SS-305:

Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Regime
ZEESHAN JAVED
21-11-2023

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NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION
ARRANGEMENTS

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Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Arrangements
In addition to the traditional MECRs and NPT, there are other treaties and
arrangements that are designed to prevent nuclear non-proliferation
These arrangements work in parallel, or in addition, to the pre-existing
nuclear non-proliferation treaties and MECRs
In addition to nuclear non-proliferation, these arrangements also look at the
curtailing of the Weapons of Mass Destruction.

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Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Arrangements
Fissile
UNSC Comprehensive
Conference on Material
Disarmament
Resolution Nuclear Test
Cutoff Ban Treaty
1540
Treaty

Prevention
Chemical Biological
of Arms IAEA
Weapons Weapons
Race in Safeguards
Convention Convention
Outer Space

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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

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What are Biological Weapons?
Biological Weapons are microorganisms like virus, fungi, or other toxins that are
produced and released deliberately to cause disease and death in humans,
animals or plants
Biological weapons are a subset of a larger class of weapons referred to as
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Biological agents can pose a difficult public health challenge causing large
numbers of death in a short amount of time while being difficult to contain
Bio Terrorism attacks can result in an epidemic, e.g. if Ebola or COVID-19 are used
as biological agents

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What are Biological Weapons?
Biological weapons disseminate disease-causing organisms or toxins to harm or kill humans,
animals or plants
Two Parts – Weaponized Agent and Delivery Mechanism
Can also be used for political assassinations, the infection of livestock and agricultural
stocks
Food shortages and economic loss
Environmental catastrophes
Widespread illness, fear and mistrust among the public

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Weaponized Agent
Weaponized
Agents

Disease-Causing
Organism Toxin

Bacteria, Poisons derived from animals,

Viruses, Fungi plants or produced synthetically

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Delivery Mechanism
Methods and mechanisms used to deliver weaponized agents to the target. It can
take a variety of forms
Delivery mechanisms can take the form of missiles, hand grenades and bombs
A number of programmes also designed spray-tanks to be fitted to aircraft, cars,
trucks and boats
There have also been documented efforts to develop delivery devices for
assassinations or sabotage operations, including a variety of sprays, brushes and
injection systems as well as means for contaminating food and clothing.

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Disease Pathogen Abused
Category A (major public health hazards)
Anthrax Bacillus antracis (B) First World War
Second World War
Soviet Union, 1979
Japan, 1995
USA, 2001
Botulism Clostridium botulinum (T) –
Haemorrhagic fever Marburg virus (V) Soviet bioweapons
programme
Ebola virus (V) –
Arenaviruses (V) –
Plague Yersinia pestis (B) Fourteenth-century Europe
Second World War
Smallpox Variola major (V) Eighteenth-century N.
America
Tularemia Francisella tularensis (B) Second World War

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Anthrax
Infection caused by the bacterium bacillius anthracis

Can occur in skin, lungs, intestines, injection

Skin form: small blister with surrounding swelling

Inhalational form: fever, chest pain, shortness of breath
Intestinal form: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Injection form: fever, abscess

20-80% die without treatment

2001 Anthrax attacks

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Botulism
Rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced
by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum

Weakness, blurred vision, feeling tired

Vomiting, swelling of the abdomen, diarrhea

Respiratory failure

Food botulism, infant botulism, wound botulism

7.5% risk of death

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Marburg Virus Disease
Highly virulent disease that causes haemorrhagic fever

Same family as the virus that causes Ebola virus disease

Human infection with Marburg virus disease initially results from

prolonged exposure to mines or caves inhabited by Rousettus bat
colonies

High fever, severe headache and severe malaise

Muscle aches and pains are a common feature. Severe watery

diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cramping, nausea and vomiting can
begin on the third day

“Ghost-like” drawn features, deep-set eyes, expressionless faces and

extreme lethargy

88% fatality rate

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Plague
An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersina
Pestis

Fever, Weakness and Headache

Three Forms, Bubonic, Septicemic and Pneumonic

Bubonic: Bite of an infected animal or insect

Septicemic: Presence of Bacterium in blood
Pneumonic: Presence of Bacterium in Lungs

The Black Death, 75 million deaths

10% risk of death (without treatment)

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Smallpox
An infectious disease caused by two viruses – Variola Major,
Variola Minor

Has been globally eradicated

Smallpox viruses attack skin cells and cause infections

Muscle pain, malaise, headache, fatigue, scarring and blindness

30% fatality rate

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Tularemia
An infectious disease caused by bacterium, Francisella
tularensis

Spread through diseased animals and insects

Does not spread through contaminated people but can

spread through contaminated water or dust

Fever, skin ulcers and enlarged lymphnodes

30 -60% fatality rate (without treatment)

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Disease Pathogen Abused
Category B (public health hazards)
Brucellosis Brucella (B) –
Cholera Vibrio cholerae (B) Second World War
Encephalitis Alphaviruses (V) Second World War
Food poisoning Salmonella, Shigella (B) Second World War
USA, 1990s
Glanders Burkholderia mallei (B) First World War
Second World War
Psittacosis Chlamydia psittaci (B) –
Q fever Coxiella burnetti (B) –
Typhus Rickettsia prowazekii (B) Second World War
Various toxic syndromes Various bacteria Second World War
Category B (public health hazards)
Brucellosis Brucella (B) –

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1155 Emperor Barbarossa poisons water wells with human bodies, Tortona, Italy

1346 Mongols catapult bodies of plague victims over the city walls of Caffa, Crimean Peninsula
Weaponized Agent
1495 Spanish mix wine with blood of leprosy patients to sell to their French foes, Naples, Italy

1650 Polish fire saliva from rabid dogs towards their enemies

1675 First deal between German and French forces not to use 'poison bullets'

1763 British distribute blankets from smallpox patients to native Americans

1797 Napoleon floods the plains around Mantua, Italy, to enhance the spread of malaria

1863 Confederates sell clothing from yellow fever and smallpox patients to Union troops, USA

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Biological Event
In practice, should a suspicious disease event occur, it would be difficult to determine if it
was caused by nature, an accident, sabotage, or an act of biological warfare or terrorism.

Consequently, the response to a biological event, whether natural, accidental or deliberate,

would involve the coordination of actors from many sectors who together possess the
capability to determine the cause and attribute it to a specific source.

Likewise, the preparedness for and prevention of such an event should also involve multi-
sectoral coordination.

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Impacts on Society

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VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

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 CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE
DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND STOCKPILING
OF BACTERIOLOGICAL (BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN
WEAPONS AND THEIR DESTRUCTION

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The Biological Weapons
Convention
A disarmament treaty designed to stop and disarm Biological and Toxin weapons.

Prohibits the stockpiling, development, acquisition and transfer of biological and toxin
weapons.

Developing a global norm against biological weapons and biological warfare

Effectiveness and need

Opened for signatures in 1972

186 State Parties

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Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War
of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases,
and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare

Signed in Geneva in 1925

Prohibits and bans the use of bacteriological and chemical methods of warfare in between
the states party to this treaty.

Did not discuss storage, stockpiling and transfer of biological weapons

Main elements of the treaty considered to be part of international law

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QUESTIONS?

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