Elements and Typologies of the Community

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON 1: SOCIETAL STRUCTURES
LESSON 2: SOCIETAL DYNAMICS AND
PROCESSES
LESSON 3 : SOCIETAL TYPOLOGIES
 LESSON 1
SOCIETAL STRUCTURES
Social Status and Roles
Social Status
refers to the position or rank
that someone holds in society.
Role
can vary depending on factors
such as age, gender, and
occupation. For example, a
teacher's role is to educate and
guide students, while a doctor's
role is to provide medical care.
Theoretical Perspectives
Functionalism
a sociological perspective that views society as a complex
system made up of various parts that work together to maintain
stability and harmony.
For example, education serves the function of socializing
individuals and preparing them for the workforce.
Conflict Theory
sociological perspective that views society as a competition for
resources and power
social change occurs through conflict and struggle between
different groups with conflicting interests.
Alienation from production - a worker does not gain from
goods/services produced.
Alienation from process - worker does not contro his/her time
of doing things.
Alienation from others - worker is judges based on the
performance of others and creates unwarranted competition of
peers
Alienation from the self - worker seen as jsut another worker
in factory line
Symbolic Interactionism
sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals create
meaning through their interactions with others
emphasizes the importance of symbols, language, and shared
meanings in shaping social behavior.
Structures
Social Structures
can be seen as the "rules" or norms that guides their behavior
in a society, and they can vary across different cultures and
societies.
Political Structures
refers to the organization and distribution of power within a
society.

focuses on the governance and decision-making processes

within a community
Economic Structures
they determine how goods and services are produced,
exchanged and consumed.
created and maintained to benefit the dominant group in
society, while disadvantaging subordinate groups
Types of Markets
Perfect Competition
Monopoly
Oligopoly
Monopolistic Competition
Monopsony
Perfect Competition
An open market that has an indifinite number of
buyers and sellers.
Monopoly
A kind of market where only one individual or
company has the capability to produce a
much-needed good or service.
Monopoly
Oligopoly
is a market where
only a few are
able to produce
certain goods or
services.
Monopolistic Competition
market structure where there are many sellers offering
similar but slightly differentiated products.
Monopolistic
Competition
Monopsony
is a condition where there is only one buyer and
where there is an infinite number of producers.
Since there are no other buyers, the single
consumer may control the price and let the
producers compete for pricing.
Monopsony
Monopsony
Sociocultural Structures
they provide a framework for how people should behave and
interact with each other.
they establish expectations and guidelines for social roles,
relationships, and behaviors
Trends
Political Trends
Cultural Trends
Economic Trends
Political Trends
refer to the patterns and changes in political behavior,
attitudes, and preferences within a society or country. These
trends can include shifts in voting patterns, public opinion,
party affiliations, and policy priorities.
Cultural Trends
refer to the shifts and changes in the beliefs, values, behaviors,
and practices of a society or group of people. These trends can
include changes in fashion, music, art, language, technology,
and social norms..
Economic Trends
refer to the patterns and changes in the overall economic
conditions of a country or region. These trends can include
changes in factors such as employment rates, inflation rates,
GDP growth, consumer spending, and business investment.

For example, if the government implements policies that

promote business growth and investment, it can lead to
positive economic trends such as increased employment and
GDP growth.
Technological Structures
refer to the patterns and changes in the development and
adoption of new technologies. These trends can include
advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence,
automation, digitalization, and communication technologies.

For example, if there is increased investment in research and

development in a specific technology, it can lead to
advancements and widespread adoption of that technology.
 LESSON 2
SOCIETAL DYNAMICS AND
PROCESSES
Societal Dynamics and Processes
Social Exchange Theory
people engage in social relationships and interactions with
others because they believe that they will receive some benefit
or reward in return
Rational Choice Theory
a social science concept that suggests individuals make
decisions based on rational calculations of costs and benefits.
Competition and conflict
Cooperation
when individuals or groups work together towards a common
goal or objective. It involves sharing resources, ideas, and
efforts to achieve a desired outcome. Cooperation often
requires communication, collaboration, and mutual
understanding among participants
Accommodation
concept in social science that refers to the process of
adjusting or adapting one's behavior, attitudes, or beliefs in
order to fit in or get along with others.

Compromise - each party gives up something they want in order

to come to an agreement

Truce - temporarily brings a halt to the competition or conflict until

a compromise can be reached
Mediation - calling in a third party who guides the two parties
toward an agreement

Arbitration - a third party makes a decision that is binding on both

parties
Social Change
refers to the transformation of societal norms, values,
and behaviors over time
It occurs when individuals or groups challenge existing
social structures and strive for a more equitable and just
society.
Social Change
1. Evolutionary Theory - explains that society follows an
evolutionary development from a simple commune and then
moves toward more complex.

2. Conflict Theory - explains that conflict between the holders

of power and the disenfranchised are the drivers of social
change and conflict is a necessary characteristic in social
relations.
Functionalist Theory - explains that the set roles and statuses
hold social balance and therefore, any change in the scheme
will have repercussions on the functions of the other roles and
statuses.
Community Structure
represented by the hierarchies that are inherent to each
collective
All members of the community, from doctors, lawyers, firemen
to the students, live by these statuses and roles.
helps to maintain balance and stability within the community
Community Dynamics
the actors are the individuals, civil society groups, pressure
groups, and movements who all contribute to the communities
in the creation of meaning.
refers to the changes in the composition and interactions of
individuals within a community over time.
Community Process
a process by which the activities in pursuit of a wide variety of
interests of a local population are both enhanced and
coordinated
 LESSON 3
SOCIETAL TYPOLOGIES
Urban
- are cities or big towns where there is a large, high density or
heterogenous population.

- space is maximized to build public and private infastructures

Rural
- territorial villages where is small, low density and homogenous
population.

- space is mostly used for vegetations and natural environments

Suburban
-residential or mix-used areas located at the city outskirts or within
the commuting distance of a city.
- Most spaces in suburban are often used for subdivisions, small
offices buildings with 4 to 12 floors
Formal Sectors
composed of
establishments,
businesses, and other
enterprises that are legal
based on their
compliance to
government requirement
such as licenses.
Informal Sectors
they lack the requirements
and licenses from the
government.
often described by
economists as the shadow
economy because it exists
behind state supervision.
Formal Sectors Informal Sectors
Multinational corporations Fishball/Kwek kwek
Corporate Firms Freelance Workers
Listed/Traded Companies Street Vendors
Resources
https://www.slideshare.net/JamesArNielSarno/typologies-of-
communitypdf
CESC Book
Resources
https://www.slideshare.net/JamesArNielSarno/typologies-of-
communitypdf
Resources
THANK YOU!