes which is very important for effective communication. COMMUNICATION the various forms of communication, verbal or oral communication is to be the earliest and common medium of communication. In oral ition, speech is a widely adopted tool of communication. The sender, the he receiver and the message are the four basic factors associated with tion. Socrates, and Demosthenes were great and renowned speakers. The of speeches. Everyday, in educational institutions the students and the ome into contact, ; they converse and communicate. In offices, the superiors © subordinates, the subordinates to superiors and among themselves. Inr it is business communication or otherwise, oral communication sho ‘and effective to achieve the objects of communication. Speech is an art ; min istion: Factors like conversation style of the speaker, language, mediuy the temperament of the receiver and speaker, size of audience., importance J message, fear of superior etc. are important. For instance, an important persq, appearing on the TV, words if wrongly selected and used, may damage his image. Human relations are the fundamental elements of public relations. It is wit ‘speech, one gets along well with the public, both internal and external. The pub, are of three categories : (a) there are those who know you and like you ; (b) there ay those who know you and do not like you ; (c) there are those who neither know yo nor care for you. ‘The technique involved in the process of communication is through speech to d business with all types of people. The essential basis of all cross-sections is th: communication process. It is the transfer of information from one to another. The message is transmitted by spoken or written words or by image or a pein these or other media, such as music, colour, mimicry, design, odour, and sense t touch. In competitive and dynamic market economy, there are information gaps whic! cannot be filled up by the interaction of supply and demand through prices and cost This is where communication activity steps in. ‘(2 1.2.1 Principles of Effective Verbal or Oral Communication __ The capacity to communicate effectively and clearly is an important skill, TI have to make the message clear and easily understandable, both in worl outside. In any profession, it is not possible to get through witho ication. Communication is a valuable asset for all the people in modern busy world, particularly to lawyers, teachers, auditors, consultant itors, politicians, business executives, parents and children. Thus, spderstand. The confusion and misunderstanding in conversation are to un ineffective, re are no standal faulty and vague speech. rd rules to be followed in making oral communication mes to come. However, effective oral communication calls rive once and for all ti A, principles to be followed. Whatever the circumstances, the following are antial ingredients of good oral communication. ity {A message to be delivered should be brief. It should neither be too nor too long. In real life quite often audience comments about a speech, as 5 Jong or too short. Time factor is important because not only the speaker's me is wasted but also that of the audience. So, a message must be brief. ngthy sentences confuse and may lead to misunderstanding. It should be a one. One can achieve brevity by taking pains and framing short sentences h short sentences. Conversation in short sentences gives the listener time d opportunity to follow what the speaker endeavours to put across. Using ise words, simple and familiar words, and avoiding superfluous words are it factors in effective communication. {The essential part of good oral communication is clarity. Clarity of is the first and foremost important principle) The three most important ities of oral communication sytle are : first, clarity, then clarity and last 7. Before you start talking, think and rethink ideas till they are clear. Only ‘can one put ideas in conversation in a clear-cut terms. Clarity can be d with simple words, short sentences and common words. Daniel, Defoe or of Robinson Crusoe, said that clarity is a matter of style, in which a peaking to five hundred people of all common and various capacities, nd lunatics excepted, should be understood by them all. 1g Precise Words : Precision is the most important principle in © communication. Using the precise words means speaking in exact ‘using the right words at right place to the context alone will convey the ng intended by the speaker. In ‘oral communication, the precise words are often the concrete words express the real and correct meaning. As far ible, using vague words should be avoided. But in practice, it is difficult Doce another. No two words give exactly the same meaning. nowledge of synonyms and antonyms of words.5) 6) @ ~ “> _ dees not assure greater clarity. Using more wor id time of audience is thus, wasted. The listener may feel tired or may Englis + Cliche means a phrase which is used often, and has no meaniné: Th cliches are now stale in oral communication. Effective good communicators 2V%i "cliches. A speaker , 1ay use them unconsciously when he is involved in a s¢i0y mood of conversation. Examples of cliches are ‘I mean’, ‘oh, really’, ‘quite fing ‘yes’ ete. ae A cliche is generally used to express indirectly a simple idea, when ; suddenly strikes the speaker. The strongest objection to its use is that it is tg frequently used and in the wrong context, that it is hackneyed. They are use like catch phrases, faulty in English, because it irritates the listeners particularly in public speech. Some of the cliches are : The supreme sacrifice. ‘The order of the day. Conspicuous by his absence Slowly but steadily. Cruel to be kind. Sequences : Presentation of matter in a logical sequence is yet another important principle of effective communication. The speaker should not jump points or change the sequence. Consistency, continuity and logical development of the subject matter should be there. The manner in which a speaker says something is important in communication. Avoid Jargon : In our conversation, we must be conscious to avoid jargon. Jargon is a field, applicable or relating to a particular section of profession. It means language or terminology relating to law, commerce, sports, defence ete. It may be called as legal jargon, military jargon, commercial jargon etc. Only people who are well-versed in a particular subject can understand it. But in general conversation, the words used must be clear to other people as well. ‘Avoid Venbosity : To convey meaning is more important than using superfluous _ words. Verbosity in oral communication is a great danger. Using more words sds will take more time and the inderstand the meaning. @’s of Communication : Francis J. o remember in spoken communication. They are : Betgin advocates that there are a, ‘Communication Skills ne eo a Clear Complete Concise Concrete Correct . Courteous " @® Prepositions : Use of unnecessary prepositions should be avoided. For instance, all employees must follow the safety regulations in regard to work. Here the word ‘about’ can be used in place of “in regard to.” Some other examples are : in connection with, with reference to, in relation to, with regard to. _ 0) Adjectives and Adverbs : Adjectives and adverbs should be used where necessary. They emphasize the meaning with the degree of importance. For instance, the problem is under active consideration ; a positive decision will be taken ; definite results ; comparatively, the results are poor. Noa Ren General Guidelines for Effective Communication Audience : The communicator should know his audience and accordingly put the ideas across. If the audience or listeners are not able to understand, it isan ineffective communication. Ideas : The transmitter should have clear information to be communicated. One must be clear about ideas, opinions, facts to be communicated, otherwise he cannot make the ideas clear to the listener. ity : Using words in current use is important and to avoid words which meaning. A vague communication gives way to confusion in + Necessary physical conditions, fa ‘0 both the speaker and the listeners. and Talk : Speak only that much which is sufficient to convey the of the subject matter. A verbal communication should be short, to pass message, Gone ? The style in which the message is conveyed is as is being said. There must be an integration between facial tt mood to the action of what is said about. cilities and environment are to be+ Communication Skills in English-| (Hr ‘The purpose of communication is not to impress but | i d make them understand. Expressing and. jon. It is not communication if the Not to Talk to Impress : to express, to inspire confidence an‘ conveying a better message creates an impress speaker tries to conceal, intimidate and to impress By oe improv (8) Feedback : Feedback is probably the most impo! : Be cator hall communication. Two-way process ensures feedback. The co obtain feedback from the receiver. (9) Emphasis on Purpose : The subject ae and its theme shou! emphasised to draw the attention of the listener. 1 (10) Bold Extremes : Some subject matter is either are too good or too bad. It is desirable to avoid extremes in speaking. f ; ; (11) Cultivate Speaking : Listening is different from hearing. Listening and understanding require a lot of reasoning and attitude. The reason of non- listening are boredom, bias, fear, interruption, etc. 12) Clarify Ideas : The communicator first has to clarify his ideas himself before ; think on the message clearly and clarify ideas to ensure effective : communication. Id be greatly (13) Purpose : The purpose of communication is to make others understand the subject matter. The communication is ineffective if the purpose is not achieved. | (14) Physical and Human Setting : An atmosphere of mutual trust is to be __ ereated in the process of communication. It is mainly the responsibility of the superiors. The informal relations is the best weapon to promote physical and human setting in the organisation. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION “When we are engage d in lively conversation and seem to phe be ‘verbal communication, an we remain ardent body watchers.” Writing, speaking and listening skills must, of course, be effective communicator, but at the sam ; communication-non verbal verbal communication, whi engrossed in purely ~Desmond Morris , mastered to become time do not ignore the other side of ith non v erbal body languagetect ourselves. We shrug our shoulders for indifference, selves or to pr ; Fe E tap our fingers for impatience, slap our forehead for for intimacy, ‘As we become mature, we become highly sensitive to the tiniest shang in jon, gesture, posture and bodily adornment of others, We acquire wee vity in a rough-and-ready fashion through intuition rather than analysis. ie Chaplin and many other silent movie actors were the pioneers of non-verbal cation skills ; they were the only means of communcation available on the Each was classed as good or bad by the extent to which he could use gestures other body signal to communicate effectively.” Allan Pease remarks uunication through body language has been going on for over a million years. Trippett’s observation is noteworthy in this context “Homo Sapien, as a nicator, does not seem to have come all that far from the time when grunts and tions were the main ways of getting message across. Both individuals and still send vital message by gesture, by pantomine, by dramatics—by a dizzy ity of what scholars call non verbal communication.” As far as the research on Tanguage is concerned, Albert Mehabian found that the total impact of a is about 7% verbal (words only) 38% vocal and 5% non-verbal. As students {in general) and management (in particular) we should be aware and attentive form of communication. Moreover, in the words of Roger E. Axtell, “As the village continues to shrink and cultures collide, it is more and more essential of us to become engarde, figuratively speaking, to the myraid motions, gestures ty language that surround us each day.” We should be aware and attentive to of communication. n-verbal communication is communication without the use of written or words, like body movements, voice-patterns, time, touch, etc. The list of Non- "communication is not exhaustive, but we concentrate our attention on the € types of non-verbal communication. Kinesics @) Facial expressions and eyes (6) Gestures (© Postures Physical apperanceCommunwes = 3. Paralanguage 4, Physical Context ics % ; ements 10 judge inner state of emotion municating. Ow t stop com /Kinesics 18 we through di fferent parts of the b ne ci oan i ee, = ; flect true inner conditions of meaning 17 unconsciou, res and physical appearang outward body movements re! way. Our facial expressions and e! convey a lot. (a) Facial Expressions and Eyes v Our facial expressions can show happiness, shyness, sadness, fear, etc. Just watch your face @ different states of emotions ; they will be different under dii change automatically and effortlessly unless we try to mas interpretations : Following are some of faci yes, gestures, postu anger, frustration, arrogance nd eyes in the mirror under fferent emotions. They k them deliberately. ial expressions and their it Interpretation Expression Eyebrows with upper and lower eyelids | raised Excitement or Surprise ‘Anger, tension or pain Eyebrows with upper and lower eyelids | Suspicion j po eras Active listener Sideway Disinterest Worry Boredom Hiding something Arrangance and power Desire for privacy Boredom and disinterest Sign of stress Assent or tolerance ata q patience to butt into conversation Nodding of head Rapid Nodding of head Lack of openness Emotional upheavalHappiness Unhappiness Friendliness Disbelief, amazement Nervousness Dishonesty & deception Intense love and affection ding eye contact avoi d mutual eye Constant Gaze oT repeate ‘contacts. (@ Gestures ov Gestures are the physical movements of the body parts like d head. “The world is a giddy montage of “Without gestures, our world be static, colourless..... from beckoning to a waiter, or punctuating a business ation with visual signals to airport ground attendants guiding an airline pilot the jetway or a parent using a whole dictionary of gestures to teach (or preach) a 4, [These] Gestures can be menacing (two drives on a free way), warm (an open- d welcome), instructive (a policeman giving road directions), or even sensuous languid movements of a Hawaian hula dancer.)” ‘The movements of the entire body like hunching shoulders, stepping forward, ing backward, turning on one side or another, etc. convey certain moods and People can communicate their feelings and ideas through movement of their For example, one can give an order with hand, to leave the room, can ask things by signalling through hands, or can convey yes or no through the ment of hands. In addition to the movement of hands, (i) pointing finger demonstrates ority, (ii) arms on side tell that the person is relaxed (iii) hands on hips (with hs es fe va dpe) anil aust to defensiveness. (iv) shrugeling shoulders OO suing ae bea ar on th e @ ge of. chair denots interest of the listener, (vi) SO tock of a ae wi eet implies nervousness. (vii) A limp handshake I vcnsaesi( ar ea handshake with the palm facing down reveals Risch aE ipulsive foot tappings or tabbling conveys an angry and ions tia (x) lenched fingers or continuous tappling and fidgeting signals frustration. rms, legs, hands, vivid gestures.”, Roger E. Axtell ... e€ use gestures quotes. ‘almost instinctively,Communication Skills in English-| (1, divide human gestures into these broad categories ; instinctiy, Acquired. Laughing is a response to stimuli or sucke on a nipple is , example of instinctive gesture. Most of the above listed gestures are als, . Coded gestures operate via pre-determined agreements such as thos, by para military forces, music-directors, firemen, etc. Acquired gestures ay imbibed in the cultural environment which differentiate from each other and depen, “pon social, geographical and ethnic influences. Therefore what is true in on culture may not necessarily be true of the other culture. For instance, the French ug ‘the gesture of passing their hand under the nose for indicating a missed opportunit which would probably make no sense to others. Similarly, showing of thumb could k taken as an insult in Indian society, whereas the Western culture considers it a Sign of confidence and approval. Touching and holding hands are considered signs ¢ friendship in countries like India, Italy, Greece, Middle East Countries and France whereas this practice is quite opposite in countries like Japan, England, Scandinavie and other Northern European Countries. In India, for greeting other people use mamasthe where hands are placed in a Praying position, abit chest high accompanied by a slight bowing. In Middle East and Muslim countries, the right hand sweeps upward, first touching the heart, then the forehead and finally up and outward, and the word ‘salaam alaykum’ is uttered to greet each other. Tibetan . man are said to greet others quite by sticking out their tongues at each other. ‘c) Posture Our posture and body shapes affect our thinking Process, and give us an idea ut the attitude of the bearer towards the other persons. Postures indicate idence, fear, aggressiveness, rejection, anxiety, etc. example : @ Standing errect and straight demonstrate: @) Forward learning of the body indicate: towards the other person. (iii) Looking down, slouching or biti and inferiority complex. (iv) Sitting expansively with streched out relaxation. (v) Holding head straight, maintainin, feet or sitting straight tells us t! meeting or conversation. (vi) Sitting with legs crossed and arms w: person’s defensive mood. (vii) Hands on lapels or clasped behind one’s back reveal confidence. ’s enthusiasm and self-confidence. s nearness, intimacy and affection ng one’s nails reveal anxiety, nervousness legs in front shows confidence and. 8 upper body errect and standing on both _ hat the person is conscious of the formal _ tapped over the chest, indicatemeans lack of interest. erating and helpful attitude. nd perceived ack of body on the Chair dy indicates a coop’ Jumped posture indicate depression a Leaning b ing forward of bo ing shoulders andasl nce, manifested through clothing, jewellary, cosmetics, etc. er state of emotions. These things should be judged in nd culture of the community. a lot about our inn ‘of the local customs @ .OXEMICS is the study of how we use space around to communicate the is the ‘personal space language’ as Kinesics is the ‘body able “air bubble” that he carries around “proxemies” and Proxemics ii has his own personal port Edward T. Hall coined these air bubble or spaces as s four types of informal spaces to know human relationship. ) Intimate-physical contact to 1% feet. Personal—1% feet to 4 feet. Social-4 to 12 feet. Public—12 feet to range of eyesight and hearing. intimate space upto 1% feet, only family members, close friends or selected allowed. Either silence or at the most whispered words are used here for Next to intimate space is personal space meant for conversations nds, colleagues, etc. Here talking is permitted in spontaneous and PERSONAL ZONE 46cm-1.2m PUBLIC ZONE Over 3.6m wyvw Communication Skills in English-1 (Hy a 14 : Social dis i feet is used for formal and officia) ial distance ranging from 4 to 12 j ‘ offic relationship. This distance is most suitable for business dealings. Here thinking oo rules over emotions. Public distances of 12 feet or more upto eyesight and hearing 4 indicates detachment and impartiality. This is most suitable for public meetings. The distance maintained by people during communication in office ang elsewhere tells a lot about their relationships. Similarly, authority, power and status can be indicated by the location of the office and its 8 sitting arrangement, an (8) PARALANGUAGE é (Paraianguage involves the study of voice quality, volume, speech rate and the ms manner of speaking beyond the said words. It concentrates on “how” of speaker's sy voice rather than “what” of the words, This study of vocalisations gives clue about speaker's social standing and his hit Personality, Deep-throaty voice indicates maturity of man, Whereas flat voice sit indicates person's lack of interest in life. Shaky voice reveals nervousness of the | gi Speaker, broken voice, his lack of preparation and clear voice, his confidence. in (4) PHYSICAL CONTEXT Che physical context like room, design, furniture, decoration, colour ete. convey | Bu @ lot of meanings to our sensory receptrons) The importance of layout and design of the building and its decoration is evident from the writings of architects and | industrial engineers, 3 To quote Allan Pease “Square table creates a competitive or defensive relationship between People of equal status, Square tables are ideal for having short, % to the point conversation or to create a superior/subordinate relationship, The c Roan cooperation usually comes from the person seated beside you and the one . on the right tends to be more Cooperative than the one on the left. The greatest resistance usually comes from the Person seated directly opposite. A round table = ¢reates an atmosphere of relaxed informality and 18 ideal for Promoting discussion al Gong people who are of equal status as each Person can claim the same amount of i table territory, Removing the table and sitting in a circle also promotes the same is result,” es ena. colours demonstrate positive as well as negative feelings, particularly a % COMER of different cultures, ole “eae : a or6 7 -icati he ~ We should be aware of these physical contexts of communication, to make t y le mmunication more effective. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION A)COMMUNICATION IS AN ART AND A SCIENCE It is obivious that communication contains both the elements those of a ecience d those of an art. Then, communication is both an art and science. The science of unication provides a body of principles which can guide the managers to find a lution to the specific problems and objective evaluation of results. Like any art, munication is also creative. It develops new situations, new designs and new needed for further improvement. It is true that there is not only one best way of communicating. Everyone has his individual approach, skill, behaviour and techniques in dealing with a particular tuation. So, communication is the oldest of the arts and the youngest of the The process of the people at work and their dynamics cannot be predicated | exact manner. . ‘The limitation of social sciences are there with the science of communication. with the introduction of sophisticated communication technologies in the field, munication is fast growing as a science. The subject has an organised and itised body knowledge having its own theories, principles, concept and ‘The knowledge of communication can be imp: training. Though communication is an i Proper training. So, training. arted to new corners also through inborn quality, it cannot be effective managers can be made effective communicators through illustrate, a doctor knows the science of anatomy. But, he also practices by the principles of science of anatomy. It is similar T etc. That is why theoretical knowledge is accompained with practical Similarly, the skills of communication should be theoretically acquired “as an art. The art of communication deals with the application of skill producing desirable results. So, as a conclusion, we can say that on is a science as well as soical science, having its own approach, ifferent work situations. 0 knowledge and the practical knowledge are necessary. each other and are not mutually exclusive. With the in a chemist, a physicist,c PPTREMETOE TIO Ge impo”. tion art are interwoven and overlapp@ ay ‘art of communication is as old as human ion is an event of the recent past. le is a pivotal event in a gocial has been given to communication, ication technologies. siderable atte ntion sophisticated commun! SOCIAL PROCESS lishes that communic: er of the message- In bet tion, listening and know! ; also a special process because there is interpersonal communication process in which two or more people are involved. In case of a written communication, the sender is a writer and reciever is 4 reader. In case of oral communication the speaker trasmits the message and the reciever 18 the listener. In case of visual communication, the function of the receiver is observation. Communication as a socialsprocess affects the entire society. It is a tool, that enables everyone in society to satisfy his basic needs and desires and to get along with other people. As a social process, it is a means of recording and preserving knowledge by the way of writing, symbols or by some other device to pass it on to the next generation. Thus, communication is not only a means of individual and group progress and social advancement; but society as a whole interacts in the communication process. (C)COMMUNICATION IS A HUMAN PROCESS ; Basically, communication is @ human process- an art of transmitting information. Communication is indeed an activity process, consisting of some basi techniques and models for getting information and transmitting the informati i the activites or the enterprise for accomplishment of broad objectives. What oe board objectives formulated by the management to be accomplished he a organised efforts and co-opreative endeavour of individuals and ee communication becomes a necessity for informing, directing, co-ordi roe putting the efforts of managerial people towards a common goal. inating and The art of getting things done through and with the people i, organised group cannot be achieved without a proper communication yaa job of management is to disseminate as much detailed info: network: Tg networks and media so as to enable the management vmation by vario : ie ; Broups to g objectives, policies, procedures, rules to accomplish organisational ob; understand al objectives. On the In recent years, con’ ‘resulting in the emergence of (B) COMMUNICATION IS A ‘The above discussion estab sender of the message and the reciev' decoding of symbols take place; recep! reception stage. Communication is ation process involves the ween, encoding and ledge represent theother aa channels which helps managers to manage which helps to determine, co i approP. ieve the purpose of an individual or group. orate Bi is a human process because two or more people are involved. In Se daeierinication, every word spoken requires a listener, every letter in a an ol eee ation requires a reader, every visual communication requires an oe, othe receiver may respond by reporting to someone or by taking some Sema etveiilindltishes others, ‘Tho recipient of the message in an organisation Seg : ‘3 tell it to someone else or respond by taking some action. Communication, a edbiatiapal process, affects all. It enables us to satisfy organisational process ci is also the means of recording knowledge and passing it on to the succeeding _ generations. Without it, business enterprise cannot operate. Communication is the means of individual and group progress. __ (D)COMMUNICATION IS A UNIVERSAL PROCESS The principles of communication are in the nature of Actually, the problem of effective communication is prese group and organisational activities. The problems be a family, a school, state and central corporations, trade unions or in all joint acti ‘The principle and techniques of communication are universal in application but not neccessarily and exclusivel ly applicable to only business. They are applicable to Social, religious, chartiable, formal, non-formal, non-profit organisation also. Communication is a universal process. The chairman, managing director, heads of Various functional areas and subordinates have to neccessarily, use the same communication skills and principles in their inter-personal group and organisational Situations, The fundamental principles of scientific communication are applicable to = human activities, from the simplest small groups to great corporations and the nication SKI atin S it is the function of the management to gather detailed information from universal application. nt in all interpersonal, qe present everywhere whether it overnment departments, undertaking, ies. , of principles also means that all people have to follow the regardless of their Position. Thus, communication seeks to. nisational process because a group of people and group activities are jis an organ'“formation transmission involves a reader or a listener who Bence ‘This organisational process is also the means of preparing and circulating it to others in the organisation. Without this process, nal activities do not progress. Communication is the vehcile of individual in the organisation. In this process, the transmitter uses a set of media to ‘ideas, opinions, facts, feelings to another. Visual or communication media ‘slides, neon-hoardings, posters, etc. Television and film are audio-visual tion media. munication is a process that uses a set of media to transmit ideas, facts, from one person to another. Media challanges the communicator to select vith an awareness of their purpose to the listener or reader. So, a good must understand the receiving and understanding capabilities of the not only of the transmitting message but also their effect. process of various media, the organisation’s mission is accomplished and ‘The transmitter selects when and what to communicate and determines for transmission. The receiver or recipient takes the message, ives and responds to it. The whole sequence is the communication process, it is a routine and continues forever. Every time a person j facts, ideas, opinions or feelings, another person responds in turn , ideas, feelings or attitudes. It is a never ending process cycle. dly covers the following elements shown in the figure. ommunication Process communication involves the following elements: MESSAGE t SENDER ‘ ENCODING ‘ CHANNEL ey RECEIVER ; sa. DECODINGpa 41) : The process of co version of tl fact and intangible. Transmission of | . symbols. The communicator plans a et of eymbols, signs ete. Encoding process tra ‘inions into symbols, signs, words, actions, pictures, @ up to the sender to select a medium he feels pro t Jy to the intended listener or receiver. has to decide how best he can pass the message, what he has to convey. a Again, there are various forms of written m¢ ee caaneeals circulars, notes, questionaires etc, The form pee -to-lace conversation, dictaphone, telephone, recordi g, conference etc. The channel may be a visual channel like