‫حساب الكميات والمواصفات‬

Quantity Surveying and specification

Lecture 6

Building Earthwork

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Abdelrahman Aqel Abueladas Surveying & Geomatics Engineering Department
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Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas
 Footings:
 Are an important part of foundation
construction.
 They are typically made of concrete
with rebar reinforcement that has
been poured into an excavated
trench.
 The purpose of footings is to support
the foundation and prevent settling.
 Footings are especially important in
areas with troublesome soils.
 It is more from a structural aspect that would transfer the axial
load from the column to the soil.
 Footing can be idealized during analysis as supports
Foundation- It is a complex term used in Geotechnical Engineering to denote the soil
and footing and their interaction that provides bearing capacity as well as settlement
resistance to the super structure. 3
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 Disposal:
 Disposal of materials arising from excavation.
 Measured by volume as equal to the volume of excavation.
 It classified as follow:
Backfilled into the excavation
Backfilled oversite to make up level, giving details of special
contouring, embankment
 Filling:
 Measured by volume as equal to the volume of void to be
filled.
 It classified as follow:
1- Filled into excavation
2- Filled in making up level.

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Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas 5
 Swell and Compaction
 Excavation is measured by cubic meter, foot or yard.
 When ground materials are excavated, they expand to a larger
volume.
 When these materials are placed and compacted on a project,
they will be compressed into smaller volume than when it was
loose.
 The following table shows common expansion and shrinkage
factors for various types of soils related to its natural condition.

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1.0 CUBIC METER IN NATURAL CONDITION (IN-PLACE CUBIC METER )

= =
1.25 CUBIC METER AFTER DIGGING/LOADING (LOOSE CUBIC METER)

0.90 CUBIC METER AFTER COMPACTED (COMPACTED CUBIC METER )

 Approximate Material Characteristics

 Exact values will vary with grain size, moisture content,
compaction, etc.
 Test to determine exact values for specific soils
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Compacted Volume = Natural Volume X Shrinkage
Loose Volume = Natural Volume X (1 + Swell)

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Calculating Volumes of Excavation and Backfill for Trenches
Because both the width and the depth of a trench may vary along its
length.
The VOLUME of the trench is obtained by multiplying the centerline
length of the trench by the average width and by the average depth:
Volume of Trench = Centerline Length * Average Width * Average Depth
Excavation for buildings is measured by two methods :
1- Volume of excavation= footings areas according to blinding area * depth of
excavation according to drawings.
2- Volume of excavation= external dimensions of the building *depth of footings

There are various methods used to calculate volumes of

excavation such as:
I) Centre Line Method
II) Long wall-Short Wall Method
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I. CENTRE LINE METHOD
•Thismethod is suitable for walls of similar cross sections.
•Here the total center line length is multiplied by breadth and
depth of respective item to get the total quantity at a time.

•When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main

all, the center line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each
junction

Such junction or joints are studied carefully while calculating

total center line length.
The estimates prepared by this method are most accurate and
quick.

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II- Long Wall-Short Wall Method
•In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to
be long wall while the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to
be short wall.
•To get the length of long wall or short wall, calculate first the
center line lengths of individual walls.
•Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after
adding half breadth at each end to its center line length.
•Thus the length of short wall measured into in and may be found
by deducting half breadth from its center line length at each
end.
•The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to
brick work in upper structure while the short wall increases.
•These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth to get
quantities.
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Example 1:
Estimate excavation

Horizontal wall
Volume for a two
rooms building
Basement width= 0.6m
Vertical Wall
Depth of excavation=0.8m
Solution 1:
I-Center line method: Add length of wall centers
Total length of basement=total center line length - ½ No. of
(T)* basement width,
where T is junction or joint
= 2*9.4 +3*3.2 – ½ *2*0.6 = 27.8 m
Volume of excavation= 27.8*0.6*0.8= 13.344 m3
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II) Long wall-short wall method:
a) Case I: Addition to vertical walls and subtracting horizontal walls

Vertical
Horizontal

b)Case II: Addition to horizontal walls and subtracting vertical walls

Horizontal
Vertical
Vertical

Volume of excavation= 27.8*0.6*0.8= 13.344 m3

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