CALCULATIONS USED IN

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTY

CHAPTER 4
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International Systems of Units (SI)

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Prefixes used with SI units

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Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving

Problems
An average adult has 5.2 liters of blood. How many mL are in
5.2 L?

Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL

5.2 L 1000 mL
= 5,200 mL
1L
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Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving

Problems
A person’s average daily intake of glucose (a form of sugar) is
0.0833 pound (lb). What is this mass in milligrams (mg)?

Conversion Unit 1 lb = 453.6 g

39,000 mg
1 g = 1000 mg sugar

0.0833 lb 453.6 g 1000 mg

= 37,784 mg
1 lb 1g
= 3.78 x 104 mg
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Let’s Celebrate on October 23

from 6:02 am to 6:02 pm !!!
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The Definition of the Mole

The mole is the amount of a substance that contains as
many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly
12 grams of 12C

The Mole:
A unit to count number of unit particles

atoms molecules formula units cations anions electrons

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What is the mass of 1 MOLE?

The Molar Mass is the mass (gram) of

1 mole of a pure substance
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What is the mass of 1 MOLE?

The Molar Mass is the mass (gram) of

1 mole of a pure substance

1 mole = Molar Mass (gram)

1 mole = 1000 millimole

1000 millimole = Molar Mass (gram)

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Mass (g)
Molar Mass 
1 mole

Mass(g)
Molar Mass 
1000 mmole
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The Molar Mass of NaCl is 58.44 g/mole

1 mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl

58.44 g NaCl
Molar Mass 
1 mole NaCl

58.44 g NaCl
Molar Mass 
1000 mmole NaCl

58.44 mg NaCl
Molar Mass 
1 mmole NaCl
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Moles
How many moles of copper are in a 320.0 g sample?
MMCu= 63.546 g/mol
n = number of moles

1 mol Cu
nCu = 320.0 g = 5.036 mol Cu
63.546 g
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Molecular mass

Calculate the molecular masses of sulfur dioxide (SO2),

which is mainly responsible for acid rain.

1S 1 x 32.07
2O 2 x 16.00

SO2 64.07 g/mol

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Moles
Determine the number of moles and millimoles of benzoic
acid, HBz (MM = 122.1 g/mol) in 2.00 g of the pure acid.

nHBz = 2.00 g 1 mol HBz = 0.0164 mol HBz

122.1 g

nHBz = 0.0164 mol 1000 mmol = 16.4 mmol HBz

1 mol

nHBz = 2.00 g 1 mmol HBz = 16.4 mmol HBz

0.1221 g
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Moles
Zinc (Zn) is a silvery metal that is used in making brass
(with copper) and in plating iron to prevent corrosion. How
many grams of Zn are in 0.356 mole of Zn?
MMZn = 65.39 g/mol

0.356 mol Zn 65.39 g Zn

= 23.3 g Zn
1 mol Zn
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Chemical reaction
 A process in which one or more substances is changed
into one or more new substances is a chemical reaction

 A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show

what happens during a chemical reaction

+
reactants products
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Chemical equation

reactants products
C25H52(s) + 38 O2(g) 25 CO2(g) + 26 H2O(g)
hydrocarbon oxygen carbon dioxide water

Physical states are often listed as:

(g) gas (s) solid

(ℓ) liquid (aq) aqueous (dissolved in water)
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Chemical reaction
How to “Read” Chemical Equations

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

• 2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO

• 2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO

• 48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 grams MgO

NOT 2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 grams MgO

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Amounts of reactants and products

2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(ℓ)

2 moles of C2H6 react with 7 moles of O2

2 moles of C2H6 produce 4 moles of CO2

2 mol C2H6 ≡ 7 mol O2

2 mol C2H6 ≡ 4 mol CO2

Mole ratio 2 mol C2H6

=1
7 mol O2
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Amounts of reactants and products

1 4

2 3
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Amounts of reactants and products

Methanol burns in air according to the equation

2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O

If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what

mass of water is produced?
grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O

molar mass molar mass

CH3OH molar ratio
H2O

209 g CH3OH 1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O

32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

= 235 g H2O
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Limiting reagent
Limiting reagent - reactant used up first in the reaction
Excess reagent - reactants present in quantities greater
than necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting
reagent

2NO + O2 2NO2
• O2 is the
excess reagent

• NO is the
limiting reagent
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Limiting reagent
Given 10 slices of cheese and 14 slices of bread. How many
sandwiches can you make?

Balanced equation
1 cheese + 2 bread 1 sandwich

1 cheese ≡ 2 bread
1 cheese ≡ 1 sandwich
2 bread ≡ 1 sandwich
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Limiting reagent
Reactant method
 Pick a reactant; calculate the amount of the other(s) needed.
Enough?
Yes = Your choice is limiting.
No = Another reactant is limiting.
e.g. choose bread
Bread is limited!
cheese needed = 14 bread 1 cheese = 7 cheeses 10 cheese available
2 bread

e.g. choose cheese

Bread is limited!
bread needed = 10 cheese 2 bread
= 20 breads 14 bread available
1 cheese
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Limiting reagent
Reactant method
 One reactant in limited supply : BREAD
 Base all other calculations on the limiting reagent.

1 sandwich
Sandwiches made = 14 bread = 7 sandwiches
2 bread

1 cheese
Cheese remaining = 14 bread = 7 cheeses
2 bread

Excess cheese: 10 (initial) – 7 (used) = 3 cheeses

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Limiting reagent
Product method
 Calculate the product from each starting material.
 The reactant giving the smaller amount of product is
limiting.

10 cheese 1 sandwich
1 cheese = 10 sandwiches

1 sandwich
14 bread = 7 sandwiches Limiting
2 bread (used up first)
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Limiting reagent
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3 .
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

Reactant method

g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed

OR

g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed

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Limiting reagent
Reactant method

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed

1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160 g Fe2O3

124 g Al = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3

 Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3

 We have more Fe2O3 (601 g) in the system so Al is limiting reagent

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Limiting reagent
Reactant method

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed

1 mol Fe2O3 2 mol Al 27.0 g Al

601 g Fe2O3 = 202.8 g Al
160 g Fe2O3 1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Al

 Start with 601 g Fe2O3 need 202.8 g Al

 We have less Al (124 g) in the system so Al is limiting reagent

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Limiting reagent
Reactant method
 Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate the amount of product
that can be formed.

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3

1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102 g Al2O3

124 g Al = 234 g Al2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3
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Limiting reagent
Product method
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
 Calculate the product from each starting material.

1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Al2O3 102.0 g Al2O3

601 g Fe2O3 = 383.1 g
160 g Fe2O3 1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Al2O3 Al2O3

124 g Al 1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102.0 g Al2O3

= 234.2 g Al2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3

 The reactant giving the smaller amount of product is the limiting

reactant ie Al.