(1) Columnar epithelial cells with microvilli
Body Tissues
Tissue Groups of cells that are similar in
structure and functions.
Histology is the science that deals with the
study of tissue.
Pathologist is a physician who specializes in
laboratory studies of cell and tissue to help
other physicians make accurate diagnoses.
Biopsy is the removal of a sample of a living
tissue for a microscopic examination.
What are the body tissues?
 Epithelial tissue
 Connective tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Muscle tissue
Epithelia is the lining, covering, and granular
tissue of the body.
Simple epithelia simple epithelium (one layer
of cells)
Stratified epithelium two or more layers. Could
be found in mouth and esophagus
Single Squamous Epithelium single layer flat
cell that resembles a tiled floor when viewed
from apical surface. Cloud be found in nucleus
that is flattened and oval or spherical in shape
(heart, blood vessels lymphatic vessels linings)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium single layer of
cubed shape cells; round centrally located
nucleus. Covers the surfaces of the ovary, lines
the surfaces of capsule of lenses of the eye;
surface of the retina of the eye.
Simple Columnar Epithelium single layer of
nonciliated columnlike cells with oval nuclei
base of cells.
at apical surface Microvilli fingerlike
cytoplasmic projections, increase
surface area of plasma membrane thus
increasing cell’ rate of absorption.
(2) Goblet cells are modified columnar
epithelial cells that create mucus, a
slightly fluid, at their apical surfaces.
1. Lines gastrointestinal tract (from
stomach to anus)
2. Ducts of many glands.
3. Gallbladder
Function
1. Secretion
2. Absorption.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
rest on a basement membrane some of its cells
are shorter than others, and their nuclei appear
at different heights above the basement
membrane false (pseudo) impression that is
stratified
Function:
1. Absorption
2. Secretion
Transitional Epithelium in relaxed or
unstretched state, looks stratified cuboidal
epithelium, except apical layer cells to tend to
be large and rounded. As tissue is stretched,
cells become flatter, giving the appearance of
stratified squamous epithelium.
Location Lines urinary bladder and portions of
urethra.
Function Allows urinary organs to stretch and
maintain protective lining while holding variable
amounts of fluid without rupturing.
Stratified epithelia consist of two or more cells
layers. Being considerably more durable than
the simple epithelia, these epithelia function
primarily to protect.
Location ducts of adult sweat glands and
esophageal glands, part of male urethra.
Glands
Function Protection; limited secretion and
absorption.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium Basal layers
usually consists of shortened irregularly shaped
cells; only apical layer has columnar cells;
uncommon
Location Line part of urethra; large excretory
ducts of some glands, such as esophageal
glands; small areas in anal mucous membrane;
part of conjunctiva of eye.
Function Protection and secretion.
GLAND
 A gland consists of one or more cells.
 Make and secrete a particular product-
secretion,
 Typically contains protein molecules in
aqueous (water-based) fluid.
 Secretion- Indicates an active process in
which the glandular cells obtain needed
materials from the blood and use them
to make their secretion, which they
then discharge.
 Endocrine glands ductless gland.
 Their secretion- hormones diffuse
directly into the blood vessels that
weave through the glands.
 Examples of endocrine glands include
the thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary
 Exocrine glands retain their ducts, and
their secretions empty through the
ducts to the epithelial surface,
 Sweat and Oil Glands, liver, and
pancreas, are both internal and
external.
Simple
A. Simple tubular. Tubular secretory part
is straight and attaches to a single
unbranched duct. Example: Glands in
the large intestine.
B. Simple coiled tubular. Tubular
secretory is coiled and attaches to a
single unbranched duct. Example: sweat
glands
C. Simple Acinar. Secretory portion is
rounded and attaches to a single
unbranched duct.
Example: glands of the penile urethra.
D. Simple branched acinar. Rounded
secretory part is branched duct.
Example: Sebaceous glands
Compound Glands
A. Compound tubular. Secretory portion is
tubular and attaches to a branched
duct.
Example: Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
glands.
B. Compound Acinar. Secretory portion is
rounded and attaches. To a branched
duct.
Example: Mammary Gland
C. Compound tubuloacinar. Secretory
portion is both tubular and rounded
attaches to a branched duct.
Example: Acinar Glands of the Pancreas.
Merocrine Glands are synthesized on
ribosomes attached to Rough ER;
processed, sorted, and packaged by the
Golgi complex; and released from the
cells in secretory vesicles via exocytosis
Example: Salivary Glands and Pancreas.
 Apocrine Glands accumulate their
secretory product at the apical surface
of the secreting cell.
Example- sweat glands of the skin and
secretion of milk fat in the mammary
glands.
Holocrine accumulate a secretory
product in their cytosol. Example of a
Holocrine gland is a sebaceous gland of
the skin.
Epithelial Tissue Microscope Sample
 Simple Squamous Epithelium
 Simple Columnar Epithelium
 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
 Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Connective tissues are one of the most
abundant and widely distributed tissues in the
body.
Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue
 1. Variation in blood supply
 Well vascularized but there are
exceptions
 Tendons and Ligaments have a poor
blood supply, and cartilages are
avascular.
 2. Extracellular matrix
 Nonliving substance found outside the
cells-extracellular matrix.
 Material located between its widely
spaced cells consists of protein fibers
and ground substance, the material
between the cells and the fibers.
Ground
Substance
 Component of a connective tissue
between the cells and fibers.
 Fluid, Semifluid, Gelatinous, or
calcified.
Ground Substance-Function
 Supports cells, binds them together,
provides a medium for exchange of
substances between the blood and
cells.
 Active role in how tissues develop,
migrate, proliferate, and change
 Shape, and in how they carry out
their metabolic functions.
Proteoglycans
 1. Hyaluronic Acid
 Viscous, slippery substance
 Binds cells together
 Lubricates joints
 Maintain the shape of the
eyeballs
 White blood cells, sperm cells,
and some bacteria produce
hyaluronidase, an enzyme that
breaks apart hyaluronic acid,
thus causing the ground
substance of connective tissue
to become more liquid.
Glycosaminoglycans
 2. Chondroitin Sulfate
 Provides support and
adhesiveness in cartilage,
bone, skin, and blood vessels.
 4. Keratan Sulfate-Cornea of
the eye contain.
The extracellular fibers are secreted by the
connective tissue cells -functional properties of
the tissue in addition to controlling the
surrounding watery environment via specific
proteoglycan molecules.

FIBERS
Collagen Fibers
 Very Strong
 Resist pulling forces (tension)
 Not stiff, which allows tissue
flexibility
 Vary from tissue to tissue
 Consist of protein collagen,
which is the most abundant
protein in your body,
representing about 25% of the
 Bone, cartilage, tendons and
ligaments.
Elastic Fibers
 Smaller in diameter than
collagen
 Protein Elastin surrounded by a
glycoprotein named fibrillin,
which adds strength and
stability
I. EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUES
 A. Mesenchyme
 B. Mucous ct
II. MATURE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
 A. Loose ct
 1. Areolar ct
 2. Adipose tissue
 3. Reticular tissue
 B. Dense ct
 1. Dense regular ct
Connective Tissues
Functions
 Structural framework
 Strong but can be stretched up
to 150% of their relaxed length
without breaking.
 Skin, blood vessel walls, and
lung tissue.
Reticular Fibers
 Collagen arranged in fine
bundles with a coating of
glycoprotein
 Much thinner than collagen
fibers and form branching
networks
 Provide support and strength
 Plentiful in reticular connective
tissue, which forms the stroma
or supporting framework of
many soft organs, such as the
spleen and lymph nodes.
 Help form the basement
membrane
 2. Dense irregular ct
 3. Elastic ct
 C. Cartilage
 1. Hyaline Cartilage
 2. Fibrocartilage
 3. Elastic Cartilage
 D. Bone Tissue
 E. Liquid Connective Tissue
 1. Blood tissue
 2. Lymph

Fluid
transport
and solute
 Physical protection
 Tissue and
interconnection
  Fat storage
 Microorganism
defense
A. Embryonic connective Tissue
 Irregularly shaped
mesenchymal cells
embedded in semifluid
ground substance that
contains delicate reticular
fibers.
Location
 Almost exclusively under skin
and along developing bones
and embryo; some in adult
connective tissue, especially
along blood vessels.
Functions
 Forms almost all other types
of connective tissue
B. Mucous Connective Tissue
 Widely scattered fibroblast
embedded viscous jellylike
ground substances contains
fine collagen fibers.
Location
 Umbilical cord of fetus.
Functions
 Support
Mature
Connective
Tissues
A. Areolar Connective Tissue
 Soft pliable, “cobwebby” tissue
that cushions and protects the
body organs.
Location
 In and around nearly every
body structure (thus called
“packing material” of the body):
in subcutaneous layer deep to
skin; papillary (superficial)
region of dermis of skin; lamina
propria of mucous membrane;
around blood vessels, nerves
and body organs.
Functions
 Universal packing tissue and
connective tissue “glue”
because it helps to hold the
internal organs together in their
proper positions
 Strength, elasticity, support.
 Lamina propria
 A soft layer areolar
connective tissue
 Underlies all mucous
membranes
 Contains all types of
fibers, which from a
loose network
 Provides a reservoir
of water and salts for
the surrounding
tissue.
 All body cells obtain
their nutrients from
and release their
wastes into this tissue
fluid.
B. Adipose Tissue
 Derived from
fibroblasts (called
adipocytes) that are
specialized for
 storage of
triglycerides (called
adipocytes) that are
specialized for
storage of
triglycerides (fats) as
a large, centrally
located droplet.
 Cell fills up with a
single, large
triglyceride droplet
and cytoplasm and C. Reticular Connective Tissue
nucleus are pushed to
periphery of cell.
 Weight gain- amount
of adipose tissue
increases new blood
vessels form risk of
HTN- increase Heart
workload
 Adults is white
adipose tissue
 Brown adipose tissue
(BAT) is darker due to
very rich blood supply
and numerous
pigment
mitochondria that
participate in aerobic
respiration.
Location
 Wherever areola
connective tissue is
located:
subcutaneous layer
deep to skin, around D. Dense Regular Connective
heart and kidneys, Tissue
yellow bone marrow,
padding around joints
and behind eyeball in
eye sockets
Functions
 Reduces heat loss
through skin
 Serves as an energy
reserve
 Supports and protects
organs
 In newborns, BAT
generates heat to
maintain proper body
temperature.
 Fine interlacing
network of reticular
fibers (thin form of
collagen fiber) and
reticular cells.
Location
 Stroma (supporting
framework) of liver,
spleen, lymph nodes;
red bone marrow;
reticular lamina of
basement
membrane; around
blood vessels and
muscles.
Functions
 Forms stroma of
organs; binds smooth
muscle tissue cells;
filters and removes
worn-out blood cells
in spleen and
microbes in lymph
nodes.
 Shiny white
extracellular matrix;
mainly collagen fibers
regularly arranged in
bundles with
fibroblast in rows
 between bundles.
(forms strong,
ropelike structures)
Location
 Tendons (attached
E.
muscles to bone)
 Most ligaments
(attached bone to
bone)
 Aponeuroses
(sheetlike tendons
that attach muscle to
muscle or muscle to
bone)
 Fasciae (tissue
beneath skin and
around muscles and
other organs)
 Reticular (deeper)
region of dermis of
skin,
 Fibrous pericardium
of heart
Function
 Provides tensile
(pulling) strength in
many directions.
F. Elastic Connective Tissue
 Predominantly elastic
fibers with fibroblasts
between fibers;
unstained tissue is
yellowish.
A. Hyaline Cartilage
 At end of long bones
 Anterior ends of ribs
 Nose
Functions
 Provides strong
attachment between
various structures.
Dense Irregular Connective
Tissue
 Collagen fibers;
usually irregularly
arranged with a few
fibroblasts.
Location
 Periosteum of bone.
 Perichondrium of
cartilage
 Joint capsule
 Membrane capsule
around various
organs (kidney, liver,
testes lymph nodes);
also in heart valves.
 Parts of larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and
bronchial tubes.
 Embryonic and fetal
skeleton.
Functions
 Provides smooth surfaces
for movement at joints,
flexibility, and support;
weakest type or cartilage
Description
 Hyaline cartilage- resilient
gel as ground substance.
Bluish white, shiny
substance.
 Prominent chondrocytes
are found on lacunae
 surrounded by
perichondrium.
B. Fibrocartilage
 Chondrocytes scattered
among clearly visible thick
bundles of collagen fibers
within extracellular matrix;
lacks perichondrium.
Location
 1. Pubic symphysis
 2. Intervertebral discs
 3. Menisci (cartilage pads)
of knee
 4. Potions of tendons that
insert into cartilage
Function
 1. Support and joining
structures together.
C. Elastic Cartilage
Chondrocytes win
threadlike network of
elastic fibers within
extracellular matrix;
perichondrium present.
Location
 1. Lid on top larynx
(epiglottis)
 2. Part of external ear
(auricle)
 3. Auditory (Eustachian)
tubes.
Function
 1. Provides strength and
elasticit
 2. Maintains shape of
certain structures.
Bone Tissues
 Osseous Tissue, is
composed of osteocytes
(bone cells) sitting in
cavities called lacunae.
 These pits are surrounded
by layers of a very hard
matrix-calcium salts in
addition to large number of
collagen fibers
Description
 1. Compact bone tissue consists
of osteons (haversian systems)
that contain lamellae, lacunae,
osteocytes, canaliculi, and
central (haversian) canals
 2. Spongy bone tissue consists
of thin columns called
trabeculae; spaces between
trabeculae with red bone
marrow.
Location
Both compact and spongy bone
tissue make up the various parts of the bones of
the body.
Function
 1. Support
 2. Protection
 3. Storage
 4. House blood- forming tissue
 5. Servers as levers.
Liquid
Connective
Tissue
 BLOOD-

vascular tissue
Pale yellow fluid that consists
mostly of water with a wide
variety of dissolved substances-
nutrients, wastes, enzymes,
plasma, proteins, hormones,
respiratory gases, and ions.
 Formed Element- red blood
cells (erythrocytes), white
blood cells (leukocytes), and
platelets (thrombocytes)
 The “fibers” of blood are
soluble protein molecules that
become visible only during
blood clotting.
Description
 1. Blood plasma and forced
elements: red blood cells
(erythrocytes), white blood
cells (leukocytes), platelets
(thrombocytes).
Location
Within blood vessel (arteries,
arterioles, capillaries, venules,
veins), within chambers of the
heart.
Function
 1. Red blood cells: transport
oxygen and some carbon
dioxide
 2. White blood cells: carry oon
phagocytosis and mediate
allergic reactions and immune
system resonses;
 3. Platelets: essential for
clotting.
Muscle
Tissue
Muscle tissues are highly specialized to
contract, os shorten, to produce movement.
A. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
 Long, Cylindrical, Striated fibers
 Very greatly in length, a few
centimeters in short muscles to 30-
40 cm (about 12- 16.) in longest
muscles.
 Roughly cylindrical, multinucleated
cell with nuclei at periphery.
 Is considered voluntary because it
can be made to contract or relax by
conscious control.
Location
Usually attached to bones by tendons.
Function
 1. Motion
 2. Posture
 3. Heat prodoction
 4. Protection
B. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
 Branched, striated fibers, one
centrally located nucleus
(occasionally two). Attach end
to end by transvers thickenings
of plasma membrane called
intercalated discs.
 Desmosomes strengthen tissue
and hold fibers together during
vigorous contractions.
 Gap junctions- quick conduction
of electrical signals
 Involuntary Control.
Location
Heart wall.
 Function  Conduction of Nerve Impulness

Pumps blood to all parts of body. Nervous Tissue

C. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE Location Nervous system.

 Involuntary, nonstriated
 Small spindle-shaped cell
thickest in middle, tapering at
each end
 Single, centrally located
nucleus
 Gap-Junctions connect many
individual fibers in some
smooth muscle tissues
 Produce powerful
contractions as many muscle
fiber contract in unison.
Function
 1. Exhibits sensitivity to various
types of stimuli
 2. Converts stimuli into nerve
impulses (action potentials)
 3. Conducts nerve impulses to
other meurons, muscle fibers,
or glands

Location

 1. Iris of Eye
 2. Walls of hollow internal
structures such as blood
vessels, airways, to lungs,
stomach, intestines,
gallbladder, urinary bladder and
uterus

Function

 1. Motion
 Peristalsis- a wavelike motion
that keeps food moving through
the small intestines.

NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 Found in Brain, spinal cord, and
peripheral nerves.
 Functional cells are neurons
 Neuroglial sells are support and bind
nervous tissue components
 Sensory Resception