Lec 38 - Green's Theorem

Green’s theorem
Prabal Paul
Department of Mathematics
BITS Goa, Goa
Chapter 16 Section 4
Introduction
We will now see Green’s theorem.

In Green’s theorem, we basically relate one single integral and one
double integral. In fact, the values of the single and the double
integrals are same.
In today’s lecture, we discuss in terms of fluids flow as they are
easily understandable. But, Green’s theorem applies to any vector
field that satisfies certain Mathematical conditions.
Prabal Paul Chapter 16

Introduction

integrals are same.

Introduction

integrals are same.

Divergence
Definition
The divergence (flux density) of a vector field F = Mi + Nj at
the point (x, y ) is
∂M ∂N
div F = +
∂x ∂y

Examples
Example (Example-1)
Find the divergence of
F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ
Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ
2
Then M = x − y and N = xy − y . 2
Therefore ∂M ∂N
∂x = 2x and ∂y = x − 2y .
Hence ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = 2x + (x − 2y ) = 3x − 2y .

Examples
Example (Example-1)
F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ

ˆ
2
Therefore ∂M ∂N
∂x = 2x and ∂y = x − 2y .
Hence ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = 2x + (x − 2y ) = 3x − 2y .

Examples
Example (Example-1)
F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ

ˆ
2
Therefore ∂M ∂N
∂x = 2x and ∂y = x − 2y .
Hence ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = 2x + (x − 2y ) = 3x − 2y .

Examples
Example (Example-1)
F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ

ˆ
2
Therefore ∂M ∂N
∂x = 2x and ∂y = x − 2y .
Hence ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = 2x + (x − 2y ) = 3x − 2y .

Examples
Example (Example-1)
F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ

ˆ
2
Therefore ∂M ∂N
∂x = 2x and ∂y = x − 2y .
Hence ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = 2x + (x − 2y ) = 3x − 2y .

k-Component of Curl (Circulation Density)
We will now see one more definition.

Definition
The k-component of the curl (circulation density) of a vector field
F~ = M iˆ + N jˆ at the point (x, y ) is the scalar
∂N ∂M
(curl F~ ) · k̂ = − .
∂x ∂y

Example
Example
Find the k-component of the curl for the vector field
F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ

ˆ
2
Therefore ∂N ∂M
∂x = y and ∂y = −1.
Hence ∂N ∂M
∂x + ∂y = y − (−1) = y + 1.

Example
Example
F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ

ˆ
2
Therefore ∂N ∂M
∂x = y and ∂y = −1.
Hence ∂N ∂M
∂x + ∂y = y − (−1) = y + 1.

Example
Example
F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ

ˆ
2
Therefore ∂N ∂M
∂x = y and ∂y = −1.
Hence ∂N ∂M
∂x + ∂y = y − (−1) = y + 1.

Example
Example
F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ

ˆ
2
Therefore ∂N ∂M
∂x = y and ∂y = −1.
Hence ∂N ∂M
∂x + ∂y = y − (−1) = y + 1.

Example
Example
F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

ˆ

ˆ
2
Therefore ∂N ∂M
∂x = y and ∂y = −1.
Hence ∂N ∂M
∂x + ∂y = y − (−1) = y + 1.

Simple closecd curve
Though you probably know, we still see and understand simple

closed curve. Before we see the definition of simple curve, we will
see some pictures from the book for our better understanding.

Figure

Definition: simple closed curve
The following definition is from mathworld

Definition
A connected curve that does not cross itself and ends at the same
point where it begins.

Basics of Green’s theorem
Green’s theorem has two forms, namely Flux-Divergence or Normal

Form and Circulation-Curl or Tangential Form. We now see both
the forms.

Green’s Theorem (Flux-Divergence or Normal Form)
Theorem
The outward flux of a field F~ = M iˆ + N jˆ across a simple closed
curve C equals the double integral of div F~ over the region R
enclosed by C .
I I ZZ
∂M ∂N
F~ · n~ds = Mdy − Ndx = ( + )dxdy .
C C R ∂x ∂y
where the first two integrations are calculated in counter clockwise

direction.
Remark
The first two integrals are Outward flux and the final integral is
Divergence integral.

Green’s Theorem (Circulation-Curl or Tangential Form)
Theorem
The counterclockwise circulation of a field F~ = M iˆ + N jˆ around a
simple closed curve C in the plane equals the double integral of
(curl F~ ) · k̂ over the region R enclosed by C .
I I ZZ
∂N ∂M
F~ · T
~ ds = Mdx + Ndy = ( − )dxdy .
C C R ∂x ∂y
where the first two integrations are calculated in counter clockwise

direction.
Remark
The first two integrals are counterclockwise circulation and the
final integral is curl integral.

Mathematical assumptions
In Green’s theorem, we make the following two assumptions.

In Green’s theorem, we assume that M, N and their first
partial derivatives are continuous at every point of some open
region containing both C and R.
The curve C is simple, closed and made up of pieces along
which one can integrate both M and N.

Example
Example
Verify both forms of Green’s Theorem for the field
F~ (x, y ) = (x − y )iˆ + x jˆ
and the region R bounded by the unit circle
~r (t) = cos t iˆ + sin t j,

ˆ 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

Solution of the example
Solution: We have x = cos t, then dx = − sin tdt and

y = sin t, then dy = cos t.
M = (x − y ) = cos t − sin t and N = x = cos t.
Therefore, ∂M ∂M ∂N ∂N
∂x = 1, ∂y = −1, ∂x = 1, ∂y = 0. Hence
H
C Mdy − Ndx = π (check)
and ZZ ZZ
∂M ∂N
( + )dxdy = dxdy = π.
R ∂x ∂y R
In
H a similar fashion,
RRwe∂Ncan prove that
∂M
C Mdx + Ndy = R ∂x − ∂y )dxdy = 2π
(


∂x = 1, ∂y = −1, ∂x = 1, ∂y = 0. Hence
H
and ZZ ZZ
∂M ∂N
R ∂x ∂y R
In
∂M
(


∂x = 1, ∂y = −1, ∂x = 1, ∂y = 0. Hence
H
and ZZ ZZ
∂M ∂N
R ∂x ∂y R
In
∂M
(


∂x = 1, ∂y = −1, ∂x = 1, ∂y = 0. Hence
H
and ZZ ZZ
∂M ∂N
R ∂x ∂y R
In
∂M
(

Example
Example
Evaluate the integral C xydy − y 2 dx where C is the square cut
H
from the first quadrant by the lines x = 1 and y = 1 (in the

counterclockwise direction).
3
Answer: .
2
Solution: We solve this question by normal form.
We assume M = xy and N = y 2 .
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂y = 2y .
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = y + 2y = 3y .
Now by normal form C xydy − y 2 dx = R 3ydxdy , where R is
H RR
the square
RR bounded by R yx-axis, y -axis, x = 1 Rand y = 1.
=1 R x=1 y =1
Now R 3ydxdy = 3 y =0 y x=0 dxdy = 3 y =0 y [x]x=1 x=0 dy =
R y =1 y 2 y =1 3
3 y =0 ydy = 3 2 y =0 = 2 .

Example
Example
H

3
Answer: .
2
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂y = 2y .
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = y + 2y = 3y .
H RR
the square
=1 R x=1 y =1
R y =1 y 2 y =1 3
3 y =0 ydy = 3 2 y =0 = 2 .

Example
Example
H

3
Answer: .
2
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂y = 2y .
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = y + 2y = 3y .
H RR
the square
=1 R x=1 y =1
R y =1 y 2 y =1 3
3 y =0 ydy = 3 2 y =0 = 2 .

Example
Example
H

3
Answer: .
2
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂y = 2y .
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = y + 2y = 3y .
H RR
the square
=1 R x=1 y =1
R y =1 y 2 y =1 3
3 y =0 ydy = 3 2 y =0 = 2 .

Example
Example
H

3
Answer: .
2
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂y = 2y .
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = y + 2y = 3y .
H RR
the square
=1 R x=1 y =1
R y =1 y 2 y =1 3
3 y =0 ydy = 3 2 y =0 = 2 .

Example
Example
H

3
Answer: .
2
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂y = 2y .
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = y + 2y = 3y .
H RR
the square
=1 R x=1 y =1
R y =1 y 2 y =1 3
3 y =0 ydy = 3 2 y =0 = 2 .

Example
Example
H

3
Answer: .
2
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂y = 2y .
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = y + 2y = 3y .
H RR
the square
=1 R x=1 y =1
R y =1 y 2 y =1 3
3 y =0 ydy = 3 2 y =0 = 2 .

Example
Example
H

3
Answer: .
2
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂y = 2y .
Then ∂M ∂N
∂x + ∂y = y + 2y = 3y .
H RR
the square
=1 R x=1 y =1
R y =1 y 2 y =1 3
3 y =0 ydy = 3 2 y =0 = 2 .

Example
Example
Evaluate the integral C x 4 dx + xydy where C is the triangular
H
curve consisting of the line segments from (0, 0) to (1, 0) from

(1, 0) to (0, 1) from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
Answer: 16 .
Solution: We solve this question by curl form. We assume
M = x 4 and N = xy .
Then ∂N ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂yH = 0 ⇒ ∂x − ∂y RR
∂M
= y − 0 = y.
4
Now by normal form C x dx + xydy = R ydxdy , where R is the
triangle bounded by (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0).
The line passing through the points (1, 0), (0, 1) is x + y = 1.
R y =1 R x=1−y R y =1
Now R ydxdy = y =0 y x=0 dxdy = y =0 y [x]x=1−y
RR
x=0 dy =
R y =1 R y =1 y 2 y 3 y =1
2 1

y =0 y (1 − y )dy = y =0 (y − y )dy = 2 − 3 y =0 = 6 .

Example
Example
H

(1, 0) to (0, 1) from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
Answer: 16 .
Then ∂N ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂yH = 0 ⇒ ∂x − ∂y RR
∂M
= y − 0 = y.
4
R y =1 R x=1−y R y =1
RR
x=0 dy =
R y =1 R y =1 y 2 y 3 y =1
2 1

y =0 y (1 − y )dy = y =0 (y − y )dy = 2 − 3 y =0 = 6 .

Example
Example
H

(1, 0) to (0, 1) from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
Answer: 16 .
Then ∂N ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂yH = 0 ⇒ ∂x − ∂y RR
∂M
= y − 0 = y.
4
R y =1 R x=1−y R y =1
RR
x=0 dy =
R y =1 R y =1 y 2 y 3 y =1
2 1

y =0 y (1 − y )dy = y =0 (y − y )dy = 2 − 3 y =0 = 6 .

Example
Example
H

(1, 0) to (0, 1) from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
Answer: 16 .
Then ∂N ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂yH = 0 ⇒ ∂x − ∂y RR
∂M
= y − 0 = y.
4
R y =1 R x=1−y R y =1
RR
x=0 dy =
R y =1 R y =1 y 2 y 3 y =1
2 1

y =0 y (1 − y )dy = y =0 (y − y )dy = 2 − 3 y =0 = 6 .

Example
Example
H

(1, 0) to (0, 1) from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
Answer: 16 .
Then ∂N ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂yH = 0 ⇒ ∂x − ∂y RR
∂M
= y − 0 = y.
4
R y =1 R x=1−y R y =1
RR
x=0 dy =
R y =1 R y =1 y 2 y 3 y =1
2 1

y =0 y (1 − y )dy = y =0 (y − y )dy = 2 − 3 y =0 = 6 .

Example
Example
H

(1, 0) to (0, 1) from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
Answer: 16 .
Then ∂N ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂yH = 0 ⇒ ∂x − ∂y RR
∂M
= y − 0 = y.
4
R y =1 R x=1−y R y =1
RR
x=0 dy =
R y =1 R y =1 y 2 y 3 y =1
2 1

y =0 y (1 − y )dy = y =0 (y − y )dy = 2 − 3 y =0 = 6 .

Example
Example
H

(1, 0) to (0, 1) from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
Answer: 16 .
Then ∂N ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂yH = 0 ⇒ ∂x − ∂y RR
∂M
= y − 0 = y.
4
R y =1 R x=1−y R y =1
RR
x=0 dy =
R y =1 R y =1 y 2 y 3 y =1
2 1

y =0 y (1 − y )dy = y =0 (y − y )dy = 2 − 3 y =0 = 6 .

Example
Example
H

(1, 0) to (0, 1) from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
Answer: 16 .
Then ∂N ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂yH = 0 ⇒ ∂x − ∂y RR
∂M
= y − 0 = y.
4
R y =1 R x=1−y R y =1
RR
x=0 dy =
R y =1 R y =1 y 2 y 3 y =1
2 1

y =0 y (1 − y )dy = y =0 (y − y )dy = 2 − 3 y =0 = 6 .

Example
Example
H

(1, 0) to (0, 1) from (0, 1) to (0, 0).
Answer: 16 .
Then ∂N ∂M ∂N
∂x = y and ∂yH = 0 ⇒ ∂x − ∂y RR
∂M
= y − 0 = y.
4
R y =1 R x=1−y R y =1
RR
x=0 dy =
R y =1 R y =1 y 2 y 3 y =1
2 1

y =0 y (1 − y )dy = y =0 (y − y )dy = 2 − 3 y =0 = 6 .

Example
Example
Find the area enclosed by the ellipse
x2 y2
+ 2 =1
a2 b
Hint: The ellipse has parametrization
x = a cos t, y = b sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. The answer is πab.
Solution: We solve it by curl form. We consider N = x and
M = 0 as we want ∂N ∂x −
∂M
= 1.
H H ∂y H
Now C Mdx + Ndy = C Ndy = C xdy .
Now xH = a cos t,R y = b sin t ⇒ dy = b cos t. R
2π 2π
Then C xdy = t=0 (a cos t)(b cos t)dt = ab t=0 cos2 tdt = πab.

Example
Example
x2 y2
+ 2 =1
a2 b
∂M
= 1.
H H ∂y H
2π 2π

Example
Example
x2 y2
+ 2 =1
a2 b
∂M
= 1.
H H ∂y H
2π 2π

Example
Example
x2 y2
+ 2 =1
a2 b
∂M
= 1.
H H ∂y H
2π 2π

Example
Example
x2 y2
+ 2 =1
a2 b
∂M
= 1.
H H ∂y H
2π 2π

Extending Green’s theorem
We will now try to generalize Green’s theorem. To do that, we first

look into the following figure.

Figure

Green’s theorem for two non-overlapping regions
Suppose D = D1 ∪ D2 , where D1 and D2 are as shown in the figure.

Then to apply Green’s theorem separately, we re-look at the figure:

Figure

The boundary of D1 is C1 ∪ C3 (anti-clockwise direction).

The boundary of D2 is C2 ∪ (−C3 ) (anti-clockwise direction).

By applying Green’s theorem to D1 and D2 separately

(Circulation-Curl form), we have
R RR ∂N ∂M
C1 ∪C3 Mdx + Ndy = D1 ( ∂x − ∂y )dxdy .
R RR ∂N ∂M
C2 ∪(−C3 ) Mdx + Ndy = D2 ( ∂x − ∂y )dxdy .

If we add these two equations, the line integrals along C3 and

(−C3 ) cancels, so we have
Z ZZ
∂N ∂M
Mdx + Ndy = ( − )dxdy .
C1 ∪C2 D ∂x ∂y

Green’s theorem for non-overlapping regions
Now, we will generalize the above idea for finitely many regions.
To do so, we first look into the following figure

Figure

Green’s theorem for non-overlapping regions
The same sort of arguments allow us to establish Green’s theorem

for any finite union of non-overlapping regions.

Green’s theorem for annular region
We will now extend the above idea for annular region.

Green’s Theorem can be extended to regions with holesâthat is,
regions that are not simply-connected.
Before proceed further, we look at the following figure.

Figure

Note that in the above figure,

the boundary of the region D here consists of two simple
closed curves C1 and C2 .
Note that C1 is in anti-clockwise direction whereas C2 is in
the clockwise direction.

We first divide D into two regions D 0 and D“ by means of the lines

shown in the figure.

Figure

applying Green’s theorem to each of D 0 and D 00 , we have

ZZ ZZ ZZ
∂N ∂M ∂N ∂M ∂N ∂M
( − )dxdy = ( − )dxdy + ( − )dxdy
D ∂x ∂y D 0 ∂x ∂y D“ ∂x ∂y
Z Z
= Mdx + Ndy + Mdx + Ndy .
δD 0 δD 00
where
δD 0 is the boundary of D 0 in the anti-clockwise direction.
δD“ is the boundary of D 00 in the anti-clockwise direction.

As the line integrals along the common boundary lines are in

opposite direction, they cancel.
Thus we get,
ZZ Z Z
∂N ∂M
( − )dxdy = Mdx + Ndy + Mdx + Ndy .
D ∂x ∂y C1 C2
In a similar fashion, we can extend this result for annular region

with multiple holes.

As the line integrals along the common boundary lines are in

opposite direction, they cancel.
Thus we get,
ZZ Z Z
∂N ∂M
( − )dxdy = Mdx + Ndy + Mdx + Ndy .
D ∂x ∂y C1 C2
In a similar fashion, we can extend this result for annular region

with multiple holes.

Verifying Green’s Theorem for an Annular Ring
Example
Verify the circulation form of Green’s Theorem on the annular ring
1
R : ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1, if
4
−y x
M= ,N = 2 .
x2 +y 2 x + y2

Figure

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Green’s theorem

We will now see Green’s theorem.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

We will now see Green’s theorem.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

We will now see Green’s theorem.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

We will now see one more definition.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Solution: We have F~ = (x 2 − y )iˆ + (xy − y 2 )j.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

Though you probably know, we still see and understand simple

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

The following definition is from mathworld

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

Green’s theorem has two forms, namely Flux-Divergence or Normal

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

where the first two integrations are calculated in counter clockwise

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

where the first two integrations are calculated in counter clockwise

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

In Green’s theorem, we make the following two assumptions.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

~r (t) = cos t iˆ + sin t j,

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

Solution: We have x = cos t, then dx = − sin tdt and

M = (x − y ) = cos t − sin t and N = x = cos t.

Prabal Paul Chapter 16

Lec 38 - Green's Theorem

Lec 38 - Green's Theorem

Lec 38 - Green's Theorem