Pune, Shetkari- Vol. 22, Issue 12 - March 2023 - Monthly - Price Rs. 25.

00, Pages-60

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H¥${f {d^mJmMo g§Ho$VñWi … www.krushi.maharashtra.gov.in
‘hmamï´ emgZmMo g§Ho$VñWi … www.maharashtra.gov.in
H|$Ð emgZ H¥${f d ghH$ma {d^mJ g§Ho$VñWi … www.agricoop.nic.in
B©-‘ob … agrishetkari@gmail.com
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eoVH$ar ~m§Ydm§Zm {‘iy eHo$b d Xoembm naH$s` MbZ {‘idyZ XoÊ`m‘Ü`ohr Amnbo `moJXmZ Agob. Var eoVH$ar ~m§Ydm§Zr
’$º$ ’$im§À`m {Z`m©Vrda Adb§~yZ Z amhVm, Ë`mda à{H«$`m H$ê$Z A{YH$Mo CËnÞ {‘i{dÊ`mH$[aVm à`ËZ H$amdoV.

O` OdmZ, O` {H$gmZ, O` V§ÌkmZ

gwZrb MìhmU ^màgo

‘mM© & 2023 5

 CÝhmir h§Jm‘mVrb dobdJu¶ ^mOrnmbm bmJdS>
S>m°. ^aV nmQ>rb, àm. YZlr nmQ>rb d S>m°. H$ënZm XhmVm|S>o
A{Ib ^maVr¶ g‘pÝdV ^mOrnmbm g§emoYZ àH$ën, ‘hmË‘m ’w$bo H¥${f {dÚmnrR>, amhþar
^mOrnmbm {nH$mMm CËnmXZmMm {dMma H$aVm MrZZ§Va ^maVmMm OJmV Xþgam H«$‘m§H$ bmJVmo. ^mOrnmbm {nH$mImbrb joÌ Am{U
˶mVyZ {‘iUmao ^mÁ¶m§Mo CËnmXZ ho bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m JaOoÀ¶m 70% Amho. amÁ¶mVrb ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§Imbrb joÌ {Xdg|{Xdg
dmT>VM Amho. ‘hmamîQ´>m‘ܶo ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§Mr VrZhr h§Jm‘mV (Iarn, aããmr, CÝhmir) bmJdS> Ho$br OmVo. CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV
à{VHy$b dmVmdaU (OmXm Vmn‘mZ d H$moaS>r CîU hdm) Am{U nmUrQ>§MmB© ¶m§‘wio ^mOrnmbm bmJdS> A{Ve¶ ‘¶m©{XV ñdénmV
hmoV Agë¶m H$maUmZo ^mOrnmbm {nH$mg Mm§Jbo ~mOma^md {‘iVmV d eoVH$è¶m§Zm Mm§Jbm ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo.

J«m ‘rU ^mJmVrb AZoH$ eoVH$-¶m§gmR>r ^mOrnmbm ho AWm©OZmMo EH$

à‘wI gmYZ Amho. ¶mgmR>r ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§Mr ¶mo½¶ {ZdS> H$éZ
˶mMo XO}Xma CËnmXZ KoUo ‘hËdmMo AgVo. ‘hmamîQ´>mV CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV
àm‘w»¶mZo dobdJu¶ ^mÁ¶m H$mH$S>r, XmoS>H$m, Kmogmir, H$mabr, XþYr
^monim, T>o‘go, Vm§~S>m ^monim, H$qbJS>, Ia~wO B.CÝhmir ^mOrnmbm
{nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV.
bmJdS> … gd© dobdJu¶ {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> dfm©VyZ XmoZ h§Jm‘mV Ho$br OmVo.
Iarn d CÝhmir h§Jm‘ … Iarn h§Jm‘mV OyZ-Owb¡ ‘{hݶmV Va
CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV OmZodmar-’o$~«wdmar ‘ܶo H$aVmV. CÝhmir h§Jm‘mH$[aVm
gmYmaUnUo 14 OmZodmar Z§Va gd© dobdJu¶ ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§Mr
{~¶m§nmgyZ bmJdS> H$aVmV.
O‘rZ … dobdJu¶ ^mOrnmbm {nH$mgmR>r O‘rZrMr {ZdS> ‘hËdmMr
Amho. hr {nHo$ ‘ܶ‘ Vo ^mar O{‘ZrV CËV‘ àH$mao ¶oVmV. na§Vw
Aem O{‘Zr CËV‘ nmʶmMm {ZMam hmoUm-¶m Agmì¶mV. VgoM
aoVmS> nmo¶Q>¶mÀ¶m O{‘Zr bmJdS>rgmR>r ’$m¶Xoera R>aVmV. Or O{‘Z
bmJdS>rgmR>r dmnaUma ˶m O{‘ZrMm gm‘y 6.5 Vo 7.5 Agmdm. MwZIS>r
AgUm-¶m, nmUWi, gwÌH¥$‘tMm àmXþ^m©d AgUm-¶m O{‘Zr ¶m
{nH$mÀ¶m bmJdS>rgmR>r dmné Z¶oV.
hdm‘mZ … dobdJr©¶ ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§Zm CîU Am{U H$moaS>o hdm‘mZ
‘mZdVo. gd©gmYmaUnUo 25 Vo 30 {S>J«r go.J«o. Vmn‘mZ ¶m {nH$m§Zm
Mm§Jbo ‘mZdVo. H$S>m³¶mMr W§S>r ¶m [nH$m§Zm ‘mZdV Zmhr. VgoM 35
A§.g|.nojm OmñV Vmn‘mZ Joë¶mg Za ’w$bm§Mo à‘mU dmT>Vo. ’w$bJi
hmoVo Am{U {dfmUyOݶ amoJm§Mm àmXþ^m©d OmUdVmo. X‘Q> hdm‘mZmV Ho$dS>m
Am{U ^war amoJm§Mm àmXþ^m©d hmoVmo.˶mgmR>r gd©gmYmaUnUo 25-30 A§.g|.
Vmn‘mZ dobdJu¶ {nH$mÀ¶m dmT>rgmR>r Am{U CËnÞmgmR>r nmofH$ R>aVo.
bmJdS>rnyduMr H$miOr … dobdJu¶ ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§Mr bmJdS>
{~¶m§nmgyZ H$aV Agë¶m‘wio, bmJdS>rnydu {~¶mʶmg Wm¶a‘ qH$dm
H°$ßQ>Z qH$dm H$m~}ÝS>mPr‘ 3 J«°‘ à{V {H$bmo ¶m à‘mUmV KoD Z {~¶mʶmg
~rOà{H«$¶m H$amdr.
{nH$m§Zm AmYma XoUo … H$mabr, H$mH$S>r, XmoS>H$m, Kmogmir,nS>di
¶m {nH$m§Zm VmQ>r nÜXVrZo AmYma XoVmV Am{U XþYr ^monim ¶m {nH$mbm
ԤS>n H$aVmV.
VmQ>r nÜXV … ¶m nÜXVr‘ܶo 6 X 3 ’w$Q>m§da dobdJu¶ ^mÁ¶m§Mr
bmJdS> H$aVmV. ¶mgmR>r arOaÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo 6 ’w$Q> A§Vamda gar
nmS>mdr d à˶oH$ 25 ’w$Q> A§Vamda AmS>do nmQ> V¶ma H$amdoV. gè¶m§À¶m
bm§~rÀ¶m XmoÝhr Q>moH$mbm 10 ’w$Q> C§MrMo d 4 B§M OmS>rMo S>m§~ eoVmÀ¶m
~mhoaÀ¶m ~mOybm PwH$Vrb ¶mnÜXVrZo 2 ’w$Q> O{‘ZrV JmS>mdo.
‘§S>n nÜXV … ¶m nÜXVr‘ܶo Ðmjmà‘mUoM ‘§S>n V¶ma H$aVmV.
XmoZ AmoirVrb A§Va 10 Vo 12 ’w$Q> Am{U XmoZ dobrVrb A§Va 3 ’w$Q>
R>odyZ ¶m dobdJu¶ ^mÁ¶m§Mr bmJdS> H$aVmV. ˶mgmR>r 10 Vo 12 ’w$Q>
A§Vamda arOaÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo gar nmS>mdr. Z§Va nmUr Mm§Jbo ~gʶmÀ¶m
X¥îQ>rZo O{‘ZrÀ¶m CVmamZwgma Xa 20 Vo 25 ’w$Q> A§Vamda AmS>do nmQ>
nmS>mdo d nmUr EH$gmaIo ~gob Aem nÜXVrZo amZ ~m§YwZ ¿¶mdo. ‘§S>nmMr
C^maUr H$aVmZm eoVmÀ¶m gd© ~mOw§Zr à˶oH$ 5 Vo 6 ’w$Q> A§Vamda 10
’w$Q> C§MrMo 4 B§M OmS>rMo bmH$S>r S>m§~ eoVmÀ¶m ~mhoarb ~mOwZo PwH$Vrb
Aem nÜXVrZo XmoZ ’w$Q> O{‘ZrV JmS>mdoV. S>m§~ JmS>ʶmnydu S>m§~mMm

6 ‘mM© & 2023

Omo ^mJ O{‘ZrV JmS>md¶mMm ˶m ^mJmda S>m§~a bmdmdo åhUOo S>m§~
Hw$OUma ZmhrV. ‘§S>n V¶ma Pmë¶mZ§Va 8 ’w$Q> C§MrMr gwVir KoDZ
˶mMo EH$ Q>moH$ dobmÀ¶m ImoS>mOdi {Vanr H$mS>r amodyZ ˶m H$mS>rg dob
~m§Ymdo. ˶m gwVirg nri XoDZ Xþgao Q>moH$ dobrdarb Vmaog ~m§Ymdo. dob
gwVirÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo dmT>V AgVmZm ~Jb’w$Q> d VUmdo H$mT>mdo nmZo H$mTy>
Z¶o. ‘w»¶ dob ‘§S>nmda nmohMë¶mZ§Va ˶mMm e|S>m IwS>mdm d amIboë¶m
~Jb’w$Q>r dmTy> Úmì¶mV. ‘§S>nmgmR>r bmH$S>r ~ëë¶m (8 Vo 10 ’w$Q> bm§~,
10 go.‘r. Jmob), Vmam (14 JoO, 10 JoO) dmnamdo. Mmar ~mOw§Zr VmU
Úmdm. 10 JoOMr Vma AmS>dr-C^r ~m§Ymdr. EH$m EH$amgmR>r gmYmaUnUo
30 Vo 35 hOma én¶o IM© ¶oVmo.
Am§Va‘emJV …
{daiUr H$aUo … bmJdS>rZ§Va 3-4 AmR>dS>¶m§Zr A§Hy$a ’w$Qy>Z dob dmT>y
bmJVmo. à˶oH$ {R>H$mUÀ¶m XmoZ Omo‘Xma dobr R>odyZ ~mH$sÀ¶m H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mì¶mV.
AmYma XoUo … dobdJu¶ {nH$m§Zm dmT>rgmR>r AmYmamMr JaO AgVo. Va
dob O{‘Zrda ngé {Xë¶mg ’$im§Mr ZmgmS>r hmoVo Am[U ’$im§Mm XOm©
KgaVmo. Aemdoir ‘§S>n H$éZ dob ‘§S>nmda gmoS>mdoV. ‘§S>n C^maUrMo H$m‘
e³¶Vmo dob 1 Vo 1.5 ’w$Q> C§MrMo hmoʶmAJmoXa nyU© H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
~Jb’w$Q> H$mT>Uo … dob dmT>V AgVmZm ~Jb’w$Q> Am{U VUmdo
H$mT>mdoV. dob 5 ’w$Q> C§MrMm Pmë¶mda ~Jb’w$Q> H$mT>Uo Wm§~dmdo d
‘§S>nmda dobr dmTy> Úmì¶mV. åhUOo XO}Xma CËnmXZ {‘iVo.
dobdJu¶ ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> Ho$ë¶mnmgyZ 20-25 {Xdgm§Zr
dob VmQ>r qH$dm ‘§S>nmda gmoS>ʶmgmR>r gwVirÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo da MT>dmdoV
VgoM ‘§S>n nÜXVr‘ܶo dob ‘§S>nmda nmohMë¶mZ§Va gd© ~Jb ’w$Q>r
H$mT>mì¶mV Am{U VmQ>r nÜXVr‘ܶo n{hë¶m Vmaon¶ªV dobrdaÀ¶m ~Jb’w$Q>r
H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mì¶mV ˶mZ§Va ~Jb’w$Q>r/’$m§Úm H$mTy> Z¶o.
AmÀN>mXZmMo ’$m¶Xo … AmÀN>mXZm‘wio eoVmV PmS>m§Odirb eoV
O{‘ZrMm n¥îR>^mJ PmHy$Z R>odVm ¶oVmo. ˶m‘wio nmʶmMr ~MV d CËnÞ
dmT>{dʶmg ‘XV hmoVo. Amobmdm {Q>Hy$Z am{hë¶m‘wio 25 Vo 30 Q>³Ho$
nmʶmMr ~MV hmoVo. dm¶w§Mo AmXmZ-àXmZ Mm§Jë¶m nÜXVrZo hmoD$Z
‘wim§À¶m gX¥T> dmT>rgmR>r ‘mVr ge³V hmoVo. ~rO CJdUj‘VoV dmT> hmoVo.
dobdJu¶ ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§‘ܶo H$mH$S>r, H$qbJS> Am[U Ia~wO ¶m
VmQ>r Am{U ‘§S>n nÜXVrMo ’$m¶Xo …
 ’$io O{‘ZrnmgyZ 5 Vo 6 ’w$Q> C§Mrda dmT>VmV ˶m‘wio nmZo Am{U
’$io ¶m§Mm O{‘Zrer g§nH©$ Z Amë¶m‘wio Amobmdm bmJyZ Vo gS>V
ZmhrV. {H$S> Am{U amoJm§Mo à‘mU H$‘r amhVo.
 ’$io bm|~H$iVr am{hë¶m‘wio ˶m§Mr dmT> gai hmoVo. hdm Am{U
gw¶©àH$me gmaIm {‘imë¶m‘wio ’$im§Mm a§J gmaIm Am{U Mm§Jbm
amhVmo.
 ’$im§Mr VmoS>Ur, Am¡fYo ’$dmaUr hr H$m‘o gwb^ hmoVmV.
 ¶m {nH$m‘ܶo Q´>°³Q>aÀ¶m qH$dm ~¡bmÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo Am§Va‘emJV
H$éZ CËnmXZ IM© H$‘r H$aVm ¶oVmo.
 dob ‘§S>nmda nmohMon¶ªV XrS> Vo XmoZ ‘{hZo H$mbmdYr OmVmo ˶m‘wio
¶m {nH$m§‘ܶo nmbo^mÁ¶m§gmaIr {‘l {nHo$ KoVm ¶oVmV.
{nH$m§‘ܶo AmÀN>mXZmMm dmna H$aVmV. ˶m‘ܶo nm°{b{WZ ‘ëM, JdV,
nmbmnmMmoim B. dmnaVm ¶oVo. ˶m‘wio ’$im§Mm O{‘Zrer g§nH©$ ¶oV Zmhr,
Iam~ hmoV ZmhrV {edm¶ O{‘ZrVrb nmʶmMo ~mînr^dZ H$‘r hmoʶmg
‘XV hmoVo Am{U VUm§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV hmoVmo.
IV Am{U nmUr ì¶dñWmnZ … dobdJu¶ ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§Zm 25 Q>Z
Hw$Obobo eoUIV à{V ho³Q>ar Úmdo. VgoM {e’$maerZwgma AY} ZÌ, g§nyU©
ñ’w$aX Am{U nmbme bmJdS>rÀ¶m AJmoXa O{‘ZrV {‘gimdo. Cabobo ZÌ
bmJdS>rZ§Va 45-50 {Xdgm§Zr {nH$mg Úmdo. ˶mM~amo~a H$mhr nmʶmV
{daKiUmao IVo 19…19…19 5 J«°‘ /{bQ>a nmʶmV {‘giyZ 2-3
’$dmaUr Úmì¶mV. VgoM à˶oH$ VmoS>UrZ§Va ZÌmMm hám Úmdm.
dobdJu¶ ^mÁ¶m Oar nmʶmMm VmU ghZ H$é eH$V Agë¶m Var
Am{W©H$ X¥îQ>¶m nadS>Umao CËnmXZ {‘i{dʶmgmR>r dobdJu¶ {nH$m§Zm
nmʶmMo ì¶dñWmnZ H$aVmZm dmVmdaUmVrb Vmn‘mZ, O{‘ZrMm ‘JXÿa
Am{U {nH$m§Mr AdñWm ¶mZwgma nmUr Úmdo. e³¶Vmo 8-10 {Xdgm§Zr
{nH$mbm nmUr Úmdo. e³¶ Agë¶mg {R>~H$ qgMZ nÜXVrZo {nH$mbm nmUr
Úmdo. àVr {Xdg 1 Vmg g§M Mmby R>odmdm.
g§{OdH$mMm dmna … dobdJu¶ ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§‘ܶo Za Am{U ‘mXr
’w$bo ¶oVmV. ˶m‘ܶo Za ’w$bm§Mo à‘mU OmñV Am{U ‘mXr ’w$bmMo à‘mU
H$‘r AgVo Am{U AmnUmg ‘mXr ’w$bmnmgyZ ’$iYmaUm hmoD$Z ’$io
{‘iVmV. ˶mgmR>r ‘mXr ’w$bo OmñV Am{U Za ’w$bo H$‘r Agmdo bmJVo
˶mgmR>r H$mhr g§OrdH$mMm dmna H$aVm ¶oVmo. CXm. H$mH$S>r {nH$m‘ܶo
BW«ob 150-200 nr.nr.E‘ H$mH$S>r nrH$ XmoZ Am{U Mma nmZmda
AgVmZm ’$dmaUr Ho$br Va Za ’w$bmMo à‘mU H$‘r hmoD$Z ‘mXr ’w$bm§Mo
à‘mU dmT>Vo. na§Vw gܶm ~mOmam‘ܶo H$mH$S>rÀ¶m OmVr CnbãY AmhoV.
˶mda g§OrdH$mMr ’$dmaUr H$é Z¶o H$maU ¶m OmVr‘ܶo ’$³V ‘mXr
’w$bo ¶oVmV Am{U g§OrdH$mMr ’$dmaUr Ho$ë¶mg Za ’w$bo ¶oD eH$VmV.
amoJ …
dobdJr©¶ ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§da àm‘w»¶mZo Ho$dS>m, ^war d H$mhr
{dfmUwOݶ amoJ ¶m amoJm§Mm àmXþ^m©d OmUdVmo.
Ho$dS>m … ¶m amoJm‘wio nmZmÀ¶m ImbÀ¶m ~mOybm {ndi¶m ^waH$Q>
a§JmMo {R>nHo$ {XgVmV. Z§Va nmZm§Mo XoR>, ~mi¶m d ’$m§Úmdahr ˶mMm
 ¶m nÜXVr‘wio dobr Am{U ’$im§Mm O{‘Zrer g§nH©$ ¶oV Zmhr
˶m‘wio ’$io EH$gma»¶m AmH$mamMr Mm§Jë¶m àVrMr {‘iVmV.
 ¶m nÜXVr‘wio dobtZm Mm§Jbm gw¶©àH$me {‘iVmo ˶m‘wio ’$io bm§~,
gai Mm§Jbr nmogVmV.
 XmoZ Amoit‘ܶo OmñV A§Va Agë¶m‘wio Am¡OmamÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo
Am§Va‘emJV H$aUo gmono hmoVo.
 {nH$m§da Am¡fYo ’$dmaUr H$aUo gwb^ hmoVo.
 ’$im§Mr VmoS>Ur H$aUo, H$m‘ A{Ve¶ ObX Am{U Mm§Jbo hmoVo.
 ¶m nÜXVr‘wio CËnÞm‘ܶo 25-30 Q>³Ho$ dmT> hmoVo.
 OmñV A§Vamda bmJdS> H$aV Agë¶m‘wio gwédmVrbm H$‘r
H$mbmdYrV ¶oUmar Am§Va{nHo$ KoVm ¶oVmV.
‘mM© & 2023 7
àgma hmoVmo. X‘Q> hdoV amoJ PnmQ>¶mZo dmT>Vmo. ’$im§Mr VmoS>Ur {XdgmAmS> H$amdr bmJVo. ’$i H$mT>VmZm H$moUVrhr
Ho$dS>m amoJ {Z¶§ÌU … BOm hmoUma Zmhr ¶mMr H$miOr ¿¶mdr. VmoS>bobr Mm§Jbr ’$io nwR>R>¶mÀ¶m
¶m amoJmÀ¶m {Z¶§ÌUmgmR>r à{V~§YmË‘H$ Cnm¶ åhUwZ {~¶m§Mr CJdU Imo³¶mV KmbyZ n°qH$J H$amdrV d ~mOmanoR>oV nmR>dmdrV Aem ’$im§Zm
Pmë¶mnmgyZ 8 Vo 10 {Xdgm§À¶m A§VamZo H$m°na Am°p³P³bmoamB©S> 25 J«°‘ ~mOma^md Mm§Jbm {‘iVmo.
à{V 10 {bQ>a nmʶmVyZ ’$dmaUr H$amdr. ¶m amoJmMm àmXþ^m©d {XgVmM H$mabr Am{U XmoS>H$m ¶m {nH$mV gd©gmYmaUnUo 60 {XdgmZ§Va
’$mogoQ>rb Eb 20 J«°‘ qH$dm APmop³PñQ´>m°~rZ 10 {‘br. ‘oQ>°b°³Prb + n{hbm VmoS>m {ZKVmo d ˶mZ§Va 8 Vo 10 {XdgmÀ¶m A§VamZo VmoS>o hmoVmV.
‘°ÝH$moPo~ 25 J«°‘ à{V 10 {bQ>a nmʶmVyZ ’$dmaUr H$amdr. dobrMr Mm§Jbr {ZJm R>odbr Va 15 Vo 17 VmoS>o {‘iy eH$VmV. ’$ma
^war amoJ … hm amoJ H$mH$S>r, Vm§~S>m ^monim, XþYr ^monim Am{U H$modir ’$io VmoSy> Z¶oV. ’$io VmoS>ë¶m§ZVa bJoM gmdbrV gmR>dmdrV.
XmoS>H$m B˶mXr H$mH$S>r Hw$imVrb {nH$mda ¶oVmo. nmZmÀ¶m ImbÀ¶m H$mH$S>rÀ¶m ’$im§Mr VmoS>Ur ~mOmamVrb ‘mJUrà‘mUo X¡Z§{XZ dmnamZwgma
~mOyg {nR>mgmaIr nm§T>ar ~waer dmT>Vo. Z§Va Vr nmZmÀ¶m n¥îR>^mJmda H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. H$mH$S>r H$modir bwgbwerV AgVmZmM VmoS>Ur
ngaVo. ˶m‘wio nmZo nm§T>ar {XgVmV. amoJmMo à‘mU dmT>bo H$s, nmZo {ndir H$amdr. gmYmaUV… bmJdS>rZ§Va 30 Vo 40 {Xdgm§Zr ’$io ¶m¶bm
nSy>Z OiVmV. ¶m amoJmMr bjUo {XgVmM H$m~}ÝS>m{P‘ 10 J«°‘ qH$dm gwédmV Pmë¶mda Xa XmoZ Vo Mma {Xdgm§Zr ’$io VmoS>mdr bmJVmV.
ho³PmH$moZmPmob 10 {‘br à{V 10 {bQ>a nmʶmVyZ ’$dmaUr H$amdr. H$qbJS>mMr ’$io bmJdS>rZ§Va OmVrnaËdo 90 Vo 120 [Xdgm§Zr
{dfmUw amoJ : H$mT>Urg V¶ma hmoVmV. ’$im§À¶m O{‘ZrbJVMm ^mJ nm§T>aQ> {ndiga
 {dfmUyOݶ amoJ {XgyZ ¶oVmM ghOrdr {nH$m§Mm Zm¶ZmQ> H$amdm. hmoUo, ’$i hmVmZo Xm~bo AgVm H$a©a Agm AmdmO ¶oUo, XoR>mOdirb
 {~¶mUo {ZamoJr d à‘m{UV Am{U ImÌrera dmnamdo. ~mir nyU© gwH$Uo, ’$im§da ~moQ>mZo dmO{dbo AgVm ~X~X AmdmO ¶oUo d
 amoJm§Mm àgma H$aUmè¶m {H$S>tMm {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ dmnéZ {Z¶§ÌU H$amdo. XoR>mOdirb bd Zmhrer hmoUo hr gd© bjUo ’$i H$mT>Urg ¶mo½¶ AmhoV
 amoJJ«ñV PmS>o {XgVmM ˶m§Mm CnQy>Z Zm¶ZmQ> H$amdm. Ago Xe©{dVmV. Ia~wOmMo ’$i {nH$bo åhUOo WmoS>mgm Y³H$m bmJbm Va
{nH$m§Mr H$mT>Ur … dobdJu¶ ^mÁ¶m§Mr H$mT>Ur AJXr doioda H$aUo Vo XoR>mnmgyZ doJio hmoVo. ’$i V¶ma Pmë¶mMo ho {ZpíMV bjU g‘Obo
{JèhmB©H$mÀ¶m X¥îQ>rZo ’$ma ‘hËdmMr AgVo. nyU© dmT> Pmbobr na§Vw OmVo. gmbrda Omir Agboë¶m OmVrV OmirÀ¶m ‘Ybr OmJm {ndiga
H$modir ’$io H$mT>br AgVm ˶m§Zm Mm§Jbm ~mOma^md {‘iVmo. XþYr Pmbr H$s ’$i {nH$ë¶mMr IyU g‘Omdr.
^monim, XmoS>H$m, H$mabr, Kmogmir ¶m§Mr ’$io Aem nÜXVrZo VmoS>br Va Vm§~S>m ^monim ho nrH$ CËV‘ gmR>dU j‘Vo‘wio eoVH$-¶m§n¶ªV
~mOmanoR>oV Mm§Jbm CR>md hmoVmo. bmoH${චAmho. Vm§~S>¶m ^moni¶mMo ’$i nyU© n³d Pmë¶mZ§Va ’$imMm a§J
XþYr ^monim ¶m ’$im§Mr VmoS>Ur ’$io H$modir AgVmZm H$amdr bmJVo. ~XbVmo ˶mZ§Va ’$i XoR>mgh ‘moS>mdo d gmdbr‘ܶo gmR>dUrgmR>r R>odmdo.

^mOrnmbm {nH$m§{df¶r ‘m{hVr
A. ^mOrnmbm {~¶mUo bmJdS>rMo amgm¶{ZH$ IVo {nH$mMm CËnÞ gwYm[aV /
Z§. {nH$mMo {H$bmo/ho. A§Va {H$./ho.ZÌ… H$mbmdYr à{V/ho. g§H$[aV OmVr
Zmd ñ’w$aX…nmbme
1 XþYr ^monim 2 Vo 2.5 5 x 1.0 100…50…50 180-200 40-50 Q>Z/ho. g‘«mQ>, nwgm Z{dZ, daX
‘r.O‘rZrda
3 x 1 ‘r.‘§S>n
2 H$mabr 2 Vo 2.5 1.5 x 1.0 ‘r 100…50…50 180-200 15-20 Q>Z/ho. ’w$bo J«rZ JmoëS>, {haH$Ur,
H$mo ìhmB©Q> bm°J
3 XmoS>H$m 2 Vo 2.5 1.5 x 1.0 ‘r 100…50…50 140-150 15-20 Q>Z/ho. nwgm ZgXma, H$moH$U
h[aVm, ’w$bo gwMoVm
4 Kmogmir 2.5 Vo 1.5 x 1.0 ‘r 100…50…50 140-150 15-20Q>Z/ho. nwgm {MH$Ur, ’w$bo
3.5 àmO³Vm, ’w$bo H$mo‘b
5 H$mH$S>r 1.0 Vo 1.5 1.5 x 0.50 ‘r 100…50…50 100-120 15-20 Q>Z/ho. {h‘m§Jr, ’w$bo ew^m§Jr
6 Vm§~S>m ^monim 4 Vo 5 5 x 1 ‘r 100…50…50 160-180 35-40 Q>Z/ho. AH$m© gw¶©‘wIr, AH$m© M§XZ
7 nS>di 4 Vo 5 3 x 1 ‘r 100…50…50 160-180 15-20 Q>Z/ho. ’w$bo d¡^d, H$moH$U ídoVm
8 H$qbJS> 2.5 Vo 3 2 x 0.5 ‘r 100…50…50 90-120 40-50 Q>Z/ho. ewJa ~o~r, AH$m© ‘m{UH$,
AH$m© Á¶moVr
9 Ia~wO 1.5 Vo 2 1.5 x 1 ‘r 100…50…50 80-100 20-25 Q>Z/ho. nwgm ga~Vr, ham‘Yy,
n§Om~ gwZhar, XþJm©nwam ‘Yy
10 T>o‘go 3 Vo 4 1.0 x 0.60 ‘r 150…50…50 140-150 15-20 p³d¨./ho. AH$m© qQ>S>m

8 ‘mM© & 2023

 Q>mo‘°Q>mo bmJdS> d ì`dñWmnZ V§ÌkmZ
hdm‘mZ
Q>mo‘°Q>mo {nH$mMm bmJdS>rgmR>r ñdÀN>, H$moaSo>, H$‘r AmЩVm
Agbobo d CîU hdm‘mZ Mm§Jbo ‘mZdVo. 18 Vo 30 A§e gopëgAg
Vmn‘mZmV ho nrH$ Mm§Jbo `oVo. Vmn‘mZ 38 A§e g|.J«o.À`m da Joë`mda
{nH$mMr emar[aH$ {H«$`m ‘§XmdVo d noetZm BOm hmoVo. VgoM Oa
Vmn‘mZ 10 A§e g|.J«o.À`m Imbr Jobo Va {nH$mÀ`m dmT>rda à{VHy$b
n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z {nH$mg BOm hmoD$Z CËnmXZmV ‘moR>r KQ> hmoVo.
O‘rZ
Q>mo‘°Q>mo bmJdS>rgmR>r Mm§Jbm {ZMam hmoUmar, ‘Ü`‘ d H$mù`m
O{‘ZrV qH$dm nmo`Q>çmÀ`m O{‘ZrV dmT> d CËnmXZ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao
`oD$ eH$Vo. gwnrH$ d nmUr Yê$Z R>odUmè`m O{‘ZrV Q>mo‘°Q>moMo
CËnmXZ Mm§Jbo `oVo. O‘rZ V`ma H$aVmZm hdm IoiVr amhÊ`mgmR>r
bmJdS>rÀ`m doir g|{Ð` IVm§Mm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda dmna H$amdm.
hbŠ`m O{‘ZrV nrH$ bdH$a {ZKVo, ^mar O{‘ZrV WmoSo> C{eam
`oVo, na§Vw CËnmXZ j‘Vm dmT>Vo. nmdgmir {nH$m§‘Ü`o H$mir O‘rZ
eŠ`Vmo Q>mimdr Va CÝhmir {nH$mgmR>r hbŠ`m d CWi O{‘Z
Q>mimdr. Q>mo‘°Q>mo bmJdS>rgmR>r O{‘ZrMm gm‘y hm 6 Vo 7.5 À`m
Xaå`mZ Agmdm.
Q>mo‘°Q>moMr bmJdS> {dåb`wº$ gm‘y 8.5 nojm OmñV Aem
O{‘Zr‘Ü`o H$amd`mMr Agë`mg Aem O{‘Zr‘Ü`o gm‘y H$‘r
H$aÊ`mgmR>r hoŠQ>ar 10 Q>Z {Oßg‘ O{‘ZrV {‘gimdo. {Oßg‘
CnbãY Zgë`mg n`m©` åhUyZ 1 Q>Z J§YH$ 1 Q>Z Am`Z© nm`amB©Q>
ho ^ygwYmaH$ åhUyZ dmnamdo. Q>mo‘°Q>moMr bmJdS> Oa Amåb`wº$ gm‘y
5.5 nojm H$‘r Agboë`m O{‘Zr‘Ü`o H$am`Mr Agob Va Aem
S>m°. A{ZHo$V M§XZ{edo, lr. àem§V gmoZmdUo d
lr. ^yfU h§S>mi ^mOrnmbm g§emoYZ g§Hw$b, CÚmZ{dÚm {d^mJ
‘hmË‘m ’w$bo H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>, amhþar {O - Ah‘XZJa
Q>mo‘°Q>mo ho EH$ ‘hÎdmMo ^mOrnmbm ’$i{nH$ Amho. `m‘Ü`o ^anya
à‘mUmV Am{W©H$ ‘mo~Xbm {‘iVmo. `m‘Ü`o àm‘w»`mZo A,~,H$ hr
OrdZgÎdo ^anya à‘mUmV CnbãY AgVmV. Ë`m‘wio Q>mo‘°Q>mobm
g§ajH$ AÞ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Vgo nm{hbo Va Q>mo‘°Q>mo ho nrH$
Am{W©H$Ñï²>`m eoVH$è`m§Zm OmñV n¡gm {‘idyZ XoUmao nrH$ Amho.
OJmV ^maVmMm joÌ’$imÀ`m Ñï>rZo Xwgam H«$‘m§H$ bmJVmo.
‘hmamï´>m‘Ü`o Zm{eH$, nwUo, Ah‘XZJa, gm§Jbr, gmVmam Va
H$Zm©Q>H$‘Ü`o ~§Jiya ^mJmV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda `mMo CËnmXZ KoVbo
OmVo. gmYmaUV… Q>mo‘°Q>monmgyZ Ho$Mn, gwn, gm°g, MQ>Ur B.
à{H«$`m`wº$ nXmW© V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV d Ë`mMr ‘mJUr OmJ{VH$
~mOmanoR>oV A{YH$ AgVo. Ë`m‘wio amÁ`mVM Zìho, Va g§nyU©
^maV XoemV Q>mo‘°Q>mo CËnmXZmg ‘moR>m dmd Amho.
O{‘Zr‘Ü`o O{‘ZrMm gm‘y dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r hoŠQ>ar 5 Q>Z MwÝ`mMr
^wH$Q>r O{‘ZrV {‘gimdr. MwZm `mo½` àH$mao O{‘ZrV {‘giÊ`mgmR>r
H°pëe`‘ H$m~m}ZoQ>,H°pëe`‘ Am°ŠgmB©S> d H°$pëe`‘ hm`S´m°AmoŠgmB©S>
`m MwÝ`mMm nXmWm©Mm dmna H$amdm.
{~`mUo
 gmYmaUnUo gai OmVrgmR>r Q>mo‘°Q>moMo 400 J«°‘ d g§H$[aV
OmVrgmR>r 125 J«°‘ hoŠQ>ar {~`mUo nwaogo hmoVo.
 ‘hmamï´>m‘Ü`o Q>mo‘°Q>mo bmJdS> hr VrZhr h§Jm‘m‘Ü`o Ho$br OmVo.
CÝhmir bmJdS>r‘Ü`o ‘Ü`‘ H$mbmdYrÀ`m OmVtMm bmJdS>rgmR>r
dmna H$amdm. OoUoH$ê$Z `m H$mbmdYr‘Ü`o {nH$mg nmÊ`mMm VmU
qH$dm OmñV Vmn‘mZm‘wio {nH$mda n[aUm‘ hmoUma Zmhr d CËnÞmV
KQ> hmoUma Zmhr. nmÊ`mMr CnbãYVm Amho Aem {R>H$mUr aã~r
h§Jm‘m‘Ü`o d CÝhmir h§Jm‘m‘Ü`o CËnmXZ Mm§Jbo `oVo, VwbZoZo
IarnmV H$‘r CËnmXZ `oVo. h§Jm‘{Zhm` bmJdS>r‘Ü`o I[anmÀ`m
bmJdS>rgmR>r ‘o Vo OyZ `m H$mbmdYr‘Ü`o amondm{Q>Ho$V amono Q>mHy$Z
Ë`mMr nwZ©bmJdS> hr OwZ Vo Owb¡ `m H$mbmdYr‘Ü`o H$amdr. aã~r
h§Jm‘mgmR>r amondm{Q>Ho$‘Ü`o {~ noaUrMm H$mbmdYr hm gßQ>|~a Vo
Am°ŠQ>mo~a d nwZ©bmJdS> {h Am°ŠQ>mo~a Vo Zmoìh|~a `m H$mbmdYrV
H$amdr. CÝhmir h§Jm‘mMr {~ noaUr OmZodmar Vo ’o$~«wdmar‘Ü`o
H$amdr d nwZ©bmJdS> {h ’o$~«wdmar Vo ‘mM© `m H$mbmdYr‘Ü`o H$amdo.
amondm{Q>H$m
 amondm{Q>H$m V`ma H$aVmZm O‘rZ Mm§Jbr Zm§Jê$Z d Hw$idmÀ`m
ghmæ`mZo Hw$idyZ ¿`mdr. `m‘wio O{‘ZrVrb VUm§Mo H§$X, {H$S>rMo
‘mM© & 2023 9
 H$mof B. O{‘ZrÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmda `oD$Z gy`m©À`m CîUVo‘wio ‘aVmV
d njm§H$Sy>Z Im„o OmVmV. Ë`m‘wio nwT>rb VUm§Mm, {H$S>tMm
àmXw^m©d H$‘r hmoVmo.
 amondm{Q>H$m V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 3 ‘rQ>a bm§~ d 1 ‘rQ>a é§X
Am{U 15 g|{Q>‘rQ>a C§M AmH$mamMo JmXr dm’o$ V`ma H$ê$Z
àË`oH$s 5 {H$bmo Hw$Obobo eoUIV 80 J«°‘ 19:19:19 qH$dm
100 J«°‘ 15:15:15 d 200 J«°‘ qZ~moir n|S> {‘gimdr. gmo~V
50 J«°‘ Q´m`H$moS>‘m© Am{U 50 J«°‘ H$m°na Am°pŠgŠbmoamB©S>
S>ãby nr O{‘Zr‘Ü`o Mm§Jbo EH$gmaIo {‘giyZ ¿`mdo
OoUoH$ê$Z amondm{Q>Ho$‘Ü`o ‘a amoJmMm àmXw^m©d H$‘r {Xgob.
Z§Va hmVmÀ`m qH$dm Iwaß`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo 10 g|‘r A§Vamda
aofm AmoTy>Z Ë`m‘Ü`o 1-1 {~`mUo noamdo d ‘mVrZo hiwdma
PmHy$Z ¿`mdo d PmarÀ`m ghmæ`mZo hbHo$ hbHo$ nmUr Úmdo.
 {~`m§Mr CJdU {h 5 Vo 8 {Xdgm§‘Ü`o hmoVo. {~`mUo CJdon`ªV
PmarZo nmUr Úmdo Z§Va Amdí`H$Voà‘mUo O{‘ZrMm nmoV nmhÿZ
nmQ>mZo nmUr Úmdo. na§Vw nmUr gmMyZ amhUma Zmhr `mMr
H$miOr ¿`mdr. {h amono 25 Vo 30 {XdgmV nwZ©bmJdS>rgmR>r
V`ma hmoVmV. gmYmaUnUo 1 hoŠQ>a joÌmgmR>r 3 Jw§R>o joÌmda
amondm{Q>H$m H$amdr bmJVo. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV amonm§da amoJm§Mm
àgma H$aUmè`m {H$S>tMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~r CJdë`mZ§Va
60 Vo 100 ‘oe Zm`bm°Z ZoQ> qH$dm nm§T>ao nmVi H$mnS> 2
‘rQ>a C§Mrn`ªV ‘ÀN>aXmUrgmaIo JmXr dmâ`mda bmdmdo.
 Q>mo‘°Q>mo amondm{Q>Ho$‘Ü`o agemofH$ {H$S>tÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r amono
CJdë`mZ§Va 10 Vo 12 {Xdgm§Zr 25 Vo 30 J«°‘ H$m~m}’w$amU 3
Q>¸o$ {g Or JmXr dmâ`mV Q>mH$mdo.
 amondm{Q>Ho$‘Ü`o `oUmè`m H$sS> d amoJm§À`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r ~oZmo‘rb
0.2 Q>¸o$ ‘±H$moPo~ 75 S>ãby nr 25 J«°‘ qH$dm Q>oã`wH$moZ°Pmob
29.5 B©gr 10 {‘br + {’$àmoZrb 5 Eg nr 15 {‘br qH$dm
Wm`{‘WmoŠgm‘ 25 S>ãby Or 4 J«°‘ qH$dm H$m~m}gë’$Z 10
{‘br à{V 10 {bQ>a nmUr `m à‘mUmV {~`mUo CJdë`mZ§Va
10 {XdgmÀ`m A§VamZo AmbQy>Z-nmbQy>Z 2 Vo 3 doim ’$dmaUr
H$amdr. qZ~moir AH©$ qH$dm 1 {bQ>a H$Sy>qb~mÀ`m nmë`mMm
AH©$ 9 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ 1 AmR>dS>çmÀ`m A§VamZo 2 Vo
3 doim ’$dmaUr H$amdr.
Q´o nÕVrZo amono V`ma H$aUo
 Q´o nÕVrZo amono V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJio H$ßno Agbobo Q´o
~mOmamV {‘iVmV. nU Q>mo‘°Q>mo‘Ü`o ghgm 98 H$ßno Agbobm
àmo Q´o dmnamdm. `m‘Ü`o {~`m§Mr CJdU bdH$a ìhmdr `mgmR>r
H$moH$monrQ> dmnabo OmVo. 1 Q´o ^aÊ`mgmR>r {H$‘mZ 1.25 {H$bmo
H$moH$monrQ> Mr JaO ^mgVo. ^aboë`m Q´oÀ`m EH$m H$ßß`m‘Ü`o
EH$M {~ Q>mH$mdo.
 `m nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mg {~`mUo dm`m OmV Zmhr. amonm§Mr
dmT> geº$ hmoVo d amoJm§Mm àmXw^m©d H$‘r hmoVmo. amonm§À`m
dmhVwH$sgmR>r gmo`rñH$a hmoVo. àm‘w»`mZo `m‘Ü`o amonm§H$Sy>Z
10 ‘mM© & 2023
nwZ©bmJdS>
 Q>mo‘°Q>moMr nwZ©bmJdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyd©‘emJV H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. `m‘Ü`o O‘rZ Imobda Zm§Jê$Z Hw$idmÀ`m
XmoZ AmS>ì`m nmù`m Úmì`mV d 20 Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>ar Mm§Jbo
Hw$Obobo eoUIV O{‘ZrV {‘giyZ Úmdo.
 O{‘Zr‘Ü`o Agboë`m gd© àH$maÀ`m VUmÀ`m H$mS>çm d
H$mem CMbyZ OmiyZ Q>mH$mì`mV. bmJdS>rgmR>r O{‘ZrV
gè`m nmSy>Z O{‘ZrÀ`m CVmamZwgma dm’o$ ~m§YyZ ¿`mdoV
90 Vo 120 g|Q>r‘rQ>a A§Vamda ^mar àVrÀ`m O{‘ZrV
60 x 75 g|{Q>‘rQ>a A§Vamda ~m§Ymdo. bmJU H$aVo doir
XmoZ amonmVrb A§Va 45 x 60 go‘r R>odmdo.
 eŠ`Vmo bmJdS> 90 x 30 go‘r A§Vamda H$amdr.
nwZ©bmJdS>rnydu amondm{Q>Ho$‘Ü`o gmYmaUV… 1 AmR>dS>m
AJmoXa nmÊ`mMr ‘mÌm hiyhiy H$‘r H$amdr åhUOo amono
H$UIa hmoVmV.
 amon bmJdS>rdoir H$m~}ÝS>m°{P‘ 50 S>ãë`y nr 10 J«°‘ à{V
10 {bQ>a nmÊ`mÀ`m ÐmdUmV ~wS>dyZ Ë`mZ§Va bmJdS>
H$amdr nwZ©bmJdS>r AJmoXa EH$ {Xdg amonm§Zm ^anya nmUr
XoD$Z amono H$mT>mdrV OoUo H$ê$Z amon H$mT>VmZm ‘wim§Zm
BOm hmoUma Zmhr.
 amonm§Mr nwZ©bmJdS> {h 20 Vo 25 {Xdgm§Mr AgVmZm 10 Vo
15 g|{Q>‘rQ>a C§MrMr d gmYmaU 6 Vo 8 nmZo Agë`mdaM
H$amdr. bmJdS>rZ§Va Am§~dUrMo nmUr Xwgè`m qH$dm {Vgè`m
{Xder Úmdo bmJdS>rZ§Va 10 {XdgmÀ`m AmV amono ‘obobr
Agë`mg Ë`m {R>H$mUr ZdrZ amonm§Zr Zm§Jo ^ê$Z ¿`mdoV.
AÞÐì`mgmR>r EH$‘oH$m§H$Sy>Z ñnYm© hmoV Zmhr, gd© amonm§Mr
dmT> EH$gmaIr hmoVo, H$miOr KoUo gmo`rMo OmVo, amono AbJX
H$mT>Vm `oVmV d amonm§Mr ‘wio VwQ>Ê`mMm YmoH$m ZgVmo. Ë`m‘wio
nwZ©bmJdS>rVrb amonm§Mo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ Q>miVm `oVo.
IV ì`dñWmnZ
 hm EH$ ‘hËdmMm ^mJ Amho. `m‘Ü`o ‘mVr narjU H$ê$Z
O{‘ZrV g§Vw{bV IVo XoUo ’$m`ÚmMo R>aVo. ^mOrnmbm
{nH$mgmR>r 17 ‘hÎdmMo AÞÐì` JaOoMr AgVmV. Ë`m‘Ü`o
Q>mo‘°Q>mogmR>r ZÌ, ñ’w$aX, nmbme `m ì`{V[aº$ H°$pëeA‘,
‘°¾o{e`‘, J§YH$ d Xwæ`‘ AÞÐì` VgoM OñV, bmoh, ~moam°Z,
‘±JZrO d Vm§~o B. gyú‘ AÞÐì`o O{‘ZrV dmnamdrV.
 à{V hoŠQ>ar 20 Q>Z eoUIV d ‘Ü`‘ àH$maÀ`m O{‘ZrV
g§H$[aV dmUmgmR>r hoŠQ>ar 300 {H$bmo ZÌ 150 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX
d 150 {H$bmo nmbme VgoM gwYm[aV gai dmUmgmR>r hoŠQ>ar
200 {H$bmo ZÌ 100 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX 100 {H$bmo nmbme Úmdo.
 O¡{dH$ IVm§‘Ü`o hoŠQ>ar 6 {H$bmo APmoQ>mo~°ŠQ>a d 6 {H$bmo

ñ’w$aX {daKiUmao {OdmUy Am{U 6 {H$bmo nmbme {daKi{dUmao
{OdmUy ho gd© 1 Q>Z eoUIVmV {‘giyZ Úmdo.
 IVo XoVmZm {Zå‘o ZÌ g§nyU© ñ’w$aX Am{U g§nyU© nmbme
bmJdS>rÀ`m doir Úmdo am{hbobo {Zå‘o IV bmJdS>rZ§Va 20
{Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo g‘mZ VrZ hßË`m§‘Ü`o {d^mJyZ ~m§JS>r
nÕVrZo PmS>mÀ`m ~w§Ü`mnmgyZ WmoS>çm A§Vamda ‘wim§À`m joÌmV
XoD$Z nmUr Úmdo.
nmUr ì`dñWmnZ
 nmUr ì`dñWmnZ H$aVmZm O{‘ZrMm nmoV d hdm‘mZ `m Jmoï>r
{dMmamV ¿`mì`mV. hbŠ`m O{‘ZrV nmÊ`mMm OmñV nmù`m d
Mm§Jë`m O{‘ZrV nmÊ`mÀ`m H$‘r nmù`m Úmì`mV.
 bmJdS>rZ§Va bJoM nmUr Úmdo. nmÊ`mMm g‘Vmob dmna H$amdm.
gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV nmUr OmñV Pmë`mg nmZm§Mr d ’$m§Úm§Mr
dmT> OmñV hmoVo. åhUyZ ’w$bmoam `oB©n`ªV bmJdS>rnmgyZ A§XmOo
65 {Xdgm§n`ªV nmUr ~oVmZo Úmdo.
 {R>~H$ qgMZmÛmao nmUr XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Agob Va X¡Z§{XZ
nmÊ`mMr JaO {Z{üV H$ê$Z VodT>oM nmUr ‘moOyZ Úmdo.
 ‘hÎdmMm doim … ’w$bo bmJÊ`mÀ`m H$mimV nmÊ`mMm VmU nS>bm
Va ’w$b d ’$i Ji hmoVo, ’$i YmaUm Z hmoUo Aem g‘ñ`m
CØdVmV.
 gVVMo nmUr d à‘mUmnojm OmñV nmUr {Xë`mg ‘wim§Zm hdoMm
nwadR>m hmoV Zmhr d amoJamB© dmT>rg MmbZm {‘iVo. Ë`m‘wio nmZo
{ndir nS>VmV d CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoVo.
 nmdgmù`mÀ`m {XdgmV nmUr ho CnbãYVoà‘mUo Úmdo.
{hdmù`mÀ`m {XdgmV 8 Vo 10 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo d CÝhmù`mV
6 Vo 8 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo nmUr Úmdo.
AmYma XoUo
 Q>mo‘°Q>moÀ`m PmS>m§Zm AmYma XoUo ‘hÎdmMo H$m‘ Amho. `mgmR>r
gmYmaUnUo 30 Vo 35 {Xdgm§Zr PmS>m§Mr dmT> OmoaXma Pmë`mZ§Va
’$m§Úm d ’w$Q>r OmoaXma ’w$Q>VmV.
 Ë`mH$[aVm Ë`m§Zm ~m§~y, gwVir d Vma `m§Mm AmYma Úmdm. garÀ`m
~mOybm 6 Vo 9 ’y$Q> C§MrMo bmH$S>r ~m§~y O{‘ZrV amodyZ X`mdoV.
 O{‘ZrnmgyZ 1 ‘rQ>a C§Mrda XmoÝhr Im§~mda Vma AmoT>mdr d KÅ>
~m§YyZ ¿`mdr d ‘Yo ‘Yo ~m§~yZo AmYma Úmdm.
 PmS>mMr C§Mr 30 g|{Q>‘rQ>a Pmë`mZ§Va PmS>mMm ImoS>mbm g¡bga
~m§YyZ Vr Vmaobm ~m§Ymdr Z§Va Og Oem PmS>m§À`m ZdrZ ’$m§Úm
’w$Q>Vrb Vg Vem àË`oH$ ’$m§Xr gwVirZo Vmaobm AmoTy>Z ~m§Ymì`mV.
‘mVrMm ^a XoUo
 30 Vo 45 {Xdgm§V PmS>m§Zm ‘mVrMr ^a Úmdr `mgmR>r PmS>m§À`m
g‘moarb AYu gar ’$moSy>Z PmS>mÀ`m ~mOyg ‘mVr bmdmdr.
 Ë`m‘wio PmS>mÀ`m ImoS>mbm AmYma {‘iVmo Am{U ‘wù`m ’w$Q>Ê`mg
‘XV hmoVo d ‘mVrVrb hdoMo à‘mU `mo½` amhVo. ‘mVrMr ^a
XoVmZm PmSo> ‘mVr‘Ü`o OmñV JmS>br OmUma ZmhrV `mMr H$miOr
¿`mdr.
’w$bJi
 Q>mo‘°Q>mo {nH$mMr ’y$bJi OmñV Vmn‘mZ, ‘§X àH$me, doJdmZ
d H$moaSo> dmao, nmÊ`mMm VmU, amoJm§Mm d {H$S>rMm àmXw^m©d
VgoM {nH$m§‘Yrb dmT> g§àoaH$m‘Ü`o hmoUmao Adm§pÀN>V ~Xb B.
H$maUm§‘wio hmoVo.
 Q>mo‘°Q>moMr ’y$bJi Q>miÊ`mgmR>r darb gd© ~m~tMo `mo½`
ì`dñWmnZ d {Z`§ÌU H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. VgoM VÁkm§À`m
g„²`mZwgma EZEE `m dmT> g§àoaH$mMr 20 {‘br à{V {bQ>a
nmÊ`mVyZ ’$º$ {nH$ ’w$bmoè`mda AgVmZm ’$dmaUr H$amdr.
VUm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ
 Q>mo‘°Q>moMr bmJdS>rZ§Va Amdí`H$VoZwgma IwanUr H$ê$Z {nH$ VU
{da{hV R>odmdo.
 Q>mo‘°Q>moÀ`m {nH$mV VUZmeH$mMm dmna H$amd`mMm Pmë`mg
bmJdS>rnydu 8 Vo 10 {Xdg AJmoXa ñQ>moån 2 {bQ>a à{V
hoŠQ>a qH$dm ~mgmbrZ 2 brQ>a à{V hoŠQ>ar `m à‘mUmV
’$dmamdo.
 bmJdS>rZ§Va 16 Vo 20 {Xdgm§Zr ‘oQ´r~wPrZ ho VUZmeH$ 0.35
{H$bmo g{H«$` VËd à{V hoŠQ>a `m à‘mUmV ’$dmamdo.

Q>moc ’«$s
{H$gmZ godm
H¥${f {d^mJmMm Q>moc ’«$s H«$‘m§H$ 1800 233
4000 hr godm OyZ 2011 nmgyZ H$m¶m©pÝdV
Amho.
gXa godoVyZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm {~¶mUo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$
IVo, B˶mXr~m~V AS>MUr, e§H$m d eoVr {df¶H$
àíZm~m~V ‘mo’$V ‘mJ©Xe©Z àmá H$éZ KoVm ¶oVo.
{H$gmZ H$m°b g|Q>a Q>mob ’«$s XÿaÜdZr …
1800 180 1551
‘mM© & 2023 11
 A°ñQ>a
bmJdS>
V§ÌkmZ
S>m°. ‘mohZ eoQ>o, àm. {edmOr Jm`H$dmS>, S>m°. gwZrb bmohmQ>o, {d^mJr` H¥${f g§emoYZ H|$Ð, JUoeqIS> , nwUo
A°ñQ>a ’w$bm§Mo {d{dY AmH$ma, a§J N>Å>m, AmH$f©H$Vm Am{U {Q>H$mD$nUm `m‘wio A°ñQ>aMo ’w$b ho bmoH${à` Pmbo Amho. Amnë`mH$S>rb
hdm‘mZmV {VÝhr h§Jm‘mV `m ’w$bPmS>m§Mr bmJdS> H$aVm `oVo. Ë`m‘wio A°ñQ>aMr ’w$bo ghOm ghOr CnbãY hmoVmV. A°ñQ>aÀ`m
’w$bm§Mm dmna hma ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r, ’w$bXmUr, nwînJwÀN> ‘Ü`o VgoM b¾g‘ma§^, JUnVr CËgd, Xgam, {Xdmir, ZmVmi,
`mgma»`m g§Um‘Ü`o gwemo{^V H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmT>V Amho. nwUo, ‘w§~B©, Zm{eH$ VgoM BVa N>moQ>çm eham§VyZhr A°ñQ>a ’w$bm§Zm
Mm§Jbr ‘mJUr Amho. BVa bhmZ h§Jm‘r ’w$bm§À`m VwbZoV A°ñQ>aMr bmJdS> gmonr, H$‘r IMm©Mr Am{U H$‘r H$mbmdYrV ’w$bm§Mr
H$mT>Ur hmoV Agë`mZo gm‘mÝ` eoVH$è`m§Zm XoIrb ho EH$ ’$m`Xoera ’w$b{nH$ Amho.

hdm‘mZ :
A°ñQ>aÀ`m {nH$mgmR>r ’$ma H$S>H$ W§S>r VgoM H$S>H$ D$Zhr ‘mZdV Jadr Ago àH$ma nS>VmV. hiì`m àH$mamV ’w$bm§Mm H$mbmdYr VrZ
Zmhr. {dX^m©Vrb CÝhmim VgoM Zm{eH$ n[agamVrb H$S>H$ W§S>r Va ‘{hÝ`m§Mm, {Z‘ Jadr àH$mamV Mma ‘{hÝ`m§Mm Am{U Jaì`m àH$mamV Mma
H$moH$UmVrb nmdgmù`mMm H$mi dJiVm ‘hmamï´>mV df©^a A°ñQ>aMr Vo nmM ‘{hÝ`m§Mm H$mbmdYr AgVmo. Ë`mM ~amo~a ’w$bm§Mm a§JmMm Am{U
bmJdS> H$aVm `oVo. ~mOmamVrb ‘mJUrMm {dMma H$ê$Z `mo½` dmU bmJdS>rgmR>r {ZdS>mdm.
‘hmË‘m ’w$bo H¥$fr {dÚmnrR> amhþar,
O‘rZ : A§VJ©V àgm[aV Ho$bobo A°ñQ>aMo dmU :
A°ñQ>aÀ`m {nH$mgmR>r ‘Ü`‘ H$gXma nmo`Q>çmMr nmÊ`mMm CÎm‘ A.H«$. dmUmMo Zmd d¡{eï>`o
{ZMam hmoUmar O{‘Z Mm§Jbr ‘mZdVo. ^mar H$gXma O{‘ZrV {nH$mMr 1 ’w$bo JUoe bm§~ Xm§S>çmMr ew^« nm§T>è¶ma§JmMr
dmT> Omo‘Xma hmoV Agbr Var ’w$bo H$‘r bmJVmV. MwZIS>r `wº$ VgoM ìhmB©Q> ’w$bXmUrV OmñV H$mi {Q>H$Umar
XbXbrÀ`m O{‘Zr `m {nH$mgmR>r Cn`wº$ ZgVmV. daH$g d hbŠ`m ’w$bo, hoŠQ>ar 40 Vo 50 bmI gwÅ>r
O{‘ZrV {nH$m§Mr dmT> Iw§Q>Vo Am{U ’w$bo bhmZ d {ZñVoO {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ’w$bm§Mo CËnmXZ.
2 ’w$bo JUoe ’w$bmda bdH$a `oUmar, {Z‘gar,
bmJdS> h§Jm‘:
qnH$ AmH$f©H$ Jwbm~r a§JmMr ’w$bo, hoŠQ>ar
bmJdS> df©^amV H$Yrhr H$aVm `oVo. Varhr h§Jm‘ bmJdS>rMr OmV
40 Vo 42 bmI ’w$bo.
Am{U ñWm{ZH$ hdm‘mZ `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z ~mOmamVrb ‘mJUrZwgma
bmJdS>rMm h§Jm‘ {ZdS>mdm. Iarn ‘Ü`o OyZ-Owb¡, aã~r‘Ü`o Am°ŠQ>mo~a- 3 ’w$bo JUoe {Z‘gar, ’w$bmda bdH$a `oUmar,
Zmoìh|~a Am{U CÝhmir h§Jm‘mgmR>r ’o$~«wdmar-‘mM© ‘{hÝ`mV bmJdS> ìhm`boQ> JS>X Om§^ù`m a§JmMr ’w$bo, hoŠQ>ar
H$amdr. 50 Vo 60 bmI ’w$bo.
4 ’w$bo JUoe {’$¸$Q> Om§^ù`m a§JmMr AmH$f©H$
gwYm[aV OmVr d àH$ma : nn©b ’w$bo, hoŠQ>ar 40 Vo 45 bmI ’w$bo.
A°ñQ>a‘Ü`o ’w$bo `oÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr Zwgma hidr, {Z‘Jadr Am{U VgoM ^maVr` ’$bmoËnmXZ g§emoYZ g§ñWm ~|Jbmoa `oWyZ {e’$mag

12 ‘mM© & 2023

Ho$boë`m AH$m© H$m{‘Zr, AH$m© ny{U©‘m, AH$m© eem§H$ Am{U AH$m© ìhm`boQ>
`m OmVr àgm[aV Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

amondm{Q>H$m :
1) amon{Z{‘©VrgmR>r 2 X 1 ‘rQ>a AmH$mamMo JmXrdm’o$ V`ma H$amdoV.
dmâ`mMr C§Mr 10 go. ‘r. R>odmdr.
2) dm’o$ ~marH$ ‘mVr Am{U Mm§Jbo Hw$Obobo eoUIV {‘giyZ ~ZdmdoV.
V`ma dmâ`mda 10 Vo 12 go. ‘r. A§Vamda AmoirV ~r noamdo. 1 ~r
noaÊ`mgmR>r bm§~rbm AmS>ì`m Amoir AmoT>mì`mV.
3) ~r EH$ go.‘r. nojm OmñV Imob noê$ Z`o. ~r hbŠ`m hmVmZo
IV, ‘mVr {‘lUmZo PmH$mdo. Z§Va PmarZo hbHo$ nmUr Úmdo. ~r
CJdUrZ§Va amonm§Zm Amdí`H$VoZwgma nmUr Úmdo d IwanUr H$amdr.
4) amondm{Q>Ho$V amoJ {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r 25 J°«‘ H°$ßQ>Z qH$dm 25 J«°‘ ~m{dñQ>rZ
à{V 10 br. nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ Xhm {XdgmÀ`m A§VamZo XmoZ doim `m
ÐmdUmMr AmidUr H$amdr.
5) gmYmaUV… 30 Vo 40 {Xdgm§Zr amono nwZbm©JdS>rgmR>r V`ma hmoVmV.

bmJdS>rMo A§Va :
bmJdS>rgmR>r 60 go. ‘r. A§VamZo gar da§~o V`ma H$amdoV. qH$dm
gnmQ> dmâ`mda H$mhr {R>H$mUr bmJdS> H$aVmV. Aem àH$mao 30 go.‘r.
X 30 go.‘r . qH$dm 30 go.‘r. X 60 go. ‘r. A§Vamda bmJdS> H$amdr.
bmJdS>rMo A§Va OmV, h§Jm‘ Am{U O‘rZ `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
~mOmamVrb ‘mJUr bjmV KoD$Z bmJdS>rMo {Z`moOZ H$amdo. EH$X‘
bmJdS> Z H$aVm 15 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo WmoS>r WmoS>r bmJdS> H$amdr.
EH$mpË‘H$ AÞÐì` ì`dñWmnZ
O‘rZ V`ma H$aVmZm hoŠQ>ar 25 Q>Z Mm§Jbo Hw$Obobo eoUIV
O{‘ZrV {‘gimdo. ‘mVr n[ajUmZwgma à{V hoŠQ>ar 100:100:100
{H$bmo ZÌ, ñ’w$aX d nmbme à{V hoŠQ>ar Úmdo. nyU© ñ’w$aX d nmbme
bmJdS>rÀ`m doir Úmdo Cd©[aV AY} ZÌ bmJdS>rZ§Va EH$ ‘{hÝ`mZr Úmdo.
VgoM bmJdS>rÀ`m doiog eoUIVm~amo~a 1:10 `m à‘mUmV ’o$ag gë’o$Q>
20 {H$bmo Am{U 10 {H$bmo qPH$ gë’o$Q> à{V hoŠQ>ar Úmdo.
Am§Va‘emJV :
bmJdS>rZ§Va 15 Vo 20 {Xdgm§Zr n{hbr IwanUr H$amdr. Z§Va à{V
hoŠQ>ar ZÌmMm Xwgam hám 50 {H$bmo `m à‘mUmV Úmdm. amonmbm ‘mVrMr
^a Úmdr. Ë`m‘wio amonmÀ`m ImoS>mbm Mm§Jbm AmYma {‘iVmo. n[aUm‘r
’w$bo. bmJë`mZ§Va PmS> H$mob‘S>V Zmhr. PmS> gai dmT>Vo. ’w$bo Iam~
hmoV ZmhrV.
nmUr ì`dñWmnZ :
O{‘ZrMm àH$ma, dmVmdaU Am{U h§Jm‘ `m Zwgma nmUr ì`dñWmnZ
H$amdo. `m {nH$mÀ`m ‘wù`m O{‘ZrV OmñV Imob OmV ZmhrV. Ë`m
‘mVrÀ`m daÀ`m WamV AgVmV. {nH$mbm gmYmaUV… 8 Vo 10 {XdgmÀ`m
A§VamZo nmUr Úmdo .
H$ir AdñWm Vo ’w$bo H$mT>Ur n`ªV nmÊ`mMm VmU nSy> XoD$ Z`o.{R>~H$
qgMZmÛmao nmUr {Xë`mg H$‘r nmÊ`mda Mm§Jbo {nH$ `oVo. {nH$mMr dmT>,
O{‘ZrMm àH$ma {dMmamV KoD$Z JaOoZwgma EH$ qH$dm XmoZ {XdgmAmS>
{R>~H$ Ûmao nmUr Úmdo .
EH$mpË‘H$ amoJ d {H$S> {Z`§ÌU :
`m {nH$mda ‘mdm, ’w$b{H$So>,nmZo ImÊ`mè¶m Am{U H$ù`m {H$S>rMm
àmXw^m©d hmoVmo.
{Z`§ÌU :
S>m`‘oWmoEQ> 10 ‘r. br. 10 br. nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ ’$dmaUr H$amdr.
‘a amoJ {Z`§ÌU :
nmÊ`mMm `mo½` {ZMam hmoUmar O‘rZ {ZdS>mdr. ~m{dñQ>rZ d
H°ßQ>Z à{V 1 J«‘ à{V br. nmUr `m à‘mUmV PmS>mÀ`m ‘wimMr
AmidUr H$amdr.
H$mT>Ur V§ÌkmZ :
bmJdS>rnmgyZ AS>rM Vo Mma ‘{hÝ`mV ’w$bo bmJVmV. ’w$bo nyU©
C‘bë`mZ§Va Vr H$mT>mdrV. nyU© C‘bboë`m ’w$bm§Mr VmoS>Ur XmoZ VrZ
{XdgmÀ`m A§VamZo H$amdr. Aem àH$mao H$mT>Ur Ho$ë`mg 30 {XdgmV
H$mT>Ur nyU© hmoVo. bm§~ Xm§S>`mÀ`m nyU© dmT> Pmbobr Am{U C‘bbobr
’w$bo 10 Vo 20 go. ‘r. Xm§S>çmgh H$mnyZ ¿`mdrV. gmYmaUnUo 4 Vo 6
Xm§S>çmMr {‘iyZ EH$ OwS>r ~m§YyZ {dH«$sgmR>r nmR>dmdr.VmoS>ë¶mZ§Va ’w$bo
CÝhmV R>oD$ Z`oV qH$dm ’w$bmda nmUr qenSy> Z`o. hoŠQ>ar EH$ bmI
OwS>çm§Mo CËnmXZ {‘iVo.


‘mM© & 2023 13

 H$moaS>dmhÿ
O{‘Zr‘Ü`o
H$ad§X bmJdS>
d à{H«$`m`wº$
nXmW©
S>m°. gwaZa bú‘U ~mbmOr, ghmæ¶H$ àmÜ`mnH$, CÚmZ {d^mJ, H¥${f ‘hm{dÚmb¶, bmVya
H$ad§X ho EH$ AË`§V Xwb©{jV d H$mQ>H$ PwSy>ndJu` ’$inrH$ AgyZ, ho H$mQ>oar d gXmnUu PwSy>n A°nmogm`Zogr Hw$bmVrb ’$inrH$
AgyZ Ë`mMo emór` Zmd H°[agm H$a§S>mg Ago Amho. H$ad§XmMo ‘yi ñWmZ ^maV AgyZ ^maVm‘Ü`o gd©Ì `mMr PmSo> AmT>iyZ `oVmV.
ho ^maVmVrb dZm§V {deofV: ew²îH$ d IS>H$mi ^mJm§V AmT>iVo. `m{edm` lrb§H$m, Omdm, {V‘moa `oWohr Vo AmT>iVo. 3 Vo 4 ‘rQ>a
C§MrMo {hadoJma {XgUmao ho PmS> ’$ma H$mQ>H$ AgyZ {ZgJm©À`m ^ademda dmT>Vo. ImoS> AmIyS> AgyZ ’$m§Úm d bm§~ H$mQ>o {Û^º$
AgVmV. nmZo gmYr, g‘moamg‘moa, b§~Jmob, {MdQ>, JwiJwirV Am{U MH$MH$sV {XgVmV. ’y$b qH$dm ’$i VmoS>ë`mg nm§T>am MrH$
`oVmo. ’w$bo nm§T>ar, AnN>ÌmH¥$Vr d bdXma AgVmV. H$ad§XmÀ`m Omù`m S>m|JaKirV d O§JbmV Zoh‘r AmT>iVmV.

H$ ad§XmMo H$ƒo ’$i ñH$ìhuZmeH$ VgoM ñV§^H$ Amho.

{nH$bobr ’$io erVH$maH$ d ^yH$ dmT>{dUmar AgVmV.
‘yi H$Sy> d H¥${‘ZmeH$ Amho. nmirÀ`m Vmnmda nmZm§Mm H$mT>m
JwUH$mar R>aVmo, Ago Am`wd}XmV dU©Z Amho. H$ad§XmÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m
’$im§nmgyZ bmoUMo V`ma H$aVmV. bmHy$S> H$R>rU d JwiJwirV
AgVo. Ë`mnmgyZ M‘Mo, ’$Ê`m d BVa H$mVrd dñVy V`ma H$aVmV.
H$ad§X ho ‘w»`V… Hw§$nUmgmR>r ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda Ë`mMr bmJdS>
Ho$br OmVo. PmS>mÀ`m ’$m§Úm§Zm H$mQ>o Agë`m‘wio Jwao ImV ZmhrV.
BVa Hw$R>ë`mhr ’$i{nH$mnojm H$‘r ‘ohZV d H$‘r IMm©V H$ad§X
Mm§Jbm n¡gm XoUmao nrH$ Amho.
bmJdS> :
H$ad§X bmJdS> hbŠ`m, ‘wa‘mS>, S>m|Jar ^mJmV H$‘r IMm©‘Ü`o
`oUmao nrH$ åhUyZ eoVm‘Ü`o qH$dm ~m§Ymda H$ad§X bmJdS> H$amdr. EH$
Vo XrS> df© d`mMr amonQ>o nmdgmù`mV bmdë`mg `mMr dmT> Mm§Jbr
hmoVo. H$ad§X ho ’$inrH$ nmdgmù`mV bmJdS> H$aUo A{YH$ Mm§Jbo.
H$ad§XmMr bmJdS> ‘wIËdoH$ê$Z H$m`‘À`m {R>H$mUr {~`m bmdyZ qH$dm
amono V`ma H$ê$Z H$aVmV. Am°JñQ> qH$dm gßQ>|~a ‘{hÝ`mV {nH$bobr d
{ZamoJr ’$io VmoSy>Z Ë`mVrb ~r H$mTy>Z - O{‘©ZoQ>a 50 {‘br + 1 {b.
nmUr `m ÐmdUmV ~rOà{H«$`m H$ê$Z Vm~S>Vmo~ JmXrdmâ`mda noamdo.
gmYmaUV : 3 Vo 4 AmR>dS>çm§V ~r CJdVo. Aer amono ’o$~«wdmarÀ`m
gwédmVrg bmJdS>rg `oVmV. Hw§$nUmgmR>r bmJdS> H$aVmZm XmoZ
amonm§Vrb A§Va 90 Vo 150 g|‘r R>odmdo, ’$i~mJ bmJdS> H$aVmZm
VrZ Vo Mma ‘rQ>a A§Vam§da amonQ>o bmdyZ bmJdS> H$amdr, bmJdS>
Ho$ë`mda H$b‘m§Zm AmYma Úmdm. bmJdS>rgmR>r E{àb-‘o ‘{hÝ`mV
45 x 45 x 45 g|‘r AmH$mamMo IÈo> IUyZ ‘mVr, Mm§Jbo Hw$Obobo
eoUIV (XmoZ {H$bmo) Am{U 200 J«°‘ qgJb gwna ’$m°ñ’o$Q> {‘giyZ
nmD$g gwê$ hmoÊ`mÀ`m AJmoXa ^ê$Z R>odmdo.
OmVr
H$ad§XmÀ`m OmVr ’$imÀ`m Am{U JamÀ`m a§Jmdê$Z R>a{dë`m
OmVmV. H$ad§XmÀ`m bmoH$b ^anya OmVr AmhoV, ‘mÌ Ë`mV {ZdS>

14 ‘mM© & 2023

nÕVrZo V`ma Ho$bobr "H$moH$U ~moëS>'' ZmdmMr ZdrZ OmV S>m°.
~mimgmho~ gmd§V H$moH$U H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>mZo "àgm[aV Ho$br Amho.
`m OmVrMr ’$io ‘moR>r (12-16 J«°‘) d KmogmZo bmJVmV, VgoM
’$imMr àV CËH¥$ï> Amho. ’$io JmobmH$ma AgyZ, JamMo à‘mU 92
Q>¸o$ Amho. ’$im§Mm {Q>H$mD$nUm Mm§Jbm Amho. ’$io JS>X H$mù`m
a§JmMr AgVmV. H$ÀÀ`m d n¹$ ’$im§nmgyZ {d{dY à{H«$`m Ho$bobo
{Q>H$mD$ nXmW© V`ma H$aVm `oVmV.
IV d nmUr ì`dñWmnZ
Hw§$nU åhUyZ bmdboë`m amonmg OmñV IV bmJV Zmhr. àË`oH$
dfu OyZ- Owb¡ ‘{hÝ`mV 10 Vo 15 {H$bmo Mm§Jbo Hw$Obobo
eoUIV qH$dm H§$nmoñQ> Úmdo. ‘mÌ ’$i~mJ åhUyZ bmdboë`m amonmg
{Vgè`m qH$dm Mm¡Ï`m dfm©nmgyZ {e’$mag Ho$bobr ‘mÌm àË`oH$
H$b‘mg Owb¡-Am°JñQ> ‘{hÝ`mV Úmdr. 25 {H$bmo eoUIV, 100
J«°‘ `w[a`m Am{U 50 J«°‘ å`waoQ> Am°’$ nmoQ>°e IV Úmdo. `m‘wio
Omo‘Xma dmT> d OmñV CËnmXZ {‘iVo. OmZodmar qH$dm ’o$~«wdmar
‘{hÝ`m‘Ü`o 10 {bQ>a Xoer Jm`rMo Jmo‘yÌ [a¨J nÕVrZo qH$dm
{R>~H$‘YyZ {Xë`mg ’y$b Am{U ’$i YmaUm bdH$a d OmñV
hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo.
amon bmdë`mZ§Va {hdmù`mV 15 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo d
CÝhmù`mV AmR>dS>çmÀ`m A§VamZo nmÊ`mÀ`m nmù`m bmJdS>rÀ`m
n{hë`m dfu Úmì`mV åhUOo amonm§Mr dmT> Omo‘XmanUo hmoB©b d
amonm§Mo OJÊ`mMo à‘mU dmT>ob. à{V H$b‘mg gw‘mao 20 {bQ>a nmUr
àË`oH$ nmirg Úmdo. Xwgè`m dfm©nmgyZ H$b‘mg nmUr XoÊ`mMr
Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr.
N>mQ>Ur ì`dñWmnZ
H$ad§X ho PmS> H$mQ>oar PwSy>ndJu` Agë`m‘wio EH$m qH$dm
Xwhoar ’$m§Xrda `mo½` AmH$ma Úmdm. ’$iYmaU Ho$boë`m PmS>m§Zm
gmYmaUnUo H$moUË`mhr N>mQ>UrMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo. na§Vw
eoVm‘Ü`o qH$dm ~mJo‘Ü`o H$m‘ qH$dm `o- Om H$aÊ`mg AS>MU
hmoD$ Z`o `mgmR>r Mm¡Ï`m qH$dm nmMì`m dfm©nmgyZ Xa dfu ’$io
H$mT>UrZ§Va ‘o- OyZ ‘{hÝ`mV H$mhr à‘mUmV ’$m§Úm§Mr N>mQ>Ur
H$amdr. amoJQ> d dmiboë`m ’$m§Úm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mì`mV.
VmoS>Ur Am{U CËnmXZ
H$ad§XmÀ`m ~mJonmgyZ VrZ dfmªZr CËnmXZ {‘iÊ`mg gwédmV
hmoVo. PmS> OgOgo ‘moR>o hmoV OmB©b, VgVer CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoV
OmVo. àË`oH$ dfu ’$iYmaUm hmoVo. H$moH$U qH$dm KmQ> ‘mÏ`mdaVr
’o$~«wdmar Vo ‘mM© ‘{hÝ`mV ’y$b ~ha `oVmo. E{àb qH$dm ‘o‘Ü`o
’$io {nH$Ê`mg gwédmV hmoVo. ‘amR>dmS>m d {dX^m©V gm‘mÝ`nUo
E{àbZ§Va ’w$bYmaUm hmoD$Z Owb¡-Am°JñQ>‘Ü`o ’$io `oVmV. gd©
’$io gmYmaUnUo EH$m doir n[an¹$ hmoV ZmhrV. åhUyZ VmoS>Ur
gmYmaUnUo 2 Vo 4 doim H$amdr. {nH$bobr ’$io Zmed§V AgVmV.
à{VPmS>mda 35 Vo 40 {H$bm|n`ªV Q>dQ>drV Jwbm~r H$ad§Xo
{‘iVmV. EH$ar gw‘mao Mma Vo nmM Q>Zm§n`ªV CËnmXZ {‘iVo.
H$ad§Xo ho ‘wimVM H$mQ>oar, PwSy>ndJu` S>m|JaXè`mV `oUmao O§Jbr
’$iPmS>. ‘mÌ, H$‘r IMm©‘Ü`o `oUmao nrH$ d Mm§Jbm n¡gm XoUmao
nrH$ åhUyZ Ë`mMr eoVr eoVH$ar ~m§YdmZr Ho$br nmhrOo.
H$ad§XmnmgyZ à{H«$`m`wº$ nXmW©
H$ad§XmnmgyZ bmoUMo, ga~V, MQ>Ur Moar, O°‘, {gan BË`mXr
à{H«$`m`wº$ nXmW© ~ZdVm `oVmV. `m nXmWmªZm ~mOmamV ^anya
‘mJUr Amho. Vwåhr H$ad§XmMr eoVr H$ê$Z qH$dm H$ad§Xm§da à{H«$`m
H$ê$Z nXmW© ~ZdyZ Mm§Jbo CËnÞ H$‘dy eH$Vm.
1) bmoUMo
gm{hË`- 1.5 {H$bmo H$ad§Xo ,250 J«°‘ VmndyZ KoVbobo
‘rR>, 20 J«°‘ ‘oWr , 30 J«°‘ hiX nyS> , 50 J«°‘ qhJ nyS> ,48
J«°‘ bmb {‘aMr nmdS>a, 100 J«°‘ ‘mohar nmdS>a, 400 J«°‘ Ja‘
H$ê$Z W§S> Ho$bobo JmoSo>Vob.
H¥$Vr
 {ZamoJr ’$io {ZdSy>Z Ë`m§Mo XoR> H$mTy>Z ¿`mdoV.
 ñdÀN> nmÊ`mZo H$ad§Xo YwdyZ {Zå‘o ‘rR> d hiX bmdyZ 2 Vo 3
Vmg EH$m nmVoë`mV R>odmdoV.
 {Zåå`m JmoSo>VobmV ‘oWr, qhJ, ‘mohar, hiX `m§Mr ’$moS>Ur Úmdr.
 nmUr {ZMê$Z Joë`mda hr ’$moS>Ur H$ad§Xm§da Q>mH$mdr.
 ho {‘lU Mm§Jbo {‘giyZ Ë`mV 250 nrnrE‘ gmo{S>`‘ ~|Pm°BQ>
Q>mH$mdo.
‘mM© & 2023 15
 EH$m H$mMoÀ`m ~mQ>brV ho bmoUMo ^ê$Z Cabobo Vob Ë`mV AmoVmdo.
VobmMr nmVir bmoUÀ`mÀ`m da amhrb `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr.
 ho bmoUMo H$moaS>çm OmJr gmR>dyZ R>odbo Va df©^a MmbVo.
2) ga~V
gm{hË` - 1 {H$bmo H$ad§Xo , 400 Vo 500 J«°‘ gmIa, 1200
{‘br nmUr.
H¥$Vr -  H$ad§XmMo ga~V V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyU© dmT>
Pmbobr H$ad§Xo {ZdS>mdrV.
 H$ad§Xo 2 Vo 3 doim ñdN> nmÊ`mZo YwdmdrV
 EH$ {bQ>a nmÊ`mV hr ’$io Q>mHy$Z {eOdyZ ¿`mdrV.
 W§S> Pmë`mda ‘b‘bÀ`m H$nS>çmVyZ hm bJXm JmiyZ ¿`mdm.
 V`ma Pmboë`m agm‘Ü`o 400 Vo 500 J«°‘ gmIa, 1200
{‘br nmUr Q>mHy$Z T>diyZ ¿`mdo.
 MdrgmR>r WmoSo> ‘rR> d {Oè`mMr nmdS>a Q>mH$mdr.
 Oa ho ga~V OmñV H$mi {Q>Hy$Z R>odm`Mo Agë`mg 70 A§e
Vmn‘mZmg 15 Vo 20 {‘{ZQ>o Ja‘ H$amdo Ë`m§ZVa hdm~§X
~mQ>brV ^ê$Z R>odmdoV.
3) MQ>Ur
gm{hË`- 1 {H$bmo ’$imMm ag{‘{lV Ja, 1 {H$bmo gmIa,
50 J«°‘ ‘rR>, 15 J«°‘ {‘aMr nmdS>a, 30 J«°‘ dobXmoSo>, 30 J«°‘
Xmb{MZr, 60 J«°‘ ~marH$ {Mabobm H$m§Xm, 15 J«°‘ ~marH$ {Mabobm
bgyU, 15 J«°‘ ~marH$ {Mabobo Ambo, 80 Vo 90 {‘br pìhZoJa.
H¥$Vr -  H$ad§XmÀ`m H$mT>boë`m JamV gmIa d ‘rR> {‘giyZ
ho {‘lU CH$iÊ`mg R>odmdoV.
 EH$m H$mnS>mV H$m§Xm, bgyU, Ambo ~m§Ymdo Va Xwgè`m H$mnS>mV
am{hbobo ‘gmbo ~m§YmdoV.
 XmoÝhrÀ`m nwaMw§S>çm ~ZdyZ CH$iË`m {‘lUmV gmoS>mì`mV.
 WmoS>çmWmoS>çm doimZo øm nwaM§wS>çm nirZo Xm~mì`mV.
 {‘lU KÅ> Pmë`mda nwaMw§S>r Mm§Jbr {niyZ H$mT>mdr.
 {‘lUmV pìhZoJa Q>mHy$Z 1 Vo 2 {‘{ZQ>o CH$iyZ ¿`mdrV.
 ho {‘lU ~mQ>brV ^aÊ`mnydu Ë`mV 250 nrnrE‘ gmo{S>`‘
~oÝPmoEQ> {‘gimdoV.
16 ‘mM© & 2023
 hdm~§X ~mQ>brV ho {‘lU ^ê$Z W§S> H$ê$Z ¿`mdo.
4) H$ÀÀ`m H$ad§XmnmgyZ Oobr
H¥$Vr-  Oobr V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r àW‘ H$ƒr H$ad§Xo YwdyZ
¿`mdrV.
 H$ad§Xo d nmUr 1:1 `m à‘mUmV KodyZ Vr ’w$Q>on`ªV {eOdmdrV.
 {eOdë`mZ§Va H$ad§XmMm {Zìdi ag H$nS>çmVyZ JmiyZ ¿`mdm.
Z§Va ’$imÀ`m agmV 1:3 `m à‘mUmV gmIa {‘giyZ {‘lU
KÅ> hmoB©n`ªV CH$imdo.
 Oobr OmñV H$mi {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mV 250 {‘brJ«°‘
gmo{S>`‘ ~|PmoEQ> ho n[aajH$ à{V {H$bmo Oobr `m à‘mUmV
CH$iV AgVmZm {‘gimdo.
 CH$iV Agbobo WmoSo>go {‘lU M‘À`mV KoD$Z W§S> H$ê$Z
nmVoë`mV AmoVbo AgVm Jmoir~§X pñWVrV nS>bo Va g‘Omdo
Oobr V`ma Pmbr.
 Oobr V`ma Pmë`mZ§Va Vr {ZOªVwH$ Ho$boë`m é§X Vm|S>mÀ`m
H$mMoÀ`m ~aUr‘Ü`o hdm~§X H$ê$Z Vr ~aUr W§S> d H$moaS>çm
OmJr R>odmdr. H$ad§XmÀ`m ’$im‘Ü`o nopŠQ>ZMo à‘mU OmñV
Agë`mZo H$ÀÀ`m ’$im§nmgyZ Jwbm~r a§JmMr, nmaXe©H$ Aer
CËH¥$ï> Oobr V`ma hmoVo.
5) {nH$boë`m H$ad§XmnmgyZ {gan:
H¥$Vr-  {gan V`ma H$aÊ`mH$[aVm gd©àW‘ nyU© {nH$bobr,
VmOr, agaerV H$ad§Xo {ZdSy>Z nmÊ`mZo ñdÀN> YwdyZ ¿`mdrV.
 Vr Z§Va H$ad§Xo Z {eOdVm 1 {‘.‘r. ‘oeÀ`m ñQ>rbÀ`m
MmiUrda KmgyZ ag H$mT>mdm.
 H$ad§XmÀ`m agm‘Ü`o gmIa d gm`{Q´H$ Amåb {‘giyZ {‘lU
EH$Ord H$amdo. ho {‘lU gmIa {daKiÊ`mH$[aVm WmoSo>go Ja‘
H$amdo. V`ma Pmbobm {gan {ZOªVwH$ Ho$boë`m é§X Vm|S>mÀ`m
H$mMoÀ`m ~aUr‘Ü`o ^ê$Z Ë`mMr gmR>dUyH$ W§S> d H$moaS>çm
OmJr H$amdr.
 {ganMm AmñdmX KoVmZm Ë`mV 4 Vo 5 nQ>rZo nmUr {‘gimdo.

 h[aVJ¥hmVrc
T>mo~ir {‘aMrMr
cmJdS>
lr. Vwfma {~amar, gm¡. ew^m§Jr nmQ>rc, lr. EM. gr. ~S>JwOa, S>m°. g§Ord nmQ>rc, Voc{~`m g§emoYZ H|$Ð, OiJmd
T>mo~ir {‘aMr ‘hËdmMr ^mOr {nH$, ¶m {‘aÀ`m {VIQ> ZgVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr ^mOr Ho$cr OmVo VgoM n§MVmam§{H$V hm°Q>oc‘Ü`o
‘moR>`m AmH$mamÀ`m {haì`m VgoM a§J~ra§Jr T>mo~ir {‘aMrMm dmna g°cS>, ñQ>âS> qH$dm {S>e‘Ü`o gw~H$ ‘m§S>UrgmR>r hmoVmo. R>am{dH$
h§Jm‘m ì`{V[aŠV T>mo~ir {‘aMrMr cmJdS> Ho$cr OmV Zmhr. `m {‘aMrÀ`m eoVm‘Yrc cmJdS>rcm A`mo½` dmVmdaU, {H$S> d
amoJmMm dmT>Vm àmXw^m©d `m‘wio ‘`m©Xm `oVmV åhUyZ Joë`m XmoZ XeH$mnmgwZ eoVH$ar h[aVJ¥hm‘Ü`o `m {‘aMrMr cmJdS> H$aVmV.
h[aVJ¥hm‘wio Amnë`mcm {Za{Zami`m a§JmMr, XO}Xma T>mo~ir {‘aMr {nH$ df©^a KoUo eŠ` Pmco Amho.
dmU: T>mo~ir {‘aMrÀ`m ~wQ>Š`m VgoM C§M dmT>Umè¶m {d{dY a§JmÀ`m hmVmZo ‘mVrZo PmH$mdo. amondmQ>rHo$V amonm§Mr {H$S>r d amoJm§nmgyZ ~Mmd
Oí`m {haì`m, cmc, {ndim, Om§^im, nm§T>am Ago ‘mohH$ a§J Agcoë`m, H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZwdmH$m°Z +S>m`WoZ E‘-45 `m§À`m 10 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo
chmZ d ‘moR>`m ’$im§Mo AZoH$ dmU AmhoV. ~wQ>Š`m d {haì`m a§JmÀ`m XmoZ ’$dmaÊ`m H$amì`m. amonm§Mr dmT> Omo‘Xma hmoÊ`mgmR>r {dÐmì` ZÌ,
H°${c’$mo{Z©`m d§S>a, Mm`ZrO Om`§Q>, AH$m© dg§V, AH$m© Jm¡ad d ^maV ho ñ’w$aX d nmcme IVo X`mdrV. gmYmaUnUo 4- 6 AmR>dS>`mV amono
dmU AmhoV. cm°[aAmo d ~m°å~r `m C§M dmT>Umè¶m, cmc^S>H$ a§JmÀ`m, cmJdS>rgmR>r `mo½` hmoVmV.
‘moR>r ’$io AgUmè¶m VgoM A~}cr hr C§M dmT>Umar, {ndi`m gmoZoar cmJdS> : T>mo~ir {‘aMrMr cmJdS> JmXr dmâ¶mda H$aVmV.
a§JmMr, ‘moR>r ’$io AgUmao dmU Amho. ho gd© dmU ^anya CËnmXZ XoUmao JmXrdmâ¶mMr é§Xr 0.7 Vo 1 ‘r., cm§~r 24 Vo 30 ‘r. qH$dm h[aVJ¥hmÀ`m
AmhoV. h[aVJ¥hmVrc cmJdS>rgmR>r ~m°å~r (cmc), A~}cm ({ndir), AmH$mamZwgma d C§Mr O{‘ZrnmgyZ 30 Vo 40 g|.‘r. R>odmdr. dm’o$
‘mñQ>a ({hadr) ho dmU OmñV à{gÜX AmhoV. ~Z{dVm§Zm gwnrH$ nmo`Q>çmMr qH$dm cmc ‘mVr dmnamdr. Ë`m‘Ü`o Mm§Jco
{~`mUo : h[aVJ¥hmVrc cmJdS>rgmR>r T>mo~ir {‘aMrMo 20-30 J«°‘ Hw$Ococo eoUIV ^anya {‘gimdo. dm’o$ ’$m°‘©cS>rhmB©S>À`m ÐmdUmZo
{~`mUo àVr 10 Jw§R>o joÌmgmR>r nwaogo hmoVo. {~`mUo noaUrnyd© Ë`mg Wm`a‘ {ZOªVyH$ H$amdo. cmJdS> 45 g|.‘r. Vo 60 g|.‘r. A§Vamda H$amdr.
3 J«°‘ qH$dm 1 J«°‘ ~mdrñQ>rZ àVr {H$cmo `mà‘mUo Mmoimdo. cmJdS>rnydu 10 {cQ>a nmÊ`mV 10 {‘.{c. ZwdmH$m°Z+25 J«°‘ E‘.-45
amono V`ma H$aUo : amono JmXrdmâ¶mda nm°{cWrZ {neì`mV qH$dm {‘giyZ `m ÐmdUmV amono 5 {‘{ZQ>o ~wS>dyZ ‘J amonm§Mr cmJdS> H$amdr.
éQ>Q´>oZa‘Ü`o V`ma H$aVmV. Ë`mgmR>r ‘Ü`‘ ^anya à‘mUmV Mm§Jco cmJdS>rnwdu d VXZ§Va ¿`md`mMr H$miOr : cmJdS>rnwdu
Hw$Ococo eoUIV, nmo`Q>m qH$dm cmc ‘mVr {‘gimdr. ho ‘mÜ`‘ {ZOªVyH$ JmXrdmâ¶mda ‘mÜ`‘ EH$g§K H$amdo. JmXrdmâ¶mcm ^anwa nmUr Úmdo.
H$éZ ¿`mdo. amonm§Mo ‘a amoJm§nmgyZ ~Mmd H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘mÜ`‘mV cmJdS> H$aVm§Zm O{‘Zr‘Ü`o ‘Ü`‘ Amocmdm Agmdm. JmXrdmâ¶mda
ãcm°`Q>m°Šg {‘gimdo. {~`mUo noaUrnyd© Ë`mg Wm`a‘ 3 J«°‘ qH$dm 1 J«°‘ cmJdS>rÀ`m A§Vamà‘mUo ImMm ~ZdyZ ¿`mì`mV. cmJdS> H$‘r Vmn‘mZmV
~mdrñQ>rZ àVr {H$cmo `mà‘mUo Mmoimdo. nm°{cWrZ {neì`m‘Ü`o qH$dm Q´>o gH$mir cdH$a qH$dm gm`§H$mir H$amdr. amono H$mT>Vm§Zm Ë`m§À`m ‘wim§Zm
‘Ü`o EH$ Vo XmoZ {~`m Q>mH$mì`mV qH$dm JmXrdm’$`mda noaUr H$aVmZm BOm hmoUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr. cmJdS> cdH$a nwU© H$amdr.
10 g|.‘r. A§Vamda AmS>ì`m aofm AmoTy>Z nmVi ~r noamdo d hcŠ`m amono cmJdS>rZ§Va cJoM nmUr Úmdoo d AmR>dS>`mVyZ EH$Xm ~m{dñQ>rZ

‘mM© & 2023 17

qH$dm H°$nQ>m°nMo (0.2-0.3 Q>¸o$) ÐmdUmMr amoJ d {H$S>tMm àmXw^m©d 2. nm§T>ar A°{g’o$Q> 75 Eg.nr.2 J«°‘/{c. nmÊ`mV
amoIÊ`mgmR>r AmidUr H$amdr. àË`oH$ {Xder {nH$mMo {ZarjU H$amdo. ‘mer {‘giyZ ’$dmamdo.
qgMZ {Z`moOZ : {R>~H$ qgMZ nÜXVrZo T>mo~ir {‘aMrcm nmUr 3. H$moir ’o$Zàmon°W«rZ 30 B©.gr. 0.50 {‘cr/
Úmdo. A{V[aŠV nmUr Xody Z`o. {c. qH$dm ’o$Z°ŠP¹$sZ 10 B©.gr. 2.5
{‘cr/ {c. nmÊ`mVyZ ’$dmamdo.
{deof ì`dñWmnZ:-
1. N>mQ>Ur d diU XoUo : PmS>m§Mr `mo½` dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r N>mQ>Ur Am{U ~ amoJ-:
diU XoUo ‘hËdmMo Amho. XmoZ qH$dm Mma ‘w»` ’$m§Úm R>odyZ ~mH$sÀ`m A. H«$. amoJ ì`dñWmnZmMo Cnm`
’$m§Úm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mì`mV. N>mQ>UrÀ`m nÜXVr nwT>rc à‘mUo AmhoV. 1. ^yar J§YH$ (gë’$a) 3 J«°‘/{c. qH$dm
A. XmoZ ‘w»` ’$m§Úm nÜXVr : PmS>m§À`m XmoZ ‘w»` ’$m§Úm dmT>dmì`mV, {S>ZmoH°$n 1 {‘.cr./{c. qH$dm
EH$ qH$dm XmoZ nmZmÀ`m OmoS>rZ§Va BVa ’w$Q>do ’$m§Úm H$mTy>Z hoŠPmH$moZ°Pmoc 0.50 {‘.cr./{c.
Q>mH$mì`mV. nmÊ`mVyZ ’$dmamdo
~. Mma ‘w»` ’$m§Úm nÜXVr : PmS>mÀ`m Imcrc nmZm§À`m ~oMŠ`mVyZ
2. H$anm ‘°ZH$moPo~ 2 J«°‘ / {c. qH$dm H$m°na
Mma ‘w»` ‘O~yV ’$m§X`m dmT>dmì`mV. EH$ qH$dm XmoZ nmZmÀ`m
Am°pŠgŠbmoamB©S> 3 J«°‘/{c.
OmoS>rZ§Va BVa ’w$Q>do ’$m§Úm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mì`mV. àË`oH$s EH$ qH$dm
XmoZ ’$io ~mOyÀ`m ’$m§Xrda R>odmdrV. 3. Ho$dS>m H$m~}ÝS>°Pr‘ 1 J«°‘/{c. qH$dm
2. PmS>m§Zm AmYma XoUo : ßb°ñQ>rH$À`m qH$dm VmJmÀ`m XmoÁ`m PmS>m§À`m (’$iHw$O) àmo{nH$mZ°Pmoc 1 {‘cr/ {c.nmÊ`mVyZ
~wÜ`m§Zm ~m§YyZ N>VmÀ`m daÀ`m Vmaocm AmYmamgmR>r ~m§Ymì`mV. darc ’$dmamdo.
Vma JmXrdmâ¶mnmgyZ H$‘rVH$‘r 3 ‘rQ>a C§Mrda ~mOyÀ`m AmYmamcm 4. {c’$H$c© cmJdS>rnwdu amonm§Zm {’$àmo{Zc
KÅ> ~m§Ycocr Agmdr. àË`oH$ PmS>mdarc ’$m§Úm§Zm AmYma {Xcoë`m 4 (MwaS>m 1.5{‘cr/{c.nmÊ`mVyZ ’$dmamdo.
ßb°pñQ>H$À`m XmoÁ`m darc Vmaocm ~m§Ymì`mV. ‘waS>m) {’$àmo{Zc 1.5 {‘cr qH$dm A°{g’o$Q>
1.5 J«°‘ qH$dm hmoñQ>mo{WAm°Z 1
AÞÐì` ì`dñWmnZ:- {‘cr/{c. nmÊ`mVyZ AmcQy>Z nmcQy>Z
A. IVo XoÊ`mMr doi IVo XoÊ`mMo à‘mU Xa 15 {Xdgm§Zr ’$dmamdo.
H«$. ZÌ: ñ’w$aX: nmcme 5. nmZmVrc H$m~}ÝS>°{P‘ 1 J«°‘ qH$dm ‘°ZH$moPo~ 2
{H$cmo/ho. H$mio {R>nHo$ J«°‘ /{c.nmÊ`mVyZ ’$dmamdo.
1. amon cmdÊ`mnwdu qH$dm 7-8 50:100:75
{Xdgm§Zr amon cmdë`mZ§Va ’$im§Mr {daiUr : XmoZ ‘w»` ’$m§Úm nÜXVrV gd©gmYmaUnUo
2. amono cmdÊ`mÀ`m 30 {XdgmZ§Va 25:00:00 ImoS>mdarc Xwgè¶m qH$dm {Vgè¶m ~oMŠ`mV ~mOyÀ`m ’w$Q>ì`mn`ªV
3. amon cmdÊ`mÀ`m 45 {XdgmZ§Va 30 {H$cmo ’$iYmaUm cm§~dmdr. darc ’$im§Mr Mm§Jcr dmT> hmoÊ`mH$arVm
~oZgë’$ J§YH$ chmZ, dmT> Z Pmcocr ’$io H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdrV. 4 Vo 6 ’$io
n{hë`m ~hmam‘Ü`o (2-3 ’$io àË`oH$ ’$m§XrdaVr) Mm§Jë`màH$mao
4. gwú‘ AÞÐì`o (ßbmÝQ>mo {‘Z 125 {H$cmo
dmT>VmV. n{hë`m ~hmamZ§Va {daiUr hr ’$ŠV chmZ, amoJQ>
/~moamH$moc) 50% ’w$cmoÁ`mZ§Va
’$im§H$[aVmM H$amdr. Iyn doim {daiUr H$é Z`o.
5. n{hë`m VmoS>çmÀ`m 2-3 {XdgmZ§Va 25:30:25 ’$im§Mr H$mT>Ur : gd©gmYmaUnUo nwZ©cmJdS>rZ§Va 60 Vo 70
6. nmMì`m VmoS>çmÀ`m 2-3 {XdgmZ§Va 10:00:25 {XdgmZ§Va ’$im§Mr H$mT>Ur gwé hmoVo. nwU© dmT>rMr VgoM 90% a§J
7. Zdì`m VmoS>çmÀ`m 2-3 {XdgmZ§Va 10:00:25 {dH${gV Pmcocr ’$io YmaXma MmHy$Zo H$mT>mdrV. àVdmar H$amdr
8. Mm¡Xmì`m VmoS>çmÀ`m 2-3 {XdgmZ§Va 15:00:25 d n°H$s¨J H$amdo.
CËnmXZ : 8-10 {H$cmo àVr Mm¡.‘rQ>a qH$dm 4 Vo 5 {H$cmo
T>mo~ir {‘aMrMo {nH$ g§ajU ì`dñWmnZ:- àVr PmS> àVr df© CËnmXZ {‘iVo.
A. {H$S>r:- Aem nÜXVrZo T>mo~ir {‘aMrMo {nH$ harVJ¥hmV, eoS>ZoQ>
A. H«$. {H$S>r ì`dñWmnZmMo Cnm` ‘Ü`o VgoM aã~r h§Jm‘mV ‘moH$ù¶m eoVmV KoVm `oVo. A{YH$V‘
1. ’w$c{H$So> {’$àmo{Zc 5 B©.gr.1.5 {‘cr/{c. qH$dm T>mo~ir {‘aMr CËnmXZ d JwUdÎmm ‘moH$ù¶m OmJoVrc cmJdS>rnojm
S>m`{‘WmoEQ> 30 B©.gr. 1.5 {‘cr/ harVJ¥hmV d eoS>ZoQ>‘Ü`o {‘iVo.
{c.nmÊ`mVyZ ’$dmamdo. 

18 ‘mM© & 2023

 CÝhmir h§Jm‘mVrb Mmam {nH$m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ
S>m°. g§{Xn bm§S>Jo, S>m°. {edmOr X‘m‘o Am{U S>m°. bú‘U VmJS>
ApIb ^maVr` g‘pÝdV Mmam {nHo$ g§emoYZ àH$ën, ‘hmË‘m ’w$bo H¥${f {dÚmnrR>, amhþar.
AmVm CÝhmim gwé Pmbm AgyZ Xw½Y ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm H$mi H$R>rU g‘Obm OmVmo H$maU {haì`m Mmè`m A^mdr
Xw^Ë`m OZmdam§Mo XyY H$‘r hmoVo, {edm` XwYmMr ‘mJUr hr OmñV AgVo. `mdfu amÁ`mVrb Odinmg gd©M {R>H$mUr
gamgar nojm OmñV nmD$g Pmë`m‘wio nmÊ`mMr CnbãYVm Mm§Jbr AgyZ Mmam {nH$m§À`m bmJdS>rg Mm§Jbm dmd Amho.
AZoH$Xm nmdgmù`mV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda Mmam CnbãY AgVmo na§Vw CÝhmù`mV {haì`m Mmè`mMr MUMU ^mgVo. Ë`mH$[aVm
XyY CËnmXH$m§Zr OZmdam§À`m CÝhmir Mmam ì`dñWmnZmH$So> bj {Xbo Va XwY CËnmXZ H$‘r hmoUma Zmhr d dmT>Ë`m
~mOma^mdmMm ’$m`Xm XoIrb eoVH$è`m§Zm {‘iy eH$Vmo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo OZmdam§Zm X¡Z§{XZ g‘Vmob Amhma {Xbm nm{hOo,
Ë`mgmR>r CÝhmir Mmam {nH$m§Mo {Z`moOZ AË`§V ‘hËdmMo Amho.

C Ýhmir h§Jm‘mgmR>r {haì`m Mmè`mMo {Z`moOZ An[ahm`© R>aVo.

CÝhmù`mgmR>r Mmam {nHo$ {ZdS>VmZm O{‘ZrMr àV, nmÊ`mMr
CnbãYVm, CnbãY joÌ, OZmdam§Mr g§»`m B. ~m~tMm {dMma
àW‘V: Ho$bm nm{hOo. Ë`mMà‘mUo CÝhmir h§Jm‘mgmR>r `mo½` Mmam
{nHo$, Ë`m§Mo gwYmarV dmU, CËnÞ, nm¡ï>rH$Vm Am{U ewÜX {~`mUo
`m Jmoï>tMm Jm§^r`m©Zo {dMma Ho$bm nm{hOo. VgoM `§XmÀ`m dfu
amÁ`mVrb AZoH$ {d^mJmV nmD$g‘mZ g‘mYmZH$maH$ Pmë`m‘wio
CÝhmir Mmam {Z`moOZmgmR>r nmÊ`mMr H$‘VaVm ^mgUma Zmhr.
gH$g d g§Vw{bV AmhmamZwgma gd©gmYmaUnUo nyU© dmT>boë`m
Xw^Ë`m OZmdambm XaamoO 15 Vo 20 {H$bmo {hadm Mmam ({Zå‘m
EH$Xb d {Zå‘m pìXXb) Am{U 5 Vo 6 {H$bmo dmibobm Mmam,
1.5 Vo 2 {H$bmo IwamH$, 20 J«°‘ I{ZO {‘lU Am{U 60 Vo 70
{bQ>a nmUr Amdí`H$ Amho. gH$g Amhmam‘wio Xw^Ë`m OZmdam§Mo
Amamo½` CÎm‘ amhVo. amoOÀ`m XwYmMo à‘mU {Q>Hy$Z amhVo, {edm`
amoJà{VH$ma eº$s dmT>Vo. pñZ½Ym§e d XwYmVrb BVa KQ>H$m§Mo à‘mU
`mo½` amIbo OmVo. newImÚmdarb AdmOdr IM© H$mhr à‘mUmV
H$‘r H$aVm `oVmo. {edm` XmoZ doVmVrb A§Va `mo½` amhVo. Ë`mgmR>r
Xw^Ë`m OZmdam§Zm Mmam {Z`moOZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. darb
gd© Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$aVm ‘hmamï´>mV CÝhmir h§Jm‘mgmR>r ‘H$m,
Ádmar (H$S>di), ~mOar, Mdir, ~mJm`Vr ‘madob, bgyUKmg,
g§H$[aV Zo{nAa B. Mmam {nHo$ Cn`wº$ AmhoV.
~mOar
~mOar ho hbŠ`m Vo ‘Ü`‘ O{‘ZrV KoVbo OmUmao V¥UYmÝ`

‘mM© & 2023 19


dJm©Vrb Mmam {nH$ AgyZ ‘hmË‘m ’w$bo H¥${f {dÚmnrR>mZo Om`§Q>
~mOam `m dmUmMr Mmè`mgmR>r {e’$mag Ho$bobr Amho. `m dmUmMm
dmT>rMm H$b C§M AgyZ bwgbwerV {haì`m Mmè`mV à{WZm§Mo à‘mUo
7 Vo 9 Q>¸o$ AgVo.
 CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV ’o$~«wdmar-‘mM© ‘{hÝ`mV noaUr H$amdr.
noaUrgmR>r 30 g|‘r A§Vamda à{V Xhm {H$bmo {~`mUo
nm^arZo noamdo. noaUrnydu àVr 10 {H$bmo {~`mÊ`mg 250 J«°‘
A°PmoQ>mo~°ŠQ>a ho {OdmUy g§dY©H$ Mmoimdo.
 hoŠQ>ar 90 {H$bmo ZÌ, 40 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX d 30 {H$bmo nmbme
Úmdo. Ë`mn¡H$s 45 {H$bmo ZÌ, 40 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX d 30 {H$bmo
nmbme noaUrÀ`m doir d Cd©[aV 45 {H$bmo ZÌ noaUrZ§Va 30
Ádmar
Ádmar ho ‘hmamï´>mVrb gdm©V bmoH${à` Ago ‘hÎdmMo nma§nm[aH$
Mmam {nH$ Amho. Adf©UàdU ^mJmV d hbŠ`m O{‘ZrV XoIrb
VJ Yê$Z amhÊ`mMr j‘Vm Agë`mZo {Z{üV Mmam CËnmXZ
XoUmao {nH$ åhUyZ `m {nH$mH$So> nm{hbo OmVo. ÁdmarMm H$S>~m
XoIrb OZmdam§Zm Mmam åhUyZ XoVm `oVmo. ÁdmarMo Mmè`mH$[aVm
{dH${gV Ho$bobo dmU gw‘mao 3 Vo 4 ‘rQ>a C§M dmT>VmV. Ë`mMr
VmQ>o {hadrJma, nmboXma, agmi, éMH$a d nm¡{ï>H$ Agë`m‘wio
OZmdao Vr AmdS>rZo ImVmV. ÁdmarÀ`m Mmè`mV 8 Vo 10 Q>¸o$
à{WZo AgVmV.
 `m Mmam {nH$mgmR>r ‘Ü`‘ Vo ^mar d Mm§Jbr {ZMam hmoUmar
O‘rZ bmJVo. nyd©‘emJVrÀ`m doir hoŠQ>ar 5 Q>Z ^aIV
åhUyZ eoUIV AWdm H§$nmoñQ> IV O{‘ZrV {‘gimdo.
 CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV ’o$~«wdmar-‘mM© ‘{hÝ`mV noaUr H$amdr.
noaUrgmR>r ’w$bo JmoYZ, é{Mam, ’w$bo A‘¥Vm `m OmVtMr 30
g|‘r A§Vamda nm^arZo noaUr H$amdr. noaUrnwdu à{V Xhm {H$bmo
{~`mÊ`mg 250 J«°‘ A°PmoQ>mo~°ŠQ>a ho {OdmUy g§dY©H$ Mmoimdo.
20 ‘mM© & 2023
{Xdgm§Zr Úmdo.
 nÞmg Q>¸o$ nrH$ ’w$bmoè`mV (noaUrZ§Va 55 Vo 60 {Xdgm§Zr)
AgVmZm {nH$mMr H$mnUr H$amdr.
 {haì`m Mmè`mMo à{V hoŠQ>ar 450 Vo 500 q¹$Q>b CËnÞ
{‘iVo.
‘H$m
‘H$m ho ObX dmT>Umao, nmboXma, gH$g, éMH$a, A{YH$
CËnmXZj‘, nm¡{ï>H$ VgoM ^anya eH©$am`wº$ nXmW© AgUmao Mmam
nrH$ Amho. ‘Š`mÀ`m Mmè`mnmgyZ CÎm‘ XOm©Mm ‘waKmghr V`ma
H$aVm `oVmo. {haì`m Mmè`mV 9 Vo 11 Q>¸o$ à{WZm§Mo à‘mU AgVo.
 bmJdS>rgmR>r gwnrH$, H$gXma d {ZMam`wº$, ‘Ü`‘ Vo ^mar
O‘rZ {ZdS>mdr. EH$ Zm§JaQ> d Hw$idmÀ`m XmoZ- VrZ nmi`m
XoD$Z O‘rZ ^wg^werV H$amdr. nwd©‘emJVrÀ`m doir O{‘ZrV
hoŠQ>ar 5 Q>Z eoUIV Úmdo.
 noaUrgmR>r Am{’«$H$Z Q>m°b, ‘m§Oar H§$nmo{PQ>, J§Jm g’o$X-2,
{dO` `m OmVtMr {ZdS> H$amdr. noaUrgmR>r hoŠQ>ar 75 {H$bmo
{~`mUo bmJVo. noaUrnwdu à{V Xhm {H$bmo {~`mUmg 250 J«°‘
A°PmoQ>mo~°ŠQ>a `m {OdmUy g§dY©H$mMr ~rOà{H$`m H$amdr.
 CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV ’o$~«wdmar-‘mM© ‘{hÝ`mV nm^arZo 30 g|‘r
A§Vamda noaUr H$amdr.
 à{V hoŠQ>ar 100 {H$bmo ZÌ, 50 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX d 50 {H$bmo
nmbme Úmdo. `mn¡H$s 50 {H$bmo ZÌ, 50 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX d 50
{H$bmo nmbme noaUrÀ`mdoir d Cd©arV 50 {H$bmo ZÌmMm Xwgam
hám noaUrZ§Va EH$ ‘{hÝ`mZo Úmdm.
noaUrgmR>r hoŠQ>ar 40 {H$bmo {~`mUo bmJVo.
 hoŠQ>ar 100 {H$bmo ZÌ, 50 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX d 40 {H$bmo
nmbme Úmdo. Ë`mn¡H$s 50 {H$bmo ZÌ, 50 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX d
40 {H$bmo nmbme noaUrÀ`mdoir d Cd©[aV 50 {H$bmo ZÌ
noaUrZ§Va 30 {Xdgm§Zr Úmdo.
 10 Vo 12 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo Amdí`H$VoZwgma nmÊ`mÀ`m
nmi`m Úmì`mV.
 ImoS> ‘mer {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r noaUrÀ`m doir Wm`mo‘oWmoŠPm‘
2 J«°‘/{H$bmo {~`mUmg Mmoimdo AWdm [³dZm°b’$m°g 25
B.gr.350 {‘br 250 {b/hoŠQ>a nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ CJdUrZ§Va
10 {Xdgm§Zr ’$dmamdo d Xwgar ’$dmaUr [³dZm°b’$m°g 25
B.gr. 700 {‘br, 500 {b/hoŠQ>a nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ n{hë`m
’$dmaUrZ§Va 10 {Xdgm§Zr H$amdr.
 nÞmg Q>¸o$ nrH$ ’w$bmoè`mV (noaUrZ§Va 65 Vo 70 {Xdgm§Zr)
AgVmZm {nH$mMr H$mnUr H$amdr.
 {haì`m Mmè`mMo à{V hoŠQ>ar 500 Vo 550 q¹$Q>b CËnÞ
{‘iVo.
Mdir
‘Ü`‘ Vo ^mar Mm§Jë`m {ZMè`mÀ`m O{‘ZrV Mdir `m pìXXb
dJu` Mmam {nH$mMr noaUr ’o$~«ydmar Vo ‘mM© `m ‘{hÝ`mV H$amdr.
noaUrgmR>r œoVm, ~w§Xob bmo{~`m Am{U `w.nr.gr.5286 `m dmUm§Mr
30 g|‘r A§Vamda nm^arZo noaUr H$amdr. noaUrgmR>r 40 {H$bmo
àVr hoŠQ>ar {~`mUo dmnamdo. noaUrnwdu à{V Xhm {H$bmo {~`mÊ`mg
250 J«°‘ am`Pmo{~`‘ ho {OdmUy g§dY©H$ Mmoimdo.
 Mdir `m {nH$mg 20 {H$bmo ZÌ d 40 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX noaUrÀ`m
doir Úmdo.
 eoV VU{dahrV R>odwZ Iarn h§Jm‘mV JaOoZwgma 15 {Xdgm§Zr
nmUr Úmdo.
 noaUrZ§Va 60 Vo 65 {Xdgm§Zr H$mnUr H$amdr. {haì`m Mmè`mMo
250 Vo 300 q¹$Q>b àVr hoŠQ>ar CËnÞ {‘iVo. MdirÀ`m
Mmè`m‘Ü`o 13 Vo 15 Q>¸o$ à{WZo AgVmV.
g§H$arV Zo{nAa
~mOar d Zo{nAa `m§À`m g§H$amVwZ ’w$bo O`d§V d ’w$bo JwUd§V
ho XmoZ dmU ‘hmË‘m ’w$bo H¥${f {dÚmnrR>mZo ~hþdm{f©H$ Mmè`mgmR>r
àgmarV Ho$bo AmhoV. nmboXma, ‘D$, agmi d Am°ŠPmbrH$
A°grS>Mo à‘mUo AË`ën Agë`mZo OZmdam§Zm H$moUVmhr Anm`
hmoV Zmhr. EH$Xm bmJdS> Ho$ë`mda Xa 40 Vo 50 {Xdgm§À`m
A§VamZo {haì`m Mmè`mMr gbJ 3 Vo 4 df© H$mnUr H$aVm `oVo.
`m‘Ü`o 9 Vo 10 Q>¸o$ à{WZm§Mo à‘mU AgVo.
 g§H$arV Zo{nAaÀ`m bmJdS>rgmR>r H$gXma, ‘Ü`‘ Vo ^mar
Mm§Jë`m {ZMè¶mMr O‘rZ {ZdS>mdr. bmJdS>rnwdu C^r AmS>dr
Zm§JaQ> H$ê$Z 3 Vo 4 Hw$idmÀ`m nmù`m XodwZ O‘rZ ^wg^werV
H$amdr. eodQ>À`m Hw$idUrÀ`m doir à{V hoŠQ>ar 10 Q>Z Mm§Jbo
Hw$Obobo eoUIV O‘rZrV {‘gimdo.
 ’o$~«wdmar-‘mM© ‘{hÝ`mV R>mo~m§Ûmao AWdm XmoZ S>moù`m§À`m
H$m§S>çm 90 g|‘r A§Vamdarb gè`m§À`m ~JboV 60 g|‘r A§Va
R>odwZ bmJdS> H$amdr. à{V hoŠQ>ar 225 {H$bmo ZÌ, 75 {H$bmo
ñ’w$aX d 60 {H$bmo nmbme Úmdo, `mn¡H$s bmJdS>rÀ`m doir
75 {H$bmo ZÌ, 37.5 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX d 30 {H$bmo nmbme
Úmdo d Mma H$mnÊ`m Z§Va ~m§YUrÀ`m doir 30 {H$bmo ZÌ,
37.5 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX d 30 {H$bmo nmbme Úmdo VgoM àË`oH$
H$mnUrZ§Va à{V hoŠQ>ar 30 {H$bmo ZÌmMr ‘mÌm Úmdr.
 àË`oH$ H$mnUr bmJdS>rZ§Va 60 {Xdgm§Zr d Z§VaÀ`m H$mnÊ`m
45 Vo 50 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo H$amì`mV. H$mnUr O‘rZrnmgwZ
15 Vo 20 g|‘r C§Mrda H$amdr. Ë`m‘wio ’w$Q>do ’w$Q>Ê`mg
Mm§Jbr ‘XV hmoVo.
 {haì`m Mmè`mMo 1200 Vo 1500 q¹$Q>b à{V hoŠQ>ar àVr df©
CËnÞ {‘iVo.
~mJm`Vr ‘madob
~mJm`V ^mJmV {haì`m Mmè`mgmR>r ^anwa ’w$Q>do, JmoS> ({~«Šg
7.50), éMH$a, OmñV nM{Z`Vm (61.30 Q>¸o$) Agbobm "’w$bo
JmodY©Z' hm ‘madob JdVmMm ~hþdm{f©H$ dmU ‘Ü`‘ Vo ^mar,
H$gXma d CÎm‘ {ZMè`mÀ`m O{‘ZrgmR>r {dÚmnrR>mZo bmJdS>rgmR>r
{e’$mag Ho$bm Amho.
 45 x 30 g|‘r A§Vamda àË`oH$ {R>H$mUr XmoZ S>moi`m§Mr
EH$ H$m§S>r `mà‘mUo hoŠQ>ar 75 hOma H$m§S>çm§Mr bmJdS>
nmdgmù`mV OyZ Vo Am°JñQ> `m H$mbmdYr‘Ü`o H$amdr.
 hoŠQ>ar 10 Q>Z Mm§Jbo Hw$Obobo eoUIV ‘emJVrÀ`m doir
O{‘ZrV {‘gimdo. EHy$U IV ‘mÌm 160 {H$bmo ZÌ, 40
{H$bmo ñ’w$aX d 20 {H$bmo nmbme àVr hoŠQ>ar àVr df© Úmdo
`mn¡H$s g§nyU© ñ’w$aX d nmbme bmJdS>rÀ`m doir d àVr dfu
Úmdo VgoM ZÌ AmR> g‘mZ hßË`mV 20 {H$bmo àVr hoŠQ>a
bmJdS>rÀ`m doir àË`oH$ H$mnUrZ§Va 45 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo
Úmdo. nmdgmù`mV JaO ^mgë`mg 15 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo
nmUr Úmdo.
 n{hbr H$mnUr bmJdS>rnmgwZ 50 Vo 60 {Xdgm§Zr H$amdr.
Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mnÊ`m Xa 45 Vo 50 {Xdgm§Zr H$amì`mV.
df©^amV à{V hoŠQ>ar 600 Vo 700 q¹$Q>b {hadm Mmam 6 Vo
8 H$mnÊ`mÛmao {‘iVmo.

eoVH$ar ‘m{gH$mMo dJ©UrXma ìhm!
1. nmoñQ>m‘m’©$V ‘{ZAm°S>©a H$éZ eoVH$ar ‘m{gH$mMo
dJ©UrXma hmoVm ¶oB©b.
2. Am°ZcmB©Z nÕVrZohr gras.mahakosh.gov.in
¶m H$m¶©àUmcrÛmao eoVH$ar ‘m{gH$ dJ©UrXma hmoD$
eH$Vm.
A{YH$ ‘m{hVrgmR>r 020-25537331 ¶m H«$‘m§H$mda
g§nH©$ H$amdm.
dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur -250/- én¶o
d {Ûdm{f©H$ dJ©Ur-500/- én¶o
‘mM© & 2023 21
 ÐmjmMr E{àb
N>mQ>Ur

S>m°. gVre OmYd d S>m°. {dH$mg ^mboamd, ApIb ^maVr¶ g‘Ýd`rV ’$i{nHo$ g§emoYZ àH$ën ‘’w$H¥${d, amhÿar, {O. Ah‘XZJa
X{jU d n{ü‘ ^maVmV g‘erVmoîU hdm‘mZm‘wio Ðmj dobm§Mr dmT> df©^a Mmby AgVo. hr dmT> AerM hmoD$ {Xë`mg
’$iYmaH$Voda {dnarV n[aUm‘ hmoD$ eH$VmV, Ë`m‘wio hr dmT> Wm§~dyZ dobm§Mr eº$s ’w$bo d ’$io `m§À`m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r
IM© ìhmdr åhUyZ Ðmj dobm§Mr dfm©VyZ XmoZ doim N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJVo. `m CbQ> CÎma ^maVmVrb W§S>rÀ`m h§Jm‘mV Ðmj
dobm§Mr dmT> hmoV Zmhr. Ðmj dobm§Mr ZdrZ dmT> ’o$~«wdmar-‘mM©‘Ü`o gwê$ hmoD$Z OyZ-Owb¡n`ªV MmbVo. Ë`m‘wio CÎma
^maVmV dfm©VyZ ’$º$ EH$XmM åhUOo dg§V F$VwÀ`m gwê$dmVrbm dobm§Mr N>mQ>Ur H$aVmV.

‘ hmamï´>mV E{àb‘Ü`o ’$im§Mr VmoS>Ur g§në`mda Amobm§S>`mda

’$º$ EH$ S>moim R>oD$Z OwZr H$mS>r nyU©nUo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mÀ`m
à{H«$`obm IaS> (E{àb) N>mQ>Ur Ago åhUVmV. `m N>mQ>UrZ§Va
åhUVmV. Ðmj IaS> N>mQ>UrÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmda Odinmg 80%
KS>{Z{‘©Vr d Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mo CËnmXZ Adb§~yZ AgVo.

dobmdarb S>moù`m§‘YyZ Z{dZ Omo‘Xma ’y$Q> {ZKVo d Am°ŠQ>mo~a N>mQ>Ur {Z`moOZ:

‘{hÝ`mn`ªV `m ’$m§Úm§Mr dmT> nyU© hmoD$Z Ë`m n¸$ ~ZVmV. ÐmjdobrMo gVV dmT> hmoV am{hë`mg ÐmjdobrZm Z¡g{J©H$
gßQ>|~a qH$dm Am°ŠQ>mo~a ‘{hÝ`mV {d{eï> OmVrà‘mUo 3 Vo 4 S>moio {dlm§Vr {‘iy eH$V Zmhr. ÐmjdobrMr dfm©VyZ XmoZ doim H$aÊ`mV
Agbobo ’$mQ>o qH$dm 8 Vo 15 n`ªV S>moio Agbobo bm§~ dbm§So> `oUmar N>mQ>Ur Am{U g~Ho$Z, gwna g~Ho$Z, ’w$Q>tMr Ho$br
R>odyZ nwÝhm N>mQ>Ur H$aVmV ’$iN>mQ>Ur/ Am°ŠQ>mo~a N>mQ>Ur Ago OmUmar {daiUr `mÛmao Zme hmoUmao AÞKQ>H$, ’$iCËnmXZmV

22 ‘mM© & 2023

IMu nS>bobo AÞKQ>H$ d Ë`m‘wio ÐmjdobrMr IMu Pmbobr eº$s
{dMmamV KoVm H$mT>UrZ§Va dobrg {dlm§Vr XoUo AË`§V Amdí`H$
Amho. Ë`mgmR>r {dlm§VrMm H$mbmdYr gmYmaUV: 30 Vo 40
{Xdgm§Mm Agmd`mg hdm. Ðmj H$mT>UrZ§Va dobrg {dlm§Vr XoUo
åhUOo dobrg VmU XoUo Zìho. H$mhr doim {dlm§Vr XoUo åhUOo
~mJoH$So> Xwb©j H$aUo, Agmhr KoVbm OmVmo. na§Vw Ðmj ~mJobm
{dlm§Vr XoUo åhUOo IVo d nmUr XoD$Z dobrg nwZé‚mr{dV H$aUo
hmo`; Ë`m‘wio dobrÀ`m {dlm§Vr H$mimVXoIrb ~mJoMr {ZJm amIUo
Amdí`H$ AgVo. `mM H$mimV ~mJog H$mhr à‘mUmV AÞÐì`o
d nmUrnwadR>m Ho$ë`mg ÐmjdobrMr IMu Pmbobr eº$s ^ê$Z
{ZKÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio {dlm§VrÀ`m H$mbmdYr‘Ü`o dobrMo
nmofU d ì`dñWmnZ Ho$ë`mg dobrMr PrO ^ê$Z `oVo. VgoM
dobr‘Yrb AÞÐì`o dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV hmoVo. IaS> N>mQ>UrZ§Va ~mJ
bdH$a ’w$Qy>Z `oÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r {dlm§Vr H$mimV Ðmj
H$mT>UrZ§Va ~mJog EHy$U IV‘mÌon¡H$s Xhm Q>¸o$ IVm§Mr ‘mÌm
Úmdr. Ë`mgmR>r ~moX ’$moSy>Z ¿`mdoV d {e’$maerZwgma amgm`{ZH$
IVm§Mm dmna H$amdm. à{VEH$ar gmYmaUV: 26.6 {H$bmo ZÌ,
35.5 {H$bmo ñ’w$aX Am{U 26.6 {H$bmo nmbme Úmdo. IV XoUogmR>r
XmoZ dobt‘Ü`o ~w§Ü`mnmgyZ 9 B§M gmoSy>Z 3 Vo 4 B§M Imob Aer
2 ’y$Q> é§X Mmar ¿`mdr, Ma KoVë`m‘wio dobrÀ`m ~è`mM ‘yù`m
VwQ>Vrb d ^anya nmUr {Xë`mZ§Va ZdrZ nm§T>ar Aer H$m`©j‘
‘wir V`ma hmoB©b. nmUr H$‘r Agob qH$dm XwîH$mimMr n[apñWVrV
Mmar KoD$ Z`o, H$maU Oa nmUr H$‘r nS>bo Va ZdrZ ‘wù`m
Iyn H$‘r ’w$Q>VmV d PmS>mbm em°H$ ~gy eH$Vmo d Ë`mMm {dnarV
n[aUm‘ KS> {Z{‘©Vrda hmoD$ eHo$b. Mmar‘Ü`o 2 K‘obo qH$dm
10-15 {H$bmo Mm§Jbo Hw$Obobo eoUIV Q>mH$mdo d {e’$maerZwgma
amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm dmna H$amdm d Ë`mda D$g nmMQ> qH$dm
‘Š`mMm dmibobm H$S>~m Q>mHy$Z Mmar ‘mVrZo PmHy$Z ¿`mdr d
nmUr Úmdo. eŠ`Vmo ‘mVr narjU H$ê$ZM Vkm§À`m g„²`mZwgma
‘w»` d gyú‘ AÞÐì` IVm§Mm dmna H$amdm. ~aoMXm na§Vw IaS>
N>mQ>Ur‘Ü`o nyU© H$mS>r H$mTy>Z Q>mH$br OmV Agë`mZo nmZm§H$Sy>Z
Ambobm AÞgmR>mXoIrb H$mS>r~amo~a H$mT>bm OmVmo. Ë`mgmR>r
BWo’$moZMm dmna Z H$aUoM `mo½` amhrb. dobrÀ`m Amoir‘Yrb
‘moH$ir OmJm d ~moX df©^amVrb H$m‘m‘wio nyU©nUo H$R>rU qH$dm
KÅ> Pmbobo AgVmV. Aem KÅ> ‘mVr‘Ü`o ‘wim§Mr dmT> hmoUo H$R>rU
AgVo. KÅ> Pmbobo ~moX VrZ-Mma B§M ImoXë`mg ~moXm‘Ü`o hdm
IoiVr amhÿZ ‘wirÀ`m dmT>rg AZwHy$b dmVmdaU V`ma hmoB©b.
~moX ImoXVmZm H$mhr à‘mUmV OwZr Pmbobr ‘wio VwQ>VmV. Ë`m‘wio
ZdrZ ‘wir dmT>Ê`mg gwadmV hmoVo. ‘mVr ‘moH$ir Ho$ë`mMm ’$m`Xm
gmYmaU EH$m ‘{hÝ`mZo ~mJoV
{Z{üV {XgyZ `oVmo.
{dlm§Vr H$mimV
dobrMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z
Ë`m§Mo AmYma n¸o$ H$aUo,
VgoM Iam~ Pmbobo
Amobm§So> H$mT>Uo
`mgmaIr H$m‘o H$amd`mg hdrV. Ë`m‘wio N>mQ>UrZ§Va `mo½` àH$mao
H$mS>çm§Zm di{dUo eŠ` hmoVo. {dlm§Vr H$mimV ‘mVrMm Z‘wZm
VnmgyZ KoVë`mg df©^am‘Ü`o O‘rZ gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r H$amd`mÀ`m
H$m‘m‘Ü`o ‘mJ©Xe©H$ R>aVmo. Aem àH$mao {dlm§Vr H$mimV ~mJoVrb
H$m‘m§Mo {Z`moOZHo$ë`mg nwT>rb CËnmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo `mo½` R>aVo.
VgoM ‘mJrb h§Jm‘mVrb amoJm§Mm d {H$S>tÀ`m g‘ñ`m§Mm {dMma
H$ê$Z AmVmnmgyZ ì`dñWmnZ Ho$ë`mg nwT>rb CËnmXZmVrb
’$dmaÊ`m H$‘r H$aÊ`mg ‘XV hmoD$ eH$Vo. ‘mJÀ`m h§Jm‘mVrb
~waerMm àmXw^m©d AmVm ~mJoV Zgbm Var Ë`m amoJm§Mo {OdmUy,
{dfmUy ~mJoV Agy eH$VmV. Ë`mgmR>r Ðmj H$mT>UrZ§Va nyU©
~mJog EH$ Q>¸$m ~moS>m}{‘lU VgoM XrS> {‘.{b. Šbmoamonm`[a’$m°g
à{V{bQ>a nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ ’$dmaUr H$amdr.
N>mQ>Ur Z§VaMo ì`dñWmnU:
IaS> N>mQ>Ur hr Am°ŠQ>mo~a (JmoS>r) N>mQ>UrMm nm`m AgVmo.
H$maU IaS> N>mQ>UrMm CÔoe ‘mbH$mS>çm V`ma H$ê$Z KoUo
AgVmo. `m ‘mbH$mS>çmdarb S>moù`m§‘Ü`o gyú‘ KS>m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr
hmoVo. IaS> N>mQ>Ur hm ÐmjdobtÀ`m dm{f©H$ dmT>rMm nm`m g‘Obm
OmVmo. N>mQ>Urnydu `mo½` ‘emJV H$ê$Z gmYmaUnUo 15-20 Q>¸o$
‘wù`m§Mr Zd{Z{‘©Vr hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUyZ {dlm§Vr Z§Va
N>mQ>Urnydu 15 {Xdg AJmoXa ~mJog nmUr Úmdo. Z§Va dmngm
Amë`mda Imob ‘emJV H$amdr. Ë`m‘wio VUm§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV hmoVmo
d WmoS>çm à‘mUmV ‘wim§Mr N>mQ>Ur hmoVo. Aem {R>H$mUr ZdrZ
Ho$g‘wio ’w$Q>VmV. n[aUm‘r AÞÐì`o emofUmMo à‘mUhr dmT>Vo.
IaS> N>mQ>Urnydu ZÌ 40 Q>¸o$, ñ’w$aX 50 Q>¸o$ d nmbme 33 Q>¸o$
hr IV ‘mÌm Úmdr. Va E{àb N>mQ>Ur doiog g|{Ð` IVmMm dmna
EHy$U ‘mÌmÀ`m 40 Q>¸²$`m§n`ªV H$amdm. amgm`{ZH$ IVm~amo~a
N>mQ>Urnydu Mm§Jbo Hw$Obobo eoUIV gyú‘ AÞÐì`o d 30 Vo 40
{H$bmo {OdmUy IVo Mam§‘Ü`o dobrÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zr ÚmdrV. dê$Z
‘mVrZo PmHy$Z hbHo$go nmUr XoD$Z E{àb N>mQ>Ur H$amdr.
N>mQ>Ur H$aVmZm ‘mJrb h§Jm‘mV dmT>bobr ’y$Q>, EH$ S>moim
R>odyZ N>mQ>dr. ~è`mM {R>H$mUr 2-3 S>moù`mda H$mS>r N>mQ>bobr
{XgyZ `oVo. `m H$mS>rda daMm S>moim ~marH$ Agë`m‘wio Vmo bdH$a
’w$Q>Vmo, Imbrb S>moim bdH$a ’w$Q>V Zmhr. Oa Ë`mM Amobm§S>çmda
~marH$ H$mS>r Agë`mg Ë`mdarb S>moim nwÝhm ~marH$ amhrVmo. Ago
Ho$ë`mg ’w$Q>r ‘mJonwT>o ’w$Q>VmV. åhUyZ àË`oH$ H$mS>r EH$ S>moim
amIyZ N>mQ>Uo JaOoMo AgVo. ‘mJrb h§Jm‘mV Amobm§S>m N>moQ>m am{hbm
Agë`mg qH$dm ñQ>o‘ ~moAaa‘wio Amobm§S>m Iam~ Pmbm Agë`mg
qH$dm gy`©àH$memÀ`m A{YH$ Vrd«Vo‘wio Amobm§S>m S>mJmibobm
Agë`mg `m {R>H$mUr ’w$Q>r {ZKUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. Aemdoir
IaS> N>mQ>UrÀ`m doir Amobm§S>m
dmT>dUo JaOoMo AgVo. Aem
n[apñWVrV Amobm§S>çmÀ`m
eodQ>À`m Q>moH$mH$So>
CnbãY Agbobr
‘mJrb h§Jm‘mVrb
‘mM© & 2023 23
H$mS>r Vmaoda ~m§YyZ ¿`mdr. `m {R>H$mUr H$mhr df© OwZm Agbobm
Amobm§S>m d ZwH$VrM didbobr ‘mJrb h§Jm‘mVrb H$mS>r Aem
XmoZ àH$maÀ`m H$mS>çm {XgyZ `oVrb. `m n[apñWVr‘wio OwÝ`m
Amobm§S>çmda d ZwH$VrM didbobr H$mS>rda EH$mM doir ’w$Q>
{ZKUma Zmhr. `m {R>H$mUr EH$mM doir ’w$Q>r {ZKÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo
OwÝ`m Amobm§S>çmda ’$º$ hm`S´moOZ gm`Zm‘mB©S>Mo nopñQ>§J H$amdo
(20-25 {‘{b à{V{bQ>a nmUr), Va ZdrZ didboë`m H$mS>rda
nopñQ>§J H$aUo Q>mimdo. nopñQ>§J H$‘r Pmë`mZ§VaM H$amdo, AÝ`Wm
Ðmj S>moù`mg BOm hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. VgoM ZdrZ H$mS>rMr
bm§~r 4-5 noè`m§nojm OmñV Zgmdr. Amobm§S>çmdarb gd©M OwÝ`m
H$mS>çm 1 S>moim amIyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mì`mV. Amobm§S>m Iam~ Pmbm
Agë`mg Ë`mM doir Iam~ Pmbobm Amobm§S>m H$mnyZ ¿`mdm d
ZdrZ Amobm§S>m V`ma H$amdm.
~mJ N>mQ>ë`mZ§Va ~aoM eoVH$ar ~mJ ’w$Q>Ê`mgmR>r à`ËZ
H$aVmV ‘mÌ ~mJoVrb Amobm§S>çmÀ`m {dñVmamH$So> nyU© Xwb©j
H$aVmV. H$mhr eoVH$ar Ðmj ~mJoVrb Amobm§So> Iyn ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmV dmT>dVmV Ë`m‘wio ‘mJrb Amobm§So> EH$Va ‘wHo$ hmoVmV
qH$dm C{eam ’w$Q>VmV. Aem n[apñWVrV EM nÕV Agmo qH$dm
qgJb Amobm§S>m nÕV Agmo bmJdS>rÀ`m A§VamZwgma àË`oH$
~mOybm 3 Vo 3.5 ’w$Q>m§Mm Amobm§S>m ~ZdyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho.
Amobm§So> OmñV dmT>dbo AgVrb Va Vo H$Q> H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
E{àb, ‘o ‘{hÝ`mVrb A{V CÝhm‘wio gwÜXm Amobm§So> ’w$Q>Ê`mg
H$mhrdoiog Cera hmoV AgVmo. Aem n[apñWVrV ~mJodaVr
gmdbr H$aUo ¶mgmaIo n`m©` H$ê$ eH$Vmo. CÝhmnmgyZ Ðmj
KS>mÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r eoS>ZoQ> VgoM H$mnS>mMm dmna Ðmj ~mJoV
Ho$bobm Agë`mg Vo H$mT>Ê`mMr KmB© H$ê$ Z`o. eoS>ZoQ>‘Yrb
dobtZm EH$gma»`m, VgoM gmV Vo AmR> {Xdg bdH$a ’w$Q>r
{ZKVmV. ~è`mM doim H$mhr eoVH$ar CÝhm‘Ü`o Amobm§S>çmbm
nmUr ’$dmaÊ`mMm n`m©` {ZdS>VmV ’$º$ ho nmUr Jƒ ’$dmabo
OmZo JaOoMo Amho.
~mJ N>mQ>ë`m Z§Va Ðmj ~mJog nmÊ`mMm VmU nSy> XoD$
Z`o, H$m`‘ ‘wim§À`m H$m`©joÌmV nyU© dm’$gm R>odmdm. jmam§À`m
gm{ÞÜ`mV nm§T>è`m ‘witMr dmT> `mo½` àH$mao hmoD$ eH$V
Zmhr, Ë`m‘wio ‘wù`m§À`m H$m`©joÌm‘Ü`o gmMbobo jma H$mTy>Z
Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r J§YH$ nmdS>a 50 {H$bmo à{V EH$a `m à‘mUmV
‘mVr‘Ü`o {‘gimdr. H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr ^anya nmUr XoD$Z {ZMè`mg
‘XV H$amdr. `mMm ’w$Q>rgmR>r Mm§Jbm ’$m`Xm hmoVmo. N>mQ>UrZ§Va
gmVì`m Vo AmR>ì`m {XdgmnmgyZ amoO XmoZ Vo VrZ doim nmÊ`mMr
’$dmaUr H$amdr, Ë`m‘wio Amobm§S>çmda AmЩVm {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z
EH$gma»`m ’w$Q>r {ZKÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b. N>mQ>UrZ§Va 45 Vo 60
{Xdgm§Z§Va ‘mbH$mS>çmdarb S>moù`m§‘Ü`o gyú‘ KS>{Z{‘©Vr hmoV
AgVo, åhUyZ Ðmjm‘Ü`o hm H$mbmdYr nmUr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m
Ñï>rZo A{Ve`‘hÎdmMm AgVmo.

24 ‘mM© & 2023
H$mS>r ì`dñWmnZ
~mJ ’w$Q>ë`m Z§Va ~mJo‘Ü`o AZmdí`H$ ’w$Q>r H$‘r
H$amì`mV åhUOoM {daiUr H$amdr. nwT>rb h§Jm‘mV KS>mÀ`m
{dH$mgmH$[aVm Amdí`H$ Agboë`m ‘moOŠ`mM ’w$Q>r R>odyZ
BVa AZmdí`H$ ’w$Q>r, {VaŠ`m d Imbrb {XeoZo dmT>Umè`m
’w$Q>r H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mì`mV. gmYmaUV… àË`oH$ dJ©’y$Q>
A§VamH$[aVm 0.55 Vo 0.60 ’w$Q>r amImì`mV. `mnojm
OmñV Agboë`m ’w$Q>r Ëd[aV H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mì`mV. ’w$Q> 4-5
nmZmÀ`m AdñWoV AgVmZm EH$gmaIm OmS>rÀ`m ’w$Q>r
amIyZ BVa ’w$Q>do H$mT>Uo ‘hÎdmMo Amho. Voìhm OmñV OmS>
AgUmè`m d EH$X‘ ~marH$ Aem C{eam {ZKUmè`m ’w$Q>r
Ëd[aV H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mì`mV. N>mQ>UrZ§Va 10-12 {XdgmZr
S>moio ’w$Q>Ê`mÀ`m AdñWoV ’w$Q>rÀ`m g§ajUmH$[aVm
H$m~m©arb ’$dmaUr H$amdr. Omo‘Xma dmT>rÀ`m (5 nmZmÀ`m)
AdñWoV 500 nrnrE‘ {bhmogrZMr ’$dmaUr H$amdr AWdm
nmÊ`mMm VmU Úmdm. N>mQ>UrnmgyZ 30 {Xdgmn`ªV ZÌ d
nmUr ^anya Úmdo d H$mS>çmMr dmT> H$ê$Z H$mS>r X‘Xma
H$ê$Z ¿`mdr. ~mJobm Amdí`H$ Agbobo nmUr CnbãY
Agë`mg H$mS>r 7 nmZm§À`m AdñWoV 5 nmZm§da IwSy>Z
g~Ho$Z V`ma H$amdr, AÝ`V: gai H$mS>r R>odmdr. 40ì`m
{Xder 10 nrnrE‘ 6-~rE Mr µ’$dmaUr Úmdr. `m‘wio
H$mS>rdarb S>moù`m§‘Ü`o gyú‘ KS>{Z{‘©Vr hmoÊ`mg ‘XV
hmoVo. 45 Vo 50 {XdgmÀ`m H$mimV 50 {H$bmo àVr EH$a
nmbme Úmdo. `m‘wio ÐmjH$mS>r geº$ hmoD$Z ^yargma»`m
amoJmg OmñV ~ir nS>V Zmhr. 45 Vo 60 {Xdgm§À`m
H$mbmdYrV ZÌ ~§X H$ê$Z nmÊ`mMr ‘mÌm 1/3 H$amdr.
e|S>m IwS²ë`mZ§Va Amboë`m ~Jb’w$Q>rda 5 nmZo Amë`mZ§Va
nwÝhm 500 nrnrE‘ {bhmogrZMr ’$dmaUr Úmdr. 5 nmZo d
12 nmZo `m AdñWoV 50 nrnrE‘ `wam{gbMr ’$dmaUr
Úmdr. 15 nmZmÀ`m AdñWoV e|S>çmMr qnMtJ H$amdo
åhUOo H$mS>r gai amhrb. nmD$g OmñV Agë`mg qH$dm
Vgo dmVmdaU OmñV H$mi T>Jmi Agë`mg {bhmogrZMr
’$dmaUr ‘mÌm dmT>dyZ Úmdr d dmT> Wm§~dmdr. {Z`m©Vj‘
Ðmj CËnmXZmV {bhmogrZMm dmna H$ê$ Z`o. EH$gmaIr
ZdrZ ’w$Q> H$mTy> Z`o, Ë`m‘wio V`ma Pmbobo AÞÐì` dm`m
OmVo. 60 {XdgmVZ§Va nwÝhm nmbme XoD$Z n¹$Vm H$ê$Z
Úmdr. H$moaS>`m dmVmdaUmV ^yarMm àmXw^m©d ’$dmaUr
H$ê$Z Q>mimdm. V`ma Pmboë`m H$S>çm Vmaoda gwVirZo
~m§YyZ ¿`mì`mV. Ë`m‘wio gy`©àH$me EH$gmaIm nSo>b d
KS>{Z{‘©Vr Mm§Jbr hmoB©b.ZdrZ ’w$Q> OmñV `oV Agë`mg
60 {XdgmZ§Va nmÊ`mMr ‘mÌm H$‘r H$amdr. VgoM
H$mS>r n¹$ Pmë`mZ§Va Amdí`H$ ~waerZmeH$m§Mr Am{U
{H$S>ZmeH$mMr ’$dmaUr H$amdr.
 CÝhmù¶mV Ho$ir {nH$mMr ¿`md`mMr H$miOr d {ZJm
S>m°. M§ÐeoIa nwOmar, àm. A§Ocr ‘|T>o, S>m°. JUoe Xoe‘wI,
ApIc ^maVr` g‘pÝdV ’$i gwYma àH$ën, Ho$ir g§emoYZ H|$Ð, OiJmd.
’o$~«wdmar ‘{hZm gwê$ Pmcm åhUOo CÝhmi`mMr Mmhÿc cmJVo. CÝhmir h§Jm‘ Ho$ir ’$i{nH$mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo AË`§V ‘hËdmMm AgVmo.
H$maU Ho$ir ho ’$i{nH$ A{VW§S> hdm‘mZ d A{V CîU hdm‘mZmg AË`§V g§doXZerc AgVo. {H$‘mZ d H$‘mc Vmn‘mZ ghZ
H$aÊ`mMr Ho$ir ’$i{nH$mMr ‘`m©Xm hr 10 Vo 33 g|.J«o. AgyZ H$‘mc Vmn‘mZ 40 g|.J«o n`ªV ghZ H$ê$ eH$Vo. na§Vw hdm‘mZ
~XcmM Ho$ir {nH$mV ‘moR>o AmìhmZ {Z‘m©U Pmco Amho. Joë`m 4 - 5 dfm©À`m Vmn‘mZmÀ`m AmH$So>dmar da ZOa Q>mH$cr H$s cjmV
`oB©c H$s {hdmi`mV ~è`mM doim Vmn‘mZ 10 go.J«o. nojm H$‘r OmVo d Ago Vmn‘mZ Iwn {Xdg amhVo. VgoM CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV
XoIrc Vmn‘mZ 40 g|.J«o. nojm OmñV OmVo d Ago Cƒ Vmn‘mZ {XK©H$mi amhVo. {H$‘mZ d H$‘mc Vmn‘mZmÀ`m ghZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m
‘`m©Xo n{cH$So> Vmn‘mZ Joë`mg gmh{OH$M Ho$ir {nH$mÀ`m dmT>rda {dnarV narUm‘ {XgyZ `oVmo.

Ho$ ir ’$i{nH$ Cƒ Vmn‘mZmg H$m g§doXZerc AgVo, ‘wimVM Ho$ir

{nH$mMo ImoS> ho AH$mð>r` AgyZ Ë`mg gmoQ>‘yi ZgVo. PmS>mMr
{dñVrU© nmZo ho hr EH$ ‘hËdmMo H$maU Amho. ‘hmamï´>mV OyZ ‘{hÝ`mV
Á`m ‘¥J~mJoMr ‘moR>`m à‘mUmV cmJdS> Ho$cr OmVo. `mM H$mimV ‘¥J~mJoMr
KS> {ZgdyZ Vo dmT>rÀ`m AdñWoV AgVmV. Ë`m‘wio CîUVm, CîUdmao,
OmoaXma dmao, JmanrQ>, nmZo ’$mQ>Uo, KS> gQ>H$Uo, PmS>mMo ImoS> ‘YmVyZM
‘moS>Uo BË`mXr àH$mao Ho$ir {nH$mMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV Ho$ir
{nH$mMo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ nwT>rbà‘mUo.
1. Vmn‘mZ d gw`©àH$me
Vmn‘mZ 40 go.J«o. nojm A{YH$ Joë`mg Ho$irÀ`m nmZm§Mr àH$me
g§ícofU {H«$`m ‘§XmdVo. Vrd« gw`©àH$mem‘wio nmZm§Mr npíM‘oH$S>rc H$S>m
H$anVo. VgoM A{YH$ Vmn‘mZ d Vrd« gw`©àH$me `m‘wio ~mînmoËg©OmZmMm
doJ dmT>Vmo. VgoM ~mînr^dZm‘wio O{‘ZrVrc Amocmdm H$‘r hmoVmo. Ë`m‘wio
‘wim§Mr nmUr d AÝZÐì` emofyZ KoÊ`mMr {H«$`m ‘§XmdVo. Ë`mMm gai
n[aUm‘ PmS>mÀ`m dmT>rda d KS>mÀ`m JwUdËVoda hmoVmo. Vrd« CÝhm‘wio
{Zgdcoë`m KS>mVrc daÀ`m ~mOyÀ`m ’$Ê`m H$anyZ dmiyZ OmVmV. KS>m§Mm
Xm§S>m H$mim nSy>Z H$‘Hw$dV hmoD$Z KS> gQ>H$VmV VgoM KS>mVrc ’$Ê`m
XoIrc JiyZ nS>VmV. ZdrZ cmJdS> Ho$coë`m chmZ amonm§Mr nmZo gwair
VgoM amhÿZ nmZo C‘cV Zmhr, nmZo nmT>§ar {XgVmV d Vr H$anVmV.
2. dmam
CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV dmè`mMm doJ hr OmñV AgVmo d ho dmao CîU
AgVmV. `m‘wio ~mînmoËg©OZmMm doJ dmT>Vmo. PmS>mVrc d nmZmVrc
nmÊ`mMo à‘mU H$‘r hmoVo. VgoM ~mînr^dZmMm doJ dmTy>Z O{‘ZrVrc
Amocmdm H$‘r hmoVmo. `m§Mm EH${ÌV {dnarV narUm‘ PmS>m§À`m dmT>rda
d KS> nmogÊ`mda hmoVmoM. VgoM dmè`m‘wio dmVmdaUmV ngacocr Yyi
nmZmda OmD$Z ~gVo. dmè`m‘wio nmZm§À`m KS>mVrc ’$im§da Kf©U
hmoD$Z d VgoM Ywir‘wio KS>mÀ`m AmH$f©H$Voda narUm‘ hmoD$Z JwUdËVm
ImcmdVo. dmè`m‘wio PmS>mMr nmZo ’$mQy>Z {Pa{‘i hmoVmV. Ë`m‘wio
àH$me g§ícofUmMr {H«$`m ‘§XmdVo. doJmZo dmhUmè`m dmè`m§‘wio KS> V`ma
hmoÊ`mÀ`m AdñWoVrc PmS>mMo ImoS> ‘YmV ‘moS>Vo. dmXir dmè`m‘wio nwU©
PmS>M CÝ‘iyZ nS>Vo. Ë`mV JmanrQ> Pmcr Va PmS>m§Mr nmZo ’$mQ>VmV
qH$dm g§nyU© nmZo ‘moSy>Z nS>VmV. KS>mda d ImoS§>mda OI‘m hmoVmV.
CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV Ho$ir ~mJm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ d {ZJm
1. cmJdS>rMo A§Va d cmJdS> nÜXV :
Ho$ir {nH$mMr cmJdS> JmXr dmâ¶mda dmUm§Zwgma `mo½` A§Vamda
H$amdr. ’w$co àmB©S> d lr‘§Vr `m ~wQ>Š`m dmUm§Mr cmJdS> 1.5 ‘r x 1.5
‘r A§Vamda Va J«°S>Z¡Z `m dmUmMr cmJdS> 1.75 x 1.75 ‘r A§Vamda
H$amdr.

‘mM© & 2023 25


2. dmamamoYH$ Hw§$nUmMr cmJdS> :
Ho$ir ~mJ ì`dñWmnZmV dmam amoYH$ Hw§$nUmMr ’$ma ‘hËdmMr ^y{‘H$m
Amho. Ho$irMr cmJdS> H$aVm§ZmM ~mJo^modVr dmamamoYH$ Hw§$nUmMo {Z`moOZ
H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mgmR>r eodar hr CËH¥$ï> dmam amoYH$ Amho. Ho$ir
~mJo^modVr XmoZ AmoirV eodarMr cmJdS> H$amdr. dmamamoYH$mMm ’$m`Xm
Ho$di CÝhmir h§Jm‘mVM Zìho Va {hdmir h§Jm‘mZ XoIrc hmoVmo. Ago
dmamamoYH$ CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV Ho$ir ~mJoMo doJmZo dmhUmè`m CîU dmè`mnmgyZ
g§ajU H$aVo. gmh{OH$M nmZo ’$mQ>Uo, KS> gQ>H$Uo d KS>mVrc ’$io
JiyZ nS>Uo, PmS> ‘YmVM ‘moS>Uo qH$dm CÝ‘iyZ nS>Uo Ago ZwH$gmZ
Q>iVo. VgoM ~mJoVrc PmS>mVrc ~mînmoËg©oOZ d O{‘ZrV ~mînr^dZmMm
doJ H$‘r Pmë`mZo nmZm§Mr VmR>aVm Am{U O{‘ZrVrc Amocmdm {Q>Hy$Z
amhVmo. Ë`m‘wio ~mJoVrc PmS>m^modVrÀ`m gwú‘ dmVmdaUmV ~Xc
hmoD$Z AmЩVm dmT>Vo. dmamamoYH$m‘wio Ywi AS>{dcr OmV Agë`mZo
àH$meg§ícofUmMr {H«$`m gm‘mÝ` amhVo d KS>mMr JwUdËVmhr {Q>Hy$Z
amhVo. Ago Agco Var eoVH$ar eodar cmdÊ`mH$So> Xwc©j H$aVmV. H$mhr
eoVH$ar eoS>ZoQ>Mm dmna H$aVmV. eoS>ZoQ> cmdVm§Zm eoS>ZoQ>À`m Hw$n§UmMr
C§Mr Ho$irÀ`m PmS>mnojm C§M Agcr nm{hOo. eoS>ZoQ>Mm dmna ‘mÌ IwnM
IMuH$ ~m~ Amho.
3. nmUr ì`dñWmnZ :
CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV dmT>coco Vmn‘mZ Vrd« gw`©àH$me d dmè`mMm
doJ `m‘wio PmS>m§Mr nmÊ`mMr JaO dmT>Vo. CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV PmS>mVyZ
~mînmoËg©OZmMm doJ d O{‘ZrVyZ ~mînr^dZmMm doJ dmT>Vmo. PmS>mMo d` d
Vmn‘mZ H$jmV KoD$Z doir PmS>mg nmUr XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {R>~H$mìXmao
à{V PmS> à{V {XZ Úmd`mMr nmÊ`mMr ‘mÌm nwT>rc V³Ë¶mV {Xcr Amho.
Ho$irgmR>r nmÊ`mMr JaO ({c.à{V PmS> à{V {Xdg)
A. H«$. nmUr XoÊ`mMr Ho$irgmR>r nmÊ`mMr JaO
doi ({c.à{V PmS> à{V {Xdg)
1 1 Vo 4 ‘{hZo 4.5 Vo 6 .5
2 5 Vo 9 ‘{hZo 9 Vo 11
3 10 dm ‘{hZm 14 Vo 16
4 11 dm ‘{hZm 18 Vo 20
5 12 dm ‘{hZm 21 Vo 24
(darc nmÊ`mMr ‘mÌm ‘mJ©Xe©H$ AgyZ ~mînr^dZmMm doJ, O{‘ZrMm
àH$ma d nrH$ dmT>rÀ`m AdñWm `mZwgma `mo½` Vo ~Xc H$amdm.)
26 ‘mM© & 2023
4. AÝZÐì` ì`dñWmnZ :
KS> {ZgdÊ`mÀ`m VgoM KS> n¹$VoÀ`m AdñWoV Agcoë`m ‘¥J ~mJog
hOma PmS>m§gmR>r 12 AmR>dSo> n`ªV à{V AmR>dS>m 5.5 {H$. `w[a`m Am{U
7 {H$.å`waoQ> Am°’$ nmoQ>m°e Va ‘w»` dmT>rÀ`m AdñWoV Agcoë`m H$m§Xo
~mJmg 13 {H$. `w[a`m Am{U gmSo>AmR> {H$. (8.5) å`waoQ> Am°’$ nmoQ>°e
à{V hOma à{V AmR>dS>m ’$Q>uJoeZ ìXmao Úmdo.
5.Ho$irMo KS> ì`dñWmnZ :
CÝhmi`mV ‘¥J ~mJoMr Ho$ir KS> {ZgdÊ`mÀ`m VgoM KS> n¹$VoÀ`m
AdñWVoV AgVo. Ho$irMm KS> nyU© {Zgdë`mZ§Va VgoM Ho$i H$‘i
VmoS>ë`mZ§Va 10 {cQ>a nmÊ`mV 50 J«°‘ nmoQ>°{e`‘ S>m`h°S´moOZ ’$m°ñ’o$Q>
A{YH$ 100 J«°‘ `w[a`mMr ñQ>rH$a gmo~V 15 {XdgmÀ`m A§VamZo XmoZ
doim KS>mda ’$dmaUr H$amdr. n{hcr ’$dmaUr Ho$i’y$c d eodQ>Mr ’$Ur
H$mnë`mZ§Va Va Xygar ’$dmaUr n{hë`m ’$dmaUr Z§Va 15 {Xdgm§Zr
H$amdr. `m Z§Va Ho$irÀ`m KS>m§Mo Vrd« gw`©àH$me d YwirnmgyZ {H$aUm§nmgyZ
g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zm°Z dwìhZ àH$mamVrc H$mnS>mMr qH$dm gpÀN>ÐVm
Agcoë`m nm°crWrZ {neì`m§Zr KS> PmHy$Z ÚmdoV.
6. PmS>m§Zm AmYma XoUo :
Ho$ir PmS>mMo ImoS> A^mgr (AH$mð>r`) ImoS> Agë`mZo Vo H$‘Hw$dV
AgVo. Ë`m‘wio dmè`m‘wio ImoS> ‘moSy>Z nS>Uo qH$dm CÝ‘iyZ nS>Uo `m
g‘ñ`m Ho$ir {nH$mV OmñV AmhoV. `mgmR>r OyZ ‘Ü`o cmJdS> Ho$coë`m ‘¥J
~mJocm åhUOoM KS> dmT>rÀ`m AdñWoV Agcoë`m ~mJocm nm°cràm°crZÀ`m
nQ²>Q>`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo AmYma Úmdm. ~m§~w H$mR>`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo XoIrc
AmYma XoVm `oVmo. na§Vw Vo AË`§V I{M©H$ AgVo.
7. AmÀN>mXZmMm dmna :
Ho$ir {nH$mÀ`m XmoZ AmoirV 30 ‘m`H«$m°Z OmS>rÀ`m M§Xoar - H$mi`m
a§JmMo AmÀN>mXZ H$amdo. ho eŠ` Zgë`mg D$gmMo nmMQ>, JìhmMm ^ygm,
gmo`m~rZMm ^ygm Aem g|Ðr` nXmWmªMo AmÀN>mXZ H$amdo. AmÀN>mXZm‘wio
~mînr^dZmÀ`m doJ H$‘r hmoVmo O{‘ZrVrc nmÊ`mMo A§e {Q>Hy$U amhVmo.
O{‘ZrV Cn`wŠV gwú‘ OrdmUyÀ`m g§»`oV dmT> hmoVo, KS> gQ>H$Ê`mMo
VgoM PmSo> CÝ‘iyZ nS>Ê`mMo à‘mU Iwn H$‘r hmoVo. Ë`mMm EH${ÌV
n[aUm‘ dmT>rV hmoVmo.
8. ~mînamoYH$mMm dmna :
Ho$irÀ`m nmZmVyZ hmoUmè`m ~mînr^dZmÀ`m doJ {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
CÝhmi`mV 15 {Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo Ho$AmocrZ ~mînamoYH$ nmdS>aMr
80 J«°‘ Ho$AmocrZ nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ à{V {cQ>a ’$dmaUr H$amdr. `m
’$dmaUr‘wio Ho$irÀ`m nmZmda nm§T>am Wa V`ma hmoVmo. d Vmo nmZmVrc
qN>ÐmZm Ae§V… ~§X H$aVmo.
Aem àH$mao Ho$ir ~mJoMo EH$mpË‘H$ nÕVrZo ì`dñWmnZ Ho$ë`mg
CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV Ho$ir {nH$mMo hmoUmao g§^mì` ZwH$gmZ Q>iyZ Ho$irÀ`m
XO©oXma KS>m§Mo ^aKmog CËnÝZ {‘iVo.

 Am§~m {Z`m©V d à{H«$`m CÚmoJ g§Yr
lr. JmoqdX hm§So>, H¥$fr godm aËZ, H¥$fr {Z`m©V g„mJma, ‘hmamï´> amÁ` ’$bmoËnmXZ A{^`mZ, H¥$fr Am`wº$mb`, nwUo
gÜ`mÀ`m OmJ{VH$ ‘wº$ AW©ì`dñWo‘wio H¥$fr ‘mbmÀ`m OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmamV bjUr` dmT> Pmbobr Amho. `m‘Ü`o CËnmXZmMm
dmQ>m Am{U Ë`mVhr Am§ã`mgma»`m ’$i{nH$m§Mm dmQ>m bjUr` Amho. Xoem§VJ©V d Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmamV Am§ã`mÀ`m ‘mJUrV
dmT> hmoV AgyZ {Z`m©Vrghr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV MmbZm {‘iV Amho. `mVyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm Am§~m eoVrVyZ {deofV… à{H«$`m Ûmao
‘wë`d{Y©V H$ê$Z dmT>rd CËnÞ {‘idÊ`mMr amoOJma {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mMr Am{U {Z`m©VrVyZ OmñVrV OmñV CËnÞ {‘i{dÊ`mMr
Am{U Xoembm naH$s` MbZ {‘idyZ XoÊ`mMr Mm§Jbr g§Yr àmá Pmbr Amho.

Om J{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oV {Z`m©VrÀ`m ‘moR>çm g§Yr {Z‘m©U Pmbobo

AmhoV. VgoM ‘moR>çm ñnYm© hr {Z‘m©U Pmbobo AmhoV. `m
ñnY}V {Q>H$m`Mo Agob Va JwUdÎmobm n`m©` Zmhr Am{U Amnbm eoV‘mb
hm {Z`m©Vj‘ XOm©Mm d JwUdÎmoMm V`ma H$am`Mo Pmë`mg CÎm‘ eoVr
nÕVrbm n`m©` Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio JwUdÎmm `m KQ>H$mH$So> bj XoÊ`mMr
{ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho. JwUdÎmm Onbr VaM ñWm{ZH$
d OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oV Amnë`m eoVH$è`mÀ`m ‘mbmbm nwaoer ‘mJUr
{Z‘m©U H$aUo Am{U ñnY}V {Q>Hy$Z amhUo eŠ` hmoB©b. {Z`m©VrÀ`m Ñï>rZo
Am§~m CËnmXH$mgmR>r EH$ ‘moR>r g§Yr Oar CnbãY Pmbr Agbr Var
XoIrb `m g§YrMm bm^ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr AmìhmZo {deofV… ’$i‘mer
‘wº$ CËnmXZ, H$sS>ZmeH$ Cd©[aV A§e ‘wº$ d JwUdÎmm BË`mXr ~m~rbm
gm‘moao OmÊ`mgmR>r {Z`m©Vj‘ XOm©Mo Am§~m CËnmXZmda {deof ^a XoUo
Amdí`H$ Pmbobo Amho.
^maV hm Am§~m CËnmXZmV OJmV àW‘ H«$‘m§H$mda Amho. OJmÀ`m
Am§~m CËnmXZmn¡H$s 50 Q>¸o$ Am§~m CËnmXZ ^maVmV hmoVo. ‘hmamï´>mV
‘moR>çm à‘mUmV hmnyg, Ho$ea `m dmUmMr bmJdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambobr
Amho. Iwë`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUm‘wio Am§~m {Z`m©Vr H$aVm Am§~m CËnmXH$mg
‘moR>r g§Yr CnbãY Pmbobr Amho. gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV {Z`m©Vj‘ Am§ã`mbm
‘mJUr dmT>V Amho. Am§ã`mMm nën hm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {Z`m©V hmoV Amho.
hr {Z`m©V dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r XO}Xma CËnmXZm~amo~aM Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m
JwUdÎmoH$So>hr VodT>oM bj eoVH$è`m§Zm Úmdo bmJUma Amho. Am§ã`mMr
{Z`m©V àm‘w»`mZo Aa~ A‘oarVr, `wZm`Q>oS> qH$JS>‘, H$Vma, Zonmi,
H°$ZS>m, O‘©Zr, Hw$doV, Amo‘Z d BVa Xoe VgoM Am§ã`mMm nën gm¡Xr
Aao{~`m, ZoXab±S>, A‘o[aH$m, H°$ZS>m, O‘©Zr, Mm`Zm, Hw$doV, Amo‘Z
BË`mXr Xoem§Zm Ho$br OmVo
OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>o‘Ü`o Xadfu 17 bmI ‘°{Q´H$ Q>Z Am§ã`mMr ‘mJUr
Amho. na§Vw Amnë`m XoemVyZ ’$ma H$‘r à‘mUmV Am§ã`mMr {Z`m©V hmoVo.
joÌmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg d ~mOmanoR>oMr ‘mJUr bjmV KoD$Z {Z`m©Vrg
‘moR>m dmd Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Am`mVXma Xoem§À`m ¹$ma§Q>mB©Z aoJwboeZ VgoM
JwUdÎmm d Q´o{g{~{bQ>r ~m~V h‘r XoUo Amdí`H$ Pmbobo Amho. ^maVmVyZ

gZ 2021- 22 ‘Ü`o ^maV d ‘hmamï´>mVyZ Am§~m d Am§ã`mMm nënMr {Z`m©V d ‘yë` `mMm Vnerb Imbrbà‘mUo
AZwH«$‘m§H$ Am§~m ^maV ‘hmamï´>
{Z`m©V ‘o. Q>Z ‘yë` H$moQ>rV {Z`m©V ‘o. Q>Z ‘yë` H$moQ>rV
1 Am§~m 27873 327 20874 283
2 Am§~m nën 123477 925 15064 128
3 Am§ã`mMo H$mn 8109 57 309 11
EHy$U 159459 1309 36247 422

‘mM© & 2023 27

gZ 2021 -22 ‘Ü`o Am§ã`mMr OmV{Zhm` {Z`m©VrMm Vnerb Imbrb à‘mUo Amho
AZwH«$‘m§H$ Am§ã`mMr OmV ^maV ‘hmamï´>
{Z`m©V ‘o. Q>Z ‘yë` H$moQ>rV {Z`m©V ‘o. Q>Z ‘yë` H$moQ>rV
1 hmnwg 5995 75 3718 69
2 Ho$ea 2319 51 1886 42
3 ~oJ‘n„r 1674 23 1295 15
4 Mm¡gm 26 0.37 5 0.14
5 Xeoar 76 0.83 42 0.51
6 b§JS>m 122 1.20 48 0.64
7 VmoVmnwar 150 1.23 147 1.19
8 ‘{bH$m 61 0.65 47 0.50
9 BVa OmVr 17448 175 13683 154
EHy$U 27873 327 20874 283

{deofVm ‘hmamï´> amÁ`mVyZ hmnyg d Ho$ea `m Am§ã`mMr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mÛmao hr JwJb ßbo ñQ>moAa da OmD$Z A°n
{Z`m©V H$aÊ`mV `oVo. S>mD$ZbmoS> H$ê$Z Am°ZbmBZÛmao AO© nmR>dÊ`mÀ`m ì`dñWm CnbãY
amÁ`mVrb Am§~m {nH$mImbrb joÌ d {Z`m©Vrbm Agbobm dmd H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
{dMmamV KoD$Z gZ 2022- 23 `m dfmª‘Ü`o `wamo{n`Z `w{Z`Z d BVa 3. AO© àmá Pmë`mZ§Va àË`j Am§~m ~mJmMr VnmgUr VnmgUr
Xoem§Zm Am§~m {Z`m©VrH$[aVm VgoM Am`mVXma Xoem§À`m ßbm§Q> ¹$ma§Q>mB©Z A{YH$mè`m‘m’©$V H$ê$Z ‘±JmoZoQ>Ûmao g§~§{YV eoVH$è`m§Zm {Z`m©Vj‘
aoJwboeZÀ`m AQ>rMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mH$[aVm AnoS>mÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo ‘±JmoZoQ> `m Am§~m CËnmXH$ eoVH$ar åhUyZ Zm|XUr à‘mUnÌ XoÊ`mV `oVo..
H$m`©àUmbrMr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV `oV Amho. ‘±JmoZoQ> `m Am°ZbmBZ 4. Am§~m {Z`m©VXmam§Zmhr ‘±JmoZoQ> Ûmao Zm|XUr Ho$boë`m eoVH$è`m§MmM
H$m`©àUmbrMr à^mdrnUo A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm AnoS>m, ’$bmoËnmXZ Am§~m `mo½` Vr Q´rQ>‘|Q> H$ê$Z g§~§{YV ’$m`Q>m°g°ZoQ>ar AWmo[aQ>r H$Sy>Z
{d^mJ ‘hmamï´> emgZ, ‘hmamï´> amÁ` H¥$fr nUZ ‘§S>i, Am§~m CËnmXH$ ’$m`Q>mog°ZoQ>ar g{Q©>{’$Ho$Q> KoD$ZM {Z`m©V H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
eoVH$ar, Am§~m {Z`m©VXma, Am§~m n°H$hmD$g YmaH$, Q´rQ>‘|Q> àmoìhm`S>a 5. {Z`m©Vj‘ Am§~m ~mJm§Mr Zm|XUr ‘±JmoZoQ> A§VJ©V Ho$ë`m~m~VMr ‘mJUr
BË`mXtMm g‘mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. VgoM Ë`m‘Ü`o àË`oH$mÀ`m A‘o[aH$m, Mm`Zm, Ý`yPrb§S>, Am°ñQ´o{b`m, OnmZ, gmD$W H$mo[a`m,
O~m~Xmè`m d H$V©ì` {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV Ë`mZwgma H$m`©dmhr ‘bo{e`m ‘m°[aeg `m XoemH$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. Ë`mZwgma
H$aÊ`mV `oVo. AnoS>m Ûmao ‘±JmoZoQ>Mr Am°ZbmB©Z H$m`©àUmbr V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr
{Z`m©Vj‘ Am§~m ~mJmMr ‘±JmoZoQ>Ûmao Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm gd© {Oëhm AgyZ Ë`mMr à^mdr A§‘b~OmdUr ’$bmoËnmXZ {d^mJm‘m’©$V
H¥$fr A{YH$mar `m§Zm Zm|XUr A{YH$mar åhUyZ àm{YH¥$V H$aÊ`mV Ambo H$aÊ`mV `oV Amho.
Amho. VgoM VmbwH$m H¥$fr A{YH$mar `m§Zm g‘Ýd` A{YH$mar d gd© H¥$fr
ghmæ`H$, H¥$fr n`©dojH$ d H¥$fr A{YH$mar `m§Zm {Z`m©Vj‘ Am§~m ~mJmMr gZ 2022-23 23 ‘Ü`o 31 OmZodmar 2023 AIoa ‘±JmoZoQ>
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Amho. à‘mUo Amho
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30 ‘mM© & 2023

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B{VhmgmV Joë`mg Ago {XgyZ `oB©b {H$ ^maVm‘Ü`o ‘mJrb XeH$m‘Ü`o
OrE‘ dm§Jo {~`mÊ`m§da ~§Xr AmUbr Jobr Vr AOyZ MmbyM Amho. na§Vw
Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV àW‘ ~m§JbmXoe Am{U Z§Va {’${bnmBÝg `m
Xoem§Zr XoIrb Amnbr AÞgwajm YmoŠ`mV Amë`m‘wioM `m {~`mÊ`m§Zm
‘mÝ`Vm XoD$Z Ë`mV `e XoIrb {‘idbo Amho.
AWm©V `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ {ZU©`m‘wio AmnU `wÕ qOH$bo Ago
Zmhr. Va {h ’$º$ gwadmV Amho. H$maU OrE‘ {~`mÊ`m{déÕ n{dÌm
AgUmè`m AJ{UV ^maVr` g§KQ>Zm§‘Ü`o naV EH$Xm Omoe Ambm
Amho. Var XoIrb gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mV OrE‘ ‘mohar dmnamÀ`m nadmZJr
~m~VÀ`m {ZU©`m{déÕÀ`m `m{MHo$‘Ü`o gaH$maZo {ZU©`mÀ`m ~mOyZo
OrE‘ ‘mohar Am{U CËnmXZdmT>
AmVm OrE‘ ‘mohar dmnam‘wio Z¸$s H$m` ~Xb
hmoVrb ho nmhÿ. EH§$XarV CnbãY ‘m{hVrMm {dMma
H$aVm OrE‘ ‘moharÀ`m ì`mnmar CËnmXZmbm {ZXmZ
AOyZ XmoZ h§Jm‘ Var Omdo bmJVrb. noaUrÀ`m Ñï>rZo
hm aã~r h§Jm‘ g§në`mV O‘m Amho. åhUOo nwT>rb EH$
dfm©V Oar H$m`Xoera à{H«$`m Am{U gaH$mar AIoaMr
‘§Owar {‘imbr Ago J«mø Yaë`mg 2023 À`m aã~r
h§Jm‘m‘Ü`o ’$maVa OrE‘ {~`mÊ`m§Mo CËnmXZ Ho$bo
OmB©b. ho {~`mUo bdH$amV bdH$a åhUOo 2024 À`m
aã~r h§Jm‘mVM CnbãY hmoB©b. åhUOo Amnë`mbm `mMm
’$m`Xm {‘iÊ`mgmR>r 2025 ho df© COmSo>b. CËnmXH$Vm
dmT>r~m~V ~mobm`Mo Va n{hë`m dfm©V gmYmaUnUo
20-25 Q>¸o$ EdT>rM dmT> Ano{jV Amho Va OmJ{VH$
AZw^d OmñVrV OmñV 30% EdT>mM Amho. åhUOo
joÌ-dmT> Am{U ZdrZ {~`mUo O‘og Yabo Var ‘mohar
CËnmXZ gÜ`mÀ`m 80-90 bmI Q>Zmdê$Z 2025
‘Ü`o OmñVrV OmñV 120 bmI Q>Z EdT>oM hmoB©b.
dmT>rd 30 bmI Q>Z ‘moharnmgyZ OmñVrV OmñV 13-
14 bmI Q>Z VobmMo CËnmXZ hmoB©b. åhUOoM naV
EHy$U Am`mV AZw‘m{ZV 150 bmI Q>Zm§dê$Z 137
bmI Q>Z EdT>rM H$‘r hmoB©b. Iao Va nwT>rb VrZ dfm©V
ImÚVobmMo dmT>rd CËnmXZ ho Ho$di dmT>rd ‘mJUrM nyU©
H$arb. åhUOo Am`mV {Z^©aVm EH$Va pñWa hmoB©b qH$dm
WmoS>rerM H$‘r hmoB©b. na§Vw Vobm§Mr ‘hmJmB©dmT> nmhVm
hohr Zgo WmoS>Ho$ EdT>o Var åhUVm `oB©b. na§Vw OrE‘
‘moharÀ`m `em‘wio gmo`m~rZ ‘Ü`o OrE‘ dmnamMm ‘mJ©
gwH$a hmoB©b. Am{U Ë`mVyZ VobmÀ`m CËnmXZdmT>r~amo~aM
eoVH$è`m§Mo CËnÞ dmT> gmYUo eŠ` hmoB©b.
^¸$‘ n{dÌm KoVë`mMo {XgyZ `oV Amho . Va da åhQ>ë`mà‘mUo
^maVmÀ`m Am`mV {Z^©aVo‘Ü`oM Amnbo {hV Agboë`m OJmVrb
gd©M g§KQ>Zm, Ë`m§Mo H$V}-H$adË`m H§$nÝ`m Am{U gaH$mao `m§Zr
AàË`j nUo `m {ZU©`m{déÕ Ý`m`ì`dñWogH$Q> gd© ‘mJmªMm Adb§~
H$aÊ`mgmR>r naV EH$Xm H§$~a H$gbr Amho. AbrH$So>M VrZ H¥$fr
H$m`Xo Á`mà‘mUo ‘mJo KoVbo Ë`mà‘mUoM OrE‘ ‘moharMo XoIrb hmoB©b
{h Ë`m§Mr Anojm. Ë`m‘wioM åhQ>bo Amho {H$ AmVm Hw$R>o `wÕ gwé
Pmbo Amho Am{U Vo qOH$m`MoM Agm n{dÌm `m Xoemda ào‘ H$aUmè`m
àË`oH$mZo, VgoM H¥${fjoÌmVrb g§KQ>Zm, eoVH$ar ZoVo Am{U H§$nÝ`m
`m§Zr KoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. Va ‘mÜ`‘m§Zr XoIrb Amnbm Q>rAmanr
~mOybm R>oD$Z `m {ZU©`-{damoYr g§KQ>Zm§Mo Xmdo Am{U Ë`m‘mJrb
gË`Vm `m~m~V ^S>H$nUm ~mOybm R>oD$Z d¡km{ZH$Vm VnmgyZM ‘J
Ë`mMr XIb ¿`mdr.

‘mM© & 2023 31
 {dÐmì` IVm§Ûmao AÞÐì` ì`dñWmnZ
S>m°. {ZVrZ H$m|So>, S>m°. àH$me H$Sy>, S>m°. kmZoœa ‘mir, S>m°. {Zb‘ H$Ugo
‘¥X {dkmZ d H¥$fr agm`Zemó {d^mJ, S>m° n§Om~amd Xoe‘wI H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>, AH$mobm
H$moUË`mhr {nH$mÀ`m Omo‘Xma dmT>rgmR>r ‘w»`, Xwæ`‘ Am{U gyú‘ AÞÐì`o {‘iyZ 17 AÞÐì`o bmJVmV. AÞÐì`m§Mr JaO
{nH$m§À`m dmT>rÀ`m AdñWoZwgma ~XbV AgVo. hdm‘mZmVrb ~Xb, O{‘ZrMm àH$ma, gw{nH$Vm, Amobmdm, CnbãY AÞÐì`o,
nrH$ g§ajU d ì`dñWmnZ `m gd© ~m~tMm {nH$m§À`m dmT>rda d CËnmXZmda VgoM JwUdÎmoda n[aUm‘ {XgyZ `oV AgVmo. eoVr ‘Ü`o
IVm§Mr H$m`©j‘Vm hr H$‘r Agë`mH$maUmZo Am{U nrH$ dmT>rÀ`m H$mimV H$mhr AÞÐì`m§Mr H$‘VaVm {XgyZ `oV Agë`mZo VgoM
gXa H$‘VaVo‘wio {nH$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm H$‘r hmoV Agë`mZo ’$dmaUrÛmao qH$dm {R>~H$ qgMm§ZmÛmao IVm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ hm gwdU©‘Ü`
hmoD$ eH$Vmo. `m nÕVr‘wio amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm d nmÊ`mMm H$m`©j‘ dmna H$ê$Z H$‘r IMm©V A{YH$ nrH$ CËnmXZ KoUo eŠ`
hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio {dÐmì` IVm§Mm Cn`moJ hm nrH$ dmT>rÀ`m H$mimV Mm§Jë`m àH$mao Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo.

Xo emVrb dmT>Vo qgMZmMo joÌ ~KVm IV dmna gwÕm dmT>bobm {XgyZ

`oV Amho. IV dmnamMm hmM Xa H$m`‘ am{hë`mg 2020 ‘Ü`o
416 bmI ‘o{Q´H$ Q>Z IVm§Mr JaO ^mgy eH$Vo (Am`ao 2012)
na§Vw ‘mVrVyZ {Xë`m OmUmè¶m IVm§Mr H$m`©j‘Vm H$‘r Agë`mZo Am{U
qgMZmMr gw{dYm CnbãY Agë`mZo ‘mJrb H$mhr H$mimV {dÐmì`
IVm§Mm Cn`moJ hm dmT>bobm AmT>iyZ `oV Amho. ^maV Xoem‘Ü`o 2011-
12 ‘Ü`o 32000 Q>Z {dÐmì` IVm§Mm dmna Ho$bm Jobm (Am`ao 2012).
{dÐmì` IV dmnaë`mZo Odinmg 30-50 Q>¸o$ IV dmnamV ~MV hmoVo
Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho. ‘hmamï´>mVrb 19 Q>¸o$ joÌ ho qgMZmImbr Amho,
VgoM ‘hmamï´>mÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmV {XgyZ `oUmar {nH$m§‘Yrb {d{dYVm
bjmV KoVm {dÐmì` IVm§Mm dmna ’$m`Xoera R>aVmo Amho.
noaVmZm AÞÐì`m§Mm nwadR>m Ho$ë`mg Am{U Vmohr g§Vw{bV Zgë`mg
AÞÐì`m§À`m H$‘VaVm {XgyZ `oVmV. `m‘wio, {nH$m§Mr emIr` dmT> Oar
Pmbr Var ’w$bmoam VgoM YZo ^aÊ`mÀ`m H$mimV AÞÐdo H$‘r nS>ë`mg
Ano{jV CËnmXZ {‘iÊ`mg AS>MUr `oVmV. Ë`m‘wio 80-90 {XdgmV
`oUmè`m {nH$m‘Ü`o noaUrÀ`m 30 {XdgmZ§Va VgoM 45 {XdgmZ§Va Am{U
H$mnyg Am{U Vya `mgma»`m {nH$m‘Ü`o noaUrZ§Va 30-35, 40-60
Am{U 80-90 {XdgmZ§Va AÞÐì`m§Mm nwadR>m Ho$ë`mg {nH$m§À`m àË`oH$
AdñWo‘Ü`o AÞÐì`m§Mo g§VwbZ Pmë`mZo ’w$bmoam Mm§Jbm `oD$Z XmZo
^aÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo. noaUrZ§Va 30-35 {Xdgm§Zr ZÌ Am{U ñ’w$aX VgoM
40-45 {XdgmZ§Va nmbme `m AÞÐì`mMm nwadR>m Ho$ë`mg AË`§V
Mm§Jbo n[aUm‘ {XgyZ `oVmV. nrH$ dmT>rÀ`m H$mimV AÞÐì`m§Mm nwadR>m
hm Zoh‘rÀ`m amgm`{ZH$ IVm‘YyZ AWdm {dÐmì` IVm‘YyZ H$aVm `oVmo.
CnbãY ‘Oya, AÞÐì`m§Mr H$m`©j‘Vm ‘mVrVyZ {Xë`m OmUmè¶m IVm‘wio
eoVmV dmT>Umao VU Am{U CËnmXZmVrb dmT> bjmV KoVm {dÐmì` IVo
’$m`Xoera R>aVmV. Ë`m‘wio H$moUVr {dÐmì` IVo AmnU dmnê$ eH$Vmo
`m~ÔbMm Chmnmoh Imbr Ho$bm Amho.
ñQ>rH$g© dmnaUo ’$m`ÚmMo AgVo. ~mOmam‘Ü`o doJdoJir IVm§Mr J«oS>
CnbãY AmhoV. Ë`m Ë`m AdñWo‘Ü`o Vr J«oS> ’$dmaë`mg gd©M {nH$m§‘Ü`o
IVm§darb IM© H$‘r hmoD$Z CËnmXZm‘Ü`o dmT> {XgyZ `oVo. {nH$mÀ`m
dmT>rÀ`m AdñWoZwgma doJdoJir IVm§À`m J«oS>Mr {ZdS> H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr
{nH$m§da ’$dmaUr H$amdr.
{dÐmì` IVm§Mo ‘hËd:
 {dÐmì` IVo hr ‘mVrVyZ {Xë`m OmUmè¶m amgm`{ZH$ IVm§À`m VwbZoV
{nH$m§Zm bdH$a CnbãY hmoVmV
 amgm`{ZH$ IVo O{‘ZrVyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Cera Pmbm Agë`mg, hr
IVo ’$dmaUrÛmao XoVm `oVmV
 {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ Am{U amgm`{ZH$ IVmMm emómoº$ dmna `mV gm§JS>
KmbUo gmono OmVo.
 {dÐmì` IVo {d^mJyZ XoVm `oVmV.
 {nH$m§À`m ‘wim§À`m H$m`©H$joVyZ {ZMê$Z qH$dm dm`wê$nmV dm`m
OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$‘r AgVo, Ë`m‘wio {dÐmì` IVm§Mr H$m`©j‘Vm
hr 70 Vo 80 Q>¸o$ amhVo
 {dÐmì` IVm§Mr H$m`©j‘Vm hr O{‘ZrMo JwUY‘©, nmÊ`mMr JwUdÎmm,
IVmMr jmaVm, ImVo XoÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr Am{U IVo XoÊ`mMr gmYZo
`mda Adb§~yZ AgVo
{dÐmì` IVm§Mm dmna Ho$ìhm§ H$amdm:
 OmñV nmÊ`m‘wio {nH$m§Zm AÞÐdo {‘iV Zgë`mg
 nrH$ AÞÐì`mMr H$‘VaVm Xe©{dV Agë`mg
 ‘mVrVyZ {Xë`m OmUmè`m IVm§Mr H$m`©j‘Vm Iyn H$‘r Agë`mg
 qgMZmMr Am{U qgMZ g§MmMr CnbãYVm Agë`mg
 ’$dmaUr H$aÊ`m H$[aVm Agboë`m gw{dYm CnbãY Agë`mg

{dÐmì` IVo: ~mOmam‘Ü`o CnbãY Agbobo {d{dY J«oS>Mo {dÐmì` IVo:

{dÐmì` IVo hr nmÊ`mV nwU©nUo {daKiUmar AgVmV. Ë`m‘wio hr 1) 19:19:19 /20:20:00:--
IVo {nH$m§Zm ’$dmaUrÛmao qH$dm {R>~H$Ûmao XoUo g§¶wº$sH$ Amho . hr IVo `m‘Ü`o ZÌ, ñ’w$aX d nmbme hr AÞÐì`o g‘à‘mUmV AmhoV. `m J«oS>bm
{nH$m§Zm bdH$a CnbãY hmoVmV. hr IVo {nH$m§À`m dmT>rÀ`m AdñWoV ñQ>mQ>©a J«oS> Agohr åhUVmV. `mVrb ZÌ hm A‘mB©S>, A‘mo{ZA‘/
XoÊ`mH$[aVm ’$m`Xoera AmhoV. {dÐmì` IVo ’$dmaUrÛmao XoV AgVmZm A‘mo{ZH$b d Zm`Q´oQ> `m {VÝhr ñdê$nmV AgVmo. `m IVmMm

32 ‘mM© & 2023

 àm‘w»`mZo nrH$ dmT>rÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m AdñWoV emIr` dmT>rgmR>r
Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
2) 12:61:00- `mbm ‘moZmo A‘mo{ZA‘ ’$m°ñ’o$Q> åhUVmV. `m‘Ü`o
A‘mo{ZH$b ZÌ H$‘r (12%) AgyZ nmÊ`mV {daKiUmè`m ñ’w$aXmMo
(61%) à‘mU OmñV AgVo. ZdrZ ‘wim§À`m VgoM ( Omo‘Xma
emH$s` dmT>rgmR>r) ’$i-’$m§Úm§À`m dmT>rgmR>r VgoM ’w$bm§À`m `mo½`
dmT>rgmR>r d nwZê$ËnmXZmgmR>r `m IVmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
3) 00:52:34 - `m IVmg ‘moZmo nmoQ>°{eA‘ ’$m°ñ’o$Q> åhUVmV.
`mV ñ’w$aX d nmbme hr AÞÐì`o AmhoV. ’w$bo bmJÊ`mnydu d
bmJë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mbmdYrgmR>r ho IV Cn`wº$ Amho. {nH$m‘Ü`o
~m|So>, e|Jm, ’$im§Mr `mo½` n¹$Vm d gmbrÀ`m AmH$f©H$ a§JmgmR>r ho
IV {deofËdmZo dmnabo OmVo
4) 13:0:45 - `m IVmg nmoQ>°{eA‘ Zm`Q´oQ> åhUVmV. `mV ZÌmMo
à‘mU H$‘r AgyZ nmÊ`mV {dÐmì` nmbmeMo à‘mU OmñV AgVo.
’w$bmoè`mZ§VaÀ`m AdñWoV d n¹$Vm AdñWoV `m IVmMr Amdí`H$Vm
AgVo. AÞ{Z{‘©Vr d Ë`mÀ`m dhZmgmR>r ho IV Cn`moJr Amho.`m
IVm‘wio nrH$ Adf©UàdU pñWVrV VJ YaVo.
5) 00:00: 50:18- `m IVmg nmoQ>°{eA‘ gë’o$Q> åhUVmV. `m
IVm‘Ü`o nmbme ~amo~a CnbãY ñdê$nmVrb J§YH$ AgVmo.
n¹$VoÀ`m AdñWoV ho IV Cn`moJr nS>Vo. ho IV ’$dmabo AgVm ^war
gma»`m amoJmMohr {Z`§ÌU hmoD$ eH$Vo. `m IVm‘Ü`o nmbme Am{U
J§YH$ Agë`m‘wio ‘wio nrH$ Adf©UàdU pñWVrV VJ Yê$ eH$Vo
Am{U JirV YÝ` {nH$m§gmR>r ’$m`Xoera Amho .
6) 13: 40: 13 :- nmË`m, ’w$bo bmJÊ`mÀ`mdoir `m IVmMr ’$dmaUr
Ho$ë`mg ’w$bJi Wm§~yZ H$nmerMr ~m|So> dm AÝ` {nH$m§V e|JmMr
g§»`m dmT>Vo.
7) H°pëe`‘ Zm`Q´oQ> (Calcium Nitrate)- ‘wim§Mr dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r
VgoM nrH$ H$mQ>H$ hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo dmT>rÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV d
~m|So> qH$dm e|JmdmT>rÀ`m AdñWoV `m IVmMm dmna hmoVmo.
8) 24:24:00- `mVrb ZÌ hm Zm`Q´oQ> d A‘mo{ZH$b ñdê$nmVrb
noaUrZ§Va 10 {Xdg noaUrZ§Va 30 {Xdg noaUrZ§Va 60 {Xdg
Amho. empI` dmT>rÀ`m VgoM ’y$bYmaUm AdñWoV Ë`mMm dmna
H$aVm `oVmo. {dÐmì` IVm§Mm dmna H$arV AgVmZm Am{U Ë`m§Mr
‘mÌ H$mT>V AgVmZm, ‘mVr narjU hm ‘hËdmMm ‘wÔm Amho. IV
‘mÌ R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r ‘mVrMr JwUY‘} hr ‘m{hV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho,
AÝ`Wm IVm§darb IM© dmT>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. ‘mVr narjU
AhdmbmVrb ghm ñVar` dJuH$aUmZwgma AWdm {d{dY {nH$m§H$[aVm
{dH${gV Ho$boë`m Jw§UgwÌmZwgma Am{U qgMZmÀ`m nmù`mZwgma ‘mÌm
R>admdr. ghgm {dÐmì` IVm§Mm dmna H$arV AgVmZm 3-4 J«°‘ àVr
{bQ>a `m à‘mUmV {d{dY J«oS> Mm dmna Ho$ë`m OmVmo, H$mhr doim
7-8 J«°‘ àVr {bQ>a IV dmna gm§{JVë`m Jobm Amho. åhUOoM 10
{bQ>aÀ`m Q>mH$sgmR>r 70-100 J«°‘ IV dmnaUo JaOoMo Amho.
noaUr H$arV AgVmZm H$moUVohr IV {Xbo Zgë`mg, {nH$m§À`m
gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV åhUOoM noaUrZ§Va 10-20 {Xdg àVr EH$ar
100-150 {bQ>a nmUr (’$dmaUr H$[aVm) ‘YyZ {dÐmì` IVo XoVm
`oVmV. na§Vw {nH$m§À`m ‘Yë`m H$mimV (noaUrZ§Va 35-40) 200-250
{bQ>a Va Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV 400-500 {bQ>a nmUr ’$dmaUr H$[aVm
Ano{jV AgVo, Ë`mZwgma nrH$ dmT>rÀ`m AdñWoZwgma, AÞÐì`m§Mr
H$‘VaVm bjmV KoD$Z {d{dY J«oS>Mm dmna H$amdm. eŠ`Vmo emIr`
dmT>rÀ`m H$mimV ZÌmMo à‘mU OmñV AgUmao {dÐmì` IV dmnamdo,
’w$bmoam AdñWoV ñ’w$aXmMo à‘mU OmñV Agbobo ImV dmnamdo Am{U
nmdgmV I§S> nS>bm Agë`mg Am{U XmZo ^aÊ`mÀ`m AdñWo‘Ü`o nmbme
OmñV Agbobo IV dmnaVm `oB©b. `mgmo~V gyú‘ AÞÐì`m§Mm Cn`moJ
H$arV Agë`mg ÐmdUm‘Ü`o 0.5 Q>¸o$ MwUm {‘gimdm d ÐmdU JiyZ
¿`mdo.
gÚ… n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$aVm, amgm`{ZH$ IVm§À`m dmT>Ë`m
{H$‘Vr, O{‘ZrMr T>mgiV Mmbbobr gwnrH$Vm Am{U H$moaS>dmhÿ joÌmVrb
IVm§Mr H$‘r H$m`©j‘Vm ~KVm ‘mVr narjU AmYm[aV EH$sH¥$V IV
ì`dñWmnZ Am{U nrH$ dmT>rÀ`m H$mimV ’$dmaUrÛmao qH$dm {R>~H$
qgMZmÛmao {nH$m§Zm AÞÐì`m§Mm nwadR>m H$ê$Z OmñVrV OmñV JwUdÎmmnyU©
CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r {dÐmì` IVm§Mm dmna ’$m`Xoera R>ê$ eH$Vmo.

n[an¹$ AdñWm
‘mM© & 2023 33
 ^mOrnmbm d ’$i~mJo‘Ü`o AmÀN>mXZmMo ‘hËd
S>m°. E. E‘. gmoZH$m§~io, S>m°. Eg. Ama. nmQ>rb Am{U S>m°. gmoZmbr dmZISo>
^mOrnmbm emó {d^mJ, S>m°. n§.Xo.H¥$.{d., AH$mobm
‘hmamï´> ho ’$bmoËnmXZm‘Ü`o AJ«oga AgyZ amÁ`mV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ’$io d ^mOrnmbm {nH$m§Mr ì`mdgm{`H$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ
bmJdS> H$ê$Z {Z`m©Vj‘ XOm©À`m ‘mbmMo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mH$So> eoVH$è`m§Mm H$b dmT>V Amho. ~XbË`m `wJmVrb eoVH$ar
~m§Yd Zd-ZdrZ nÕVr dmnê$Z AZoH$ nma§nm[aH$ g‘ñ`m ‘moS>rV H$mT>V AmhoV. dmT>Umao VU, nmÊ`mMr H$‘VaVm,
‘hmJS>r ‘Owar, gy`m©À`m àIaVoZo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ, gwÌH¥$‘tMm dmT>Vm Ìmg Aem AZoH$ g‘ñ`m§da H$‘rA{YH$ à‘mUmV
’$m`Xoera R>aUmam AmÀN>mXZ hm EH$ ‘hËdmMm Cnm` Amho.

Am ÀN>mXZ dmnaë`mZo {nH$mgmo~V ñnYm© H$aUmè`m VUm§Mo {Z`§ÌU

hmoVo. AmÀN>mXZm‘wio Vmn‘mZ, A{VAmЩVm {Z`§{ÌV am{hë`m‘wio
nrH$dmT>rbm ’$m`Xm hmoVmo. ’$im§Mm AmH$f©H$nUm {Q>Hy$Z amhÿZ Xa Mm§Jbm
g§ajU H$dM A§Wabm OmVmo Ë`m‘wio ~mînr^dZmMr {H«$`m ‘§XmdyZ Am{U
‘mVrMo Vmn‘mZ {Q>H$dyZ R>odyZ VUm§À`m dmT>rg AS>Wim {Z‘m©U hmoVmo
`mbmM AmÀN>mXZ åhUVmV.
{‘iVmo. {nH$m‘Ü`o H$moUVohr AmÀN>mXZ dmnaÊ`mnydu Ë`m {nH$mMm àH$ma, AmÀN>mXZmMo ’$m`Xo:
hdm‘mZ, h§Jm‘, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZ Am{U dmVmdaU `m§Mm {dMma H$amdm. 1) ‘mVrVrb Vmn‘mZ {Z`§{ÌV H$aVo.
H$maU àË`oH$ eoÌmVrb hdm‘mZmV ~Xb AgVmo. Hw$R>o Iyn Ja‘ Va Hw$R>o 2) ~mînr^dZ H$‘r H$aVo.
Iyn W§S> hdm‘mZVa Hw$R>o X‘Q> AgVo `m hdm‘mZwgma Vmn‘mZmV ~Xb 3) nmÊ`mMr ~MV hmoVo.
hmoVmo Am{U {nH$mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm ‘mJUrVhr {nH$mVyZ d {nH$m^modVmbÀ`m 4) {nH$mMr `mo½` dmT> hmoVo.
‘mVrVyZ hmoUmè`m ~mînr^dZ {H«$`oVyZ OodT>o nmUr {ZKyZ OmVo VodT>o nmUr 5) AmÀN>mXZ VUm§Mr dmT> XoIrb H$‘r H$aVo.
åhUOoM nrH$mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr ‘mJUr. Oa ‘mVrVyZ H$‘r nmÊ`mMo ~mînr^dZ 6) AmÀN>mXZm‘wio ‘OwarMm IM© H$‘r hmoVmo.
Pmbo Va {nH$mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr ‘mJUr gwÕm H$‘r hmoB©b. `mgmR>r hr ‘mVr 7) Vmn‘mZ g§Vw{bV Pmë`m‘wio amoJ `oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$‘r AgVo.
gy`m©À`m {H$aUm§À`m g‘moa `oD$ Z XoVm Ë`mda H$mhrVar R>odUo åhUOoM 8) H$‘r nmÊ`mV OmñV CËnÞ {‘iVo.
AmÀN>mXZ (‘pëM§J) Ho$ë`m‘wio ~mînr^dZmMr {H«$`m ‘§XmdVo d ‘mVr‘Ü`o 9) ‘mVrVrb nmofU Ðì`mV dmT> hmoVo.
nmUr {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.
`mo½` AmÀN>mXZ H$go {ZdS>mdo?
AmÀN>mXZ åhUOo H$m` ? AmÀN>mXZmMo g|{Ð` (ñQ>~b) AmÀN>mXZ, ‘mVrMo AmÀN>mXZ,
‘mVrÀ`m n¥ï>^mJmda g|Ðr` nXmWm©Mm qH$dm nm°{b{WZ H$mJXmMm EH$ ßbmpñQ>H$ AmÀN>mXZ, C^o AmÀN>mXZ Ago AZoH$ àH$ma AmhoV. na§Vw

34 ‘mM© & 2023

ßbmpñQ>H$ AmÀN>mXZ H$aÊ`m‘mJo AZoH$m§Mm H$b {XgyZ `oVmo. eoVH$è`m§Zm
nadSo>b, Hw$R>ohr gmnSy> eHo$b, gmoß`m nÕVrZo Cn`moJmV AmUVm `oB©b
Aem àH$mao AmÀN>mXZmMo ‘Q>o[aAëg {ZdS>mdo H$maU OmJoZwgma Am{U
Ë`mÀ`m CnbãYVoZwgma Ë`mMr qH$‘V ~XbVo.
1. g|Ðr` AmÀN>mXZ :
`mgmR>r eoVmVrb H$mS>rH$Mam, YgH$Q>o, VyaH$Q>çm VgoM gwHo$ qH$dm
Amobo JdV, nmbmnmMmoim `m§Mm dmna H$aVm `oVmo. PmS>mÀ`m ImoS>mÀ`m
gmbrMo N>moQ>oN>moQ>o VwH$So> AmÀN>mXZmgmR>r dmnabo OmVmV. Amobo qH$dm
gwH$bobr PmS>m§Mr nmZo AmÀN>mXZmgmR>r dmnaVmV. ho bJoM CnbãY
hmoUmao AmÀN>mXZ Amho. dyS>Mrn VgoM H$mJX XoIrb AmÀN>mXZ åhUyZ
dmnaVm `oVmV. `m§À`m dmnam‘wio 25 Vo 30 Q>¸o$ nmÊ`mMr ~MV hmoVo
Am{U CÎnÞgwÕm dmT>Vo.
g|{Ð` AmÀN>mXZmMo ’$m`Xo
1) g|{Ð` nmbmnmMmoim ‘mVr OmñV Ja‘ hmoÊ`mnmgyZ (CÝhmù`mV)
Am{U JmoR>Ê`mnmgyZ ({hdmù`mV) g§a{jV H$aVo.
2) CîU hdm‘mZmV nmbmnmMmoù`mZo PmH$bobo AmÀN>mXZ O{‘ZrMo
Vmn‘mZ H$‘r H$aVmV, Á`m‘wio Amobmì`mMo OmñV ~mînr^dZ
hmoÊ`mnmgyZ g§ajU hmoVo Am{U qgMZmZ§VaMo H$dM V`ma hmoÊ`mg
à{V~§Y hmoVmo.
3) CÝhmù`mV nmbmnmMmoim hiyhiy Hw$OVmo Ë`m‘wio ‘mVrMr gwnrH$Vm
dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV hmoVo.
1. Ag|{Ð` qH$dm ßbmpñQ>H$ AmÀN>mXZ :
Ag|{Ð` qH$dm ßbmpñQ>H$ AmÀN>mXZ g|Ðr` AmÀN>mXZmÀ`m VwbZoV
A{YH$ à^mdr AmhoV. H$maU Vo nyU©nUo ApÀN>Ð AgVmV Á`m‘wio
~mînr^dZ gainUo hmoV Zmhr Am{U nmUr, VgoM ‘mVr g§YmaU hmoVo. nmUr
Am{U ‘mVr g§YmaUmV ßbmpñQ>H$ AmÀN>mXZmMo gH$mamË‘H$ ‘hËd Amho.
Oa ‘mVrVrb nmÊ`mV jma AgVrb Va `m ßbmpñQ>H$ AmÀN>mXZm‘wio
~mînr^dZ H$‘r Agë`mZo Vo ‘mVrda `oÊ`mg AS>Wim `oVmo.
ßbmpñQ>H$ AmÀN>mXZmMo ’$m`Xo:
1) nm°{b{WZ H$mJX AmÀN>mXZmgmR>r dmnaë`mZo {nH$mgmo~V ñnYm©
H$aUmè`m VUm§Mo {Z`§ÌU hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio {nH$mg {Xbobr IVo amonm§À`m
dmT>rgmR>r CnbãY hmoVmV.
2) nmÊ`mMo ~mînr^dZ H$‘r hmoVo, Ë`m‘wio H$‘r nmÊ`mV gwÕm CÝhmù`mV
{nH$mMo Mm§Jbo CËnmXZ {‘iVo. ho AmÀN>mXZ {R>~H$ qgMZmgmo~V
dmnaUo OéarMo Amho.
3) nm°{b{WZ H$mJXmMo AmÀN>mXZ Ho$ë`mg {R>~H$ b°Q>abMo Am`wî`‘mZ
dmT>Vo.
4) amgm`{ZH$ IVo CKS>çm O{‘ZrV {Xë`mg Ë`mVrb ~amM ‘moR>m A§e
dmVmdaUmer g§nH©$ Amë`mZo O{‘ZrVyZ Zï> hmoVmo. Ë`m‘wio O{‘ZrV
{Xboë`m IVmMo Ano{jV n[aUm‘ {nH$mda {XgV ZmhrV. ‘mÌ
AmÀN>mXZm‘wio AÞÐì`m§Mm èhmg H$‘r hmoVmo.
5) CÝhmù`m‘Ü`o {Xdgm O{‘ZrMo Vmn‘mZ PnmQ>çmZo dmT>Vo. AZoH$Xm
{nH$mÀ`m ‘wù`m§Zm Vo gmogV Zmhr. ho Q>miÊ`mgmR>r nm°{b{WZ H$mJXmMo
AmÀN>mXZ Cn`moJr R>aVo. CÝhmù`mV Amobmdm {Q>Hy$Z amhVmo.
6) {hdmù`mV O{‘ZrMo Vmn‘mZ {deofV… amÌrÀ`m doir Iyn Imbr
OmVo, Ë`m‘wio AZoH$ gyú‘ AÞÐì`m§Mo emofU hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mMm
{nH$mÀ`m dmT>rda {dnarV n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. ~è`mMXm ’$im§Mm AmH$ma
{~KS>Vmo. nm°{b{WZ H$mJXmÀ`m AmÀN>mXZm‘wio O{‘ZrMo Vmn‘mZ
{Z`§{ÌV amhVo.
7) AmÀN>mXZm‘wio Vmn‘mZ, A{V AmЩVm {Z`§{ÌV am{hë`m‘wio
nrH$dmT>rbm ’$m`Xm hmoVmo. AmÀN>mXZ dmnaë`mZo ’$im§Mm ‘mVrer
g§nH©$ Z Amë`mZo ’$im§Mr àV gwYmaVo. ’$im§Mm AmH$f©H$nUm {Q>Hy$Z
amhÿZ Xa Mm§Jbm {‘iVmo.
8) {nH$mg {Xbobr ^a, C§M JmXrdmâ`m§Mm Adb§~ Am{U Ë`mgmo~V
{R>~H$ qgMZmMr ì`dñWm `m‘wio emofH$ ‘wù`m§À`m n[agamVrb
OmñV Pmbobo nmUr eoVmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mg gwb^ hmoVo. n[aUm‘r
eoVH$ar A{^àm` :
XmZmnya, AH$moQ> `oWrb à`moJerb eoVH$ar lr. g§O`
`oCb ho ‘mJrb ghm dfm©nmgyZ ^mOrnmbm bmJdS>rgmR>r,
ì`mnmar VËdmda AmÀN>mXZmMm dmna H$arV AmhoV.
gÜ`pñWVrV Ë`mÀ`mH$So> 30 Vo 50 EH$a ‘Ü`o Q>m°‘oQ>mo,
30 EH$a ‘Ü`o {‘aMr VgoM 9 Vo 10 EH$a H$mabr
{nH$mMr bmJdS> AmÀN>mXZmMm dmna H$ê$Z Ho$br Amho.
Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jbo CËnÞ {‘iVo. Q>m°‘oQ>moMo gamgar
500 q¹$Q>b à{V EH$a Va {‘aMrMo 300 q¹$Q>b à{V
EH$a `m à‘mUo CËnmXZ {‘iVo. gXa ‘mbmMr {dH«$s
Vo dmer (‘w§~B©), h¡Ðm~mX, ZmJnya, AH$mobm, A‘amdVr
BË`mXr ~mOmnoR>oV H$aVmV. Xadfu Ë`m§Zm gamgar EH$ar
3 Vo 3.5 bmI {Zìdi Z’$m {‘iVmo.
‘mM© & 2023 35
 amoJ {Z`§{ÌV amhVmV. BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm à^md Z hmoVm ~mînr^dZ amoIbo OmVo.
9) H$mhr {H$S>tMo Adeof JiyZ nS>boë`m ’$im§dmQ>o d nmZm§dmQ>o O{‘ZrV  Amnë`mbm OodT>m nona Amdí`H$ Amho, VodT>m nona ì`dpñWV
OmVmV. VoWo H$mhr H$mi gwá AdñWoV amhÿZ nwÝhm {nH$mda àmXw^m©d H$mnyZ ¿`mdm
H$aVmV. nm°{b{WZ H$mJXmMo AmÀN>mXZ Ho$ë`mg {H$S>tÀ`m O{‘ZrVrb  {d{dY {nH$m§À`m bmJdS> A§Va doJdoJio AgVo Ë`m bmJdS> A§VamZwgma
dmT>rg AS>Wim hmoVmo. nonaMo A§Va R>adbr OmVo.
10) nm°{b{WZ AmÀN>mXZm‘wio ‘mVr ‘moH$ir, ^wg^werV amhVo, Ë`m‘wio
‘wim§^modVr hdoeranUm dmT>Vmo; VgoM Cn`wº$ gyú‘ {OdmUy§Mr dmT> {nH$mZwgma AmÀN>mXZ nona A§WaÊ`mMr nÕV :
‘moR>çm à‘mUmda hmoVo. {nHo$ ‘pëM§J nona A§WaÊ`mMr nÕV
11) Am§Va‘emJV H$aVmZm {nH$mMr ‘wio ~è`mMXm VwQ>VmV. nm°{b{WZ ^|S>r 4 ’w$Q>m§da XmoZ Amoir ~oS>
‘pëM§J‘wio ‘wim§Mr dmT> H$mJXmImbrM hmoVo, Ë`m‘wio Am§Va‘emJV
dm§Jo 5 ’y$Q> ~oS>
H$aVmZm ‘wio VwQ>V ZmhrV. AmÀN>mXZmMm ’$m`Xm CËnmXZ dmT>r‘Ü`ohr
{XgyZ Ambm Amho. Q>mo‘°Q>mo 8 ’y$Q> OmoS>Amoi bmJdS>
T>mo~ir {‘aMr 5 ’y$Q> OmoS>Amoi
AmÀN>mXZ nonaMr {ZdS> H$er H$amdr? {‘aMr 5 ’y$Q> OmoS>Amoi
AmÀN>mXZ nona ho doJdoJù`m a§Jm§‘Ü`o, AmH$mam‘Ü`o AgVmV. a§J, H$qbJS> 8 ’y$Q> A§Vamda AWdm OmoS>Amoi A§Vamda
OmS>r, AmH$ma B. Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$ê$Z {nH$m§À`m JaOoZwgma AmÀN>mXZ XmoZ ~oS> ‘Ybo A§Va 15 ’y$Q>
nona {ZdS> H$amdr bmJVo. CXm. {‘aMr, Amby, H$mo~r, Q>‘mQ>o, T>mo~ir
H$mH$S>r 5 Vo 8 ’w$Q> ~oS>
{‘aMr, ^|S>r d dm§Jr `mgma»`m {nH$mV 25 Vo 30 ‘m`H«$m°ZMm AmÀN>mXZ
nona dmnbm OmVmo. ‘Ü`‘ H$mbmdYrÀ`m {nH$m§gmR>r 40 Vo 50 ‘m`H«$m°Z Ia~yO 5 ’y$Q> qgJb Amoi ~oS>, 8 ’y$Q> S>~b Amoi ~oS>
OmS>rMm d ~hþdm{f©H$ {nH$m§gmR>r 50 Vo 100 ‘m`H«$m°Z OmS>rMm nona XmoS>H$m 5 Vo 7 ’y$Q> ‘m§S>d
dmnaUo ’$m`ÚmMo AgVo.
’$i PmS>m‘Ü`o AmÀN>mXZmMm dmna :
AmÀN>mXZ nona H$gm dmnamdm? ’$i PmS>m‘Ü`o Am§~m, S>mqi~, noê$, nnB©, A§Ora, ñQ´mo~oar BË`mXr
 Á`m{R>H$mUr qH$dm Á`m{nH$mgmR>r AmÀN>mXZ nona dmnam`Mm Amho. ’$i {nH$m‘Ü`o ì`mnmar VËdmda ßbmpñQ>H$ AmÀN>mXZ qH$dm dmibobo
Ë`mdoir àW‘ g§~§{YV {nH$mgmR>r bmJUmao ~oS> ì`dpñWV V`ma JdV, JìhmMm H$m|S>m, nmbm nmMmoim BË`mXr Mm dmna CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV
H$amdo. Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m‘wio ~mînr^dZ H$‘r hmoVo, VUmMr dmT> H$‘r hmoVo,
 ~oS> V`ma H$aVmZm ‘mVr, XJS>, H$mS>r H$Mam H$mTy>Z ñdÀN> ‘mVr O{‘ZrMo Vmn‘mZ `mo½` amIë`m OmD$Z CËnmXZ dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV hmoVo.
`wº$ ~oS> V`ma H$amdo. VgoM Or ’$i{nHo$ é§X da§~m nÕVr‘Ü`o bmJdS> Ho$br OmVmV Ë`m
 ~oS> V`ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va g§nyU© ~oS> ì`dpñWVnUo Amobo H$amdo d Mm§Jbm {nH$m‘Ü`o àm‘w»`mZo AmÀN>mXZmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
dmngm Amë`mZ§Va nona ~oS>da ì`dpñWVnUo A§Wamdm Ë`m‘wio hdm 

{‘coQ> Am°’$ {X ‘§W

^maVr` n§anam§Mm Onw dmagm Img, Am°ŠQ>mo~a ‘Ü`o ZdamÌmMr ZdcmB©,
nmo¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`mgmR>r g‘{n©V H$é ha ‘mg, CndmgmV ^Ja {VMo Zm§d daB© && 5 &&
gmOao H$é Am§Vaamï´>r` nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ` df© 2023 Img && Y¥ && Zmoìh|~a ‘Ü`o {nH$Vmo {edma ZmMUrMm,
OmZodmarcm `oVo g§H«$m§V, gmdm, H$moS>mo, Hw$Q>H$scmhr ‘mZ nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`mMm,
{Vcm {ViJwimMr JmoS>r, Amhmam‘Ü`o g‘m{dï> H$é`m `m V¥UYmÝ`m§Mm && 6 &&
^moJrcm ~mOarÀ`m ^mH$arMr OmoS>r && 1&& {S>g|~a ‘Ü`o H$é g§H$ën, Amamo½`Xm`r OrdZmMm,
’o$~«wdmarcm `oVo hwaS>çmV Ádmar, Am§Vaamï´>r` gÝ‘mZ nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`mMm && 7 &&
Jwi^|S>r, ’w$co-CÎmamMr hwaS>m nmQ>u ^mar && 2 && (~m.O.am.am.d.Z.gm.H$mo.Hw$.C) ~mOar, Ádmar, amOJram, amim,
Am°JñQ> ‘Ü`o `oVr lmdUmÀ`m gar, daB©, ZmMUr, gmdm, H$moS>mo, Hw$Q>H$s
Cndmgmcm {eam amOJrè¶mMm ^mar &&3 &&
gßQ>|~a ‘Ü`o Amcm {nV¥n§YadmS>m, g§O` Eg.‘ohoÌo,
amù`mMm ^mV Z¡doÚmcm dmT>m &&4 && (H¥${f n`©dojH$) C{dH¥$A.Ah‘XZJa.

36 ‘mM© & 2023

 H$m§Xm {nH$mVrc H$sS> d amoJ ì`dñWmnZ
àm. gmo‘ZmW ndma, àm. {M‘mOr ~mMH$a d S>m°. ^aV nmQ>rc
A{Ib ^maVr` g‘H$dV g§emoYZ àH$ën (^mOrnmcm {nHo$) ‘’w$H¥${d, amhwar, Ah‘XZJa

‘hmamï´> ho Amnë`m XoemVrc n{hë`m H«$‘m§H$mMo H$m§Xm {nH${dUmao amÁ` Amho. BVa amÁ`m§À`m VwcZoV ‘hmamï´>mVrc
hdm‘mZ ho df©^a åhUOo Iarn, am§JS>m, aã~r d CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV cmJdS>rg nmofH$ Amho. H$m§Xm ho ^mOrnmcm {nH$m‘Ü`o
gdm©V ‘hËdmMo {nH$ Amho. H$m§ÚmMr nmV qH$dm H$m§Xm ^mOr‘Ü`o Q>mHy$Z ImʶmgmR>r dmnaVmV. H$m§ÚmMm Cn`moJ MQ>Ê`m,
cmoUMo, gyn, gm°g Am{U ‘gmco `m§‘Ü`ohr H$aVmV.

H$m§ Úm‘Ü`o '~' Am{U 'H$' OrdZgÎdo AgVmV. VgoM

H$~m}XHo$ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV AgVmV. ’$m°ñ’$ag, MwZm, bmoh B.
I{ZOo Am{U à{WZo AgVmV.
H$m§Xm {nH$mMo CËnmXZ {H$S>rÀ`m àmXw^m©dm‘wio d amoJm‘wio H$‘r
hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m‘Ü`o àm‘w»`mZo ’w$b{H$So>, H$m§Úmdarb ‘mer Am{U
amon qH$dm XoR> Hw$aVS>Umar Air BË`mXr {H$S>r AmhoV.
1. ’w$b{H$So> : `m {H$Q>H$m‘Ü`o AZoH$ OmVr Am{U àH$ma AmhoV.
Ë`mn¡H$s {W«ßg Q>°~°gr hr OmV H$m§Xm `m {nH$mMo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV
ZwH$gmZ H$aVo.
H$m§Xm Am{U bgyU {nH$m ì`{V[aº$ {‘aMr, Q>mo‘°Q>mo, dm§Jr, ~Q>mQ>m,
dmQ>mUm, dobdJu` ^mÁ`m Aem AZoH$ {nH$m§da hr H$sS> CnOr{dH$m
H$aVo.
{H$Q>H$m§Mr A§S>r nm§T>è¶m a§JmMr AgyZ, {nbo Am{U àm¡T> {’$¸$Q>
{ndiga AgVmV. àm¡T>m§Mo n§I JdVmÀ`m nmË`mà‘mUo Aé§X Am{U
bm§~ AgyZ, XmoÝhr H$S>m§Zm Ho$g AgVmV. ZamMr bm§~r 0.8 Vo 1.0
{‘.‘r., Va ‘mXrMr bm§~r 1.0 Vo 1.2 {‘.‘r AgVo. {nbo Am{U àm¡T>
H$m§Xm {nH$mÀ`m nmVtÀ`m‘Ü`o ~oMŠ`mV AgVmV.
{nbo Am{U àm¡T> nmZo IadS>VmV Am{U Ë`mVyZ ~mhoa `oUmam ag
emofVmV. Ë`m‘yio nmZmda nm§T>ao MÅ>o nS>VmV. `mbmM Q>mŠ`m Ago
g§~moYVmV. àmXw^m©d OmñV Agë`mg nmZo dH«$ hmoVmV. `m‘wio {nH$m§Mo
50 Q>¸o$ ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. {edm` `m {H$Q>H$m§À`m IadS>boë`m OmJoVyZ
H$anm amoJmMo O§Vy àdoe H$aVmV. Ë`m‘wio H$m§Xm {nH$mg H$anm amoJ
hmoD$Z ~aoM ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. `m amoJmMm àmXw^m©d Iarn h§Jm‘mV OmñV
hmoVmo.
hr H$sS> df©^a H$m`©j‘ AgVo. na§Vw H$moaS>çm hdm‘mZmV
{H$S>rMo à‘mU dmT>Vo. {deofV: aã~r h§Jm‘mV Am°ŠQ>mo~a Vo OmZodmar
`m H$mbmdYrV à‘mU OmñV AgVo. OmoamÀ`m nmdgm‘wio {H$S>rMo
à‘mU KQ>Vo. {H$S>rMo à‘mU dmT>Ê`mg 270 g|. Vmn‘mZ Am{U 70
Q>ŠŠ`m§nojm H$‘r AmЩVm nmofH$ AgVo.
`m {H$Q>H$m§À`m OrdZ AdñWoV A§S>r, {n„o, H$mof Am{U àm¡T>
Aem AdñWm AgVmV. EH$ ‘mXr gd©gmYmaUnUo 40-60 A§S>r
nmZmÀ`m darb nmnwÐ`mÀ`m Imbr ImM H$éZ KmbVo. A§S>çmVyZ {nbo
~mhoa nS>Ê`mg 5 Vo 10 {Xdg bmJVmV. {nbm§Mr AdñWm 5 Vo 10
{Xdg amhVo. H$mofmdñWm 4-7 {Xdg amhVo. H$mofmdñWm O{‘ZrV
amhVo. OrdZH«$‘ nyU© H$aÊ`mg {hdmi`mV 24 {Xdg bmJVmV Va
CÝhmi`mV 14 {Xdg bmJVmV. EH$m dfm©V EH§$Xa 10 {nT>çm {Z‘m©U
hmoVmV.
{Z`§ÌUmMo Cnm`:
1. à{VH$maH$ OmVr bmdUo, ‘’w$H¥${d., amhwar g§emoYZm‘Ü`o ’w$bo
g‘W© `m dmUmda {H$S>rMo à‘mU H$‘r Agë`mMo AmT>ibo. VgoM

‘mM© & 2023 37

 bmb OmVrnojm nm§T>è¶m OmVrda {H$S>rMo à‘mU H$‘r AgVo.
2. nyZ©bmJdS>rZ§Va 10-15 {Xdgm§Zr JaOoZwgma S>m`‘oWmoEQ> 30
B©gr 15 {‘br qH$dm b°å~S>m gm`h°bmoW«rZ 5 B©gr 6 {‘br
à{V 10 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV 10 {‘br pñQ>H$a Q>mHy$Z gmÜ`m hmV
n§nmZo gH$miÀ`m doiog ’$dmaUr H$amdr. O¡{dH$ {H$S>ZmeH$m‘Ü`o
‘oQ>mèhrPr`‘ A°Zrgmoßbr h`m nmdS>aMr 50 J«°‘ à{V 10 brQ>a
nmʶmVyZ gH$mir qH$dm g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m doiog gmÜ`m hmV n§nmZo
’$dmaUr H$amdr AWdm dÞñnVrOÝ` qZ~moir 5 Q>¸o$ ’$dmamdm.
2. H$m§Úmdarb ‘mer : So>br`m A°ÝS>r¹$m `m ZmdmZo hr H$sS>
AmoiIbr OmVo. ^maVmVrb CÎma ^maVmV hr H$sS> OmñV à‘mUmV
AmT>iVo. hr H$sS> ’$º$ H$m§Xm {nH$mda Cn{O{dH$m H$aVo.
A§S>r b§~ JmobmH$ma, nm§T>è¶m a§JmMo AgVmV. Amù¶m nm§T>è¶m
a§JmÀ`m AgVmV. nyU© dmT>bobr Air 18 {‘.‘r bm§~ AgVo. ‘mer 6
{‘.‘r bm§~ AgVo. {VMm a§J H$aS>m AgVmo.
‘mXr ‘mer O{‘Zrda {nH$mOdi A§S>r KmbVo. VgoM O{‘ZrÀ`m
^oJm§‘Ü`ohr A§S>r AgVmV. A§S>çmVyZ ~mhoa nS>ë`mda Amù¶m H$m§Xm
{nH$mÀ`m O{‘ZrVrb ^mJmMo ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV. àmXw^m©d Pmbobo H$m§Xo
gS>VmV. Amù¶m nyU© dmT>ë`mda O{‘ZrV H$mofmdñWoV OmVmV.
A§S>r C~dÊ`mg 2-7 {Xdg bmJVmV. AirMr nyU© dmT> hmoÊ`mg
2-3 AmR>dSo> bmJVmV. H$mofmdñWm 2-3 AmR>dSo> amhVo.
3. amon/XoR> Hw$aVS>Umar Air: O{‘ZrV AmT>iUmè¶m
H$mi`m a§JmÀ`m H$Q>d‘© (XoR> Hw$aVS>Umè¶m Amù¶m) `m ZmdmZo
AmoiIë`m OmVmV. hr nV§JdJu` H$sS> AgyZ ‘mXr nmZmÀ`m ImbÀ`m
~mOyg qH$dm O{‘ZrV A§S>r Q>mH$Vo. EH$ ‘mXr 300 Vo 400 A§S>r
30 Vo 50 À`m g‘whmV KmbVo. A§S>r gmYmaUV: 4 Vo 7 {XdgmV
C~VmV. AirMr AdñWm 10 Vo 30 {Xdgmn`ªV AgVo. Ai`m§Zm
ñne© hmoVmM Ë`m earamMr Jw§S>mir H$aVmV. {Xdgm gw`©àH$memV Ë`m
‘mVrÀ`m ^oJm§V, T>oH$imImbr, XJS>mImbr qH$dm JdVm‘Ü`o bnyZ
~gVmV Am{U amÌrÀ`m doir O{‘ZrVyZ ~mhoa nSy>Z O{‘ZrbJV
XoR> Hw$aVS>VmV. Ë`m‘wio amonQ>o CÝ‘iyZ nS>VmV. Aem àH$mao ~aoM
ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r Imbrb à‘mUo EH$mpË‘H$ H$sS> {Z`§ÌUmMo
Cnm` `moOZm H$amdrV.
1. Am§Va‘emJVrÀ`m doir åhUOoM, IwanUrÀ`m doiog gmnS>Umè¶m
Amù¶m Jmoim H$éZ am°Ho$b {‘lrV nmÊ`m‘Ü`o Zï> H$amì`mV.
2. OoWo eŠ` Agob VoWo eoVmV nmUr gmMy Úmdo. Ë`m‘wio O{‘Zrda
`oUmè¶m Amù¶m nú`m§Mo ^ú` R>aVrb qH$dm Ë`m hdo A^mdr
nmÊ`mVM JwX‘éZ OmVrb.
3. H$mir Air (amon/ XoR> Hw$aVS>Umar Air) Mo àmXw^m©dJ«ñV eoVmV
gm`§H$mir JdVmMo N>moQ>o T>rJ R>odmdoV d Xwgè¶m {Xder gH$mir
{T>JmImbr XS>boë`m Amù¶m Jmoim H$éZ Zï> H$amì`mV.
4. ‘oQ>mèhrPrA‘ A°Zrgmoßbr d Zmoå`w[a`m [abmB© ¶m ~waer àË`oH$s 8
{H$.J«°. à{V EH$a `m à‘mUmV eoUIVm‘Ü`o {‘giyZ àmXw^m©drV
joÌmV Q>mH$mdr. qH$dm 50 J«°‘ ‘oQ>mèhrPrA‘ A°Zrgmoßbr+ 50
J«°‘ Zmoå`w[a`m + 5 {‘br gw`©’y$b Vob + 50 {‘br XwY à{V 10
brQ>a nmÊ`mV 10 {XdgmÀ`m A§VamZo XmoZ ’$dmaÊ`m H$amì`mV.
38 ‘mM© & 2023
{H$Q>H$ZmeHo$/ ~waerZmeHo$ dmnaVmZm
¿`md`mMr H$miOr:
 {nH$mda ’$dmaUr H$aVmZm {H$S>ZmeHo$ / ~waerZmeHo$
g§~§{YV {H$S>rÀ`m bo~b Šbo‘ Zwgma dmnamdo.
 gXahy ~§Xr Agbobo {H$S>ZmeH$ / ~waerZmeH$
dmnê$ Þ`o.
 nwaoem kmZm{edm` agm`Zo EH$‘|H$m§V {‘giy Z`o.
 agm`Zm§Mm JQ> ‘mhrV H$éZ ¿`mdm.
qH$dm Šbmoamonm`ar’$m°g 20 B©gr 25 {‘br à{V 10 brQ>a nmUr
`m à‘mUmV àmXw^m©drV joÌmV S´o>qMJ ({OadU) H$amdr.
H$m§Xm `m {nH$mV àm‘wImZo H$anm amoJ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV AmT>iyZ
`oVmo. Ë`mMà‘mUo ‘a, Ho$dS>m, gmR>dUyH$sVrb OrdmUy§‘wio gS>, H$m§Xm
H$mOir, ‘mZgS>, nm§T>argS> BË`mXr amoJ AmT>iyZ `oVmV. amoJmÀ`m
{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r amondmQ>rHo$nmgyZ Vo H$mT>Urn`ªV `mo½` Vr H$miOr ¿`mdr
bmJVo. Ë`mMà‘mUo H$mT>UrZ§Va H$m§Xm gmR>dUyH$sV R>odÊ`mnydu Ë`mMr
{d{eï> H$miOr KodyZ `mo½`[aVrZo dmi{dUo AË`§V ‘hËdmMo AgVo.
1. amondmQ>rHo$Vrb ‘a : O{‘ZrVrb ~waerÀ`m àmXw^m©dm‘wio
amondmQ>rHo$Vrb amonm§da ‘a amoJ `oVmo. `m amoJm‘wio amonm§Mr ‘mZ
O{‘ZrbJV AMmZH$ Hw$OyZ Vr H$mob‘S>bobr {XgVmV. Ë`mMà‘mUo
bmJdS>rZ§Vahr O{‘ZrVrb ~waerÀ`m àmXw^m©dm‘wio ‘a qH$dm H$m§Xm
gS> hmoVo.
Cnm`:
1. amondm{Q>Ho$Mr O‘rZ ‘Ü`‘ àVrMr, CÎm‘ {ZMam hmoUmar Agmdr.
2. JmXr dmâ`mda amono V`ma H$amdrV Am{U ~r noaVm§Zm Amoir‘Ü`o
nmVi Q>mH$mdo.
3. {~`mUo ñdÀN>, ZdrZ, amoJ {dahrV d ImÌrbm`H$ Agmdo.
4. noaUrnydu Wm`a‘ AWdm H°$ßQ>Z 3 J«°‘ à{V {H$bmo `m à‘mUmV
{~Oà{H«$`m H$amdr AWdm 5 J«°‘ Q´>m`H$moS>‘m© nmdS>a à{V {H$bmo
{~`mUo `m à‘mUmV Mmoimdo.
5. {~`mUo noaÊ`mnydu 3 - 1 ‘r. AmH$mamÀ`m JmXr dmâ`mda H$m°na
Am°ŠPrŠbmoamB©S> 30 J«°‘ à{V dm’$m `m à‘mUmV O{‘ZrV
{‘gimdo. noaUrZ§Va 15 {Xdgm§Zr nwÝhm 30 J«°‘ à{V 10 {bQ>a
nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ XmoÝhr Amoit‘YyZ H$mH$ar nmSy>Z {OadU H$amdr.
6. bmJdS>rgmR>r O‘rZ ‘Ü`‘ à{VMr, CÎm‘ {ZMam hmoUmar Agmdr.
7. {nH$m§Mr ’o$anmbQ> H$amdr.
8. O{‘ZrV Q´>m`H$moS>‘m©Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm.
2. H$anm
A) AëQ>aZoar`m H$anm : AëQ>aZoar`m nmoar, A. eonybrH$mobm
Zmdm§À`m ~waet‘wio H$anm amoJ `oVmo. `m ~waerOÝ` amoJmMo à‘mU
Iarn h§Jm‘mVrb X‘Q>, T>Jmi d nmdgmir dmVmdaU‘wio OmñV
dmT>Vo. amoJmÀ`m àmXw^m©dm‘wio H$m§ÚmÀ`m nmVrda gwédmVrbm
bhmZ, ImobJQ> nm§Tw>aHo$ MÅ>o nS>VmV. MÅ>o nS>Ê`mgmR>r gwédmV
 àW‘ e|S>çmH$Sy>Z hmodyZ nmVrÀ`m ImbÀ`m ^mJmH$So> ngaVmV. `m
MQ²>Q>çmMm ‘Ü`^mJ Om§^iQ>-bmbga a§JmMm hmoVmo Am{U H$S>m
{ndiga {XgVmV. {nH$mÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV amoJ Amë`mg
nmV OiyZ OmVo, {nH$mMr dmT> Mm§Jbr hmoV Zmhr Am{U H$m§Xm
Z nmogë`m‘wio qMJir H$m§ÚmMo à‘mU dmT>Vo. H$m§Xo nmogÊ`mÀ`m
H$mimV amoJ Amë`mg ~waerMm àmXw^m©d H$m§Úmn`ªV ngaVmo Ë`m‘wio
H$m§Xm gS>Vmo. `m amoJmMm àmXw^m©d gmR>dUrVhr hmoVmo. amoJmMm àW‘
àmXw^m©d amoJJ«ñV PmS>mMo AdeofmnmgyZ EH$m h§Jm‘mVyZ XwgÁ`m
h§Jm‘mV VgoM Xwæ`‘ àgma nmUr Am{U hdo ‘m’©$V PnmQ>çmZo
hmoVmo.
~) H$mo{bQ>moQ´>rH$‘ H$anm : H$mo{bQ>moQ´>rH$‘ ZmdmÀ`m ~waer‘wio nmZm§da
gwê$dmVrbm nm§T>è¶m a§JmMo {R>nHo$ {XgVmV. ˶mZ§Va Vr hbŠ`m
{ndù`m Amit‘Ü`o énm§VarV hmoVmV. nwT>o nmVtda ngaVmV.
amoJmMr Vrd«Vm dmT>ë`mg H$m§ÚmMr ‘mZ bm§~ hmoʶmg gwê$dmV
hmoVo. Z§Va nmZo doS>rdmH$S>r hmoVo.
H$) ñQ>oå’$sbr`‘ H$anm : ñQ>oå’$sbr`‘ ìhogrH$m[aA‘ ZmdmÀ`m
~waer‘wio gwédmVrbm nmZmda {ndiga Vo Vn{H$ar MÅ>o nS>VmV.
MQ²>Q>çmMo à‘mU ~w§Ü`mH$Sy>Z e|S>çmH$So> dmT>V OmdyZ nmZo Vn{H$ar
nSy>Z gwH$VmV. nmVr gwaHw$Vë`mgmaIr Am{U e|So> Oimë`mgmaIo
{XgVmV.
S>) ~moQ´>m`Q>rg H$anm (ãbmñQ>) : ~moQ´>m`Q>rg {gZoar ZmdmÀ`m
~waer‘wio nmZmda Ag§»` nm§T>ao {R>nHo$ nS>VmV. ’w$b{H$S>çm§‘wio
nmZmda BOm hmodyZ Ë`m {R>H$mUr ~waerMm àmXw^m©d hmoVmo Am{U
amoJmMo à‘mU dmT>Vo. nmZm§Mo e|So> H$anyZ nmV OiVo. `m amoJmÀ`m
àmXw^m©dm‘wio AëQ>aZoar`m H$anm amoJmMr Vrd«Vm ’$ma ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmV dmT>Vo.
Cnm` :
1. noaUrnydu {~`mÊ`mg H°$ßQ>Z 2 J«°‘ + H$m~}ÝS>°Pr‘ 2 J«°‘ à{V
{H$bmo `m à‘mUmV {~Oà{H«$`m H$amdr.
2. {nH$mMr ’o$anmbQ> H$amdr VgoM O‘rZ CÝhmù`mV Mm§Jbr Zm§Jê$U
Vmny Úmdr.
3. amondmQ>rHo$V amonm§Mr CJdU Pmë`mZ§Va 15 {Xdgm§nmgyZ S>m`WoZ
E‘-45 25 J«°‘ + S>m`‘oWmoEQ> 15 {‘.br. + {MH$Q> Ðì` 10
{‘br à{V 10 {b. nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ XmoZ doim ’$dmaUr H$amdr.
4. bmJdS> H$aÊ`mnydu amono S>m`WoZ E‘-45 (25 J«°‘ / 10 {b.
nmUr) ÐmdUmV ~wS>dyZ bmdmdrV.
5. H$anm {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r bmJdS>rZ§Va 25 {XdgmnmgyZ Xa 15
{Xdgm§À`m A§VamZo S>m`WoZ E‘-45 qH$dm ŠbmoamoW°bmoZrb qH$dm
H$m°na Am°ŠPrŠbmoamB©S> 25 J«°‘ qH$dm Q>oã`wH$moZ°Pmob 10 {‘br
A°PmoñQ´>m°~rÞ 10 {‘br. + ñQ>rH$a 10 {‘br 10 {bQ>a nmÊ`mVyZ
JaOoZwgma ’$dmaUr H$amdr.
3. nmZmdarb H$mUr : `wamogrñQ>rg gonybm `m ~waer‘wio hm amoJ
hmoVmo. amono CJdyZ Amë`mZ§Va àW‘ hm amoJ Xbmda Am{U ZdrZ
nmVrda amondmQ>rHo$V {XgyZ `oVmo.
amoJmMm àW‘ àmXw^m©d O{‘ZrVrb amoJJ«ñV PmS>mMo Adeof
VgoM {~`mÊ`m‘m’©$V hmoVmo Am{U Xwæ`‘ àgma dmam d nmÊ`m‘m’©$V
PnmQ>çmZo hmoVmo.
Cnm` :
1. {nH$mMr ’o$anmbQ> H$amdr.
2. {~`mÊ`mg ~oZmo{‘b qH$dm H$m~}ÝS>°{P‘ 1 J«°‘ qH$dm H°$ßQ>Z 2 J«°‘
à{V {H$bmo {~`mUo `m à‘mUmV Mmoimdo.
3. JmXrdmâ`mda H$m°na Am°ŠPrŠbmoamB©S> qH$dm H°$ßQ>Z 30 J«°‘ (à{V
3 -1 ‘r. dm’$m) noaUrnydu O{‘ZrV {‘gimdo.
4. amoJQ> PmS>m§Mm CnQy>Z Zme H$amdm.
4. Ho$dS>m (S>mD$Zr {‘ëS>çy) : noamZmoñnmoam {S>ñQ´>ŠQ>a ~waerÀ`m
àmXw^m©dm‘wio AmЩ hdm‘mZmV gwadmVrg nmZmda {’$H$Q> {hadQ>-
{ndiga MÅ>o nS>VmV. Z§Va AVr X‘Q> hdm‘mZmV Ho$dS>çmMr dmT>
hmodyZ nm§T>aQ> Vo Om§^iQ> MÅ>o nSy>Z amoJ nyU© nmZmda ngaVmo.
nmZmMo e|So> OiVmV, `m‘wio PmS>mMr dmT> Iw§Qy>Z qMJir H$m§ÚmMo
àm‘U dmT>Vo. amoJJ«ñV H$m§ÚmÀ`m {~`mÊ`mMr bmJdS> Ho$ë`mg
àW‘ nmZmda `m ~waerMr dmT> hmodyZ Ë`mMm Xwæ`‘ àgma dmam d
nmUr `m‘wio hmoVmo.
Cnm` :
1. O‘rZ CÎm‘ {ZMam hmoUmar Agmdr.
2. {nH$mMr ’o$anmbQ> H$amdr.
3. amoJJ«ñV H$m§ÚmMr {~`mÊ`mgmR>r bmJdS> H$é Z`o.
4. amoJmMr bjUo {XgVmM S>m`WoZ E‘-45 qH$dm Pm`a‘
qH$dm H$m°na Am°ŠPrŠbmoamB©S> 25-30 J«°‘ à{V 10 {bQ>a
nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ AmbQy>Z-nmbQy>Z 10 {XdgmÀ`m A§VamZo
3 ’$dmaÊ`m H$amì`mV. amoJmMo à‘mU dmT>ë`mg ‘oQ>°b°ŠPrb
E‘.PoS>-72, 25 J«°‘ qH$dm ’$mogoQ>rb 20 J«°‘ A{YH$ S>m`WoZ
E‘-45 20 J«°‘ àVr 10 {bQ>a nmÊ`mVyZ 7-10 {Xdgm§À`m
A§VamZo XmoZ doim ’$dmamdo.

XþéñVr
‘mho OmZodmar 2023 À¶m eoVH$ar ‘m{gH$ A§H$m‘ܶo
nmZ H«$. 34 da {nH$ {d‘m ¶moOZm H$moUmÀ¶m ’$m¶ÚmMr?
{Xbobm gmam§e (EÝQ´>mo) hm ˶m boImer g§~§YrV Zmhr.
‘mM© & 2023 39
 CÝhmir ^wB©‘yJ {nH$mdarb H$sS>rMo
EH$mpË‘H$ ì`dñWmnZ
àm. ìhr. E‘. gmIao, S>m°. nr. ~r. {gZJmao, àm. Eb. Eg. Yg,
amOrd Jm§Yr H¥${f ‘hm{dÚmb`, na^Ur, d[að> g§emoYH$ ghmæ`H$, ghmæ`H$ àmÜ`mnH$

^wB©‘yJ nrH$ VrZhr h§Jm‘mV KoVbo OmUmao nrH$ AgyZ. ‘hmamï´>mV ^wB©‘yJ nrH$ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV KoVbo OmVo. JirV
YmÝ`mn¡H$s ho A{V‘hÎdmMo nrH$ AgyZ ~mJm`Vr‘wio CÝhmù`mV gwÜXm ho nrH$ KoVbo OmVo. {Za{Zamù`m {H$S>r, amoJ d
VUm§Mm àmXw^m©d `m‘wio Xadfu `m {nH$m§Mo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ZwH$gmZ hmoVo ^wB©‘yJ {nH$mda gmYmaUV… nmZo nmoIaUmar
Air, ‘mdm, VwS>VwSo>, V§~mIydarb nmZo ImUmar Air, ’w$b{H$So>, B. {H$S>tMm àmXw^m©d AmT>iyZ `oVmo. Odinmg ^wB©‘yJ
nrH$ CËnmXZmV 25% ZwH$gmZ V§~mIydarb nmZo ImUmar Air d nmZo nmoIaUmar Air `m‘wio hmoVo. Va 15 Vo 16 %
ZwH$gmZ ‘mdm, VwS>VwSo>, ’w$b{H$So> `m agemofH$ {H$S>r‘wio hmoVo. åhUyZ EH$mpË‘H$ H$sS> ì`dñWmnZ nÕVrZo ^wB©‘yJ H$sS>
{Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMr ‘m{hVr `m boImVyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

1. nmZo nmoIaUmar Air ( {b’$ ‘m`Za) : {haì`m a§JmMr AgVmV.

{H$S>rMr AmoiI: nV§J AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m
n§Im§Mm a§J amImS>r
AgVmo d nwT>rb n§Imda
àË`oH$s EH$-EH$ {’$H$Q>
nm§T>赶m a§JmMm {R>nH$m
AgVmo. nyU© dmT>bobr
Air nmR>r‘mJÀ`m ~mOyg
{Z‘wiVr hmoV OmVo. a§JmZo
Vr Air Vn{H$ar qH$dm
{hadQ> AgVo. Ë`mVhr S>moHo$ d N>mVrMm ^mJ JS>X AgVmo.
`O‘mZ {nHo$: ^wB©‘yJ, gmo`m~rZ, Vya B.
OrdZH«$‘: ‘mXr nV§J H$modù`m e|S>çmda A§S>r KmbVo Vr A§S>r
3 Vo 4 {XdgmV C~dyZ Aù`m~mhoa nS>VmV. Aù`mMr 9 Vo 17
{XdgmV dmT> nyU© hmoVo Am{U nmZo Jw§S>miyZ AmV‘Ü`o H$mofmdñWoV
OmVmV. H$mofmdñWm gmYmaUV… 3 Vo 7 {XdgmMr AgyZ gw‘mao 15
Vo 28 {XdgmV EH$ {nT>r nyU© hmoVo Am{U Aem arVrZo EH$m h§Jm‘mV
~amM {nT>çm nyU© hmoVmV.
ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma: A§S>çmVwZ ~mhoa nS>bobr Air gd©àW‘
^wB©‘wJmMo nmZo nmoIaVo. Ë`m‘wio ^wB©‘wJmÀ`m nmZmda {eamÀ`m
‘Ü`^mJr qH$dm Q>moH$mda ’$moS>mgmaIm {’$H$Q> a§JmMm {R>nH$m
{XgVmo. Vmo {R>nH$m ’$moS>ë`mg Ë`mV {haì`m a§JmMr bhmZ Air
{XgVo d hrM nmZo nmoIaUmar Air hmo`. Odinmg AmR> {Xdg
hr Air nmZmV {eê$Z nmZo nmoIê$Z {nH$mMo ZwH$gmZ H$aVo `m‘wio
nmZo dmiy bmJVmV d ~è`mM doim PmSo>hr dmiy bmJVmV.
2. ‘mdm:
{H$S>rMr AmoiI: `m {H$S>rMr bhmZ {n„o gwédmVrbm {’$H$Q>
dmT> hmoB©b Ver Vr JX©
hmoVmV. nyU© dmT>bobm
‘mdm n§Ir qH$dm {~Ja
n§Ir Agy eH$Vmo. n§Ir
‘mì`mMm a§J Vn{H$ar qH$dm
‘moan§Ir AgVmo Va {~Ja
n§Ir ‘mì`mMm a§J JX© ‘moan§Ir, Vn{H$ar qH$dm H$mim AgVmo. Vo
A§S>mH¥$Vr AmH$mamMo AgVmV.
`O‘mZ {nHo$: ^wB©‘yJ, Mdir, dmb, KodS>m, ‘yJ, Vwa B.
OrdZH«$‘: n§Ir AWdm {~Jan§Ir ‘mì`m‘Ü`o Za-‘mXrMm
g§`moJ Z hmoVm {n„o XoVmV. {~Jan§Ir àH$mam§‘Ü`o {nbo 8 {XdgmV
nyU© dmT>VmV Am{U 8 Vo 17 {XdgmÀ`m OrdZmV gw‘mao 54
{n„m§Zm OÝ‘ XoVmV.
ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma: ‘mdm Am{U Ë`mMr {n„o H$modù`m
e|S>çmda nmZm§À`m nmR>r‘mJo EH$m {R>H$mUr ~gyZ AmVrb ag emofyZ
KoVmV. Ë`m‘wio PmS>mMr dmT> Iw§Q>Vo. `m{edm` ho H$sQ>H$ A§JmVyZ
‘YmgmaIm JmoS> nXmW© ~mhoa Q>mH$VmV, Ë`mda H$mir ~waer V`ma
hmoVo. H$mù`m ~waer‘wio nmZm§Mr AÞ V`ma H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m
‘§XmdVo, `m‘wio CËnÞmda {dnarV n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. `m {H$S>rMm
CnÐd ‘w»`ËdoH$ê$Z Iarn h§Jm‘mVrb {nH$mda OmñV AmT>iyZ
`oVmo. `m {H$S>r‘wio amoPoQ>r ZmdmMm KmVH$ {dfmUyMm àgma hmoVmo.
3. V§~mIydarb nmZo ImUmar Air (ñnmoS>moßQ>oam):
{H$S>rMr AmoiI: nV§J ‘Ü`‘ AmH$mamMo AgyZ earamZo
‘O~yV AgVmV. Ë`m§Mo nwT>rb n§I {’$H$Q> amImS>r Vo JX© Vn{H$ar
AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m H$S>m nm§T>aQ> AgVmV. ‘mJrb n§ImMr OmoS>r nm§T>aQ>
(nmaXe©H$) AgVo. AirMm a§J {’$H$Q> Vm§~yg AgyZ Airda

40 ‘mM© & 2023

 Cä`m aofm AgVmV. `O‘mZ {nHo$:
`O‘mZ {nHo$: gd© H$mnyg, {‘aMr,
àH$maMr {nHo$ H$mH$S>r, Q>a~yO B.
OrdZH«$‘: ‘mXr OrdZH«$‘: ‘mXr
nV§J H$modù`m nmZm§da nmZm§À`m {eam Vrb
nw§OŠ`mZo A§S>r KmbVo. {haì`m noet‘Ü`o A§S>r
hr Mma Vo nmM {Xdgm§Zr KmbVo. nmM {XdgmV
A§S>çmVyZ Air ~mhoa nS>Vo. Air AdñWm XmoZ Vo VrZ AmR>dSo> A§S>çmVyZ {n„o {ZKVmV d Ë`m§Mr nyU© dmT> hmoÊ`mg nwÝhm EH$
AgVo. Air O{‘ZrVrb ‘mVrMm H$mof V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mV amhVo AmR>dS>m bmJVmo. nyU© AdñWoVrb H$sQ>H$ Xhm Vo n§Yam {Xdgm§n`ªV
H$mofmdñWm gmYmaUV… 9 Vo 14 {Xdg AgVo EH$ OrdZH«$‘ nyU© {Od§V amhÿ eH$VmV. H$mofmdñWm Mma Vo gmV {Xdgm§Mr AgVo d `m
hmoÊ`mg gmYmaUVm Vrg Vo Mmirg {Xdg bmJVmV. {H$S>rÀ`m EH$m dfm©V VrZ Vo Mma {nT>çm V`ma hmoVmV.
ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma: A§S>çmVyZ ~mhoa nS>boë`m Amù`m ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma: nyU© AdñWoVrb {H$So> d Ë`m§Mr {n„o
gwédmVrbm gm‘y{hH$nUo nmZmVrb h[aVÐì` ImVmV. Amù`m PmS>mMr nmZo ag emofU H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m‘wio PmSo> {ZñVoO
OgOem dmT>V OmVmV VgVem Ë`m doJdoJù`m hmoVmV. `m Amù`m hmoVmV. nmZmda nm§Tw>aHo$ MÅ>o AWdm AmoaISo> AmT>iyZ `oVmV.
amÌrÀ`m doir PmS>mMr nmZo, ’w$bo, H$modio e|So> ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ’w$b{H$So> ho ag emofU {edm` e|So>‘a amoJmMm àgma H$aVmV.
ImVmV. Amù`m§Mm Vrd« àmXw^m©d Pmë`mg nmZm§À`m ’$º$ {eam
{e„H$ R>odVmV Am{U VgoM g§nyU© PmS>mÀ`m ’$º$ H$mS>çmM {e„H$ EH$mpË‘H$ H$sS> ì`dñWmnZ
amhVmV.  {nH$m§Mr ’o$anmbQ> H$amdr. eŠ`Vmo gmo`m~rZ nrH$ KoVë`mZ§Va
^wB©‘yJ nrH$ KoD$ Z`o.
4.VwS>VwSo>:  ~rOà{H«$`m- B{‘S>mŠbmo{àS> (18.50%) A{YH$
hoŠPmH$moZ°Pmob (1.50% E’$Eg) (g§`wº$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$
{H$S>rMr AmoiI: VwS>VwSo> {haì`m a§JmMo AmH$mamZo nmMar d ~waerZmeH$) 2 {‘.{b. Ë`mZ§Va Q´m`H$moS>‘m© 5 J«°‘,
gmaIo AgyZ hr {H$S> {VaH$g MmbVo. am`Pmo{~A‘ 25 J«°‘ A{YH$ ñ’w$aX {daKidUmao {OdmUy
`O‘mZ {nHo$: H$mnyg, ^|S>r, ~Q>mQ>m, dm§Jr B. (nrEg~r) 25 J«°‘ à{V {H$bmo {~`mUo `m H«$‘mZo ~rOà{H«$`m
OrdZH«$‘: ‘mXr nmZm§À`m {eam ‘Ü`o A§S>r KmbVo EH$ H$ê$Z noaUr H$amdr.
‘mXr gmYmaUV… 30Vo 40  Mdir, gmo`m~rZ, Ea§S>r `m gmaIr gmnim {nHo$ ^wB©‘yJ
A§S>r KmbVo. A§S>çm‘YyZ {n„o {nH$mÀ`m Mmahr ~mOy§Zr bmdmdrV. `m‘wio ‘w»` {nH$mda ‘mdm
~mhoa nS>Ê`mg gmYmaUVm EH$ d VwS>VwSo> {H$S>tMm àmXw^m©d H$‘r amhVmo. ^wB©‘yJ {nH$m§‘Ü`o
AmR>dS>m bmJVmo. A§S>çmVyZ àË`oH$ 10 AmoirZ§Va EH$ Amoi Mdir `m gmnim {nH$mMr
~mhoa nS>bobr {n„o nmZmÀ`m bmJdS> H$amdr. `m‘wio agemofH$ H$sS> {deofV… ‘mdm AmH${f©V
Imbrb ~mOwda AmT>iyZ `oVmV. hmoVo. `mda {‘ÌH$sQ>H$m§Mo g§dY©Z hmoD$Z g§»`oV dmT> hmoVo.
Vo nmZmVrb ag emofU H$aVmV  ^wB©‘yJ {nH$m‘Ü`o ‘H$m Am§VanrH$ KoVë`mg ’w$b{H$S>çm§Mm
d XmoZ AmR>dS>çmV àm¡T>mdñWoV àmXw^m©d H$‘r hmoÊ`mg ‘XV {‘iVo.
OmVmV. VwS>VwS>`m§Mm OrdZH«$‘  ag emofH$ {H$S>tÀ`m à^mdr ì`dñWmnZmH$[aVm 20 Vo 25
XmoZ Vo VrZ AmR>dS>çmV nwU© hmoVmo. EH$m dfm©V hr H$sS> 7 Vo 8 {ndio qH$dm {Zio {MH$Q> gmnio bmdmdoV.
{nT>çm V`ma H$aVo.  nrH$ bmJdS>rZ§Va 40 {Xdgm§n`ªV eoV VU{da{hV R>odmdo.
ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma: VwS>VwSo> d Ë`m§Mr {n„o nmZm§À`m ImbÀ`m eoVmV d Ywè`mda ~mdMr dZñnVr Agë`mg Vr CnQy>Z
^mJmV amhÿZ nmZmVrb ag emofU H$aVmV Ë`m‘wio nmZo gwê$Hw$VmV Zï> H$amdr. ñnmoS>moßQ>oam AirMm àmXw^m©d amoIÊ`mg ‘XV
Ë`m‘wio nmZmÀ`m H$S>m darb ~mOwg dmiVmV d nmZm§Zm H$nmgmaIm hmoVo. H$sS> d amoJ àmXw^m©dJ«ñV nmZo, A§S>rnw§O Agbobr nmZo,
AmH$ma `oVmo VgoM PmS>m§Mr dmT> Iw§Q>Vo. OmirXma nmZo Jmoim H$ê$Z Airgh Zï> H$amdrV.
 nrH$ ’w$bmoam AdñWoV AgVmZm nmZo Jw§S>miUmè`m AirÀ`m
5.’w$b{H$So>: {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r namonOrdr H$sQ>H$ Q´m`H$moJ«m‘m 50 hOma/
{H$S>rMr AmoiI: hr H$sS> {’$H$Q> {ndiga a§JmMr AgyZ hoŠQ>ar XmoZ doim qH$dm ~«°H$m°Z ~«°pìhH$m°{Zg 12.5 hOma
AË`§V ~marH$ AgVo. ho {H$So> nmZm§À`m daÀ`m d ImbÀ`m hoŠQ>ar XmoZ doim gmoS>mdrV.
~mOygghr AgVmV.  hoŠQ>ar nmM àH$me gmnio, 30 Vo 40 njr Wm§~o bmdmdoV.

‘mM© & 2023 41

 nmZo ImUmè`m AirÀ`m gd}jUmH$[aVm hoŠQ>ar 5 Am{U H$sS> qZ~moir AH©$ (5%) qH$dm H$Sy>qZ~ AmYmarV H$sQ>H$ZmeH$
ì`dñWmnZmH$[aVm à{V hoŠQ>ar 10 H$m‘J§Y gmnio bmdmdoV. A°Pm{S>a°pŠQ>Z (300 nrnrE‘) 2 Vo 3 {‘.{b. à{V {bQ>a
Ë`mVrb ë`wa, àbmo^Zo {e’$maerV doioV ~XbmdoV. nmUr `m à‘mUo dmna H$amdm. ì`dñWmnZmMo gd© Cnm`
 V§~mIydarb nmZo ImUmar Air (ñnmoS>moßQ>oam {bQ>çyam) dmnaë`mZ§Vahr {H$S>rMm àmXw^m©d Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ nmVirnojm
ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r Eg.Eb.EZ.nr.ìhr ho {dfmUyOÝ` A{YH$ Pmë`mg eodQ>Mm n`m©` åhUyZ {e’$maerV amgm`{ZH$
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ 500 {‘.{b. à{V hoŠQ>a `m à‘mUmV ’$dmamdo. H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m§Mm dmna H$amdm.
{H$S>tMm àmW{‘H$ ñdê$nmMm àmXw^m©d AmT>iyZ Amë`mg 
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMm dmna:
H«$ H$sS> H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ à{V 10 {bQ>a nmUr
1 ‘mdm Šbmoamonm`[a’$m°g20% B©gr 20 {‘br
2 VwS>VwSo> ’w$b{H$So> B{‘S>mŠbmo{àS> 17.8%Eg Eb 2.5 J«°‘
3 VwS>VwSo>, ’w$b{H$So>, nmZo nmoIaUmar Air
b°å~S>m gm`h°bmoW«rZ 85% B©gr 5 {‘br
4 nmZo nmoIaUmar Air So>ëQ>m‘oW«rZ 2. 8% qH$dm {¹$Zm°b’$m°g 25% B©gr 12.5 {‘br
5 VwS>VwSo>, V§~mIydarb nmZo ImUmar Air Wm`‘oWmoŠPm‘ 12.6% B©gr+b°å~S>m gm`h°bmoW«rZ 20 {‘br
9.5% PoS>gr
ZmoQ>: amgm`{ZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m gmo~V {Xboë`m gyMZm§Mo nmbZ H$amdo d dmnaVmZm `mo½` gmdYmZVm ~miJmdr.

eãXH$moSo> H«$. 17
`m PmS>mnmgyZ Q>m`a ~ZdVmV23)
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{nH$m§Mo doimodoir ‘emJV H$aUo 29)
OZmdam§Mm Mmam 30) EH$ V¥UYmÝ`

C^o eãX -
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CÎma 3) Q>M ^abobm XmUm 4)
{eVb, W§S> 5) Ho$irdaMm EH$ amoJ
7) {nH$mMo EH$ gmaIo JwUY‘© 8)
EH$ ~marH$ YmÝ` 11) EH$ V¥UYmÝ`
nrH$ 13) eoVH$è`mbm OmñV à‘mUmV
CËnmXZmMr amÌr nS>VmV Vo... 15)
ZmVoMr ‘wbJr 16) ‘.’w$.H¥$.{d.
ZmMUrMr EH$ OmV 17) ÁdmarMm EH$
dmU 18) nwînJw§’w$Z ~ZdVmV Vmo....
19) Ho$irdaMm EH$ amoJ 22)
KmoS>mKmg, EH$ Mmam nrH$ 24) bVm
25) {ZH$fÀ`m {déÕ,H$g Agbobm
26) nwéf, ‘X© 27) ~è`mM doimnmgyZ
AmS>do eãX aMZmH$ma-
1) E{àb ‘{hÝ`mV H$amd`mMo Ðmj N>mQ>Ur 4) CgmMm .... h§Jm‘ 6)....... `m nXmWm©Mm {eam qH$dm g§Xrn qZ~m nmQ>moio,
Cn‘m ~ZdVmV 7)nmdgmMr Yma 9) EH$ àH$maMo H$S>YmÝ` 10) XyY Xw^Vr....(nmird àmUr) 12) ‘§S>i H¥$fr A{YH$mar,
XyY XoUmao àmUr ... Ymar AgVmV. 13) {H$S>Ho$ /Iam~ Zgbobo YmÝ` 14) gaH$mar ZmoH$am§Mr ~±H$ g§J«m‘nya {O. ~wbT>mUm
16) ‘Owa .....H$ê$Z H$mnyg bmdVmV 17) EImÚm dmUmMr à‘mUHo$ 20) {Q>ey H$ëMa (‘amR>r) 21) 9421890770

42 ‘mM© & 2023

gmR>{dboë`m YmÝ`mdarb {H$S>r d Ë`m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ
àm. ìhr. E‘. gmIao, àm. ìhr. Eg. H$X‘, àm. Eb. Eg. Yg, amOrd Jm§Yr H¥${f ‘hm{dÚmb`, na^Ur
d[að> g§emoYH$ ghmæ`H$, d[að> g§emoYH$ ghmæ`H$
‘mZdr Amhmam‘Ü`o YmÝ`mÀ`m dmnamMo à‘mU gw‘mao 80 Q>³³¶m§n`ªV AgVo. H$mT>UrZ§Va YmÝ`mMr gmR>dU àm‘w»`mZo
ImÊ`mgmR>r, {~`mUo `m~amo~aM ~mOmanoR>oV Mm§Jbm XamÀ`m AnojoZo Ho$br OmVo. àË`j CËnmXZm Xaå`mZ eoVm‘Ü`o hmoUmè`m
{H$S>r‘wio YmÝ`mMo 12 Q>¸o$ ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. ‘mÌ Ë`mÀ`m {VßnQ> åhUOoM 36 Q>¸o$ ZwH$gmZ H$mnUrnümV gmR>dUr‘Ü`o `oUmè`m
{H$S>r‘wio hmoVo. åhUOoM H$mT>UrnümV YmÝ`mMr gmR>dU hm AË`§V ‘hÎdmMm {df` Amho.

gm R>dUwH$sVrb YmÝ`mV {Za{Zamù`m {H$S>tMm CnÐd hmoVmo. `mV

àm‘w»`mZo gm|So> ^w§Joao, Imnam ^w§Joao, {nR>mVrb Vm§~So> ^w§Joao,
XmVoar H$S>m`Mo ^w§Joao, YmÊ`mdarb nV§J, Vm§Ximdarb nV§J, Jìhmdarb
nV§J, {nR>mVrb nV§J, H$S>YmÝ`mdarb ^w§Joao BË`mXr {H$So> AmT>iVmV.
Ë`m{edm` gmR>{dboë`m YmÝ`mMo C§XamnmgyZ A{Ve` ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Voìhm
CËnmXZmMm XOm© gmR>dUwH$s Xaå`mZMo H$mimV `mo½` amIÊ`mH$[aVm
CnÐdH$maH$ {H$S>rMr ‘m{hVr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. OoUoH$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo
{Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Cnm``moOZm am~{dUo eŠ` hmoB©b.

1. Imnam ^w§Joao 2.gm|So> ^w§Joao 3. XmVoar 4. V¥UYmÝ`mdarb 5. H$S>YmÝ`mdarb

`O‘mZ {nHo$: ^mV, `O‘mZ {nHo$: Jhÿ, ^mV, H$S>m§Mo ^w§Joao nV§J ^w§Joao
Jhÿ, Ádmar, H$S>YmÝ`, ‘H$m, Ádmar B. `O‘mZ {nHo$: `O‘mZ {nHo$: ^mV, `O‘mZ {nHo$: gd©
Vob{~`m, n|S> B. ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma: `m ‘H$m, ^mV, ‘H$m, Ádmar, Jhÿ, gmVy B. H$S>YmÝ`o CXm. Vya,
ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma: `m {H$S>rbm Agboë`m d¡{eï²>`nyU© Ádmar, Jhÿ B. ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma: ‘yJ, CS>rX, Mdir B.
{H$S>rMr ‘mXr XmÊ`mda gm|So>‘wio {Vbm gm|So> ^w§Joao ho ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma: `m {H$S>rMr Air ’$º$ ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma:
VgoM q^Vrdarb Zmd nS>bo Amho. gm|So> {H$S>rMm `m {H$S>rMr Air d gmR>dboë`m YmÝ`mMo hr H$sS> eoVmV nrH$
OmñV àmXw^m©d Pmë`mg ZwH$gmZ H$aVo. hr Air
^oJm§‘Ü`o A§S>r KmbVo. àm¡T> ^w§Joao YmÝ`mMo H$mT>Ê`mnyduM XmÊ`mV
YmÝ`mVrb Vmn‘mZ dmT>Vo. `m nm§T>è`m a§JmMr AgyZ,
Air Ho$gmi AgyZ {H$S>rMr Air d àm¡T> XmoÝhr ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV. àdoe H$aVo. àm¡T>
{VMo S>moHo$ {ndio AgVo.
Vr XmUo nmoIaVo. YmÝ`mMo ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV. ‘mXr ^w§Joao XmÊ`mda Air XmÊ`mdarb Air XmÊ`m‘Ü`o
n[aUm‘r XmÊ`mMr ‘mXr H$sQ>H$ YmÝ`mÀ`m A§S>r KmbVmV. ^oJm§‘YyZ XmÊ`m‘Ü`o {eê$Z YmÝ`m‘Ü`oM
Q>a’$bo {e„H$ amhVmV. XmÊ`mda eoVm‘Ü`oM EH$- Air XmÊ`m‘Ü`o àdoe H$ê$Z AmVrb amhVo. àm¡T> ^w§Joao
AirÀ`m A§Jmdarb EH$ Ago A§So> KmbVo. {eê$Z XmUo ’$ñV Jm^m ImVo. {VMo dmñVì` XmÊ`m§Zm {N>Ð nmSy>Z
Ho$g earamdarb A§S>çmVwZ ~mhoa nS>bobr Air H$aVo. Ë`m‘wio ’$º$ Zoh‘r XmÊ`mVM amhVo. ~mhoa nS>ë`mZo
AmdaU d {dð>o‘wio XmUo nmoIê$Z Cn{OdrH$m Q>a’$bo amhVmV. hr H$sS> eoVm‘Ü`o d ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. AÝ`
YmÝ`mg Xn© `oVmo H$aVo. YmÝ`mMo nrR> hmoVo. àm¡T> Air àmXw^m©dJ«ñV gmR>dUr‘Ü`ohr XmÊ`mMo doir àm¡T> {Zê$nÐdr
Ë`m‘wio YmÝ`mMo ^w§Joao XmÊ`mda JmobmH$ma N>mn XmÊ`m‘Ü`o ZwH$gmZ H$aVo. YmÝ` AgVmo.
~mOma‘yë` H$‘r hmoVo. nmSy>Z XmZo ’$ñV H$aVmV. H$mofmdñWoV OmVo. H$moR>çm qH$dm nmoË`m§‘Ü`o
`m {H$S>rMm àmXw^m©d hmoVmo.
ì`dñWmnZ:
 gmR>dUrgmR>r YmÝ`mVrb Amobmdm 10 Q>¸o$nojm H$‘r amhrb Aer H$miOr ¿`mdr d Ë`mgmR>r YmÝ` CÝhmV Mm§Jbo dmidmdo.
 YmÝ`mV dmibobr H$Sw>qZ~mMr nmZo YmÝ`mÀ`m EH$ Q>¸o$ à‘mUmV {‘gimdrV.
 YmÝ` ^aÊ`mAJmoXa nmoË`mda ‘°b°{WAm°Z 50 Q>¸o$ àdmhr H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ 20 {‘br 10 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ ’$dmamdo.
 YmÝ`m§‘Ü`o goë’$mog Jmoir 3 J«°‘/ q¹$Q>b qH$dm ~mo[aH$ ^wH$Q>r 10 J«°‘ / {H$.J«°. `mà‘mUmV ~§X H$moR>rV dmnamdo.
 So>ëQ>m‘oW«rZ 4 {‘br 500 {‘br nmÊ`mV {‘giyZ 100 {H$bmo {~`mÊ`mg Mmoimdo qH$dm So>ëQ>m‘oW«rZ 2.5% nmÊ`mV {daKiUmar ^wH$Q>r 2.5
J«°‘/ {H$.J«°‘ `mà‘mUo {~`mÊ`mg {‘gimdr.

‘mM© & 2023 43

XwYmi ney§Zm Úmb
‘yaKmg : ¿`mb XyY
CËnmXZmMm Ü`mg
S>m°. A{ZVm qOVwaH$a, {df` {deofk (newg§dY©Z d Xw½Yemó), H¥$fr {dkmZ H|$Ð, Am¡a§Jm~mX
‘yaKmg åhUOo hdm {dahrV OmJoV Am§~dyZ ({H$ÝdrH$aU) H$éZ gmR>dbobm Mmam hmo`. `m nÜXVrV hdm {dahrV
AdñWo‘Ü`o OJUmè`m gwú‘ {OdmUy§‘wio {haì`m d¡aUrV Agboë`m gmIaonmgyZ b°ŠQ>rH$ Amåb V`ma hmoVo. Vo Amåb Mmam
Mm§Jë`m AdñWoV R>odÊ`mMo H$m‘ H$aVo.
A ÞYmÝ`mÀ`m Am{U ZJXr {nH$m§À`m {Z`moOZm~amo~aM Mmè`mÀ`m
{nH$m§Mo {Z`moOZ H$amdo. `mgmR>r WmoSo>go joÌ amIyZ R>odmdo Ë`m
joÌmV bdH$a V`ma hmoUmè`m Am{U OmñV CËnmXZ XoUmè`m Mmè`mÀ`m
{nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$amdr. bdH$a V`ma hmoUmè`m Am{U OmñV CËnmXZ
XoUmè`m {nH$m§À`m OmVr {dH${gV bmJdS> Pmë`m AmhoV.
‘mog‘mV nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mda éOUmao JdV g§a{jV H$ê$Z,
’w$bmoè`mÀ`m AdñWoV H$mnUr H$ê$Z gmR>dU H$aVm `oVo. {hadm Mmam
gmR>dyZ R>odÊ`mZo V§ÌkmZ AmO CnbãY Pmbo Amho. {hadm Mmam
gmR>dyZ R>odÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`obm ‘wa{dUo Ago åhUVmV. ‘wa{dë`mZ§Va
V`ma {‘iUmam Mmam åhUOoM ‘waKmg hmo`.
‘waKmgmMr Cn`wº$Vm :
1) ‘waKmgmVyZ AÞÐì`mMm nwadR>m hmoVmo. hr AÞÐì`o dmiboë`m
d¡aUrVyZ CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV.
2) ‘waKmg ê$MH$a Am{U MdXma AgVmo. Jwao AmdS>rZo ImVmV.
Ë`mVyZ ewîH$ KQ>H$ OmñV {‘iVmV Am{U OZmdam§Mo nmofU Mm§Jbo
hmoVo.
3) ‘waKmgm‘wio IwamH$mMr ~MV hmoVo. amoOÀ`m ImÚmdaÀ`m EHy$U
IMm©V H$nmV hmoVo.
4) ‘waKmg gm¡å` aoMH$ AgVmo. Ë`m‘wio Jwam§Zm ~ÕH$moð>VoMm Ìmg
hmoV Zmhr. nMZg§ñWm gm’$ amhVo.
5) ‘waKmgmVrb g|Ðr` AmåbmMm Cn`moJ OR>amV V`ma hmoUmè`m
Amåb agmgmaIm hmoVmo Am{U earanmofU Mm§Jbo hmoVo.
6) ‘waKmgm‘wio amoOÀ`m XyY - CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoVo.
7) dmiboë`m d¡aUrVrb AÞKQ>H$m§Mr ÌwQ>r ‘waKmgmZo ^ê$Z {ZKVo.
44 ‘mM© & 2023
8) ‘waKmgmMm dmna Ogm Xw^Ë`m OZmdam§gmR>r H$aVm `oVmo, VgmM
eoù`m‘|T>çm§gmR>r XoIrb H$aVm `oVmo.
‘waKmg {nH$m§Mo {Z`moOZ :
Amo{bVmImbrb joÌ H$‘r Amho. Ho$di 23-24 Q>¸o$ joÌ ~mJm`Vr
Amho. ~mJm`Vr joÌmV Mmè`mMr bmJdS> AmUIr H$‘r, åhUyZ df©^a
{haì`m Mmè`mMm nwadR>m hmoV ZgVmo. Voìhm amoOÀ`m JaOogmR>r {haì`m
Mmè`mEodOr ‘waKmg EH$ CÎm‘ n`m©` Amho.
‘waKmgmgmR>r bmJUmao {nH$m§Mo {Z`moOZ ìhmdo. {Oam`V joÌmV
‘waKmg {nH$m§À`m bmJdS>rg Am{U CËnÞmg hdr Agbobr O‘rZ,
hdm‘mZ, gy`©àH$me Am{U nmD$g `m§Mm {dMma ìhmdm. Voìhm
nmdgmi`mV H$mhr joÌmV ‘waKmg {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$amdr. ¶mgmR>r
‘H$m qH$dm ÁdmarMr {ZdS> Ho$ë`mg OmñV gmo`rMo AgVo. h„r 70-
75 {XdgmV V`ma hmoUmam ‘H$m Am{U ÁdmarÀ`m OmVr {dH${gV
Pmë`m AmhoV. `m OmVrMr bmJdS> H$ê$Z 70-75 {XdgmV V`ma
hmoUmè`m {nH$m§Mr H$mnUr H$amdr Am{U ‘waKmg V`ma H$amdm.
‘madob, ndZm, H$mQ>oH$adob, ‘moe ho JdV Am°ŠQ>mo~a ‘{hÝ`mÀ`m
gwédmVrnmgyZ ’w$bmoè`mV `oÊ`mg gwédmV hmoVo. `m H$mimV H$mnUr
H$ê$Z ‘waKmg H$amdm. H$mnUr Ho$ë`mZ§Va nwÝhm nmbdr ’w$Q>Vo Am{U
{S>g|~a AIoan`ªV Jwam§Zm Mamd`mg {‘iVo.
‘waKmg {nH$m§Mr {ZdS> :
1) ‘waKmgmgmR>r EH$Xb (V¥UYmÝ`dJ©) Am{U {ÛXb (S>midJu`)
{nH$m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVm `oVo.
2) V¥UYmÝ` dJm©V ‘H$m, Ádmar, ~mOar, AmoQ²g Am{U JdVr {nH$m§Mm
 g‘mdoe hmoVmo. V¥UYmÝ`dJu` {nH$m§‘Ü`o H$~m}XH$m§Mo à‘mU OmñV
AgVo. åhUyZ ‘waKmg Mm§Jbm hmoVmo. Ë`mVë`m Ë`mV ‘H$m ho nrH$
CËH¥$ï> hmo` Am{U Ë`m ImbmoImb ÁdmarMm H«$‘ bmJVmo.
3) S>midJu` {nH$m§V Mdir, dmb, nmdQ>m, ë`ygZ©, ~agr‘ Am{U
Jdma `m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. S>midJu` {nH$m§‘Ü`o à{WZm§Mo à‘mU
V¥UYmÝ`m§nojm A{YH$ AgVo. {edm` I{ZOm§Mo à‘mU XoIrb
OmñV AgVo.
4) ‘w»` {nH$m‘Ü`o ’w$bmoè`mZ§Va XmUo ^aV AgVmZmÀ`m AdñWoV
^anya AÞÐì`o AgVmV.
‘H$m qH$dm ÁdmarMm ‘waKmg :
 d¡aUrÀ`m {nH$m§‘Ü`o ‘Š`mÀ`m {nH$mbm ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. Ë`m
ImbmoImb ÁdmarMm H«$‘ bmJVmo.
 ’w$bmoè`mZ§Va XmUo ^aÊ`mÀ`m AdñWoV ‘H$m Am{U ÁdmarÀ`m
ImoS>mV, nmZm§V eH©$aoMo Am{U nmMH$ H$~m}XH$m§Mo à‘mU OmñV
AgVo.
 ‘H$m Am{U ÁdmarMo ImoS> Ja`wº$ Am{U ^ard AgVo. Ë`mMo VwH$So>
H$aUo qH$dm Hw$Å>r H$aUo gmono OmVo. Ja`wº$ ImoS>m‘wio Hw$Å>r Xm~yZ
KÅ> ~g{dVm `oVo Oo nmoH$i ImoS>mnmgyZ gmÜ` hmoV Zmhr.
 ‘H$m, ÁdmarMo nrH$ ‘mÝgyZÀ`m gwédmVrbm noê$Z 70-75
{Xdgm§Z§Va H$mnUr H$aVm `oVo Am{U Ë`mImbrb joÌ nwÝhm
aã~rgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>Vo.
 ‘H$m Am{U ÁdmarÀ`m {nH$m§Zm {H$S>r Am{U amoJm§nmgyZ OmñV
CnÐd ZgVmo.
 ‘H$m Am{U ÁdmarMo {‘lU H$ê$Z nrH$ KoVm `oVo qH$dm {‘l
Hw$Å>rMm CÎm‘ ‘waKmg hmoVmo.
 ‘H$m Am{U ÁdmarV 'S>' OrdZgÎd ‘w~bH$ AgVo Am{U
‘wa{dÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`oV XoIrb Ë`mMo à‘mU {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.
 ‘waKmg H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘H$m qH$dm ÁdmarMo nrH$ `mo½`doir H$mnmdo.
’w$bmoè`mZ§Va XmUo ^aV AgVmZmMr AdñWm H$mnUrgmR>r OmñV
’$m`ÚmMr.
‘waKmg Agm V`ma hmoVmo :
‘waKmg V`ma hmoVmZm Á`m à{H«$`m hmoVmV Am{U {hadr d¡aU
‘wa{dbr OmVo, Ë`mMr ‘m{hVr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {haì`m
Mm`m§Mr/d¡aUrMr Hw$Å>r ‘waKmgmÀ`m IÈ>`mV KÅ> Xm~yZ ^aë`mZ§Va
‘wa{dÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`obm gwédmV hmoVo. {haì`m Mmè`m§À`m noerMo œgZ
‘waKmg IÈ>`mV WmoSo>go OmñV doJmZo hmoVo Am{U œgZ à{H«$`m H$mhr
H$mbmn`ªV {Q>Hy$Z amhVo. œgZ à{H«$`oV àmUdm`yMm dmna hmoVmo.
àmUdm`y g§nwï>mV Amë`mZ§Va œgZ {H«$`m Wm§~Vo. àmUdm`y g§në`m‘wio
~waerMr dmT> hmoV Zmhr. Amåb V`ma H$aUmè`m OrdmUy§Mr ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmda dmT> hmoVo. ho OrdmUy Mmè`mVrb eH©$am Am{U H$~m}XHo$ `m§Mm
dmna H$aVmV Am{U ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda Amåb V`ma hmoVo. `m g|{Ð`
AmåbmV àm‘w»`mZo b°pŠQ>H$ AmåbmMo à‘mU OmñV AgVo. {edm`
ã`y{Q´H$ Amåb, A°{g{Q>H$ Amåb Am{U WmoS>çm à‘mUmV AëH$mohmob
V`ma hmoVmo. AmåbmÀ`m gm{ÞÜ`mV ZH$mo Agboë`m OrdmUy§Mr dmT>
hmoV Zmhr Am{U åhUyZ Mmam Hw$OV Zmhr.
AmåbmMo à‘mU dmT>bo, åhUOo Am§~dÊ`mMr {H«$`m Wm§~Vo Am{U
Mmam {Q>Hy$Z amhVmo, Hw$OV Zmhr. Amåb Am{U AëH$mohmob‘wio EH$
àH$maMm ‘Ywa dmg Am{U Md `oVo. hm dmg {nH$boë`m Ja`wº$
’$imgmaIm AgVmo. Vmo Jwam§Zm AmdS>Vmo. Ádmar Am{U ‘H$m ’w$bmoè`mV
`oÊ`mAJmoXa H$mnUr H$ê$Z ‘waKmg V`ma Ho$ë`mg AmåbVoMo à‘mU
dmT>Vo. {edm` à{WZmMo à‘mU Vm¡b{ZH$Ñï²>`m OmñV Agë`mZo
‘waKmgmMr Md Am§~Q> hmoVo Am{U EH$ àH$maMm dmg `oVmo, JwUdÎmm
H$‘r hmoVo. ‘H$m Am{U ÁdmarÀ`m H$Ugm§Vrb XmUo {nH$ë`mZ§Va
‘waKmg V`ma Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMr JwUdÎmm H$‘r àVrMr AgVo. {edm`
VmQ>mVrb nmÊ`mMo à‘mU H$‘r Agë`mZo Hw$Å>r KÅ> Xm~yZ ~g{dUo
{O{H$arMo hmoVo. Hw$Å>r ApñWa hmoVo Am{U KÅ> Z amhVm g¡b hmoVo. Vr
hdm~§X pñWVrV `oV Zmhr, Ë`mV hdm {e„H$ amhVo Am{U ~waerMr
dmT> hmoVo. åhUyZ XmUo ^aÊ`mMr AdñWm ‘waKmg Mm§Jbm hmoÊ`mg
`mo½` hmo`. Ádmar Am{U ‘Š`mÀ`m ~è`mM gwYm[aV OmVr V`ma Pmë`m
AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr OmVrMr {ZdS> H$amdr.
‘waKmgmgmR>r IiJo/IÈ>m Agm V`ma H$am :
1) IÈ>`mgmR>r C§MdQ>çmMr OmJm {ZdS>m.
2) {ZdS>boë`m {R>H$mUr AWdm IÈ>`mV nmUr {PanUma Zmhr/ O‘m
hmoUma Zmhr. `mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoUo JaOoMo.
3) ‘waKmg {H$Vr H$amd`mMm, `mda IÈ>`mMm AmH$ma KoUo JaOoMo.
4) ‘waKmg ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r gÜ`m ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda ~mOmamV 500
Ho$OrÀ`m nwT>o V`ma ~°J / {neì`m {‘iV AmhoV. Ë`m ~°J dmnaUo
gmo`rMo d gwa{jV AmhoV Ë`mM~amo~a ~mOmamV Zm‘m§{H$V H§$nZrMo
‘waKmg H$ëMa CnbãY AmhoV. `m H$ëMaÀ`m dmnamZo ‘waKmgMr
àV EH$X‘ Mm§Jbr hmoD$Z `mo½` àVrMm ‘waKmg V`ma hmoVmo.
5) `w[a`mMm dmna `mo½` à‘mUmV H$aUo JaOoMo.
nm¡{ï>H$ d g§Vw{bV ‘yaKmg ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mda `mo½` à{H«$`m
H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r à{V Q>Z Hw$Å>r Ho$boë`m {haì`m
Mmè`mda à{H«$`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1 {H$bmo `w[a`m, 2 {H$bmo Jwi, 1 {H$bmo
‘rR>, 1 {H$bmo {‘Zab {‘ŠMa d 1 {b VmH$ dmnamdo.
`w[a`m, Jwi, {‘Zab {‘ŠMa d ‘rR> doJdoJù`m ^m§S>çmV KoD$Z
10 Vo 15 {bQ>a nmÊ`m‘Ü`o {daKiyZ ¿`mdo d Hw$Å>r Ho$boë`m Mmè`mda
qenS>mdo.
‘waKmgmMm IÈ>m Agm ^am :
1) V`ma Pmbobo nrH$ H$mo`Ë`mZo AWdm {dù`mZo ~wS>mnmgyZ H$mnm.
‘mM© & 2023 45

2) H$mnboë`m Mmè`m§Mo JÇ>o ~m§Ym.
3) JR²>R>çm§Mr dmhVyH$ ~¡bJmS>r/Q´°ŠQ>aZo / ‘mUgmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo
IÈ>`mn`ªV H$am.
4) JR²>R>çm§Vrb Mmè`mMo VwH$So> H$mVarZo Am{U Mm’$H$Q>aZo H$am.
5) V`ma Pmbobo Mm’$ qH$dm Hw$Å>r nmQ>rZo qH$dm nmoË`m§V ^ê$Z
IÈ>`mV gmR>dm`bm gwédmV H$am.
6) IÈ>`mV Mm’$ / Hw$Å>r ì`dpñWV ngam.
7) Hw$Å>r dada nS>V OmB©b, VgVgo ngaÊ`mMo H$m`© Mmby Úm Am{U
Ë`mM~amo~a Hw$Å>r KÅ> VwS>dyZ Xm~m`bm gwédmV H$am.
8) Hw$Å>rMo Wamda Wa ì`dpñWV ngam Am{U KÅ> VwS>dyZ Xm~Ê`mMo
H$m`© Mmby R>odm.
9) àË`oH$ Wa ZrQ> ngê$Z KÅ> Xm~bm OmB©b, `mMr I~aXmar ¿`m.
àg§Jr ~¡bmbm AWdm aoS>çmbm ‘Ü`o {’$adyZ Hw$Å>r KÅ> ~gob. Ago
H$am.
10)IÈ>m ^aÊ`mMo H$m‘ nyU© hmoB©n`ªV Xm~Ê`mMo Am{U KÅ> ~g{dÊ`mMo
H$m`© Mmby R>odm. IÈ>m ^ê$Z {eJobm nmohmoMë`mZ§Va ~§X H$aÊ`mÀ`m
V`marbm bmJm.
amoOÀ`m AmhmamV ‘waKmg :
1) ‘waKmg EH$ CÎm‘ àH$maMr d¡aU hmo`.
2) ‘waKmg OZmdao AmdS>rZo ImVmV.
3) ‘waKmgmVyZ AÞÐì`m§Mm nwadR>m hmoVmo.
4) ‘waKmgmVrb AÞÐì`o nMm`bm hbH$s AgVmV. {deofV: à{WZo
Am{U D$Om© `m§Mr nmMH$Vm gwYmaVo. Vr bdH$a nMVmV Am{U
dmna earanmofUmgmR>r hmoVmo.
5) ‘waKmgmVyZ CnbãY hmoUmar I{ZOo, OrdZgÎdo Am{U H$mhr
CÎmoOHo$ earanmofUmbm CnH$maH$ R>aVmV.
6) earamV AÞÐì`m§Mm dmna hmoÊ`mgmR>r CÎm‘ D$Om© hdr AgVo.
Aem àH$maMr D$Om© ‘waKmgmVyZ {‘iVo.
7) ‘waKmgm‘wio AmhmamVrb BVa ImÚ-nXmWmªMr nmMH$Vm gwYmaVo.
{deofV: ImÚmVrb à{WZm§Mm dmna Ë`m§À`mgmo~V CnbãY
hmoUmè`m D$O}da Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
8) ‘waKmgm‘wio EHy$U AÞnXmWmªMr Cn`wº$Vm dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV hmoVo
Am{U IwamH$mV H$mhr à‘mUmV H$nmV H$aVm `oVo. ‘waKmg gm¡å`
aoMH$ Amho. nMZg§ñWm ñdÀN> hmoD$Z H$m`©j‘ amhVo.
46 ‘mM© & 2023
hr I~aXmar ¿`m :
1) ‘waKmg-IÈ>m CKS>ë`mZ§Va WmoS>m AdYr OmD$ Úm.
Ë`mVrb Anm`H$maH$ dm`y Am{U H$~©dm`y Zmhrgm
hmoVmo. ‘J ‘waKmg H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Ii½`mV CVam.
2) ‘waKmg H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r XmVoao, ’$mdSo>, e°dob qH$dm
‘waKmg nmVo `m§Mm dmna H$am.
3) Á`m H$Ê`mVyZ XaamoO ‘waKmg H$mT>bm OmVmo, Vmo H$ßn
KÅ> ~maXmZm qH$dm ßb°ñQ>rH$À`m H$nS>çmZo PmH$m.
4) ‘waKmg H$mT>Vodoir bJVMm H$ßnm T>mgiUma Zmhr
qH$dm Ë`mdaMo AmÀN>mXZ ‘mVr, H$mS>r-H$ñnQ>
H$mogiUma Zmhr, `mMr H$miOr ¿`m.
5) ‘waKmg H$mT>Vodoir nm`mV dhmU Agy Úm.
dmT>rg bmJbobr OZmdao, Jm^U JmB©, Xw^Vr OZmdao `m§Zm dmT>rd
à‘mUmV D$O}Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. {VMm nwadR>m ‘waKmgmVyZ hmoD$
eH$Vmo. gd©gmYmaUnUo XaamoO EH$m OZmdambm {H$Vr ‘waKmg Úmdm,
Ë`mMo à‘mU Imbr Xe©{dbo Amho :
A) Xw^Ë`m JmB© : 20 Vo 25 {H$bmo.
~) Xw^Ë`m åher : 25 Vo 27 {H$bmo.
H$) dmT>rg bmJboë`m H$mbdS>r/ nmaS>çm : 6 Vo 8 {H$bmo.
S>) Jm^U JmB© : 18 Vo 20 {H$bmo.
T>) Jm^U åher : 18 Vo 22 {H$bmo.
U) ~H$ar : 2 Vo 2.25 {H$bmo/100 {H$. dOZmgmR>r.
1) ‘waKmg {Xdg^amVyZ EH$ qH$dm XmoZ doim g‘ ^mJmV {d^mJyZ
Úmdm.
2) OZmdam§Zm ‘waKmg ImD$ KmbÊ`mAJmoXa dmibobr d¡aU XoUo
’$m`ÚmMo.
3) Xw^Ë`m OZmdam§Zm ‘waKmg, Yma H$mTy>Z KoVë`mZ§VaM ImD$
Kmbmdm.
4) ‘waKmg OmñV Amåb`wº$/Am§~Q> MdrMm Agë`mg OZmdao
ImUma ZmhrV. Voìhm Ë`mVrb AmåbVoMo à‘mU H$‘r H$aÊ`mgmR>r
WmoS>m doi gwHy$ Úmdm. Ë`mVrb AmobganUm H$‘r Pmë`mZ§Va
ImD$ Kmbmdm. gwH$boë`m ‘waKmgmV AÞÐì`m§Mr KQ> Pmbobr
AgVo. nU AmåbVm H$‘r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ago H$amdo bmJVo.
AmåbVm H$‘r H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$S>~rMr Hw$Å>rXoIrb {‘giyZ ImD$
KmbVm `oVo.
5) ‘waKmgmMr Jwam§Zm gd` Pmbr nm{hOo. gwédmVrbm Vr Vmo MmIV
‘mIV ImVmV. 4-6 {Xdgm§Zr Ë`m§Zm Ë`mMr gd` hmoVo Am{U
Z§Va Vr Vmo AmdS>rZo ImVmV.

‘hm{‘boQ²>g- g§Ho$ñVñWi
""Am§Vaamï´>r¶ nm¡{ï>H$
V¥UYmݶ df© 2023''
 ‘Ëñ` eoVrVrb
ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ
àm. Ho$VZ Mm¡Yar, {d^mJ à‘wI, àm. g§Xoe nmQ>rb, gh`moJr àmÜ`mnH$, ‘Ëñ` {dñVma {ejU, ‘Ëñ` ‘hm{dÚmb`, {eaJmd, aËZm{Jar
‘Ëñ`g§dY©Z hm OJmVrb gdm©V doJmZo dmT>Umam ‘Ëñ`ì`dgm` Amho. à{WZm§À`m ‘mJUrV Pmbobr dmT> Am{U gVV dmT>Umar
‘mZdr bmoH$g§»`m VgoM g‘wÐmVrb ‘mgirMo pñWamdbobo CËnmXZ ho ‘Ëñ`g§dY©ZmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm MmbZm XoV Amho
Jo ë`m 50-60 dfmª‘Ü`o ‘Ëñ` g§dY©Z joÌmV dmnabo OmUmao {d{dY
V§ÌkmZ d àUmbr `m§Mm doJmZo {dH$mg Pmbobm Amho. ‘Ëñ` g§dY©Z
joÌmV dmnabo OmUmao V§ÌkmZ ho ‘w»`V… g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mV `oUmè`m ‘Ëñ`
àOmVtMr ObX dmT> d Ë`m§Mm Or{dV Xa gwYmaÊ`mH$[aVm dmnabr
OmVmV. CXm. ~m`moâbm°H$ (O¡dnw§O) V§ÌkmZ, nwZdm©na ‘Ëñ`g§dY©Z
àUmbr (amg), {JâQ> {Vbm{n`m ‘mem§Mo g§dY©Z, n§Jg ‘mem§Mo g§dY©Z,
qnOè`mVrb ‘Ëñ` g§dY©Z, gwYm[aV {~Om§Mo g§JmonZ, nmÊ`mMr àV
‘moOUmao Am{U nmÊ`mMr àV gwYmaUmao g§`§Ì, ñd`§M{bV {’$S>a BË`mXr.
‘Ëñ` g§dY©ZmVrb AemM H$mhr ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ Am{U àUmbr `m§Mr
g{dñVa ‘m{hVr Imbr {Xbobr Amho.
1. ~m`moâbm°H$ (O¡dnw§O) V§ÌkmZ-
~m`moâbm°H$ åhUOo {OdmUy, dZñnVr ßbd§J, Am{X Ord Am{U
H$Uñdê$nmVrb g|{Ð` nXmW© åhUOoM ImÚ d {dð>m `m§Mm g§{‘l nw§OH$m.
~m`moâbm°H$ V§ÌkmZ: Amdí`H$ ~m~r
OmñV à‘mUmV Am{U gVV bmJUmam drO nwadR>m
AI§S> drO nwadR>m Zgë`mg OZaoQ>a qH$dm BÝìhQ>©aMr gmo`
Agmdr  Vbmd {Z{‘©Vr  à{e{jV ‘Zwî`~imMr JaO AgVo
 H$m~©Z KQ>H$m§À`m dmnamda OmñV IM© `oVmo  ~m`moâbm°H$
V§ÌkmZmMo ’$m`Xo-    OmñV KZVo‘Ü`o ‘mem§Mr gmR>dUyH$
H$aVm `oVo ‘mem§Mr amoJà{VH$maH$ eº$s dmT>dÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo
 ‘Ëñ` g§dY©ZmXaå`mZ ImÚmMo d à{WZm§Mo H$‘r à‘mU bmJVo
 O¡dnw§O (âbmoH$) ñdê$nmVrb {Od§V ImÚ gVV CnbãY
Agë`mZo ‘mem§Mr dmT> ObX hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo
~m`moâbm°H$ V§ÌkmZmMo VËd-
‘Ëñ` g§dY©ZmXaå`mZ {e„H$ am{hbobo ImÚ, {dð>m Am{U A‘mo{Z`m
`m§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ZÌ`wº$ Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© V`ma hmoVmV. namonOrdr {OdmUy
`m ZÌ`wº$ Q>mH$mD$ nXmWmªMm dmna H$ê$Z ñdV…Mr g§»`m dmT>{dVmV. `m
{OdmUy§Mr g§»`m ^anya dmT>br Va Vo EH$‘oH$m§Zm OmoS>bo OmVmV Am{U
Ë`mMm nw§OH$m V`ma hmoVmo. `m nw§OŠ`mV dZñnVr ßbd§J, Am{XOrd Am{U
àmUr bd§J BË`mXr g§b¾ AgVmV, åhUyZM `mbm O¡dnw§O (~m`moâbm°H$)
Ago åhUVmV. {OdmUy§Mr g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m~©Z Vo ZÌ JwUmoÎma
(C:N ratio) 10:1 À`m da AgUo JaOoMo AgVo ZÌ`wº$ Q>mH$mD$
nXmWmªMo à‘mU H$‘r Pmë`mda nmÊ`mMm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo
VgoM V`ma hmoUmam ~m`moâbm°H$ Mm Cn`moJ Z¡g{J©H$ ImÚ åhUyZ hmoVmo
~m`moâbm°H$ V§ÌkmZ-
 ~m`moâbm°H$ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r B©ZmHw$b‘ (g§amon / {daOU)
V`ma H$amdm bmJVmo g§amon V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r VbmdmVrb gwH$s ‘mVr
dmnabr OmVo. 18 Vo 22 {‘{bJ«°‘ ‘mVr 12 {‘{bJ«°‘ A‘mo{Z`‘ gë’o$Q>
Am{U 220 {‘brJ«m‘ Am§~dbobr CgmMr H$mH$dr à{V {bQ>a nmÊ`mV
{‘giyZ ho {‘lU ‘Ü`o Amdí`H$ à‘mUmV ~wS>~wSo> hdm (E[aEeZ) gmoS>br
OmVo.  45 VmgmZ§Va V`ma Pmbobr g§amon Vbmdm‘Ü`o gmoS>bo OmVo
à{V KZ‘rQ>a OmJogmR>r 45 Vo 55 {bQ>a g§amon dmnamdo E[aEeZ hm
`m V§ÌkmZmMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ Amho Ë`m‘wio nmÊ`mMo `mo½` A{^gaU
hmoÊ`mgmR>r VbmdmMo Mmar H$monao JmobmH$ma H$ê$Z ¿`mdoV. g§d{Y©V
‘mgirZo Z-Imbobo nyaH$ ImÚ Am{U CËg{O©V Pmboë`m Zm`Q´moOZ
`mMm dmna H$ê$Z {OdmUy Am{U EH$ noer dZñnVtMo O¡d nw§O V`ma
Ho$bo OmVo, Oo g§d{Y©V ‘mgir ImÚ åhUyZ dmnaVo, Ë`m‘wio ‘mem§Zm
‘mM© & 2023 47

nyaH$ImÚ H$‘r à‘mUmV bmJVo Am{U ImÚmMm Anì`` hmoV Zmhr 
`m V§ÌkmZm‘Ü`o Zm`Q´moOZ CËg{O©V KQ>H$m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z O¡dnw§O V`ma
Ho$ë`m‘wio nmÊ`mMr JwUdÎmm {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo Am{U dma§dma
nmUr ~XbÊ`mMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr.
2. {JâQ> {Vbm{n`m ‘mem§Mo g§dY©Z:
Vbmdm‘Ü`o {JâQ> {Vbm{n`m åhUOoM EH$qbJr {Vbm{n`m ‘mem§Mo
g§dY©Z H$aUo ’$m`Xoera Amho. EH$qbJr {JâQ> {Vbm{n`m ObX JVrZo
dmT>VmV Am{U Ë`m§Mm AmH$ma XoIrb EH$ gmaIm AgVmo. ~ma‘mhr
VbmdmV dfm©VyZ XmoZ doim {JâQ> ‘mem§Mo g§dY©Z H$aUo eŠ` Amho.
~mOmanoR>oV `m ‘membm ‘mJUr gwÕm Mm§Jbr Amho.
{JâQ> {Vbm{n`m ‘mem§Mo g§dY©Z H$aVodoir ‘hÎdmÀ`m ~m~r-
{JâQ> {Vbm{n`m ‘mem§Mr eoVr H$aVmZm OmJm H$‘rV H$‘r Xhm Jw§R>o
Agmdr  VbmdmV gmR>dUyH$ H$aUmè`m ‘mem§Mm AmH$ma gmYmaUV… 100
J«°‘ EdT>m Agmdm.  gmR>dUyH$ j‘Vm hr nmM ZJ ~moQw>H$br à{V ‘rQ>a
ñ¹o$Aa EdT>r Agmdr  ‘mem§Zm bmJUmao H¥${Ì‘ ImÚ ~mOmanoR>oV
CnbãY AgVo. H¥${Ì‘ ImÚ ho H$‘rV H$‘r drg Am{U OmñVrV OmñV
30 Q>¸o$ à{WZ `wº$ Agmdo.  ‘mem§Zm gwédmVrbm Ë`m§À`m dOZmÀ`m
gmV Q>¸o$ Am{U eodQ>r VrZ Q>¸o$ ImÚ {XdgmVyZ XmoZ doim Úmdo.  `m
‘mem§Mm g§dY©Z H$mbmdYr hm 180 Vo 210 {Xdg BVH$m AgVmo. 
{JâQ> {Vbm{n`m ‘mem§À`m g§dY©ZmVyZ gamgar 8000 {H$bmo à{V hoŠQ>a
à{Vdfu EdT>o CËnmXZ {‘iy eH$Vo.  g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mnydu ‘Ëñ` {d^mJ
`m§Mr nadmZJr KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
3. n§Jg ‘mem§Mo g§dY©Z-
‘Ëñ` g§dY©Z H$aVmZm ^maVr` à‘wI H$mn© ‘mem§da hmoUmam OmñVrMm
IM©, VgoM OmñV g§dY©Z H$mbmdYr `m‘wio BVa OmVrVrb A{YH$
’$m`Xoera ‘mem§Mo g§dY©Z H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m‘Ü`o àm‘w»`mZo n§Jg
‘mgm {d{dY H$maUmñVd g§dY©ZmgmR>r Cn`wº$ Amho.
n§Jg ‘mem§Mr Cn`wº$Vm-
 hm ‘mgm {d{dY àH$maMo ImÚ ImD$Z Omo‘mZo dmT>V Agë`mZo Ë`mMo
g§dY©Z H$aUo Iyn gmono Amho
 ^mOrnmë`m§Mo VwH$So>, Hw$Obobr ’$io, ñd`§nmH$ KamVrb Cabobo ImÚ
nXmW©hr hm ‘mgm ImVmo
48 ‘mM© & 2023
 H$‘r àmUdm`y Agboë`m nmÊ`mVrb `m ‘mem§Mr dmT> Mm§Jbr hmoVo.
4. nwZdm©na ‘Ëñ`g§dY©Z àUmbr
([agŠ`w©boQ>ar E¹$mH$ëMa {gñQ>r‘)-
`m V§ÌkmZm‘Ü`o ‘Ëñ` g§dY©Zm‘Ü`o EH$Xm dmnaboë`m nmÊ`mVrb
Va§JVo KQ>H$ VgoM ‘mem§À`m M`mnM` {H«$`oXaå`mZ V`ma Pmbobo {dfmar
KQ>H$ ho O¡{dH$ Am{U `m§{ÌH$ nÕVrZo doJir Ho$br OmVmV. `m V§ÌkmZmMm
Cn`moJ ‘mem§Mo g§dY©Z OmñV KZVoZo H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo VgoM `m
V§ÌkmZm‘Ü`o nmÊ`mMr Am{U O{‘ZrMr ~MV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV hmoVo.
5. qnOè`mVrb ‘Ëñ` g§dY©Z:
Xoem§VJ©V VgoM AmV§aamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>oV ‘mí`m§Mr ‘mJUr ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmV dmT>bobr Amho. `m ‘mJUrMm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU ‘w»`V…
JmoS>çm Am{U gmJar ‘mgo‘marda Adb§~yZ Amho. na§Vw ‘mgo‘marVyZ
{‘iUmao CËnmXZ Odi Odi pñWamdbobo Amho. `mbm n`m©` åhUOo
qnOè`mVrb ‘Ëñ` g§dY©Z Amho. BVa ‘Ëñ` g§dY©Z nÕVt~amo~a VwbZm
Ho$ë`mg qnOè`mVrb ‘Ëñ` g§dY©ZmMo ~aoM ’$m`Xo AmhoV.
qnOè`mVrb ‘Ëñ` g§dY©ZmMo ’$m`Xo:
 H$‘r OmJoVyZ OmñV CËnmXZ KoVm `oVo.  {Z`§{ÌV ‘Ëñ` g§dY©Z
H$aVm `oVo ‘mí`m§Mr H$mT>Ur gwH$a hmoVo.  ~mOmamVrb ‘mJUrZwgma
nwadR>m H$aVm `oVmo.  H$‘r ‘Zwî`~imV OmñV CËnmXZ KoVm `oVo.
JmoS>çm VgoM gmJar ‘mí`m§Mo qnOè`mVrb ‘Ëñ` g§dY©Z
H$aVmZm ‘hËdmÀ`m ~m~r:
 `mo½` OmJoMr {ZdS>  qnOè`mMr ~m§YUr Am{U C^maUr
 g§d{Y©V ‘Ëñ` àOmVr  ~rOmMr gmR>dUyH$  ~rOmMo g§JmonZ
 ImÚmMo ì`dñWmnZ  qnOè`mMo ì`dñWmnZ  H$mT>Ur Am{U {dH«$s
qnOè`mVrb ‘Ëñ` g§dY©ZmH$[aVm àYmZ‘§Ìr ‘Ëñ` g§nXm `moOZo A§VJ©V
AZwXmZmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm CnbãY AmhoV
6. ‘Ëñ` nmbZmgmR>r amo~mo{Q>H$ qnOao-
‘Ëñ` g§dY©H$m§gmR>r gdm©V ‘w»` qMVm åhUOo naOrdr Am{U
amoJ `m§Mm àmXw^m©d. `m XmoÝhr g‘ñ`m ‘Ëñ` VbmdmVrb MwH$sÀ`m
ì`dñWmnZm‘wio Am{U Iam~ pñWVr‘wio CØdVmV, `m‘wio CËnmXZ H$‘r
hmoVo Am{U XoI^mb Am{U CËnmXZ IM© gwÕm dmT>Vmo, na§Vw amo~mo{Q>H$
qnOao dmnaë`mZo `m gd© Jmoï>rda AmnU ‘mV H$ê$ eH$Vmo
7. gwYm[aV ‘Ëñ` ~rO, ‘Ëñ` ~rO CËnmXZ àUmbr,
‘Ëñ¶~rO g§JmonZ ImÚ:
^maVmVrb ‘Ëñ` g§emoYZ g§ñWmZr gwYm[aV ‘Ëñ`{~O, ‘Ëñ` ~rO
CËnmXZ àUmbr, ‘Ëñ` ~rO g§JmonZ ImÚ `m {df`rMo V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV
Ho$bobo Amho CXm. O`§Vr amohÿ, {JâQ> {Vbm{n`m, BåàwìhS> H$Q>bm, gr’$m
ñQ>mQ>©a ‘Ëñ` ImÚ B. `m§Mm dmna H$amdm, OoUoH$ê$Z H$‘r IMm©V OmñV
CËnmXZ KoUo eŠ` hmoB©b.

 CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV ZmMUr CËnmXZ :
amÁ`mVbm n{hbmM `eñdr à`moJ
lr. namJ narQ>, VmbwH$m V§ÌkmZ ì`dñWmnH$, JJZ~mdS>m {O H$moëhmnya

H$mo ëhmnya {OëømMm n{ü‘oH$S>rb

^mJ AWm©V emhÿdmS>r,
nÝhmim, JJZ~mdS>m, amYmZJar,
^wXaJS>, AmOam, M§XJS> `m
VmbwŠ`m§‘Yo nydm©nma Iarn h§Jm‘mV
ZmMUrMo nrH$ KoVbo OmVo.
nwduÀ`m H$mimV ZmMUr {nH$dUmè¶m
àË`oH$mÀ`m amoOÀ`m AmhmamV {VMm
AmdOy©Z Cn`moJ ìhm`Mm. nU 'JìhmMr
MnmVr Am{U nm§T>ar ^mH$ar ImUmam
åhUOo lr‘§V dJ© Am{U ZmMUrMr
Vm§~S>r ^mH$ar ImUmam Jar~ dJ©' Aer
g‘OyV éT> hmoV Joë`mZo hiwhiw ZmMUr
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Jobr.
EHo$H$mir ^moOZmMm ‘hËdmMm
^mJ åhUyZ gÝ‘mZ bm^bobr ZmMUr
~mOmamV ‘mJUr Zgë`mZo Am{U
A{Ve` H$‘r Xa {‘iV Agë`mZo
eoVH$ar ~m§Ydm§Zrhr ZmH$mabr.
{XdmirZ§Va H$mhr ì`mnmar H$moëhmnya
‘Yë`m `m ZmMUr CËnmXH$ ^mJmV
Q´H$, Q>oånmo‘YyZ {ZH¥$ï> XOm©Mm Jhÿ,
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ZmMUr KoD$Z Om`Mo.
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‘mhrV Zgë`mZo CËnmXH$ eoVH$arhr
hm ì`dhma AmZ§XmZo H$am`Mo, ‘mÌ
Ooìhm ZmMUr CËnmXH$ MnmVr qH$dm
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MnmVrbm VmQ>mVyZ ~mhoa H$éZ ZmMUr,
~mOarÀ`m ^mH$arbm gÝ‘mZnyd©H$ VmQ>mV
KoVbo hmoVo.
H$moëhmnya {OëømÀ`m n{ü‘
^mJmV ZmMUr nrH$ IarnmV KoVbo
OmVo. ZmMUrMm ñdV…À`m KamVM
Cn`moJ H$‘r H$‘r hmoV Joë`mZo Am{U
ì`mnmè`m§H$Sy>Z AË`§V H$‘r {H$‘VrV
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H$aVmZm {XgV ZmhrV.
ZmMUr CËnmXH$ eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mbm
ZmMUrMo ‘hÎd g‘Omdo Am{U Ë`m§Zr
CËnm{XV Ho$bobr ZmMUr Ë`m§Zr ñdV…
Ë`m§À`m AmhmamV OmñVrV OmñV
dmnamdr `m CÔoemZo Amåhr H¥${f
V§ÌkmZ ì`dñWmnZ `§ÌUm (AmË‘m)
À`m '{H$gmZJmoï>r' H$m`©H«$‘mÛmao nÝhmim
VmbwŠ`mVrb {H$géi `m JmdmV
‘{hbm§gmR>r 'ZmMUr`wº$ nXmW© {Z{‘©Vr'
Mr ñnYm© Am`mo{OV Ho$br. ‘{hbm§Zr

‘mM© & 2023 49

KéZ H$moUVmhr EH$ ZmMUr`wº$ nXmW©
~ZdwZ ñnY}À`m {Xder ñnYm©ñWir
AmUm`Mm Ago R>abo hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma
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‘{hbm§Zr 78 doJdoJio ZmMUrMo nXmW©
KamVyZ V`ma H$éZ AmUyZ ‘m§S>bo hmoVo.
ZmMUrMo ‘moXH$, ZmMUrÀ`m
H$a§Á`m, ZmMUrÀ`m MH$ë`m, ZmMUrMo
Jwbm~Om‘, ZmMUrMr ^oi Ago
ZmZm{dY nXmW© ñnY}V AmUbo hmoVo.
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Aem dJ©dmarV VÁkm§H$Sy>Z n[ajU
H$éZ {dOoË`m§Zm à‘mUnÌ Am{U qb~wMo
amon XoD$Z gËH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
CÔoe EH$M hmoVm H$s ZmMUr
Ho$di ^mH$arÀ`m ñdénmVM AmhmamV
AmUbr OmV Zmhr Va ZmMUrMm
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nXmWmªMo n`m©` CnbãY AmhoV. `mZ§Va
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OmUmè¶m ZmMUr {nH$mMo joÌ dmT>dm`Mo
Va {~`mUmMr H$‘VaVm OmUdUma.
`m nmœ©^y‘rda ZmMUrMo J¡ah§Jm‘r
{~OmoËnmXZ KoVbo OmD$ eHo$b H$m
`mda {dMma‘§WZ gwé AgVmZmM Amåhr
nÝhmim VmbwŠ`mV AmË‘m, ‘hm~rO
Am{U amï´>r` H¥${f g§emoYZ àH$ën,
e|S>mnmH©$ `m§À`m g§`wº$ {dÚ‘mZo CÝhmir
h§Jm‘mV ZmMUr {~OmoËnmXZ H$m`©H«$‘mMr
nyd©V`marhr Ho$br.
nÝhmim VmbwŠ`mV ZmMUrMo
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{~OmoËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è¶m§Mo
à~moYZ gwé Ho$bo.
~hþVm§e eoVH$ar J¡ah§Jm‘r ZmMUr
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hmoVo. amÁ`mV J¡ah§Jm‘r ZmMUr qH$dm
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50 ‘mM© & 2023
{nH$m§À`m bmJdS>r~m~V `mnwdu g§emoYZ
Z Pmë`mZo Ë`m~m~V Hw$R>ohr ‘m{hVr
CnbãY ZìhVr.
na§Vw Aem nmœ©^y‘rdaXoIrb hm
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Pmbo. 15 EH$a joÌmda à`moJ {Z{üV
Pmbm. AmË‘mÀ`m nrH$ àmË`{jH$
~m~r‘YwZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm ’w$bo ZmMUr `m
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`w[a`m {~«Ho$Q²g, EH$ VUZmeH$, XmoZ
~waerZmeHo$ Am{U EH$ {H$Q>H$ZmeH$
Aem àmË`{jH$ {Z{dð>m XoÊ`mV Amë`m.
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JmXrdmâ`mda {~`mUmMr noaUr Pmbr.
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‘w»` eoVmV bmJdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
{~OmoËnmXZ à`moJmVrb ZmMUr {nH$mda
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à‘mUmV nU dmT>rÀ`m AdñWoV
{nH$mbm amgm`{ZH$ IVo {Xbr Joë`mZo
{nH$mMr dmT> Iwn Mm§Jbr {XgwZ Ambr.
Iarnmnojm {nH$mMr C§Mr, ’w$Q>dm Am{U
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‘mM© & 2023 51
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dmT>bobr Amho. Ë`mMà‘mUo amÁ`mV {d{dY amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` {dÎmr` g§ñWm§‘m’©$V eoVH$ar CËnmXH$ H§$nZr d ghH$mar g§ñWmÀ`m
CÚmoJ C^maUr d ~iH$Q>rH$aUmgmR>r àH$ën am~{dÊ`mV `oV AmhoV. Ë`mMmM EH$ ^mJ åhUOo OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ AW©ghmæ`rV ‘m.
~mimgmho~ R>mH$ao H¥${f ì`dgm` d J«m{‘U n[adV©Z àH$ën (ñ‘mQ>©).

`m àH$ënmMr ‘hmamï´> amÁ`m‘Ü`o gZ 2019 nmgyZ gwédmV Pmbobr

AgyZ Ë`mMr àË`j A§‘b~OmdUr gZ 2020 nmgyZ H$aÊ`mV
`oV Amho. ‘mJrb XmoZ dfm©V H$moamoZm ‘hm‘mar d BVa Vm§{ÌH$ AS>MUr‘wio
KQ>H$ {Zhm` A§‘b~OmdUr‘Ü`o AS>Wio {Z‘m©U Pmbo hmoVo. n§aVw gXa
àH$ënmZo ‘moR>`m à‘mUmV JVr KoVbr AgyZ àH$ënmV ‘Zwî`~imMr
Zo‘UyH$ nwU© Pmbobr Amho. VgoM gXa àH$ënmÀ`m g‘Ýd` d ì`dñWmnZ
H$jm‘m’©$V àH$ënmMm ‘mJrb H$mbmdYr ^éZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo
OmV Amho. `m àH$ënm‘Ü`o ‘hmamï´> ghH$ma {dH$mg ‘hm‘§S>i gmIa
g§Hw$b nwUo `oWo àH$ën A§‘b~OmdUr H$j- E‘grS>rgr- ñ‘mQ>© Mr
ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. `m H$jmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ amÁ`mV gw‘mao
200 {d{dY H$m`©H$mar godm ghH$mar g§ñWm§Zm JmoXm‘ nmdVr `moOZoÀ`m
‘mÜ`‘mVyZ CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo JmoXm‘ ZwVZrH$aU, JmoXm‘ ~m§YUr
H$arVm ghmæ`, eoV‘mb VmaU `moOZoH$arVm ~±Ho$‘m’©$V {dÎm nwadR>m d
eoV‘mb {dH«$s Ago KQ>H$ am~{dÊ`mV `oUma Amho. VgoM àH$ënmZo R>adyZ
{Xboë`m {d{dY {nH$m§À`m ‘wë`gmIi`m {dH$grV H$ê$Z eoVH$è`m§Zm
~mOmanoR> CnbãY H$éZ {Xbr OmUma Amho.
dIma/JmoXm‘ nmdVr `moOZoMr AmoiI:-
eoVH$ar {‘ÌmZmo AmnUmg AdJV AgobM H$s ^maV Xoe hm H¥${fàYmZ
Xoe AgyZ ^maVmMr AW©ì`dñWm H¥${f joÌmer {ZJS>rV Amho. XoemVrb
70 Q>¸o$ bmoH$g§»`m AÚmnhr eoVrda Adb§~yZ Amho. gZ 2019-2020
`m Am{W©H$ dfm©V àmá AmH$So>dmarZwgma YmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ 291.95
Xebj ‘o.Q>Z AgyZ `m‘Ü`o àm‘w»`mZo ^mV (117.47 Xebj ‘o.Q>Z),
Jhÿ (106.21 Xebj ‘o.Q>Z), H$S>YmÝ` (23.02 Xebj ‘o.Q>Z),
Vob{~`m (34.19 Xebj ‘o.Q>Z), ‘H$m (45.24 Xebj ‘o.Q>Z) Pmbo.
eoVH$è`mgmR>r nwaoem à‘mUmV AÞYmÝ`, V¥UYmÝ`, Vob{~`m
`m§À`mH$arVm H$mT>Ur nümV V§ÌkmZ d gmR>dUyH$ gw{dYm CnbãY
ZgwZ Á`m {R>H$mUr Aer gw{dYm CnbãY Amho Ë`mMm Cn`moJ ‘w»`Ëdo
H$ê$Z ì`mnmar dJm©H$Sy>Z Ho$bm OmVmo. YmÝ`mMr Ad¡km{ZH$ gmR>dUyH$ d
Ë`m~m~V ‘m{hVrMr CnbãYVm hr g‘ñ`m AË`§V J§^ra AgyZ Ë`mMm
narUm‘ eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÞmda hmoV Amho. {nH$ H$mT>UrZ§Va YmÝ`
nma§nmarH$ nÜXVrZo gmR>{dë`m‘wio {H$Q>H$m§Ûmao ZmgYyg Am{U ~waerOÝ`
amoJ `m§À`m‘wio Iwn ‘moR>`m à‘mUm‘Ü`o gmR>dUwH$s‘Ü`o YmÝ`mMr ZmgmS>r
hmoVo. V§ÌewÜX‘mJm©Zo YmÝ`mMr gmR>dUyH$ Am{U ZdZdrZ gmR>dUyH$sMr
gmYZo `m§Mm {nH$ H$mT>UrZ§Va YmÝ`mMo ZwH$gmZ Q>miÊ`mV Cn`moJ hmoD$
eH$Vmo,H$s Á`m‘wio eoVH$è`m§Mo Am{W©H$ CËnÞ dmT>{dVm `oB©b.
Imbr {Xboë`m H$mhr ‘hËdmÀ`m H$maUm§‘wio eoVH$è`m§Zm JmoXm‘
ì`dñWm CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV.
1) eoVH$ar OZOmJ¥VrMm A^md / YmÝ`VmaU {dÎm nwadÊ`m~m~V
‘mJ©Xe©ZmMm A^md
2) YmÝ` gmR>dUyH$sH$arVm JmoXm‘m§Mr CnbãYVm ZgUo.
3) AMmZH$ CX^dUmè`m IMm©gmR>r amoI n¡em§Mr JaO.
4) h§Jm‘ ZgVmZm ~mOma ^mdmMr A{Z{üVVm.
5) ~mOma ^mdmMr ‘m{hVr {‘iÊ`mMr gw{dYm CnbãY ZgUo, H$s
Á`m‘wio YmÝ` {dH$m`Mo H$s gmR>dm`Mo `m~m~V `mo½` {ZU©` Z KoVm
`oUo.
darb gd© H$maUm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z YmÝ`VmaU/JmoXm‘ nmdVr `moOZm
Zì`m ñdê$nmV AmUÊ`mMo {Z`moOZ OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ AW©ghmæ`rV ‘m.
~mimgmho~ R>mH$ao H¥${f ì`dgm` Am{U J«m‘rU n[adV©Z àH$ënmÀ`m
(ñ‘mQ>© ) ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m KQ>H$mÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ
ghH$mar g§ñWm, eoVH$ar CËnmXH$ H§$nZr Am{U Ë`m§Mo ’o$S>aoeZ, ‘{hbm
~MV JQ>, ‘{hbm JQ>m§Mo g§K, `m§À`mer {ZJS>rV eoVH$ar d ‘{hbm
g^mgXm§Mo Am{W©H$ CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo hmV^ma bmJÊ`mg ‘XV
hmoUma Amho. hr `moOZm Imbrb VrZ {d^mJm§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ am~{dÊ`mV
`oUma Amho.
1 ) ‘hmamï´> ghH$ma {dH$mg ‘hm‘§S>i
2) ‘hmamï´> amÁ` J«m‘rU OrdZmoÞVr A{^`mZ
3) ‘{hbm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ‘hm‘§S>i (‘m{d‘)
 ‘hmamï´> ghH$ma {dH$mg ‘hm‘§S>im‘m’©$V ñ‘mQ>© àH$ënmgmR>r
àm‘w»`mZo ~mOma OmoIr‘ {ZdmaUmgmR>r ì`dñWm {Z‘m©U H$aUo
`m KQ>H$mMr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV `oUma Amho :
A) ghH$mar g§ñWm§À`m ApñVËdmV Agboë`m JmoXm‘m§Mo ZyVZrH$aU
~) ZdrZ JmoXm‘m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr
ghH$mar g§ñWm§H$So> JmoXm‘ nmdVr `moOZoMr gÚpñWVr
amÁ`mVrb gw‘mao 2.40 bmI ghH$mar g§ñWmn¡H$s 23654 {d{dY

54 ‘mM© & 2023

H$m`©H$mar ghH$mar g§ñWm AmhoV. `mVrb 5500 g§ñWm§H$So> JmdñVamda
100 Vo 500 ‘o.Q>Z j‘VoMr JmoXm‘o AgyZ Ë`m§Mr gmR>dU j‘Vm 4 bmI
‘o.Q>Zmnojm OmñV Amho. `m JmoXm‘m§n¡H$s ~arMer JmoXm‘o Cn`moJmV Zmhr
AWdm ~§X AdñWoV AgyZ Ë`m§Zm XwéñVrMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. VgoM
H$mhr JmoXm‘m§Mm Cn`moJ YmÝ` gmR>dÊ`mEodOr BVa H$maUm§gmR>r hmoVmo.
na§Vy gXa JmoXm‘m§Mr Aën IMm©V XwéñVr H$éZ bhmZ d Aën^wYmaH$
eoVH$è`m§Mo YmÝ` gmR>dUyH$sgmR>r gXa JmoXm‘o Cn`moJmV AmUÊ`mg Iyn
‘moR>m dmd AgyZ Ë`mÛmao ghH$mar g§ñWm§Mo CËnÞ dmTy> eH$Vo.
ghH$mar g§ñWm§À`m JmoXm‘m§‘Ü`o YmÝ` gmR>dUyH$sMo CÔoe:-
1) OwZr / Cn`moJmV Zgbobr JmoXm‘o Cn`moJmV AmUUo.
2) H¥${f CËnm{XV joÌmV JmdñVamda YmÝ` gmR>dUyH$sgmR>r OmñVrV
OmñV OmJm CnbãY H$aUo.
3) ghH$mar g§ñWmÀ`m bhmZ JmoXm‘m§‘Ü`o YmÝ` gmR>{dUo ~m~V
àmË`{jHo$ KoD$Z ’$m`X`mMo JwUmË‘H$ Vn{eb gmXa H$aUo.
4) JmoXm‘ nmdVr `moOZm am~dyZ {‘iUmè`m ’$m`X`mV ghH$mar
g§ñWm§À`m g^mgXm§Zm g‘m{dï> H$aUo.
5) JmoXm‘ nmdVr `moOZm ghH$mar g§ñWoÀ`m OmñVrV OmñV
g^mgXm§n`ªV nmohM{dUo.
ñ‘mQ>© àH$ënm§VJ©V JmoXm‘m§Mo ~iH$Q>rH$aU d JmoXm‘ nmdVr
`moOZoMr nÜXVr -
ñ‘mQ>© àH$ënm§V CnKQ>H$m§VJ©V eoVH$ar dJm©Mr ~mOma noR>oVrb
OmoIr‘ H$‘r H$aÊ`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo JmoXm‘m§Mo ~iH$Q>rH$aU d eoV‘mb
gmR>dUwH$sda AW©ghmæ` (JmoXm‘/dIma nmdVr `moOZm) CnbãY H$aUo
`m KQ>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ~mOma ^mdmMr OmoIr‘ H$‘r
H$aÊ`mMm EH$ ‘hËdmMm d {gÜX Pmbobm ‘mJ© åhUOo JmoXm‘ d JmoXm‘
nmdVr AW©ghmæ`.
 `m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ CËnmXH$m§Zm YmÝ` gmR>dUyH$sÛmao ‘moR>`m à‘mUmda
bm^ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
 à‘m{UV JmoXm‘m§‘Ü`o d¡km{ZH$arË`m YmÝ` gmR>dUyH$ Ho$ë`mZo
H$mT>Ur nümV YmÝ`mMo Pmbobo ZwH$gmZ 1% n`ªV H$‘r hmoD$Z
eoVH$è`m§Mo Am{W©H$ CËnÞ dmTy> eH$Vo.
 {nH$ H$mnUrZ§Va YmÝ`mMm Agbobm ~mOma ^md d H$mhr ‘{hZo YmÝ`
gmR>dyU {‘imbobm ~mOma ^mdmÀ`m qH$‘Vr ‘Ü`o gd©gmYmaUnUo
10 Vo 20% nojm OmñV ’$aH$ AgVmo.
 VgoM OmñV ~mOma ^mdm~amo~aM YmÝ`m darb H$O© VmaUmMr
CnbãYVm ‘hËdmMr AgyZ doioda VmaU H$O© CnbãY homUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. `mjoÌmV {d{dY ImOJr JmoXm‘ ì`dñWmnZmVrb
H§$nÝ`m§À`m (Collateral Management ­gency-CM­) AmJ‘Zm‘wio
n[apñWVrV ~Xb hmoV AgyZ {d{dY {dÎmr` g§ñWm H$O© VmaU
{dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mg nwT>o `oV AmhoV.
JmoXm‘ nmdVr `moOZo‘Ü`o Imbrb ‘hËdnyU© ~m~tMm g‘mdoe
Amho.
A) ghH$mar g§ñWm§À`m ApñVËdmV Agboë`m JmoXm‘m§Mo ZyVZrH$aU
`m KQ>H$m§VJ©V JmoXm‘m§Mo ŠbñQ>a/g‘yh V`ma Ho$bo OmUma AgyZ
Ë`mMr j‘Vm gw‘mao 2000 ‘o. Q>Z Agob. ‘w»` JmoXm‘mnmgyZ 4
{H$.‘r. A§VamÀ`m H$joV AgUmè`m àmW{‘H$ H¥${f ghH$mar g§ñWm
(P­CS) / eoVH$ar CËnmXH$ H§$nZr (FPC) `m§Zm OwÝ`m JmoXm‘m§Mr
S>mJSw>Or H$aÊ`mgmR>r àH$ënmVyZ ì`dgm` AmamIS>`mVrb qH$‘VrÀ`m
60% (A§XmOo 6 bmI) AZwXmZ CnbãY H$éZ {Xbo OmB©b. ñdÀN>Vm
d àVdmar H|$ÐmgmR>r gonaoQ>a, g§JUH$ d dOZH$mQ>o `m ‘{eZar d
`§Ìgm‘wJ«r IaoXr H$arVm Am{W©H$ ghmæ` ñ‘mQ>© àH$ënmVyZ {Xbo OmUma
Amho. àmW{‘H$ H¥${f ghH$mar g§ñWoH$S>rb (P­CS) 400 Vo 500 ‘o.
Q>Z. j‘VoÀ`m JmoXm‘m§Mm dmna eoV‘mb gmR>dyU H$aUogmR>r H$mob°Q>ab
‘°ZoO‘oÝQ> gpìh©gog `m§Mr ‘XV KoVbr OmUma Amho. H$mob°Q>ab ‘°ZoO‘oÝQ>
gpìh©gog `m {df`mV H$m‘H$mO H$aUmè`m g§ñWm {d{dY H$m`©H$mar
g§ñWm§gmR>r dIma nmdVr `moOZm am~{dÊ`mMo H$m‘ H$aVrb. gXa
g§ñWm§‘m’©$V JmoXm‘m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo, JmoXm‘ nmdVr CnbãY H$éZ
XoUo, ~°H$m§‘m’©$V YmÝ` VmaUm H$arVm AW© ghmæ` XoUo, JmoXm‘mVrb ‘mbmMo
g§ajU H$aUo, ‘mbmMr {dH«$s ì`dñWm nmhUo BË`mXr H$m‘H$mO Ho$bo
OmUma Amho. `mH$arVm H$mob°Q>ab ‘°ZoO‘oÝQ> gpìh©gog (gr.E‘.E- godm
nwadR>mXma g§ñWm) `m§Mo dm{f©H$ ’$s ‘Ü`o 60% AZwXmZ àH$ënm‘m’©$V
XoÊ`mV `oUma Amho. `m nÜXVrZo ‘hmamï´> amÁ`mV gw‘mao 168 JmoXm‘m§Mo
ZwVZrH$aU H$éZ ghH$mar g§ñWm / eoVH$ar CËnmXH$ H§$nÝ`m§Mo CËnÞ
dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.
~) ZdrZ JmoXm‘m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr
àH$ënmZo ZdrZ JmoXm‘ C^maUrgmR>r gXa KQ>H$mMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br
AgyZ, Á`m g§ñWm§Zr ñdV:H$S>rb ApñVËdmV Agboë`m JmoXm‘m§Mo
ZyVZrH$aU H$éZ JmoXm‘ nmdVr `moOZoMr à^mdr A§‘b~OmdUr H$éZ
ì`dgm`mV dmT> Ho$bobr Amho Aem g§ñWm§Zm ZdrZ JmoXm‘ C^maUr
H$aÊ`mH$arVm àH$ënm‘m’©$V AW© ghmæ` XoÊ`mV `oUma Amho. Ë`mZwgma
gw‘mao 33 (j‘Vm 1000 Q>Z) ZdrZ JmoXm‘m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mV `oUma
AgyZ Ë`mAmYmao g§~YrV g§ñWmMo Am{W©H$ CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ`mMo {Z`moOZ
H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. ZdrZ JmoXm‘ C^maUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r àH$ënmVyZ
ì`dgm` AmamIS>`mVrb d àH$ënmÀ`m ‘mJ©Xe©H$ gwMZm§À`m ‘§Oya
qH$‘VrÀ`m 60% AZwXmZ CnbãY H$éZ {Xbo OmUma Amho.
gÚpñWVrV `m àH$ënm‘m’©$V àH$ën A§‘b~OmdUr H$j E‘grS>rgr
ñ‘mQ>© A§VJ©V Cñ‘mZm~mX, bmVya, A‘amdVr, ZmerH$ `m {OëømV 7
nWXe©H$ Cn àH$ënm§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV `oV AgyZ Mmby Iarn
h§Jm‘mV `m 7 g§ñWm§À`m g^mgXm§Zm eoV‘mb VmaU `moOZo‘Ü`o gh^mJr
hmoUo eŠ` hmoB©b. VgoM bdH$aM àH$ënm‘m’©$V àmW{‘H$ H¥${f ghH$mar
g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z Primary ­ Agriculture Co-operative Society -
(P­CS) ZdrZ àñVmdm§Mr ‘mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r d¥ÎmnÌm‘Ü`o Om{hamV
XoÊ`mV `oUma Amho.
H$) B§Q>aZoQ> d BVa gmYZm§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVwZ JmoXm‘m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ
(IoT- Internet of Things)
 JmoXm‘m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ CËH¥$ï> nÜXVrZo H$aÊ`mgmR>r àm`mo{JH$
VËdmda B§Q>aZoQ> V§ÌkmZmMm dmna hmoUma AgyZ `m‘Ü`o àm‘w»`mZo
{g{gQ>rìhr H°‘oao ,YmÝ`mÀ`m nmoË`mZm Ama’$Am`S>r Q>°½g, JmoXm‘mÀ`m
XadmÁ`m§Zm Abm‘©, hdoVrb AmЩVoMo à‘mU ‘moOÊ`mgmR>r CnH$aUo,
AmJamoYH$ CnH$aUo B. àH$maMo AË`mYw{ZH$ gmYZm§Mm JmoXm‘m§À`m
gwa{jVVogmR>r dmna H$aÊ`mV `oUma Amho.
 JmoXm‘ ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ àH$maMo g°mâQ>doAaMm Cn`moJ
‘mM© & 2023 55
 H$aÊ`mMo àñVm{dV AgyZ JmoXm‘ ì`dñWmnZ à{H«$`o‘Ü`o gXa àm`mo{JH$ VËdmda B§Q>aZoQ>da AmYmarV Internet of Things
V§ÌkmZm‘wio g§nwU© nyadR>m gmIirMo CËH¥$ï> ì`dñWmnZ dIma (IoT) V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aÊ`mMo àñVm{dV.
‘m{hVrMo g§H$bZ hmoUma Amho. n{hë`m Q>ßß`mV 10 JmoXm‘m§‘Ü`o

ñ‘mQ>© àH$ënmVrb JmoXm‘ nmdVr `moOZoV g‘m{dð> hmoÊ`mgmR>r ghH$mar g§ñWmH$arVm nmÌVoÀ`m AQ>r
{ZX}em§H$ àmW{‘H$ H¥${f nVnwadR>m g§ñWoÀ`m nmÌVoÀ`m AQ>r JwUm§H$
g§ñWm
g^mgXg§»`m (H$‘rV H$‘r) 250 g^mgXg§»`m / ^mJYmaH$ Amdí`H$
‘wë`gmIir ‘Ü`o H$m‘mMm 50% gXa g§ñWoMr ‘moH$m VnmgUr Amdí`H$
AZw^d Am{U emgZmMm g§~§YtV {d^mJ
g§ñWm ì`dñWmnZ ~m~r 1 dm{f©H$ gd©gmYmaU g^m (dm{f©H$ Amdí`H$
gd©gmYmaU g^oMm Ahdmb /
B{Vd¥Îm g§MmbH$‘§S>imÀ`m ghr
{eŠ`mgh)
Am{W©H$ ì`dñWmnZ 01 Am{W©H$ df© boImnarjUmMm Ahdmb Amdí`H$
g§ñWoH$S>rb gw{dYm ({dH«$s H$‘rV H$‘r 50% g§ñWoMo ñd§`‘ KmofUm nÌ 10%g^mgX-05‘mH©$
ì`dñWm, H$O©gw{dYm, g^mgXmn¡H$s EH$m gw{dYoMm 20%g^mgX-10‘mH©$
eoVr{df`H$ g„m, CnbãY bm^mWu AgUo Amdí`H$ 30%g^mgX-15‘mH©$
gmYZ gm‘wJ«r) 40%g^mgX-20 ‘mH©$
g§ñWoMm Am{W©H$ nVnwadR>m H$O©nwadR>m / H$‘rV H$‘r boIm{df`H$ Ahdmb 10 bmI-05 ‘mH©$
/ ì`dñWmnZ ~m~VMm 100 bmI 20 bmI-10 ‘mH©$
AZw^d 30 bmI-15 ‘mH©$
40 bmI -20 ‘mH©$
Zm{dÝ` nyd© bjm§H$sV g^mgXmMm Pmbobm ’$m`Xm gXa g§ñWoMr ‘moH$m VnmgUr 10% g^mgX-05 ‘mH©$
‘wë`gmIir (V§ÌkmZ, (%) Am{U emgZmMm g§~§YtV {d^mJ 20% g^mgX-10 ‘mH©$
go{Ð`eoVr, Anma§nmarH$ 30% g^mgX-15 ‘mH©$
D$O}Mm dmna,‘wë`dY©Z) 40% g^mgX -20 ‘mH©$
BVa {d^mJmÀ`m `moOZm§Mm g^mgXmMm Pmbobm ’$m`Xm gXa g§ñWoMr ‘moH$m VnmgUr 10% g^mgX-05 ‘mH©$
gh^mJ (%) Am{U emgZmMm g§~§YtV {d^mJ 20% g^mgX-10 ‘mH©$
30% g^mgX-15 ‘mH©$
40% g^mgX -20 ‘mH©$
àH$ën A§‘b~OmdUrMo Q>ßno
Q>ßnm H$mbmdYr (df©) Vnerb {ddaU
1 0-1 10 ghH$mar g§ñWm àm`mo{JH$ VËdmda H$‘r j‘VoMr JmoXm‘o Agboë`m ghH$mar g§ñWm
2 02-05 158 ghH$mar g§ñWm JmoXm‘m§Mo ZwVZrH$aU
3 02-05 33 ghH$mar g§ñWm ZdrZ JmoXm‘m§Mr C^maUr (33000‘o.Q>Z)

‘hmamï´> amÁ` dIma ‘hm‘§S>im‘m’©$V Vm§{ÌH$ ghH$m`©
‘hmamï´> ghH$ma {dH$mg ‘hm‘§S>i ho amÁ`mVrb gdm©V ‘moR>o
JmoXm‘ hmVmiUr joÌmVrb ‘hm‘§S>i AgyZ Ë`mA§VJ©V gw‘mao
900 JmoXm‘m§Mr 17 bmI ‘o. Q>Z EdT>r gmR>dUyH$ j‘Vm Amho.
ñ‘mQ>© àH$ënm§VJ©V JmoXm‘m§Mo ZyVZrH$aU, ZdrZ Jm|Xm‘m§Mr C^maUr
d Ë`mH$arVm Amdí`H$ Vm§{ÌH$ ‘mÝ`Vm, JmoXm‘m§Mo à‘m{UH$aU,
àH$ënm§VJ©V H$m`©aV bm^mWu g§ñWm§À`m A{YH$mar /H$‘©Mmar
d g§MmbH$m§Mo à{ejU ‘hmamï´> amÁ` dIma ‘hm‘§S>im‘m’©$V
H$aÊ`mV `oUma Amho.


56 ‘mM© & 2023

 nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmݶm§Mr ‘hVr
S>m°. AM©Zm R>m|~ao, Amhma Vk, nwUo
nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`o ho N>moQ>o, JmobmH$ma nma§nm[aH$ YmÝ` Aem AÞYmÝ`o àOmVrMo AgyZ, Vo àmMrZ 10,000
dfmªnmgyZ n¥Ïdrdarb ewîH$ d H$‘r nmUr Agboë`m Am{’«$H$Z I§S>, ^maVr` CnI§S>, MrZ, X{jU nyd©
Am{e`m `m ^mJmV hmoVmV. `Owd}Xm‘Ü`o hr amim, ^Ja, ZmMUr `m§Mm C„oI (around 1200BC) Amho.
do JdoJù¶m gwna’y$S>À`m `m OJm‘Ü`o nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`obm bmJdS>rgmR>r
gmoß`m nÕVr‘wio, OdiOdi g|{Ð` Am{U Ë`mÀ`m nm¡{ï>H$Vo‘wio
A{ÛVr` Ago ñWmZ Amho.
1. J«mhH$m§gmR>r Cn`wº$ - à{WZo, Mm§Jë`m àH$maMo H$~m}XHo$, OrdZgËd,
V§Vy B. Agboë`m nm¡ï>rH$Vo‘wio.
2. n¥ÏdrgmR>r Cn`wº$ - ewîH$ d H$‘r nmUr Agboë`m ^mJmV hmoUmè`m
bmJdS>r‘wio, ~XbË`m dmVmdaUmV OwidyZ KoÊ`mMo JwUY‘m©‘wio.
3. eoVH$è`m§ZgmR>r Cn`wº$- AÞ, Jwam§Mo d¡aU, B§YZ åhUyZ
bmJdS>rgmR>r VgoM XwîH$mimV {Z^mdUmao eodQ>Mo nrH$.
Aem `m ~hþJwUr nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`mnmgyZ nQ>H$Z ~ZUmao nXmW© ho
Z¸$sM Amnë`m Healthy and Tasty OodUmMo d ZmíVmMo ‘w»` KQ>H$
~Zy eH$VmV nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`o åhUOo H$m`?Am{U Vo J«mhH$, eoVH$ar Am{U
n¥Ïdr `mgmR>r H$go Cn`wº$ ho dmMbo. (Imbrb link ‘Ü`o dmMVm `oB©b)
https://m.facebook.com/story.php?storyšfbid=247
3404576098787id=100002878061661
nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`o ho 2 àH$maMo AgVmV.
1. ‘w»` V¥UYmÝ` (major millets)- Sorghum Ádmar,
Pearl millet -~mOar
2. N>moQ>o V¥UYmÝ` (minor millets) Finger millet ZmMUr,
Foxtail millet ami, Little millet Hw$Q>H$s, Kodo millet H$moÐmo,
Barnyard millet ^Ja, Proso millet dar, Browntop millet
darb gd© nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`o ^maVmV H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y«àXoe, Vob§JmZm,
Vm{‘iZmSy>, Amo{S>em, ‘hmamï´>, PmaI§S>, N>ÎmrgJT>, ‘Ü`àXoe, CÎmamI§S> `m
amÁ`m§‘Ü`o bmdbo OmVmV. Ádmar, ~mOar, ZmMUr ~hþVoH$ gJù`m§ZmM ‘m{hVr
Amho.nU Amnë`m AmOrAmOmo~m§n`ªV ImV Agbobo ami AmnU AmhmamV KoV
Zmhr. darb gJir Zmd n{hë`m§XmM dmMbr qH$dm EoH$bobr AgVmV.
nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmݶo H$m ImdoV?
1. ‘Yw‘oh- ‘Yw‘ohmMm YmoH$m {déÕ g§ajU H$aUo, ‘Yw‘ohmMr bjUo H$‘r
{Z`§{ÌV H$aUo `mgmR>r AmhmamV nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`obm ‘hËd Amho.
 nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`m‘Ü`o OQ>rb(complex) H$~m}XHo$ VgoM V§Vy
AgVmV. ho H$~m}XHo$ g§WJVrZo gmoS>Umao ½bwH$moO AgVmV (low
glycemic index) Oo OmJ{VH$ àý Agboë`m ‘Yw‘oh `m
AmOmamgmR>r Amhmam‘Ü`o Cn`wº$ Amho.
 nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`m‘Yrb V§Vy ho KÅ> d {MH$Q> (viscosity) OmñV§
Agë`m‘wio VgoM Ë`m§Mr nmUr Yê$Z R>odÊ`mÀ`m JwUY‘m©‘wio,
aº$m‘Yrb gmIa H$‘r H$aUo Am{U BÝew{bZbm à{VgmX XoÊ`mMo
H$m‘ H$aVmV.
 H$‘r JVrZo {daKiÊ`mÀ`m ñQ>mM©À`m j‘Vo‘wio Am{U VgoM Ë`m‘Ü`o
AgUmè`m {d{dY jma Am{U bw{gZ‘wio ‘Yw‘ohmgmR>r AgUmè`m
AmhmamV nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`mbm ‘hËd Amho.
2. AÞnMZ g§ñWm : nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`m‘Yrb V§Vy ho ~ÕH$moð>Vm VgoM
N>moQ>çm d ‘moR>çm AmVS>çm§Mo AmOmamMm YmoH$m H$‘r H$aV AgVmV.
 V§Vy§Mr nmUr nH$Sy>Z R>odÊ`mMr j‘Vm VgoM N>moQ>çm AmVS>çm§‘YyZ g§W
JVrZo OmÊ`mÀ`m JwUY‘m©‘wio, {nÎmmMm ómd hm H$‘r hmoV Agë`m‘wio
{nÎmme`mV {nÎmmMo ISo> V`ma hmoV Zmhr.
 AëH$bmB©Z JwUY‘m©‘wio nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ` `wº$ Amhma hm {ZamoJrnMZ
g§ñWogmR>r Cn`wº$ Amho.
3. ½bwQ>oZ AbOu Agboë`m ì`º$sgmR>r nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ` ho ½byQ>oZ
{da{hV Agë`m‘wio CÎm‘ Amhma n`m©` Amho.
4. nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`m‘Yrb AgUmao A±Q>rAm°pŠgS§>Q>g - ’$m`Q>oQ>,
nmobr’o$Zm°b, Q>°{ZZ, A§Wm°gm`qZZ, ’$m`Q>moñQ>oam°b, M`mnM` g§~{YV
{dH$mam§da Cn`wº$ AmhoV. A±Q>rAm°pŠgS§>Q> ho earamMr à{VH$maeº$s
Mm§Jbr R>odVmV.
5. nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`m‘Ü`o AgUmao V§Vy, A±Q>rAm°pŠgS§>Q> d H$~m}XHo$ ho
öX`amoJ, Cƒ aº$Xm~, H$H©$amoJ, bH$dm `m AmOmam§gmR>r AmhmamV
Cn`wº$ AgVmV. aº$m‘Ü`o AgUmao Q´m`p½bgamB©S> VgoM {g-aoE°pŠQ>ìh
àmoQ>rZ (öX`amoJ YmoH$m Xe©{dV AgVmV) H$‘r H$aV AgVmV.
6. nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`m‘Ü`o AgUmao gwj‘nmofH$ KQ>H$ øm§Mo ‘°¾o{e`‘,
H$m°na, Am`Z, qPH$, ’$mog’$ag, H$°pëe`‘ ho earamMo H$m`© ì`dpñWV
R>odUo d amoJm§nmgyZ g§ajU H$aUo, ñZm`y§Mo, hmS>m§Mo gm‘Ï`© dmT>{dUo,
‘‚mm g§ñWoMo H$m`© ì`dpñWV R>odUo, OI‘ ^aUo `mgmR>r ‘hËd Amho .
7. nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`m‘Ü`o AgUmao OrdZgËdo, ’$moboQ>, n°ÝQ>Wmo{ZH$
E°{gS>, {ZA{gZ, am`~moâb{dZ,drQ>{‘Z ~ 6, H$, B, Ho$ ho earamVrb
noetMo H$m`©, dmT> d {dH$mg ì`dpñWV R>odV AgVmV.
8. nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ` ho Ë`m§À`m H$‘r Cî‘m§H$ AgÊ`mÀ`m JwUY‘m©‘wio
dOZ {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r CÎm‘ AÞ Amho.
9. nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ`m‘Yrb à{WZo Am{U AË`mdí`H$ A{‘Zmo E°{gS>g²
ho ñZm`ybm ~iH$Q>nUm XoÊ`mgmR>r ‘hËdmMo AmhoV. à{WZo ho
immunoglobulin or antibody V`ma H$aV AgVmV
OoUoH$ê$Z earamV ~mhoê$Z AmOma AmUUmao ~°³Q>o[a¶m, ìhm¶ag
à{VH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr AmhoV.
10. ‘moS> Ambobo nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ` ho bhmZ ~mim§Zm (AmB©Mo XyY H$‘r
H$aÊ`mÀ`m doir) nm¡{ï>H$VoÀ`m Ñï>rZo Cn`moJr AmhoV.
11. JamoXa ‘{hbm, ñVZnmZ H$aUmè`m ‘{hbm, nmir Joë`mZ§VaMr
‘{hbm, d¥Õ, AmOmar `m gJi`m§Zm ho nm¡ï>rH$VogmR>r Oéar Amho.
Aem àH$mao gd© nm¡{ï>H$ V¥UYmÝ` ho earamgmR>r CÎm‘ AmhmaKQ>H$ Amho.

‘mM© & 2023 57
 _mho ‘mM© 2023 Mo {eboXma
lr‘Vr.
aoUwH$m àH$me XamSo>
H¥$fr ghmæ`H$,‘m§So>Jmd
Vm. ~meu {O.gmobmnya
 gZ 2014 nmgyZ H¥$fr {d^mJmV H¥$fr ghmæ`H$ nXmda VmbwH$m H¥$fr
A{YH$mar, Vm. {O. ^§S>mam A§VJ©V 7 dfmªMr godm nyU© H$ê$Z 30 Owb¡
2021 nmgyZ VmbwH$m H¥$fr A{YH$mar H$m`m©b`, ~meu `oWo H$m`©aV.
 gZ 2015 bm na§namJV eoVr nÕVr 250 bmoH$m§Mm JQ> V`ma H$ê$Z
e§^a hoŠQ>a joÌmda g|{Ð` eoVr g‘yhmZo gwédmV Ho$ë`m‘wio AmO
g§nyU© {MIbr ho JmdmZo g|{Ð` eoVrMo Jmd åhUyZ ^§S>mam {OëømV
Zmdbm¡{H$H$ {‘idbm Amho.
 gZ 2017-18 `m dfu Ob`wº$ {edma `m `moOZoA§VJ©V Ia~r ho
Jmd Q>§MmB© ‘wº$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo `m `moOZo‘YyZ EH$mM JmdmV
56 E‘ Q>r Eg eoVVio, 6 ~moS>r,2 diU ~§Ymao V`ma H$ê$Z OmñVrV
OmñV nmÊ`mMm gmR>m H$ê$Z Jmd Q>§MmB© ‘wº$ Ho$bo.
 gZ 2021 ‘Ü`o àW‘M nwÊ`ûcmoH$ A{hë`mXodr hmoiH$a amondm{Q>H$m
{MIbr `m Jmdm‘Ü`o C^mê$Z VmbwŠ`mV EH$ AmXe© C^m Ho$bm.
 ‘hmS>r~rQ>r `moOZoA§VJ©V ~meu VmbwŠ`mVrb qnniJmd Yg `m
EH$mM Jmdm‘Ü`o 57 hÿZ A{YH$ H$m§XmMmirMm VgoM {R>~H$ qgMZ,
pñà§H$ba `moOZoÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ 276 hþZ A{YH$ `mgmo~VM eoVVio,
AñVarH$aU, `m§{ÌH$sH$aU, ßbmpñQ>H$ ‘pëM§J `m gd© `moOZm§‘YyZ
332 hÿZ A{YH$ eoVH$è`m§Zm bm^ {Xbm.
 amÁ` nwañH¥$V EH$mpË‘H$ gmo`m~rZ CËnmXH$Vm dmT> d ‘yë` gmIir
{dH$mg `moOZoA§VJ©V 250 hÿZ A{YH$ eoVH$è`m§Zm KaJwVr {~`mUo
dmnamgmR>r àmoËgm{hV Ho$bo. {~`mÊ`m§Mr CJdU j‘Vm VnmgUr,
~rOà{H«$`m ‘mohr‘ am~dbr. gmo`m~rZ àH$ënm§VJ©V 47 hoŠQ>a joÌmda
~r~rE’$ Va 53 hoŠQ>a joÌmda {R>~H$ qgMZMm dmna H$ê$Z Q>moH$Z
d OmoS>Amoi nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z e§^a hoŠQ>a joÌmda ~r~rE’$
d Q>moH$Z nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mZo gZ 2022 À`m A{Vd¥ï>rV
eoVH$è`m§Mo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ Q>ibo.
 bmoH$gh^mJmVyZ gZ 2022 `m dfm©V 18 hÿZ A{YH$ dZamB© ~§Ymao
C^mabo d aã~r {nH$mgmR>r g§a{jV nmUrgmR>m CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`mZo
dÝ`àmÊ`m§gh eoVH$è`m§Zm aã~r h§Jm‘m‘Ü`o Ë`mMm Mm§Jbm ’$m`Xm hmoV
Amho.
 eoVH$è`m§Mr eoVremim d g|{Ð` eoVr `moOZm à^mdrnUo am~{dë`mZo
150 hÿZ A{YH$ eoVH$ar g|{Ð` eoVr H$aV AmhoV. Ë`m‘wioM
‘w»`mb`mVrb A{YH$m{YH$ hmoUmam amgm`{ZH$ IVmMm dmna ~§X
H$aÊ`mV `e {‘idbo Amho.
g§nmXZ : eoVH$ar ‘m{gH$, nwUo
g§X^© : H¥$fr ghmæ`H$, ‘m§So>Jmd, Vm. ~meu, {O. gmobmnya
58 ‘mM© & 2023
lr {Zboe {dîUy nmQ>rb
H¥$fr ghmæ`H$ - dmdmoer
Vm. Imbmnya, {O. am`JS>
 gZ 2012 nmgyZ H¥$fr {d^mJmV H¥${f ghmæ`H$ `m nXmda H$m`©aV
Amho.
Ob`wº$ {edma A{^`mZ-
 gZ 2014-16 ‘Ü`o MmdUr, gZ 2017-18 ‘Ü`o C§~ao Am{U
gZ 2018-19 ‘Ü`o Om§~ê$§J `m Jmdm§‘Yrb Ob`wº$ {edma A{^`mZ
A§VJ©V OwZr ^mVeoVr XwéñVr, ‘mVrZmbm ~m§Y, {g‘|Q> H$m±H«$sQ>
Zmbm~m§Y, gbJ g‘Vb Ma, AZKS> XJS>r ~m§Y BË`mXr H$m‘o Ho$br
Ë`m‘wio JmdmVrb O{‘Zt‘Ü`o nmÊ`mMr nmVir dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV Pmbr.
‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr amï´>r` ’$i~mJ bmJdS> `moOZm-
 ‘.J«m.amo.h.`mo. `moOZo A§VJ©V à{Vdfu Am§~m, H$mOy, Zmai, {MHy$,
’$i~mJ bmJdS> H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$ê$Z EHw$U
86.50 ho EHw$U 104 eoVH$è¶m§À`m joÌmda ’$i~mJ bmJdS>r bm^
XoD$Z bmJdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambm. {deofV: Am{Xdmgr eoVH$è`m§Zm
‘.J«m.amo.h.`mo. `moOoZoA§VJ©V ‘Owar ñdénmV Am{W©H$ bm^m~amo~aM
’$i{nH$mÀ`m {dH«$s ‘m’©$V CËnÞmMo gmYZ V`ma Pmbo Amho.
g|{Ð`eoVr-
 g|{Ð` eoVr `moOZo A§VJ©V 5 Jmdm§‘{Yb 2 g|{Ð` eoVr eoVH$ar
JQ>m§‘m’©$V {d{dY KQ>H$m§VJ©V (g|{Ð` eoVr‘mb, Ordm‘¥V, ~rOm‘¥V,
XenUu AH©$, Aä`mg Xm¡am, àmË`{jHo$- Iarn Am{U aã~r h§Jm‘)
Ë`m‘wio eoVH$è`m§‘Ü`o g|{Ð` eoVr Am{U g|{Ð` eoVr‘mb `m§{df`r
OmJéH$Vm {Z‘m©U Ho$br.
 `moOZoÀ`m n[aUm‘ ñdê$nlr ~hþg§»` eoVH$ar g|{Ð` nÕVrZo eoVr
H$ê$Z g|{Ð` eoVr‘mb CËnmXZ H$aVmV Am{U Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mMr JaO
^mJdyZ {e„H$ am{hbobo A{V[aº$ g|{Ð` CËnmXZ {dH«$s H$é bmJbo
AmhoV.
H¥${f `m§{Ì{H$H$aU
 H¥${f `m§{Ì{H$H$aU `moOZo A§VJ©V 22 eoVH$è¶m§Zm Q´°ŠQ>a, nm°da {Q>ba,
Q´°ŠQ>a, nm°da {Q>ba M{bV `§Ìo, MoZ gm°, ~«e H$Q>a, ’$dmaUr n§n B.
AdOmam§Mm bm^ XoÊ`mV Ambm Ë`m‘wio eoVH$ar `m§{Ì{H$H$aUmMm dmna
H$é bmJbo d doioMr ~MV Am{U Am{W©H$ CËnÞmV dmT> Pmbr.
eoVremim:-
 Iarn h§Jm‘mV ^mV {nH$mda, aã~r h§Jm‘ H$S>YmÝ` d ^mOrnmbm
`m {nH$mda EHw$U 15 Jmdm§‘Ü`o CËH¥$ð> eoVremim KoVë`m. gXaÀ`m
eoVremim§‘wio eoVH$è¶m§‘Ü`o EH$mpË‘H$ H$sS>-amoJ ì`dñWmnZ d
EH$mpË‘H$ AÞÐì` ì`dñWmnZ `m {df`r OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©Z Pmbr.
eoVH$è`m§Zm {ZgJm©Vrb AÞgmIir Am{U H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m§Mo ‘mZdr
OrdZmda hmoUmao Xwîn[aUm‘ `mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xbr.
g§nmXZ : eoVH$ar ‘m{gH$, nwUo
g§X^© : VmbwH$m H¥${f A{YH$mar, Imbmnya, {O. am`JS>
eoVH$ar & ‘mM© & 2023 & 59
60
Registered
RNI No. MAHMAR/2000/01270 nmoñQ>b a{OñQ>a Z§. PCW/031/2021-2023
Posted at BPC, Vishrambagwada, Pune 411030, Date of Publication: 01/03/2023 and Posting: 01 To 07/03/2023

‘hmamï´> emgZmMo g§Ho$VñWi H¥$fr {d^mJmMo g§Ho$VñWi H¥$fr {d^mJmMo ãbm°Jñnm°Q> PMFME¶moOZm AO© Zm|XUr dJ©Ur ^aÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVr
dJ©UrXma hmoʶmgmR>r g§Ho$VñWi à{H«$¶m{df¶r

eoVH$ar … ‘mM© 2023

¶m nζmda dJ©UrXma
{‘iV Zgob Va
hm A§H$ H¥$n¶m
H¥${f {d^mJmÀ¶m
g§~§{YV VmbwH$m H¥${f
A{YH$mar H$m¶m©b¶/
‘§S>b H¥${f A{YH$mar
H$m¶m©b¶ qH$dm
Z{OH$À¶m H¥${f
n¶©dojH$ qH$dm
H¥${f ghmæ¶H$
¶m§À¶mH$S>o Úmdm.

"eoVH$ar" ho ‘m{gH$ ‘mcH$, H¥${f {d^mJ, ‘hmamï´> emgZ ¶m§MoH$[aVm, ‘wÐH$ d àH$meH$ gw{Zb MìhmU ¶m§Zr Am§ZX npãbHo$eÝg, 106/1/E, ‘wgir ’$mQ>m,
amï´>r¶ ‘hm‘mJ© Z§. 6, Ywio amoS>, YaUJmd, {O. OiJmd-425105, ¶oWo N>mnyZ H¥${f Am¶wŠVmc¶, ‘hmamï´> amÁ¶, H¥${f ^dZ, {edmOrZJa, nwUo- 411 005
¶oWo à{gÕ Ho$co. g§nmXH$ - {edHw$_ma nm§Sw>a§J gXm\w$bo.
‘Shetkari’ monthly publication is owned by Govt. of Maharashtra, Agriculture Department, Printed and Published by
Sunil Chavan, Printed at Anand Publications, 106/1/A, Musali Phata, National Highway No.6, Dhule Road, Dharangoan,
Dist. Jalgoan-425105 and Published at Commissionerate of Agriculture, Maharashtra State, Krushi Bhavan, Shivajinagar,
Pune – 411005, Editor – Shivkumar Pandurang Sadaphule.

H¥$n`m dmMH$m§Zr eoVH$ar _m{gH$mÀ`m àË`oH$ A§H$m ~m~VMo ~hþ_mob A{^àm` agrishetkari@gmail.com `mda nmR>dmdo.