Program: Computer Engineering

(NBA accredited)

Digital Techniques
(Course Code: 22320)
Academic Year: 2021-22

Course Teacher: Anjali Gharat

 UNIT 4 : Sequential Circuit
Counters
Counter is a sequential circuit. A digital circuit which is used
for a counting pulses is known counter. Counter is the widest
application of flip-flops. It is a group of flip-flops with a clock
signal applied. Counters are of two types.

• Asynchronous or ripple counters.

• Synchronous counters.

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 Counters

Asynchronous or ripple counters

The logic diagram of a 2-bit ripple up counter is shown in figure. The
toggle (T) flip-flop are being used. But we can use the JK flip-flop also
with J and K connected permanently to logic 1. External clock is applied
to the clock input of flip-flop A and QA output is applied to the clock input
of the next flip-flop i.e. FF-B.

Logical Diagram

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Asynchronous or ripple counters

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Asynchronous or ripple counters

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3 bit Asynchronous or ripple counters

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4 bit Asynchronous or ripple counters

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 3 bit asynchronous up-down counter

Here, if M=0, this will work as 3 bit up counter and when M=1, it will
work as 3 bit down counter 8
Synchronous counter

Synchronous generally refers to something which is coordinated with

others based on time. Synchronous signals occur at same clock rate and all
the clocks follow the same reference clock.

In previous session of Asynchronous Counter, we have seen that the

output of that counter is directly connected to the input of next
subsequent counter and making a chain system, and due to this chain
system propagation delay appears during counting stage and create
counting delays.

In synchronous counter, the clock input across all the flip-flops use the
same source and create the same clock signal at the same time. So, a
counter which is using the same clock signal from the same source at
the same time is called Synchronous counter.
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Synchronous counter

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Synchronous counter

3 bit Synchronous up counter

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 Modulus of counter
State diagram :
2 bit counter/ MOD 4 counter 3 bit counter/ MOD 8 counter

Modulus of counter : number of states that the counter will sequence

through before returning back to its original value

In general , M flip-flops are required to construct

MOD –n counter, where n<=2^M
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 Modulus of counter

Modulus Counters, or simply MOD counters, are defined

based on the number of states that the counter will sequence
through before returning back to its original value

For example, a 2-bit counter that counts from 002 to 112 in

binary, that is 0 to 3 in decimal, has a modulus value of 4

As in this simple example there are only two bits, ( n = 2 )

then the maximum number of possible output states
(maximum modulus) for the counter is: 2n = 22 or 4.
Therefore, a “Mod-N” counter will require “N”
number of flip-flops connected together to count a
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single data bit while providing 2n different output
states,
Modulus of counter

Design MOD 6 counter

MOD 6 asynchronous counter will require 3 flip flops and will count
from 000 to 101. Rest of the states are invalid. To design the
combinational circuit of valid states, following truth
table and K-map is drawn: 14
 Design MOD 6 counter

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 Design MOD 11 counter

A MOD-11 counter will have 11 states it will count from 0 to 10

and reset when the• count goes above .

For constructing a MOD-11 counter we require 4 T type Flip

flops.

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Design MOD 11 counter

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Ring counter

A ring counter is a type

of counter composed of flip-
flops connected into a shift
register, with the output of the
last flip-flop fed to the input of
the first, making a "circular" or
"ring" structure.

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Johnson counter /twisted ring counter

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Thank You

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