VITAMINS AND IMPORTANT POINTS

VITAMIN BIOCHEMICAL ROLE SOURCE DEFICIENCY RDA OTHERS

VITAMIN – A 1. RETINAL: - ANIMAL SOURCE – NIGHT BLINDNESS, i. Children = HYPER
4 FORMS VISION - RHODOPSIN = OPSIN XEROPHTHALMIA, 400-600 VITAMINOSIS A:
RETINOL(storage form), +11 CIS RETINAL MILK,BUTTER, BITOT’S SPOTS, µg/day.
RETINAL, CREAM,CHEESE, KERATOMALACIA, ANOREXIA ,
RETINOIC ACID 2. RETINOL & RETINOIC ACID :- EGGYOLK, LIVER AND ii. Men = IRRITABILITY,
BETA – CAROTENE REGULATION OF GENE FISH LIVER OIL. PHRYNODERMA, 750-1000 HEADACHE,
EXPRESSION, TISSUE µg/day PEELING OF SKIN,
DIFFERENTIATION AND PLANT SOURCE – URINARY CALCULI, DROWSINESS,
iii. Women
SYNTHESIS OF TRANSFERRIN VOMITING,
= 750
YELLOW VEGETABLES – REDUCED IMMUNITY, INCREASED
µg/day
3. RETINOIC ACID :-MAINTAINS CARROT,PAPAYA, INFECTIONS, INTRACRANIAL
NORMAL EPITHELIUM AND SKIN MANGO,PUMPKINS, iv. TENSION,
GREENLEAVES. ACNE, Pregnancy BONY EXOSTOSIS,
4. β CAROTENE :-ANTI OXIDANT = 1000 HEPATOMEGALY,
PROPERTY, ANTI-CANCER GROWTH µg/day CELLULAR DEATH,
ACTIVITY, PREVENTING RETARDATION YELLOW COLOUR
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION . SKIN
HYPERKERATOSIS
5. NECESSARY FOR REPRODUCTION
 VITAMIN BIOCHEMICAL ROLE SOURCE DEFICENCY RDA OTHERS
VITAMIN – D 1. INTESTINAL VILLI AND EXPOUSURE TO SUNLIGHT RICKETS in i. Children = 10 HYPER
ERGOCALCIFEROL (vitamin D2) RENAL TUBULES:-CALCIUM WITH 290 – 315 nm children µg (400 IU)/day VITAMINOSIS D:
CHOLECALCIFEROL(vitamin D3) AND PHOSPHORUS WEAKNESS,
ii. Adults = 5 µg POLYURIA,
ABSORPTION FISH LIVER OIL , FISH AND OSTEOMALACIA (200 IU)/day INTENSE THIRST,
2. BONE : -MINERALISATION EGG YOLK in adults
DIFFICULTY IN
BY OSTEOBLASTS ACTIVITY iii. Pregnancy, SPEAKING,
3. MODULATORY EFFECT ON ANEMIA lactation = 10 HYPERTENSION,
IMMUNE HEMATOPOIETIC µg(400 IU)/day
WEIGHT LOSS,
SYSTEM CALCIFICATION
iv. Above the
4. REGULATION OF PTH & age of 60 = 600 OF SOFT TISSUES.
CALCITONIN IU per day.
HORMONE LIKE ACTION - MECHANISM

INCREASE THE ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM AND

PHOSPHORUS IN INTESTINES

INCREASE THE REABSORPTION OF CALCIUM AND

PHOSPHORUS

MINERALISATION BY OSTEOBLASTS ACTIVITY

 VITAMIN BIOCHEMICAL ROLE SOURCE DEFICENCY RDA OTHERS
VITAMIN E 1. POWERFUL NATURAL ANTI- VEGETABLE NEUROLOGICAL Males : 10 HYPERVITAMI
OXIDANTdue to the phenolic – OH group OILS PROBLEMS mg per NOSIS E :
TOCOPHEROL on the sixth carbon of the chromane ring (SPINOCEREBELLAR day TENDENCY TO
(ANTI STERILITY 2. PROTECT RBC FROM HEMOLYSIS ATAXIA, HEMORRHAGE
VITAMIN) 3. SLOW DOWN AGING PROCESS RETINOPATHY, Females :
4. REDUCES THE RISK OF PERPHERAL 8 mg/day SELENIUM
ATHEROSCLEROSIS NEUROPATHY AND DECREASE THE
Pregnanc
5. BOOSTS IMMUNE RESPONSE MYOPATHY) REQUIREMENT
y: 10
OF VITAMIN E
mg/day
MILD HEMOLYTIC AND VICE
ANEMIA IN PRETERM Lactation : VERSA
BABIES 12
mg/day.
DEGENERATIVE
CHANGES IN MUSCLE

VITAMIN K GAMMA CARBOXYLATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID GREEN LEAFY BLEEING TENDENCY 50 – 100 HYPERVITAMI
K1 = Phylloquinone IS ESSENTIAL FOR ACTIVATION OF CLOTTING VEGETABLES. mg / day NOSIS K :
(plant source) FACTORS 2,7,9,10 AND OSTEOCALCIN SYNTHESIS HEMORRHAGIC HEMOLYSIS,
K2 = menaquinone FROM DISEASE OF HYPERBILIRUBI
(synthesized by INTESTINAL NEWBORN NEMIA,
bacterial flora of BACTERIA KERNICTERUS
colon) AND BRAIN
K3 = menadione DAMAGE
(synthetic form)
 VITAMIN & BIOCHEMICAL ROLE SOURCE DEFICENCY RDA OTHERS
CO ENZYME FORM
VITAMIN B1 1. OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION OF ALEURONE BERIBERI – WET , 1 – 1.5 mg Earliest lab
THIAMINE ALPHA KETO ACIDS. LAYER OF DRY AND INFANTILE / day finding of
(THIAMINE Pyruvate dehydrogenase, CEREALS deficiency :
PYROPHOSPHATE - TPP) α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase YEAST WERNICKE- RBC
KORSAKOFF transketolase
Sulphur containing vitamin 2. TRANSKETOLASE IN HMP SHUNT SYNDROME activity
PATHWAY reduced .
POLYNEURITIS
3. ACETYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS – helps
in transmission of nerve impulses

VITAMIN B2 1. OXIDATION – REDUCTION SYNTHESISED BY GLOSSITIS 1.5 mg / PROLIFERATIO

RIBOFLAVIN REACTIONS as redox carriers INTESTINAL (MAGENTA day N OF BULBAR
(FLAVIN ADENINE FLORA. COLOURED CONJUNCTIVA
DINUCLEOTIDE – FAD 2. PRODUCTION OF ATP (1.5 ATP) IN TONGUE), L CAPILLARIES
ETC LIVER ,DRIED IS THE
FLAVIN YEAST, EGG, CHEILOSIS, EARLIEST SIGN
MONONUCLEOTIDE - MILK, FISH,
FMN) 3. FMN DEPENDENT ENZYME - WHOLE CREALS, ANGULAR Earliest lab
L Amino acid oxidase LEGUMES , STOMATITS, finding of
GREEN LEAFY deficiency :
4. FAD DEPENDENT ENZYMES – VEGETABLES. CIRCUMCORNEAL RBC
Pyruvate dehydrogenase, VASCULARIZATION Glutathione
α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, reductase
succinate dehydrogenase, activity
xanthine oxidase reduced
VITAMIN & BIOCHEMICAL ROLE SOURCE DEFICENCY RDA OTHERS
CO ENZYME FORM
NIACIN 1. OXIDATION – REDUCTION DRIED YEAST, PELLAGRA – 3 D’s 20 mg / day About half of
(NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE REACTIONS as redox carriers LIVER , PEANUT, the
DINUCLEOTIDE – NAD ; WHOLE CEREALS, (DERMATITIS, LACTATION requirement is
2. PRODUCTION OF ATP (2.5 ATP) IN LEGUMES, MEAT DIARRHOEA, 25 mg/ day met by the
NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE AND FISH DEMENTIA)
ETC conversion of
DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE -
tryptophan to
NADP)
niacin.
60mg
tryptophan =
1mg of niacin
NAD DEPENDENT ENZYMES NADPH GENERATING REACTIONS NADPH DEPENDENT REACTIONS-
REDUCTIVE SYNTHESIS
1. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1. G6PD
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate 2. 6 phospho gluconate dehydrognease 1. HMG CoA REDUCTASE
dehydrogenase 3. Malic enzyme 2. PHENYL ALANINE HYDROXYLASE
Lactate dehydrogenase 4. Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 3. DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE
Pyruvate dehydrogenase 4. METHHEMOGLOBIN REDUCTASE
5. 7 α HYDROXLASE in bile acid
2. LIPID METABOLISM synthesis
β Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase 6. 1 α HYDROXLASE in Vitamin D
β Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase synthesis

3. AMINOACID METABOLISM
Glycine synthase
Branched chain α keto acid dehydrogenase

4. KREBS CYCLE
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Malate dehydrogenase

5. OTHERS
Alcohol dehdrogenase
 VITAMIN& BIOCHEMICAL ROLE SOURCE DEFICENCY RDA OTHERS
CO ENZYME FORM
VITAMIN B6 1. TRANSAMINATION DRIED YEAST, 1. NEUROLOGICAL - 1 – 2 mg / Isoniazid (INH) a
PYRIDOXINE/PYRIDOXOL ALT, AST LIVER , EGG, SEIZURES, PERIPHERAL day drug used in
PYRIDOXAL MILK, , WHOLE NEURITIS, treatment of
PYRIDOXAMINE 2. DECARBOXYLATION OF AMINO CEREALS, tuberculosis
ACIDS LEGUMES, 2. HEMATOLOGICAL - inhibits the
(PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE - Formation of Histamine, MEAT , FISH HYPOCHROMIC enzyme
PLP) Dopamine,GABA,Seratonin AND GREEN MICROCYTIC ANEMIA, pyridoxalkinase
LEAFY & affect PLP
3. HEME SYNTHESIS VEGETABLES. 3.DERMATOLOGICAL – synthesis. So
ALA Synthase SEBORRHEIC patients taking
DERMATITIS,STOMATITIS INH should
4. TRANSSULPHURATION REACTIONS ,GLOSSITIS,CHEILOSIS receive VIT – B6
Cystathionine synthase 4. PELLAGRA (since vit B6 supplement
affects tryptophan
5. DEAMINATION metabolism)
Serine dehydratase

PANTOTHENIC ACID CoA DERIVATIVES, SYNTHESISED BY BURNING FOOT 10 mg / day

(Co-enzyme A, ACP) Succinyl CoA – heme synthesis INTESTINAL SYNDROME
HMG CoA – Cholesterol synthesis FLORA.
Acetyl CoA – citric acid cycle, Fatty acid
synthesis YEAST, LIVER,
ACYL CARRIER PROTEINS EGGS
BIOTIN CARBOXYLATION SYNTHESISED BY VERY RARE. 200 – 300
Anti egg white injury factor INTESTINAL mg / day
1.PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE – in FLORA. DERMATITIS,PSYCHIATRI
Sulphur containing vitamin gluconeogensis and krebs cycle C SYMPTOMS
2.ACETYL CoA CARBOXYLASE – in fatty acid YEAST, LIVER, (depression,
synthesis EGGS hallucination),
3.PROPIONYL CoA CARBOXYLASE – in odd ANOREXIA, GLOSSITIS,
Numbered fatty acids and branched chain NAUSEA
amino acids
 VITAMIN& BIOCHEMICAL ROLE SOURCE DEFICENCY RDA OTHERS
CO ENZYME FORM
FOLIC ACID ONE CARBON GROUP CARRIER RICH in YEAST, MACROCYTIC ANEMIA, 200 µg / day FOLATE
(TETRA HYDRO FOLATE - 1. ROLE IN DNA & RNA SYNTHESIS GREEN LEAFY ANTAGONISTS :
THFA) Synthesis of C2 & C8 of purine ring VEGETABLES. REDUCED DNA PREGNANCY
SYNTHESIS, : 300 µg / METHOTREXATE
2. ROLE IN AMINO ACID METABOLISM MODERATE in day – Anti cancer
Conversion of serine to glycine CEREALS, HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMI drug
FOLATE TRAP: PULSES, OIL A (linked to coronary LACTATION :
THF is trapped in the form of 3. ROLE IN PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS SEEDS AND artery disease), 400 µg / day TRIMETHOPRIM -
N5 methyl THF and Vitamin Formation of N- formylmethionine , EGG. Antibiotics
B12 is required for the which initiates protein biosynthesis BIRTH DEFECTS –
conversion of N5 methyl THF MILK IS THE NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS,
to THF. In Vitamin B12 POOR SOURCE SPINA BIFIDA
deficiency THF is trapped.
BRONCHIAL CARCINOMA
AND CERVICAL
CARCINOMA.
VITAMIN B12 1. ISOMERIZATION OF METHYL VEGETABLES, MEGALOBLASTIC 1 – 2 µg / ABSORPTION OF
(DEOXY-ADENOSYL MALONYL CoA TO SUCCINYL CoA LIVER, CURD. ANEMIA, day VITAMIN B12
COBALAMIN, 2. REMETHYLATION OF HOMOCYSTEINE NEEDS 2
METHYL COBALAMIN) TO METHIONINE PERNICIOUS ANEMIA PREGNANCY FACTORS.
3. RELIEVE FOLATE TRAP dueto IF deficiency, & 1) INTRINSIC
OTHER FORMS: LACTATION : FACTOR
Cyanocobalamin SUBACUTE COMBINED 2 mg/ day 2) COBALOPHILI
HydroxyCobalamin DEGENERATION, N
Aquocobalamin (Demyelination of
Nitrocobalamin cerebral cortex and
spinal cord)

METHYL MALONIC
ACIDURIA,

HYPER-
HOMOCYSTEINEMIA
 VITAMIN& BIOCHEMICAL ROLE SOURCE DEFICENCY RDA OTHERS
CO ENZYME FORM
VITAMIN C 1. Antioxidant property due to its AMLA, SCURVY, 75 mg / day Humans cannot
ASCORBIC ACID reducing action, GUAVA, synthesis
2. Hydroxylation of collagen LIME, INFANTILE PREGNANCY ascorbic acid due
3. Formation of carnitine LEMON, SCURVY(BARLOW’S & to the lack of an
4. Facilitates the absorption of iron by GREEN LEAFY DISEASE) LACTATION : enzyme L –
reducing the inorganic iron from VEGETABLES 100 mg/ day Gulonolactone
ferric to ferrous form HEMORRHAGIC oxidase
5. Helps in phagocytosis TENDENCY,
6. Detoxification of drugs
DELAYED WOUND
HEALING,

HYPERTROPHIED
SPONGY BLEEDING
GUMS,

PAINFUL SWELLING OF
JOINTS,

ANEMIA.