UCSP HAND OUTS
 A state is basically shaped by three institutions;
Cultural, Social and Political Institutions
Quarter 4 – Module 7
LESSON 1: Functions of State and Non-State
 Actors are entities that participate in economic
relations. The two type of factors involved are the
State (and its functions) and the non-state
institutions.
 A state is a formal group that is sovereign over its
members and occupies a well-defined territory.
 A political system of a state must be distinguished
from the state itself. A political system consists of
the formal and informal structures which manifest
the state’s sovereignty over a territory. It is the
civil aspect of statehood.
STATES AND ITS ELEMENT
1. Population - : is a community of persons. It is a
human political institution
2. Territory: is the second essential element of the
State. State is a territorial unit.
3. Government: is the organization or machinery or
agency or magistracy of the State which makes,
implements, enforces and adjudicates the laws of
the state.
4. Sovereignty: is the most exclusive element of
State. State alone possess sovereignty. Without
sovereignty no state can exit.
 There is no definite limit for the size of population
essential for a State.
 Definite territory is its essential component. A
State cannot exist in the air or at sea. It is
essentially a territorial State. The size of the
territory of a State can be big or small;
nevertheless, it has to be a definite, well-marked
portion of territory.
 Government is the third essential element of the
State. The state exercises its sovereign power
through its government.
ORGANS OF GOVERNMENT
1. Legislature—which formulates the will of State
i.e. performs lawmaking functions.
 The Legislature power is vested in the Congress of
the Philippines which is consists of the Senate.
2. Executive— enforces and implements the laws i.e.
performs the law application functions; and
 This branch is composed of the Presidents and the Vice
President.
3. Judiciary—which applies the laws to specific cases
and settles the disputes i.e. performs
adjudication/paghatol functions.
 This branch is consist of the supreme court.
Two Dimensions of Sovereignty
 Internal and External Sovereignty
NON- STATE INSTITUTIONS/ NON- STATE
ACTORS
Are people and or organizations that participate in
international affairs and relations but are not affiliated with
any state or nation.
1. Bank and Corporations
2. Cooperative and trade Unions
3. Transnational Advocacy
4. Development Agencies
5. International Organization
Functions of Cultural, Social and Political Institutions
social, cultural and political.
 Social institutions are mechanisms or patterns of
social behaviors that affect our behavioral patterns.
 Cultural and Political institutions are the driving
force with which we can access the power of the
government, and the benefits we can enjoy such as
our education, health, freedom of religion, and
economic choices.
 Social institution - consists of a group of people
who have come together for a common purpose.
 Family Orientation-refers to the family in which
a person raised.
 Family of procreation refers to the family you
create through marriage and by having or adopting
children, it is often compared to family of
orientation, which is the family that we are born
into.
Practices in tracing family lineage:
1. Unilineal system- a system of determining descent
groups in which one belongs to one’s father’s or mother’s
line, whereby traced either exclusively through male
ancestors (patriline), female (matriline).
2. Patrilineal– relating to or based on relationship to the
father or descent through the male line.
3. Matrilineal– refers to familial relationships that can be
traced through a female. To follow the matrilineal line in
your family, start with your mom.
4. Bilateral- comes from Latin: ―bi‖ means ―two‖ and
lateralis means ―belonging to the side.‖ Debates about
issues can be described as bilateral — as long as people on
both sides get to speak.
Types of Marriage
1. Endogamy- marriage within one’s own tribe or group as
required by custom or law.
2. Exogamy- marriage to a person belonging to a tribe or
group other than your own as required by custom or law.
3. Polygamy– having more than one wife at a time.
4. Polyandry- having more than one relationship, husband
at a time.
5. Monogamy-is when you are married to, or in a sexual
relationship with, one person at a time. Humans are one of
the few species that practice monogamy.
Types of Residence
1.Patrilocal residence-is structured by a rule that a man
remains in his father’s house after reaching maturity and
brings his wife to live with his family after marriage.
2. Matrilocal residence- is instituted by a rule that a
woman remains in her mother’s household after reaching
maturity and brings her husband to live with her family
after marriage.
3. Ambilocal residence- also called bilocal residence is
the societal post marital residence in which couples, upon
marriage, choose to live with or near either spouse’s
parents.
4. Neolocal residence- type of post-marital residence in
which a newly married couple resides separately from both
the husband’s natal household and the wife’s natal
household.
Types of Family in the Contemporary Word
1. Transitional family- is a residential service for
young women and children.
2. Single parent- parent is a parent who parents
alone. It means there is an absence of the other
 3. parent as opposed to a co-parent, meaning that
the parent is not the only parent regardless of
whether or not they are a couple.
4. Reconstituted- The simple definition of a blended
family, also called a step family, reconstituted
family, or a complex family.
Legal Separation - A legal process by which a married
couple may formalize a de facto separation while
remaining legally married. A legal separation is granted in
the form of a court order.
Annulment - It is a legal procedure within secular and
religious legal systems for declaring a marriage null and
void.
Divorce - It is known as dissolution of marriage, is the
termination of a marriage or marital union, the canceling or
reorganizing of the legal duties and responsibilities of
marriage, thus dissolving. (since catholism is very family
oriented, they don’t agree to end marriage in that very
simple way.
Politics among family members
1. Patriarchal– a social system in which males hold
primary power and predominate in roles of
political leadership, moral authority, social
privilege and control of property.
2. Matriarchal– a social system in which females
hold the primary power positions in roles of
political leadership, moral authority, social
privilege and control of property at the specific
exclusion of males – at least to a large degree.
3. Egalitarian-relating to or believing in the
principle that all people are equal and deserve
equal rights and opportunities.
FOUR TYPES OF NORMS
 FOLKWAYS - are standards of behavior that are
socially approved but not morally significant.
 Mores - norms of morality. Breaking mores, like
attending church in the nude, will offend most
people of a culture.
 Taboo - meaning a culture absolutely forbids
them, like incest in U.S. culture. Something that is
inappropriate within a cultural group.
 Laws - laws are a formal body of rules enacted by
the state and backed by the power of the state.
VALUES - are abstract concepts that certain kinds of
behaviors are good, right, ethical, moral and therefore
desirable
Education in the Present Society
Module 8
Lesson 1: Functions of Education and types of education
Educational Institution- refers to the established
normative system of providing and receiving education and
training.
1. Knowledge Acquisition – schools lay down the
foundations for structured learning and providing
students with a range of learning tools, materials,
and interactive learning experience
2. Skills Development – schools bring out from the
students their hidden potentials, skills, and talents
that are developed through sport and training, and
participation in co-curricular and extracurricular
activities.
3. Values Formation- schools mold the character of
students by imbibing in them the values integrated
in the courses or subjects that they take up, as well
as the core values that the school promotes though
disciple and habit.
4. Socialization- schools offer a new environment, a
second home, a second family with peer groups, a
second parents with teachers. The student learns to
establish rapport, relations, and attains status
recognition.
5. Life Preparation – schools prepare the student for
a life of independence, self- reliance, and
competence for an occupation or a job. Students
learn about task responsibilities and hardship in the
pursuit of goals.
Functions being played by education towards
individual, society and nation
INDIVIDUAL
1. Development of inborn potentialities- Education
helps the child to develop the inborn potentialities
of child providing scope to develop.
2. All around development – Education aims at the
holistic development of child-physical, mental,
social, emotional, and spiritual.
3. Preparing for the future – after the completion of
education the child can earn its livelihood getting
proper education, which has productivity. The
education should be imparted according to the own
interest of the child.
SOCIETY
1. Development of social and moral value- animality
can be changed with moral education. It teaches
the moral value and social value like cooperation,
tolerance, sympathy, love affection, respect
towards elder, helping the poor.
2. Providing opportunity or equality- education
teaches us to give equal opportunities in all aspects
irrespective of caste, creed, color, sex and religion
3. Social change and control – the old traditions,
customs are preserved and transmitted with the
situations, which are ever changing
NATION
1. Inculcation of civic and social responsibility-
Education helps to make rising generation to
understand its rights and duties as citizens of a
democratic country.
2. Training for Leadership- the leadership quality of
individual is developed when he participates in all
spheres of social, political, religious, and
educational activities.
3. Total national development- Education helps for
bringing by developing its all aspects i.e. social,
cultural, spiritual, moral, educational, etc.
4. National Integration- Education trains people for
unity, for democracy and not for dictatorship.
Republic Act No. 9155 known as the Governance of
Basic Education Act of 2001
defines the three types of education in the
Philippines
1. Formal Education- systematic and deliberate
process of hierarchically structured and sequential
learning corresponding to the general concept of
elementary and secondary level of schooling.
2. Non- Formal Education- any organized, systematic
educational activity carried outside the framework
of the formal system to provide selected type
of learning to a segment of the population.
3. Informal Education – lifelong process of learning
by which every person acquires and accumulates
knowledge, skills, attitudes, and insights from
daily experiences at home, at play, and from life itself
FUNCTION OF EDUCATION
1. FUNCTIONAL THEORY stresses the functions that
education serves in fulfilling a society’s various needs.
Perhaps the most important function of education is
Socialization.
2. SOCIAL INTEGRATION : For a society to work,
functionalists say, people must subscribe to a common set
of beliefs and values.
3. SOCIAL REPLACEMENT : Beginning in grade
school, students are identified by teachers and other school
officials both as bright and motivated or as less, bright and
even educationally challenged.
4. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INNOVATION : Our
scientists cannot make important scientific discoveries and
our artists and thinkers cannot come up with great works of
art, poetry, and prose unless they have first been educated
in the many subjects they need to know for their chosen
path.
 The Conflict Theory emphasizes that education
reinforces inequality in the larger society.
 The Symbolic Interactionist Theory focuses on
social interaction in the classroom, on school
playgrounds, and at other school-related venues.
Social interaction contributes to gender-role
socialization, and teachers’ expectations may
affect their students’ performance
Social Stratification
Module 9
LESSON 1:
SOCIAL SRATIFICATION: Its Definition, Nature &
Characteristics
 Stratification is a hierarchy of positions with
regard to economic production which influences
the social rewards to those in the positions.
 Social stratification is one of the most significant
topics we shall discuss for it affects our life
chances; from our access to material possessions to
the age to which we die. Social stratification also
affects our orientations to life.
 Stratification - the division of a society into larger
categories or strata of people who have unequal
amounts of scarce but desirable resources or
rewards. (Light, 1985)
 Panopio (1989) - defines social stratification as
the hierarchical arrangement and establishment of
social categories that may evolve into social
groups together with statuses and their
corresponding roles.
 Melvin Tumin defines social stratification as “an
arrangement of any social groups or society into a
hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard
to power, property, social evaluation and psychic
gratification”
 Social Stratification is a sociological term for the
hierarchical arrangement of social classes, castes,
and strata within a society. (Psychology
Wikipedia).
 As Malvin M. Tumin says, Social stratification
refers to arrangements of any social group or
society into a hierarchy of positions that are
unequal with regard to power, property, social
evaluation, and/or social gratification.
 “Social stratification is a horizontal division of
 society into higher and lower social units. “
Raymond W. Murray
 “A stratified society is one marked by inequality,
by differences among people that are evaluated by
them as being lower and higher”.
 As Gisbert says, “Social stratification is the
division of society into permanent groups of
categories linked with each other by the
relationship of superiority and subordination.
George A. Lundberg
 “Social stratification in its most general sense, is a
sociological concept that refers to the fact that both
individuals and groups of individuals are
conceived of as constituting higher or lower
differentiated strata or classes in terms of some
specific or generalized characteristic or set of
characteristics.” Bernard Barber
Characteristics of Social Stratification
It is Social: Stratification is social in the sense that it does
not represent inequality which are
biologically based. It is true that factors such as strength,
intelligence, age, sex
It is Ancient: The stratification system is very old.
Stratification was present even in the small wandering
bands. Age and sex wear the main criteria of stratification
It is Universal: Difference between rich and poor, the
„haves‟ or „have notes‟ is evident everywhere.
It is in diverse Forms:Social stratification has never been
uniform in all societies
It is Consequential:The most important, most desired and
often the scarcest things in human life are distributed
unequally because of stratification.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
Module 10-11
 Social inequality is the difference in the
distribution of social desirables such as wealth,
power, and prestige.
 It also refers to the unequal opportunities of
individuals based on
their social class or status.
 This explanation is mostly inspired by Karl Marx’s
analysis the rise of
industrialization.
Social inequality…….
A. results from a society organized by hierarchies of class,
race, and gender that unequally distributes access to
resources and rights.
B. characterized by the existence of unequal opportunities
and rewards for different social positions or statuses within
a group or society.
1. Inequality in the access to social, political, and
symbolic capital
a. Social Capital is the ability of a collective to act
together to pursue a common goal. It refers to the
connection of individuals within the society.
b. Political Capital refers to the trust, good will, and
influence possessed by a political actor, such as
politician, to mobilize support toward a preferred
policy outcome.
c. Symbolic Capital refers to the resources that one
possesses which is a function of honor, prestige or
recognition, or any other traits that one values
within a culture
Government Programs Addressing these Inequalities
are:
• Conditional Cash Transfer program locally
known as Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, or
4Ps, is a government program that provides
conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor
in the Philippines.
• Agrarian reform in the Philippines seeks to
solve the centuries old problem of landlessness in
rural areas. Through the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program (CARP) initiated in 1987,
 the government addressed key national goals:
the promotion of equity and social justice, food
security and poverty alleviation in the countryside
• SK Reform Act of 2015 has the provisions that
prohibits political dynasty.
• The Universal Access to Quality Tertiary
Education Act is a law that institutionalizes free
tuition and exemption from other fees in state
universities and colleges (SUCs), local universities
and colleges (LUCs) in the Philippines.
2. Minority Groups
- Are groups composed of less-dominant classifications in
society that experience disproportionately lower
opportunities than their dominant counterparts.
Programs:
1. The Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive
Development
(PPGD) - It places people at the center and aims to make
development work for all groups.
2. The Magna Carta of Women (MCW)
• Increasing the number of women in third level
positions in government to achieve a fifty-fifty
(50-50) gender balance within the next 5 years
• Leave benefits of two (2) months
• Non-discrimination
• Provision for equal access and elimination
3. Ethnic Minorities
• Because some minorities live traditionalistic lives
far away from the city and technology, and some
may appear differently than usual, they have been
consistently labeled and treated as people with
minimal knowledge and capabilities
Programs:
1. Republic Act 8371, known as the Indigenous
Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), was enacted in 1997.
It has been praised for its support for the cultural
integrity of
indigenous peoples, the right to their lands and the right to
self-directed development of these lands.
4. Other Minorities
This may include people with disabilities or people with
religions that are less prevalent in society
Programs:
1. Republic Act No. 9442, an Act Amending
Republic Act No. 7277, Otherwise known as the
Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, and For Other
Purposes’ Granting Additional Privileges and
Incentives and Prohibitions on Verbal, Non-verbal
Ridicule and Vilification Against Persons with
Disability
2. Department of Education has adopted the policy to
provide special protection to children who are
gravely threatened or endangered by circumstances
3. Enactment of Anti-Bullying Law
Emerging Challenges in Contemporary Societies
Module 12
Lesson 1: New and Emerging contemporary issues in
societies
What is Contemporary Issue
Any modern-day trend, event, idea, or topic around a
current subject that is relevant to people can be defined as
a contemporary issue. An issue that is currently affecting
people or places and that is unresolved.
Contemporary issues help shape the fabric of our society.
Some contemporary issues are useful and unifying for
society like electronic banking while others can be divisive
such as politics, climate issues, and more.
Lesson 2: Approaches and Responses to emerging
challenges in contemporary societies
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) -It is known to
target a person’s respiratory system in which infected
patients may exhibit symptoms such as fever, cough,
shortness of breath, and in some cases, muscle pain and
sore throat. Some patients may also be asymptomatic
Global Warming and Climate Change
The increase in the global temperature has resulted to
incidences of forest fires and grass fires in the mountains
such as the Amazon forest fires and Australian bushfires.
Contemporary Issues
Population Growth-An increase in the number of people
that reside in a country, state or city.
Deforestation- It is the permanent removal of trees to make
room for something
Migration - The movement of people from one place to
another
Epidemic - When an infectious disease spreads quickly to
more people than experts would expect
ICT - Refers to technologies that provide access to
information through telecommunications.
Climate Change - The encompassing abroad range of
changes happening to our planet
OFW - A person from the Philippines who is living and
working in another country, typically on a temporary basis.
Pollution - The introduction of harmful materials into
environment
Population – Group or type of people or animals living in
an area or country.
Pandemic- A disease outbreak that spreads across countries
or continents
Global Warming - The phenomenon of increasing average
air temperatures near the surface of Earth over the past one
to two centuries
Scarcity – Basic Economics problem- the gap between
limited resources and theoretically limitless wants.
“Alone we can do little; together we can
do so much.” Helen Keller
Lesson 3: Develop advocacy to adapt
changes in contemporary societies
• What is the Impact of Technology on Our
Society?
The Internet as an information resource and a
communication platform and conveniently ignore the fact
that an overexposure to it leads to Internet addiction.
Overexposure to the Internet has taken its toll. In
this virtual world, you can be who you are not, you
can be virtually living even after you die.
Children are spending all their time playing online
and less or almost no time playing on the ground.
Youngsters are spending most of
their time social networking, missing on the joys
of real social life.
The impact of technology on society is deep. It is both
positive and negative. Technology has largely influenced
every aspect of living. It has made life easy, but so easy
that it may lose its charm some day.
With the developments in technology, we may be able to
enjoy all the pricey luxuries in life but at the cost of losing
its priceless joys.