HEAT & MASS TRANSFER

Arranged By
PROF. DR. ASAD NAEEM SHAH
MED, UET LAHORE

anaeems@uet.edu.pk
RADIATION HEAT
TRANSFER Cont….

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 RECIPROCITY THEOREM
▪ Reciprocity Theorem enables us to develop the relation
between two shape factors.
▪ Let energy leaving a black body of surface 1 and arriving a black
body of surface 2 be given as:
𝑞1→2 = 𝐸𝑏1 𝐴1 𝐹12 → (1)
▪ Similarly, energy leaving a black body of surface 2 and arriving a
black body of surface 1 is given as:
𝑞2→1 = 𝐸𝑏2 𝐴2 𝐹21 → (2)
▪ For two black bodies, the net heat exchange (H.E) is:
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞1→2 − 𝑞2→1
▪ If both surfaces are at the same temperature:
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐸𝑏1 𝐴1 𝐹12 − 𝐸𝑏2 𝐴2 𝐹21 = 0 → (3)

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 RECIPROCITY THEOREM Cont.
▪ If the emissive power of both bodies are same i.e., 𝐸𝑏1 = 𝐸𝑏2 ,
Eqn. (3) leads to:
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
▪ In general, Reciprocity Theorem is given by:
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑗𝑖
▪ Thus, from Eq (3) heat exchange between two black bodies at
different temperatures may be given as:
𝜎 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
𝑞1→2 =
1
𝐴1 𝐹12

𝜎 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
=
1
𝐴2 𝐹21
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 PROBLEM
Calculate the shape factors for the following
configurations:
1) Long tube with cross-section of an equilateral triangle
2) Black body inside a black enclosure
3) Diagonal partition within a long square duet,
considering unit depth.

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 SOLUTION
(1) By summation Rule :
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 = 1
֜ 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 = 1
֜ 𝑭𝟏𝟑 = 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 (𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦)
Similarly,
֜ 𝐹21 + 𝐹22 + 𝐹23 = 1
֜ 𝑭𝟐𝟑 = 𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐𝟏 → (𝟏)
Thus 𝐹23 = 1 − 0.5 = 0.5

Also, by reciprocity theorem:

𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
𝐴2
𝐹12 = 𝐹21 = 𝐹21 (As 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 )
𝐴1
Thus 𝐹23 = 1 − 0.5 = 0.5
Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
(2) As the surface 1 can see itself and the rest of radiation
falls on the enclosed surface 2, by summation rule:

𝐹11 + 𝐹12 = 1 →→→ (𝑖)

By reciprocity:
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
𝑨𝟐
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝑭𝟐𝟏
𝑨𝟏
𝐴2
(𝑖) ֜ 𝐹11 = 1 − 𝐹12 = 1 − 𝐹21
𝐴1
But 𝐹21 = 1
𝑨𝟐
֜ 𝑭𝟏𝟏 =𝟏−
𝑨𝟏
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(3) By summation Rule :
𝐹11 + 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 = 1
֜ 𝐹12 + 𝐹13 = 1

֜ 𝐹12 = 𝐹13 = 0.5 (𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦)

Now
𝐹21 + 𝐹23 = 1
By reciprocity:
𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21

𝐴1 2𝑙
֜ 𝐹21 = 𝐹12 = × 0.5 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏
𝐴2 𝑙
Thus, 𝐹23 will be known now.
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 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN
NON-BLACKBODIES (Concept of
Surface Resistance)
Consider a body with an opaque surface as shown in Fig. 1. Let
G = irradiation
J = radiosity Fig. 1
= total radiation that leaves a surface per unit time and per unit area.
Net energy leaving the surface in unit time is:
𝑞 = 𝐴(𝐽 − 𝐺) → (1)
But for unit area, radiosity is:
𝐽 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 + ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝜖𝐸𝑏 + 𝜌𝐺 → (2)
As for an opaque body 𝜏 = 0, ֜ 𝜌 = 1 − 𝜖 → (3)
𝐽−𝜖𝐸𝑏
By Eqns. (2) & (3) we may get 𝐺 = → (4)
1−𝜖

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 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN NON-
BLACKBODIES Cont.
▪ Putting Eqn. (4) in Eqn. (1):
𝐴𝜖
𝑞= 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐽
1−𝜖

𝐸𝑏 − 𝐽 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐽
֜𝑞 = = → (5)
1−𝜖 𝑅𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝜖

1−𝜖
where 𝑅𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = = Surface resistance
𝐴𝜖

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 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN
TWO SURFACES (Concept of Space Resistance)
▪ Consider two surfaces , 𝐴1 & 𝐴2 , which
can see each other as shown in Fig. 1.
▪ Of that total radiation leaving surface 1,
the amount that reaches surface 2 is:
𝐽1 𝐴1 𝐹12
▪ Of that total energy leaving surface 2,
the amount that reaches surface 1 is:
𝐽2 𝐴2 𝐹21 Fig. 1
▪ The net interchange between the two
surfaces is:
𝑞1−2 = 𝐽1 𝐴1 𝐹12 − 𝐽2 𝐴2 𝐹21 → (1)
But 𝐴1 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 𝐹21
𝐽1 − 𝐽2
֜ 𝑞1−2 = → (2) Fig. 2
1
𝐴1 𝐹12 Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO
SURFACES Cont.
1
▪ Thus, in general, there is “space resistance” between two
𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖𝑗
radiosity potentials (𝐽1 & 𝐽2 ) or nodes (Fig. 2).
▪ Two surfaces that exchange heat with each other (see each
other and nothing else) would be represented by the network
shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

▪ In this case the net heat transfer would be the overall potential
difference divided by the sum of the resistances:
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 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO
SURFACES Cont.
𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐸𝑏2
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖2
+ +
𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝜖2 𝐴2

𝜎 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
֜ 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = → (3)
1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖2
+ +
𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝜖2 𝐴2

where 𝜎 is Stefan-Boltzmann constant; 𝜎 = 5.67 × 10-8 w/m2.K4

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 HEAT EXCHANGE OF THREE
BODIES
▪ A network for a three-body problem is
shown in Fig. 1. In this case each of the
bodies exchanges heat with the other
two.
▪ To determine the heat flows in a
problem of this type, the values of the
radiosities must be calculated. This may
be accomplished by performing standard
methods of analysis used in dc-circuit Fig. 1: Radiation network for
theory. three surfaces that see each
other and nothing else.
▪ The most convenient method is an
application of Kirchhoff’s current law to
the circuit, which states that the sum of
the currents entering a node is zero. Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
HEAT EXCHANGE OF THREE-BODIES Cont.
𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐽1 𝐽1 − 𝐽2 𝐽1 − 𝐽3
𝑞1 = = + → (1)
1 − 𝜖1 1 1
𝐴1 𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴1 𝐹13

𝐸𝑏2 − 𝐽2 𝐽2 − 𝐽1 𝐽2 − 𝐽3
𝑞2 = = + → (2)
1 − 𝜖2 1 1
𝐴2 𝜖2 𝐴2 𝐹21 𝐴2 𝐹23

𝐸𝑏3 − 𝐽3 𝐽3 − 𝐽1 𝐽3 − 𝐽2
𝑞3 = = + → (3)
1 − 𝜖3 1 1
𝐴3 𝜖3 𝐴3 𝐹31 𝐴3 𝐹32

Above system of eqns. can be solved for the possible H.T.

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HEAT EXCHANGE OF INSULATED SURFACES
AND SURFACES WITH LARGE AREAS
▪ As (𝐸𝑏 −𝐽) represents the
potential difference for heat
flow through the surface
1−𝜖
resistance i.e., .
𝜖𝐴
▪ If a surface is perfectly
insulated ( i.e., refractory or
adiabatic), it has zero heat
flow and the potential
difference across the surface
resistance is zero, resulting in
𝐽 = 𝐸𝑏 as depicted in Fig. 1
for surface and node 3. Fig. 1
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 H.E. FOR INSULATED SURFACES AND
SURFACES WITH LARGE AREAS Cont.
▪ The insulated surface does not have zero surface resistance. In
effect, the J node in the network is floating (i.e., it is not
connected to a radiation surface resistance), and thus it does not
draw any heat current.
▪ On the other hand, a surface with a very large area (i.e., 𝐴 → ∞)
has a surface resistance approaching zero, which means 𝐽 = 𝐸𝑏
in this case. Thus, insulated surface and surface with a large area
both have 𝑱 = 𝑬𝒃 , but for entirely different reasons.
▪ It is important to note that a surface with a very large area
behaves like a blackbody with 𝜖 = 1. Moreover, atmosphere or
space between two large surfaces like a large room is also
assumed to be a black body.
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 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO
INFINITE PARALLEL SURFACES
▪ Consider two infinite parallel
planes in which 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 𝐴 ;
and the radiation shape factor is
unity since all the radiation
leaving one plane reaches the
other.
▪ The network is given in Fig. 1, and
the heat flow per unit area may
be obtained from Equation:
𝑞 𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐸𝑏2
ൗ𝐴 =
1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖2
𝜖1 + 𝐹12 + 𝜖2 Fig. 1

𝑞 𝜎 𝑇14 − 𝑇24 As 𝐹11 + 𝐹12 = 1

֜ ൗ𝐴 = But 𝐹11 = 0
1 1
𝜖1 𝜖2 − 1
+

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 EXAMPLE
L.B= Y.X D
SOLUTION

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Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
Alternatively,

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 PROBLEM
A square room 3 by 3 m has a floor heated to 300 K, a
ceiling at 290 K, and walls that are assumed perfectly
insulated. The height of the room is 2.5 m. The
emissivity of all surfaces is 0.8. Using the network
method, find the net interchange between floor and
ceiling and the wall temperature.

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 SOLUTION (HINTS)
1. Circuit Analysis
2. Shape Factor Analysis
3. Resistance Analysis
4. Emissive Power Analysis
5. Node Analysis
6. H.T Analysis

Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah

 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO
LONG CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS
▪ Consider two long concentric
cylinders at temperature 𝑇1 & 𝑇2 as
shown in Fig. 1.
▪ Heat exchange may be calculated by
the following equation:

𝐸𝑏1 − 𝐸𝑏2
𝑞1−2 =
1 − 𝜖1 1 1 − 𝜖2
+ +
𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝜖2 𝐴 2
Fig. 1: Radiation exchange between
two cylindrical surfaces.
𝐴1 (𝐸𝑏1 −𝐸𝑏2 )
֜ 𝑞1−2 = → (1) Alternatively, 𝐹22 + 𝐹21 = 1
1 𝐴1 1 𝐴1
+ −1 𝐹22 = 1 −
𝜖1 𝐴2 𝜖2 𝐴2
Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO LONG
CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS Cont.
4 4
𝑞 𝜋𝑑1 𝜎 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
֜ ൗ𝐿 =
1 𝑑1 1
+ −1
𝜖1 𝑑2 𝜖2
▪ In case of spherical container, the area ratio of Eqn. (1) will be
modified as under:
𝐴1 4𝜋𝑟12 𝑟12
= 2 = 2
𝐴2 4𝜋𝑟2 𝑟2
▪ Thus Eqn. (1) leads to:

𝐴1 𝜎 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
֜ 𝑞1−2 =
1 𝑟12 1
+ −1
𝜖1 𝑟22 𝜖2
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 PROBLEM
A spherical container of diameter 300 mm is used to store the
liquid oxygen at -182˚C. The system is insulated by a concentric
sphere of diameter 450 mm. There is evacuated space
between the two spheres having same emissivity of 0.03. If the
temperature of outer sphere is 30˚C, estimate the H.T.R by
radiation to the oxygen in the container. Assume that inner
surface of outer sphere and outer surface of inner container
are diffuse and gray.
HINTS:
𝐴1 𝜎 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
𝑞1−2 = 2 = −2.81𝑊
1 𝑟1 1
+ −1
𝜖1 𝑟22 𝜖2
Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah