SS-305:

Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Regime
ZEESHAN JAVED
01-11-2023

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NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION
ARRANGEMENTS

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 Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Arrangements
In addition to the traditional MECRs and NPT, there are other treaties and
arrangements that are designed to prevent nuclear non-proliferation
These arrangements work in parallel, or in addition, to the pre-existing nuclear non-
proliferation treaties and MECRs
In addition to nuclear non-proliferation, these arrangements also look at the
curtailing of the Weapons of Mass Destruction.

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Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Arrangements
Fissile
UNSC Comprehensive
Conference on Material
Disarmament
Resolution Nuclear Test
Cutoff Ban Treaty
1540
Treaty

Prevention
Chemical Biological
of Arms IAEA
Weapons Weapons
Race in Safeguards
Convention Convention
Outer Space

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CHEMICAL WEAPONS

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 What are Chemical Weapons?
A Chemical Weapon is a chemical used to cause intentional death or harm through its toxic
properties.
Munitions, devices and other equipment specifically designed to weaponise toxic chemicals
also fall under the definition of chemical weapons
A common conception of a chemical weapon (CW) is of a toxic chemical contained in a
delivery system such as a bomb or artillery shell.
Under the CWC, the definition of a chemical weapon includes all toxic chemicals and their
precursors, except when used for purposes permitted by the Convention – in quantities
consistent with such a purpose.

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 Components of Chemical
Weapons

Toxic Chemicals and their Munitions or Devices Equipment “directly in

Precursors connection” with munitions
and devices

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 Toxic Chemicals and their
Precursors
Toxic chemicals are defined as „any chemical which through its chemical action on
life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to
humans or animals‟.
This includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of their method of
production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or
elsewhere.
Precursors are chemicals that are used for the production of toxic chemicals.

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 Munitions or Devices
Any munitions or devices specifically designed to inflict harm or cause death through
the release of toxic chemicals.

Among these could be mortars, artillery shells, missiles, bombs, mines or spray
tanks.

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 Equipment

Any equipment specifically designed for use „directly in connection‟ with the
employment of the munitions and devices identified as chemical weapons.

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 Examples of Chemical Weapons
1. Fully developed chemical weapons and the components of such weapons when
stored separately (e.g. binary munitions).
2. Chemicals used to produce chemical weapons (precursors).
3. Chemicals used to cause intentional death or harm.
4. Items with peaceful civilian uses, when used or intended for chemical weapons
use (dual-use items).
5. Munitions and devices intended for the delivery of toxic chemicals.
6. Equipment directly in connection with aforementioned munitions and devices.
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TYPES OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

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 Choking Agents
Inflicting injury mainly on the respiratory tract, choking agents irritate the nose, throat,
and especially the lungs.
When inhaled, these agents cause alveoli, air sacs in the lungs, to secrete fluid,
essentially drowning those affected
Example Agents: Chlorine, Chloropicrin, Diphosgene, Phosgene
Dispersal: Gas
Mode of Action: Absorption through lungs
Effects: Fluid build up in lungs, choking victim
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 Blister Agents
One of the most common chemical weapon agents
These oily substances act via inhalation and contact, affecting the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin, first
as an irritant and then as a cell poison.
Exposure to blister agents cause large and often life-threatening skin blisters which resemble severe
burns, and often results in blindness and permanent damage to the respiratory system.
Although casualties are high, deaths represent a small percentage.
Example Agents: Sulfur Mustard, Nitrogen Mustard, Lewisite, Phosgene Oxime
Dispersal: Liquid, Aerosol, Vapor and Dust
Mode of Action: Absorption through lungs, skin
Effects: Burns skin, mucous membranes and eyes, blisters skin, windpipe and lungs
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 Blood Agents
These agents mainly inhibit the ability of cells to use oxygen, effectively causing the body to
suffocate.
Some blood agents may also affect the ability of blood cells to transfer oxygen.
Blood agents are distributed via the blood and generally enter the body through inhalation.
Example Agents: Hydrogen Cyanide, Cyanogen Chloride, Arsine
Dispersal: Gas
Mode of Action: Absorption through lungs and skin
Effects: Cells‟ ability to use oxygen is impaired, leading to damage to vital organs including
those of the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system
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 Nerve Agents
Nerve agents block an enzyme called Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous
system. This causes the accumulation of a neurotransmitter between nerve cells or
across synapses leading to hyper-stimulation of muscles, glands and other nerves.

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 Nerve Agents
Nerve agents block an enzyme called Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous system. This
causes the accumulation of a neurotransmitter between nerve cells or across synapses
leading to hyper-stimulation of muscles, glands and other nerves.
Nerve agents are highly toxic with rapid effects. They act primarily by absorption through the
skin and lungs.
Two Categories: G-Series and V-Series.
G-Agents are less potent compared to V-Agents and persist in the environment for a short
period of time
V-Agents are extremely potent, with only milligrams needed to cause death, and persist for
long periods of time in the environment.

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 Nerve Agents
Example Agents: Tabun, Sarin, Soman, Cyclosarin, VX
Dispersal: Liquid, aerosol, vapour and dust
Mode of Action: Absorption through lungs (G-series); contact with skin (VX); inhibits the
AChe enzyme
Effects: Overstimulation of parasympathetic system effecting the peripheral and
central nervous system, including: lacrimation, salivation, sweating, blurred vision,
headache, difficulty in breathing and vomiting. In higher doses, nerve agents cause
seizures, loss of body control, muscle paralysis (including heart and diaphragm) and
unconsciousness.
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VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

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 Riot Agents
Riot control agents are intended to temporarily incapacitate a person by causing irritation to the eyes,
mouth, throat, lungs, and skin.
Riot control agents, such as tear gas, are considered chemical weapons if used as a method of
warfare.
States can legitimately possess riot control agents and use them for domestic law enforcement
purposes, but states that are members of the Chemical Weapons Convention must declare what type of
riot agents they possess.
Example Agents: Tear Gas, Pepper Spray
Dispersal: Liquid, aerosol
Mode of Action: Absorption through lungs, skin and eyes
Effects: Tears, coughing, and irritation to eyes, nose, mouth and skin; constricts airway

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INCIDENTS OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS
ATTACK

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 The Halabja Chemical Attack
Took place during the Iran-Iraq War (1980)
Halabja being the deadliest Chemical Attack
during the War
Reports of the Iraqi forces using Mustard Gas
and a mix of nerve agents against the Kurdish
population of Halabja
Estimates of 5,000 people killed

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 Agent Orange
Use of Agent Orange by the US against NV
forces
Agent Orange was a herbicide and defoliant
chemical
Caused birth defects and increased cases of
cancer
Damage to the ecosystem and wildlife

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 Tokyo Sarin Attack
Attack on Tokyo Subway in 1995
Sarin gas was released by Aum Shinrikyo, a
doomsday cult
13 people killed, 5,500 injured
An example of chemical terrorism

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 Douma Chemical Attack
Chemical warfare attack on the Syrian city of
Douma
41 casualties
Blame placed on Syrian Military
Chemical used was a mix of chlorinated agents

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VIDEO DEMONSTRATION

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 CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION,
STOCKPILING AND USE OF CHEMICAL
WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION

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ARTICLE III - DECLARATIONS

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ARTICLE IV – CHEMICAL WEAPONS

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 Destruction of Chemical Weapons
Destruction of all chemical weapons
Each state party to provide a detailed list of the chemical weapons it possesses
Each state to provide a schedule for the destruction of their chemical weapons
Destruction process to be verified by the Verification Mechanism

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ARTICLE V – CHEMICAL WEAPONS
PRODUCTION FACILITIES

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 Destruction of Chemical Weapons
Production Facilities
Each state party to declare all Chemical Weapon production facilities
Each state party to immediately cease the production of Chemical Weapons at these
facilities
No state party shall modify existing chemical production facilities to manufacture
Chemical Weapons
Develop a plan for the destruction of these facilities
Verify it through the verification mechanism

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ARTICLE VI – ACTIVITIES NOT PROHIBITED
UNDER THIS CONVENTION

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ARTICLE VIII – THE ORGANIZATION

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SCHEDULE 1 CHEMICALS

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 Schedule 1 Chemicals
Those substances that can either be used as chemical weapons themselves or used
in the manufacture of chemical weapons
Which have no or very limited uses outside of chemical warfare
Production above 100 grams per year must be reported to the OPCW
Examples: Sarin, Soman, Sulfur Mustards

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SCHEDULE 2 CHEMICALS

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 Schedule 2 Chemicals
Those substances that can either be used as chemical weapons themselves or used
in the manufacture of chemical weapons
Which have small scale use outside of chemical warfare
Manufacture must be declared to the OPCW and these chemicals cannot be exported
Examples: Amiton

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SCHEDULE 3 CHEMICALS

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 Schedule 3 Chemicals
Those substances that can either be used as chemical weapons themselves or used
in the manufacture of chemical weapons
Which have legitimate large-scale industrial use
Plants which produce more than 30 tons per year must be declared, restriction on
exports to countries who are not members of the CWC
Examples: Phosgene,

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QUESTIONS?

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