Lecture 4- come together

Phagocytosis – the first heterotrophs-

 Aerobic respiration more efficient - allowed bigger cells to evolve

 Big cells can engulf little cells (…or little cells can invade big cells)
 Requires structures for engulfing (actin cytoskeleton…) and for digestion
 What if the digestion step goes wrong? -Endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis
 Endosymbiosis – one organism lives inside another
 Discovered by Lynn Margulis


The Eukaryotic Cell

Features of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

• Surrounded by double membrane – inner membrane controls entry/exit
• Contain DNA – simple genome, lacks essential genes
• Can make proteins
• Possess characteristics of bacteria – e.g. 70S ribosomes, codon usage
• To make one amino acid you need 3 sequences of nucleotides
• Mitochondria evolved from bacteria
~2 Billion year ago…
• Grypania spiralis –
• possibly the oldest eukaryote
• c. 1.9 Billion years old

 Eukaryotes probably evolved from Archaea

 More similar to Archaea than bacteria

Lokiarchaeota- our closest Archaean relative?

 Possesses traits of eukaryotes, including phagocytosis
 No common
features
between
eukaryote
and archaea
even
though they
are closer to
archaea
originally
  Loki’s Castle, near Norway
 Discovered 2008
 To grow this you need two other bacteria
with them
 Bacteria and lokiarchaeota help eachother

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are each thought to be the result of a single

endosymbiotic event-

 Archaea (Loki) eat a bacteria and endosymbiosis occurs

 Then it eats a cyanobacterium, and an early eukaryote is formed
 Eukaryote has endosymbiosis (bacterium and cyanobacterium inside it)
 Only happened once during evolutionary history
 Loki Archaea is the host
 Many organisms then differentiated form the eukaryote

Primitive Algae-
Multiple phagocytosis
- Loki archaea eat a bacterium
- By counting membrane you can count how many
endosymbiosis happens
- Algal chloroplasts may have 3 or 4 membranes

Parasitic plants
- Plasmodium falciparum
• Apisoplast- 4 membranes
• Non photosynthetic chloroplast

The cast
- More than ½ the carbon source of earth are from algae

Animal Symbioses
- Algal (Zoochlorella)
- They can live together but are two different organisms