•Multiple inheritance

•Hierarchical inheritance
•Hybrid Inheritance
•Virtual base class
•Constructors in derived classes

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Multiple inheritance

 If a class is derived from two or more classes is called

multiple inheritance.

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Multiple inheritance
 Syntax of derived class is:
class derived_class : visibility_mode Base_class_1, visibility_mode
Base_class_2, - - - - - - - visibility_mode Base_class_n
{
Members of derived class
};

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Multiple inheritance-Example
class B1
{
protected:
int x;
public:
void get_x(int a)
{ x=a; }
};
class B2
{
protected:
int y;
public:
void get_y(int b)
{ y=b; }
};

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Multiple inheritance-Example
class D : public B1, public B2
{
int z;
public:
void multiply(void)
{
z=x*y;
}
void display(void)
{
cout<<“x=”<<x<<“\n”;
cout<<“y=”<<y<<“\n”;
cout<<“z=”<<z<<“\n”;
}
};

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Multiple inheritance-Example
int main()
{
D d;
d.get_x(5);
d.get_y(3);
d.multiply();
d.display();
return 0;
}
 Output
x=5
y=3
z=15
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.
Engineering College Ajmer
Multiple inheritance-Example
 The derived class ‘D’ has the following members after
this derivation.

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Hierarchical inheritance
 When a base class is inherited by two or more derived
classes, is known as hierarchical inheritance.
 Example-

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Hierarchical inheritance-Example
class person
{
protected:
char name[20];
int age;
public:
void get_person(const char *n, int a)
{
strcpy(name,n);
age=a;
}
void show_person(void)
{
cout<<“Name:”<<name<<“\t”<<“Age:”<<age<<“\t”;
} };

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Hierarchical inheritance-Example
class teacher : public person
{
char post[10];
public:
void get_post(const char *p)
{
strcpy(post,p);
}
void show_teacher(void)
{
show_person();
cout<<“post:”<<post<<“\n”;
}
};
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.
Engineering College Ajmer
Hierarchical inheritance-Example
class student : public person
{
int standard;
public:
void get_standard(int s)
{
standard=s;
}
void show_student(void)
{
show_person();
cout<<“Standard:”<<standard<<“\n”;
}
};
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.
Engineering College Ajmer
Hierarchical inheritance-Example
int main()
{
teacher t;
t.get_person(“Ramesh”,30);
t.get_post(“TGT”);
student s;
s.get_person(“Suresh”,17);
s.get_standard(12);
t.show_teacher();
s.show_student();
return 0;
}
 Output
Name: Ramesh Age: 30 Post: TGT
Name: Suresh Age: 17 Standard: 12

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Hybrid Inheritance
 The combination of two or more forms of inheritance
is known as hybrid inheritance.
 Example- The combination of multilevel inheritance
and multiple inheritance.

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Ambiguity resolution in Inheritance
 In multiple inheritance, when a function with same name
appears in more than one base class. Example-
class M
{
public:
void display()
{ cout<<“Class M”;}
};
class N
{
public:
void display()
{ cout<<“Class N”;}
};
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.
Engineering College Ajmer
Ambiguity resolution in Inheritance
class P : public M, public N
{
public:
void display() // overrides display() of M and N
{M:: display();}
};
int main()
{
P p;
p. display();
}
 Output
Class M

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Virtual base class
 Consider the following hybrid inheritance.

 This situation creates a problem that all public and

protected members of ‘person’ are inherited into ‘TA’
twice.
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.
Engineering College Ajmer
Virtual base class
 This ambiguity can be resolved by making
the common base class as virtual base class
while declaring the direct base classes.
class person
{
--------
};
class teacher : virtual public person
{
--------
};
class student : virtual public person
{
--------
};
class TA: public teacher, public student
{
--------
};

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Constructors in derived classes
 When both the base and derived classes contain
constructors, the base class constructor is executed
first and then the derived class constructor.
 In multiple inheritance, the constructors in base
classes are executed in which they appear in the
declaration of the derived class.
 In multilevel inheritance, the constructors will be
executed in the order of inheritance.
 The constructors in virtual base classes are executed
before any non-virtual base classes.
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.
Engineering College Ajmer
Constructors in derived classes
 Example-
class alpha
{
int x;
public:
alpha(int i)
{
x = i;
cout << "\n alpha initialized \n";
}
void show_x()
{
cout << "\n x = "<<x;
}
};
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.
Engineering College Ajmer
Constructors in derived classes
class beta
{
float y;
public:
beta(float j)
{
y = j;
cout << "\n beta initialized \n";
}
void show_y()
{
cout << "\n y = "<<y;
}
);
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.
Engineering College Ajmer
Constructors in derived classes
class gamma : public beta, public alpha
{
int n,m;
public:
gamma(int a, float b, int c, int d): alpha(a), beta(b)
{
m = c;
n = d;
cout << "\n gamma initialized \n";
}
void show_mn()
{
cout << "\n m = "<<m;
cout << "\n n = "<<n;
}
};

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer
Constructors in derived classes
void main()
{
gamma g(5, 7.65, 30, 100);
cout << "\n";
g.show_x();
g.show_y();
g.show_mn();
}
 Output
beta initialized
alpha initialized
gamma initialized
x=5
y = 7.65
m = 30
n = 100
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.
Engineering College Ajmer
Thank you

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.

Engineering College Ajmer