.

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY /DURA ME CAMPUS

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING

TRAINING REPORT ON
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Technical Report Writing and Research Methodology for Engineers

(CEng 4251)

Group Members ID.No

1) Tashale Zode 2057
2) Misira Abdisa 4697
3) Solomon Hambisa hjjj
4) Surafel Abera jjj
5) Dagu Kebeda hh
6) Yohans Sisay ukkj
WCU DC INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT

PREFACE Excellence is an attitude that

the whole of human race is born with. It is the environment that
makes sure that whether the result of this attitude is visible or
otherwise. The well planned, properly executed and evaluated
industrial training help a lot in including the good culture. It provides
linkage between industry in order to develop the awareness of
industrial approach to problem solving based on broad
understanding of process and mode of an organization. During this
period, the student gets their real firsthand experience on working in
the actual environment. Most of the theoretical knowledge that they
have gained during the course of their studies is to put to test here.
Apart from this the student gets the opportunity to learn the latest
technology, which immensely help them in their career. This also
benefits the organization as many students doing their report
perform very well and are here forth offered job in same
organization. I had the opportunity to have the real practical
experience, which has increased my sphere of knowledge to a great
extent. Now I am better equipped to handle the real thingthan
anyone else that has not undergone such training. During the training
period, I learned how an actual report progresses, what sort of
problem actually occurs during the development of such reports. And
being in such a reputed organization, I had but the best exposure.

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ACKNOLEDGEMENTI express my deep

gratitude to Mr Ashenafi, Managing Director of PMC Global
Engineering Pvt. Ltd. for his valuable suggestions and guidance
rendered in giving shape and coherence to this endeavor. I am also
thankful to my team members for their support and guidance
throughout the period of project.Furthermore, I would also like to
acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the staff of
PMC Global Engineering Consultancy, who gave us the permission to
use all required equipment and the necessary materials to complete
the task “BUILDING CONSTRUTION”. Special thanks to my team mate,
who had help me assemble the parts and gave suggestion about the
task “BUILDIN CONSTRUTION”. Last but not least, many thanks go to
the head of the project, Mr. Ashenafi whose have invested his full
effort in guiding the team in achieving the goal. I have to appreciate
the guidance given by other supervisor as well as the panels
especially in our project presentation that has improved our
presentation skills thanks to their comment and advices.

DECLARATION I hereby declare

that this training report entitled “A Training Report on Building
Construction” at PMC GLOBAL Engineering Consultancy Pvt. Ltd. has
been undertaken by me. This training report has been prepared with
respect to a part of B.Tech Civil Curriculum of Wechamo university in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Grade. It
is my original work and has not been submitted by any other person.I
also declare that this report is the result of my own effort and that
the same has not been submitted to any other university, institution
for the award of any degree or diploma

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S. N. CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1. About

Site…………………………………………………..4
2 Introduction …………………………………………….5
3. Introduction to Building………………………………..5
4. Different Types Of Building…………………………….6

5. Types Of Loads………………………………………. 6
6. Common Building Component………………………….7
7. Foundation……………………………………………….7
8 Types Of Foundation…………………………………8

9. Building components………………………………………. 8
10 Aspects…………………………………………………………..9
11. Sizes of Rooms……………………………………………9

10. .MaterialUsed………………………………………10
13. QualityControl…………………………………………11
14. TestforBricks………………………………………….. 11
15. Testforcement………………………………………. 12
16. Test for Aggregates…………………………………12

17 Test for Concrete ………………………………………….. 13

18. Conclusion………………………………………………..14

About the site; Our proposed site is located at Hossana,

Angacha. The road which is near to site leads to new Damboya. A
branch road of which is near is existing wbm road connected very
near to the plot. The total area of the site is about . . the residential
building consists of three bed room, one bathroom and a living room.

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INTRODUCTION Building construction

is the engineering deals with the construction of building
such as residential houses. In a simple building can be define
as an enclose space by walls with roof, food, cloth and the
basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times
humans lived in caves, over trees or under trees, to protect
themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as the times
passed as humans being started living in huts made of
timber branches. The shelters of those old have been
developed nowadays into beautiful houses. Rich people live
in sophisticated condition houses. Buildings are the
important indicator of social progress of the county. Every
human has desire to own comfortable homes on an average
generally one spends his two-third life times in the houses.
The security civic sense of the responsibility. These are the
few reasons which are responsible that the person do
utmost effort and spend hard earned saving in owning
houses.

INTRODUCTION TO BUILDINGS
A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or
less permanently in one place, such as a house or factory.
Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes and functions, and
have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of
factors, from building materials available, to weather
conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and
aesthetic reasons. Buildings serve
several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather,
security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to
comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a
physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and
safety) and the outside (a place that at times may be harsh and
harmful).

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Different types of buildings; Buildings are classified

based upon its occupancy and structure Residential
Building .Buildings in which sleeping arrangements are
provided with or without cooking arrangement. It includes
single or multifamily dwelling, apartments, lodgings,
restaurants, hotels, dormitories and Educational building:
These Include any building used for school, college, education
purposes. Institutional Building:
these buildings used for different purposes, such as medical or
other treatment. They include hospitals, sanatorium, jails, and
asylum Assembly Buildings: These are the
buildings where group of peoples meet or gather for
amusement, social, religious, political, civil, travel and similar
purposes. E.g. theatres, motion pictures, houses, assembly halls,
restaurants assembly halls. Business buildings:
These buildings are used for transactions of business, for
keeping accounts and for similar otherpurpose
Industrial Buildings: These are buildings where
products or materials of all kinds properties are fabricated,
assembled, manufactured or processed Storage
buildings: these buildings are used primarily for the
storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise, vehicles
and animals, grains

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Types of Loads Various loads are

taken into account while designing the foundation of a structure.

1, Dead Load: Dead load comprises of the weight of all walls,
partitions, floors and roofs including all other permanent
construction in the building 2, Wind
load: It is considered as basic wind pressure which is equivalent
static pressure in the direction of the wind 3, Snow load:
Actual load due to snow depends upon the shape of the roof and its
capacity to retain the snow. 4, Earthquake
load: an earthquake load produced waves in every possible
direction below ground. As per intensity or scale of earthquake, jerks
and shocks are acting on the earth. As per the location of the building
in the prescribed zone of earthquake coefficients of earthquake loads
are decided. 5, Live Load: Live Loads consist of
moving or variable loads due to people or occupants, their furniture,
temporary stores, machineries.
6, Erection Load: All loads required to be carried by the
structure or any part of it due to storage or positioning of
construction material and erection equipment including all loads due
to operation of such equipment, shall be considered as "erection
loads
Common Building Component Super
Structure The superstructure is that part of the building which is
above the ground and which serves the purpose of building’s intended
use. ~Plinth
~Lintel and arches ~Wall and columns
~Chajjas ~ Beams
~Roofs and slabs Substructure The
substructure is the lower portion of the building, which is located below
ground level which transmits the load of the superstructure to the sub soil.
Foundations

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FOUNDATION Types of

foundation Foundations may

be broadly classified as
(a) Deep foundation (b) Shallow
Foundation Types of shallow
Foundation Spread Footing: - Spread footings
are those which spread the super-imposed load of wall or column
over larger area. Spread footing support either column or wall It may
of following kinds Single footing for column Stepped footing for a
column Sloped footing for a column Wall footing without step
Combined Footing: A spread footing which supports 2 or
more columns is termed as combined footing. The combined may be
of following kind Rectangular combined footing Trapezoidal
combined footing Building
Components Plinth: Plinth is that part of
the building between surrounding ground surface and floor space
immediately above the ground. Plinth resists the entry of rain water
entry inside the building, entry of animals, insects & Rodents. General
plinth height is Wall:
The walls are building blocks of
bricks or stones. They divide the building space into various space
into various rooms. They support slabs and beams. They safely
transmits the loads coming on them from beams and slabs to the
foundation. They provide privacy and protection against heat, cold,
rain, noise, dust winds. They offer resistant to firewalls may be of
*Brick masonry *Stone masonry
Columns: are vertical members along which beams and slab /roof
is supported They are square, rectangular and circular in shape in
Floor: A floor is a plane area to support occupants, furniture’s, and
equipment’s. Roof: The upper most part of
the building constitutes the roof. The Slab and roof encloses the space

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and offers protection from rain, heat, snow, wind, sound, fire. Slabs are
10, 12,15cm. Doors and windows:-A door
provides a connecting link between rooms, allowing easy free movement
in the building. Window are opening provided in walls. Doors and
windows provide lighting and ventilation. The provide resistance to
weather, sound and heat. They provide security and privacy

Aspect Aspect: different

rooms of the buildings are placed and located accordingly to the
functional utility in such a way that maximum advantage of natural
elements like sun, wind, can be obtained. To obtain sufficient sunlight

inside the room windows are placed in external walls Kitchen aspect:
Kitchen should have window in east, because morning sun kills the

germs. So kitchen should have eastern aspeet. Bed room aspect:

Bed room is a unit of residential building generally used in night time, for
sleeping so evening sun rays, which are cool in nature should enter the
bed room to create cheerful atmosphere. So bed room should have south

western aspect, south-western or north-western aspect.

Drawing room aspect: It is a room which is used by the
occupants for maximum hours of the day. To achieve good sunlight it
should be placed in south or southeast or north-east. Windows should be

provided in external walls Study room

aspect: Windows in this room should be in northern side to obtain
sufficient light throughout the day. So aspect of this room is north.
Prospect: It is related with the views as seen of the outside from doors
and windows in the external wall. For pleasant atmosphere view of a
garden, hill and a river, etc. is a good prospect. Towards these objective
doors and windows should be provided in the external wall of the
building. Privacy This is very important
factor to be considered while planning both residential as well as public
building Privacy of one room from another in a building as well as
privacy of the whole building with other building should be achieved
Lighting: It can be natural light as that obtained from the sun during
the day or artificial light. Adequate illumination is essential in day to day
activities to execute the safety and comfort and efficiency

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Sizes of room Drawing room:

Drawing room should be the very first room of a house as we enter The
minimum area should be 15 to 20sqm General sizes:
3.5m*5.5m 5m*6m *7m*9m Ventilation in Drawing
rooms: Minimum window area should never be less than 10% of floor
area but 20% is preferred Dining room: It is a place where
families take their breakfast, lunch, dinner
Size: 4m*3m 4m*5m
4m*6m Ventilation in
kitchen: window area should be at least15% of floor area
Bed room: A man spends major part of the day in the bed room either
sleeping or relaxing. A minimum floor area of10sqm . should be
provided Sizes: 4m*3m
5m*4m 3m*3m
4m*4m Ventilation: Minimum
window area of 10% of floor area. Bath and W.C.:
Bathroom is a place where inmates take bath and the waste water is
collected and conveyed off -Water Closet is the place of
collection of human discharge A minimum floor area of
1.8sqm Floor are of Bath and w.e should not
be less than2.8m2 with minimum width of 1.2m
MATERIALS USED Stone: - The stone is
always obtained from rock. The rock quarried from quarries is called
stone. Quarried stone may be in the form of stone blocks, stone
aggregate, stone slabs, and stone lintels. Here to be used as impact test,
water absorption test, hardness test and crushing strength. It is preferred
according to SP27-1987.
Brick: - Brick is made up of soil and it is used to make the masonry
structure Absorption test, Shape and size test, Crushing strength test,
Soundness test, Hardness test. The bricks be tablemolded, well burnt in
kilns, copper- colored, free from cracks and with sharp and square edges.
Aggregate:- Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of IS
383. As far as possible reference shall be given to natural aggregate.
Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to
the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. Oneof the most
important factors for producing workable concrete is good gradation of
aggregates. For most work, 20mm aggregates are suitable.
Specific gravity of fine aggregate =2.38

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Specific gravity of coarse aggregate =2.71

Cement:- The most common cement used is Ordinary Portland
Cement. The type 1 is preferred according to IS: 269-1976, which is used
for general concerete structures. 53 Grade ordinary Portland cement is
confirming to 12269 . Out of the total production, Ordinary Portland
Cement accounts for about 80%_90%
Fineness of cement= 8%
Standard consistency of cement =31%
Initial setting time of cement =36mm
Specific gravity of cement =3.46
Water: - Water is an important ingredient of concerete as it actually
participates in the chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to form
the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of water is
required to be looked into very carefully. Water used for mixing and
curing shall be clean and free from materials like oils, acids, alkalis, salts,
sugar, organic materials or other materials that may be harmful to
concrete or steel. PH value of the water used in concreting shall not be
less than 6
. Steel: - Steel is important ingredient of qualify structure and it is used
to carry out the load easily from the structure to column and it is having
high tensile strength. It is preferred according IS 800-200

Quality Control Tests Test for

bricks: A brick is generally subjected to following
tests to find out its suitability of the construction
work Absorption:
A good should not absorb not more than 20 percent of weight of dry
brick Compressive strength: crushing or
compressive strength of brick is found out by placing it in
compression testing machine. It is pressed till it breaks. Minimum
crushing strength of brick is Bricks 35kg/Cm2 and for
superior bricks, it may vary from 70 to 140kg/cm2
Hardness: No impression is left on the surface the brick is treated
to be sufficiently hard Presence of
soluble salts: The bricks should not show any grey or white
deposits after immersed in water for 24 hours Shape
and size: It should be standard size and shape with sharp edges
Soundness: The brick should give clear ringing sound struck each

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other Structure: The structure

should be homogeneous, compact and free from any defects
Tests on cement Colour
Test:- The color of the cement should be uniform. It should be grey
color with a light greenish shade. Setting test:-
A thick paste of cement with water is made on a piece of glass plate
and it is kept under water for 24 hours. It should set and not crack.
Strength test:-A block of cement 25mm*25mm and 200mm long
is prepared and it is immersed for 7 days in water. It is then placed
on supports 15cm apart and it is loaded with a weight of about 34kg.
The block should not show signs of failure. If cements is of
sound quality such block will not be broken easily.
Tests on aggregates:-
Silt Content for Aggregate:-The permissible silt content in
sand (fine aggregate) must not exceed the values as specified in the
standards. However, this method can only be used for natural sand, it

should not be used for crushed rock sand. The apparatus required

for this test is only 250Ml glass measuring cylinder. The silt content

determination by volume is done in the following manner: The glass

cylinder is filled with salt-water solution (concentration of the
solution will teaspoon full of common salt for every 570ml) up to
50ml mark. Add sand until the level

of the sand is up to 100ml mark Add further salt-

water solution till 150ml mark is reached Place the palm
on the mouth of the glass cylinder and shake it vigorously.
Place the cylinder on hard levelled surface and tap it all round so that
sand is leveled. Wait for three hours for silt to settle on top of sand.
Measure the thickness of the silt layer and the height of the sand. The
silt content can be calculated as follows: Silt % by volume =

Thickness of silt layer / Height of sand + Silt *100% Sieve

Analysis:-Sieve analysis is done to check the gradation of aggregate.

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Tests on concrete:
Compressive strength of concrete:-The compression test
shows the compressive strength of hardened conerete. The
compression test shows the best possible strength concrete can
reach in perfect conditions. The compression test measures conerete
strength in the hardened state. Testing should always be done
carefully. Wrong test results can be costly. The testing is done in a
laboratory off-site. The only work done on-site is to make a concrete
cubes for the compression test. The strength is measured in Mega
pascals (MPa) and is commonly specified as a characteristic strength
of concrete measured at 28 days after mixing. The compressive
strength is a measure of the conerete’s ability to resist loads which
tend to crush it. Procedure of
slump test for concrete: Clean the cone.
Dampen with water and place on the slump plate. The slump plate
should be clean, firm, level and non-absorbent. Collect a sample of
conerete to perform the slum test. Stand firmly on
the foot pieces and fill 1/3 the volume of the cone with the sample.
Compact the concrete by ‘rodding’ 25 times. Rodding means to push a
steel rod in and out of the concrete to compact it into the cylinder, or
slump cone. Always rod in a definite pattern, working from outside
into the middle. Fill to overflowing, rodding
again this time just into the top of the second layer. Top up the cone
till it overflows. Level off the surface with the
steel rod using a rolling action. Clean any concrete from around the
base and top of the cone, push down on the handles and step off the
footpaces. Carefully lift the cone straight up

making sure not to move the sample. Turn the cone upside down and

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place the rod across the up-turned cone.

CONCLUSION We can conclude

that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work
done. As the scope of understanding will be much more when
practical work is done. As we get more knowledge in such a situation
where we have great experience doing the practical work.Knowing
the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of
longer to shorter span of panel. In this project we have designed
slabs as two way slabs depending upon the end condition,
corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been
calculated as per I.S. code methods for corresponding Lx/Ly ratio.
The calculations have been done for loads on beams and columns and
designed frame analysis by moment distribution method. Here we
have a very low bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated footing done.

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