EDUC 272: Teaching and Learning Secondary School Mathematics

Theories, methods, materials and techniques for teaching and learning mathematics in
secondary schools. It aims to develop mathematics teachers’ knowledge of and ability to use and
evaluate instructional strategies and classroom organizational models, ways to represent
mathematical concepts and procedures, instructional materials and resources, ways to promote
discourse, and sequencing mathematics content, studying and selecting textbooks and instructional
materials.

I. Theories
There are several theories and approaches to teaching and learning mathematics in
secondary schools. Different educators and researchers may emphasize different aspects of these
theories, and teaching practices often incorporate a combination of approaches. Here are some
prominent theories for teaching and learning mathematics in secondary schools:

1. Constructivism:
Constructivism suggests that learners actively construct their own understanding of mathematical
concepts by building on their prior knowledge and experiences. It emphasizes hands-on activities,
problem-solving, and real-world applications to help students develop a deeper understanding of
mathematical concepts.

2. Cognitivism
Cognitivism focuses on the mental processes involved in learning, such as memory, problem-solving,
and critical thinking. It emphasizes the importance of presenting information in a way that aligns
with how students process and retain information. Approaches may include direct instruction,
practice, and the use of mnemonics.

3. Behaviorism
Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and external stimuli. In the context of mathematics
education, this might involve drilling and practice, with an emphasis on reinforcement for correct
answers. While traditional, it has been complemented or replaced by more student-centered
approaches in modern education.

4. Social Learning Theory

Social learning theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in the learning process. Collaborative
learning and group activities are central to this approach. Students learn from each other through
discussions, peer teaching, and cooperative problem-solving.

5. Problem-Based Learning (PBL)

Problem-Based Learning involves presenting students with real-world problems that require the
application of mathematical concepts. Students work collaboratively to solve these problems,
promoting critical thinking, communication skills, and a deeper understanding of mathematical
principles.

6. Inquiry-Based Learning
Similar to PBL, inquiry-based learning encourages students to ask questions, investigate, and
discover mathematical concepts on their own. Teachers act as facilitators, guiding students through
the process of inquiry and helping them make connections between different mathematical ideas.

7. Multiple Intelligences Theory

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggests that individuals have different ways of
learning and processing information. Teachers incorporating this theory might use a variety of
instructional methods, recognizing and catering to different students' strengths and learning styles.
8. Technology Integration
With the advancement of technology, integrating digital tools and resources into mathematics
education is becoming increasingly common. This includes interactive simulations, educational
software, and online platforms that provide personalized learning experiences.

9. Assessment for Learning (AfL)

Assessment for Learning focuses on using assessments as tools for understanding and improving
student learning. This involves formative assessment techniques, feedback, and adjusting teaching
strategies based on ongoing assessments to meet the needs of individual students.

Effective teaching often involves a combination of these theories, with educators adapting
their approaches based on the needs and preferences of their students.

II. Methods
Teaching and learning mathematics in secondary schools can be approached using various
methods that cater to the diverse needs and learning styles of students. Here are some commonly
used methods for teaching and learning mathematics in secondary education:

1. Traditional/Direct Instruction
Involves the teacher presenting information and concepts through lectures, textbooks, and
demonstrations.
Suitable for introducing new concepts, explaining procedures, and providing a foundation of basic
knowledge.

2. Problem-Solving Approach
Emphasizes the application of mathematical concepts to solve real-world problems. Students work
on problem-solving tasks individually or collaboratively.
Develops critical thinking skills and helps students see the practical applications of mathematics.

3. Cooperative Learning
Involves students working in small groups to solve problems or complete tasks. Promotes
collaboration, communication, and peer teaching.
Effective for fostering social skills, teamwork, and a supportive learning environment.

4. Inquiry-Based Learning
Students explore mathematical concepts through guided inquiry, asking questions, and conducting
investigations.
Encourages curiosity, discovery, and a deeper understanding of mathematical principles.

5. Project-Based Learning (PBL)

Students engage in long-term projects that require them to apply mathematical concepts to real-
world scenarios. Projects often involve research, problem-solving, and presentations.
Enhances creativity, critical thinking, and the ability to apply mathematical knowledge to complex
problems.

6. Technology Integration
Incorporates digital tools and resources, such as educational software, simulations, and online
platforms, to enhance the learning experience.
Provides interactive and personalized learning experiences, as well as opportunities for visualizations
and simulations.
7. Manipulatives and Hands-On Activities
Uses physical objects, models, and hands-on activities to help students visualize and understand
abstract mathematical concepts.
Particularly effective in the early stages of learning, aiding in the development of concrete
understanding before moving to abstract representations.

8. Differentiated Instruction
Adapts teaching methods, content, and assessment to meet the diverse needs of students.
Recognizes and accommodates different learning styles and abilities.
Ensures that all students can access and engage with the curriculum at their own pace and level.

9. Flipped Classroom
Inverts the traditional teaching model, where students review instructional materials at home
through videos or readings and then engage in problem-solving and activities during class time.
Allows for more personalized and interactive class time, with the teacher providing support as
students work on applications and problem-solving.

10. Assessment for Learning (AfL)

Uses ongoing formative assessments and feedback to understand student progress and adjust
teaching strategies accordingly.
Helps identify areas of difficulty, allows for timely intervention, and supports continuous
improvement in understanding.

Teachers often combine these methods, adapting their approach based on the specific
content, learning objectives, and the needs of their students. The goal is to create a dynamic and
engaging learning environment that facilitates a deep understanding of mathematical concepts.

III. Materials
Teaching and learning mathematics in secondary schools can be enhanced by using a variety
of materials and resources. Here are some commonly used materials for teaching and learning
mathematics in secondary education:

1. Textbooks
Traditional textbooks provide structured content, examples, and exercises. They are a foundational
resource for introducing new concepts and providing practice problems.

2. Interactive Whiteboards
Interactive whiteboards allow teachers to display and manipulate mathematical concepts
dynamically. They support real-time interaction, annotations, and multimedia presentations.

3. Graphing Calculators
Graphing calculators help students visualize and analyze mathematical functions and graphs. They
are particularly useful for algebra, calculus, and advanced mathematics courses.

4. Manipulatives
Physical objects and manipulatives (e.g., counters, base-ten blocks, geometric shapes) help students
understand abstract mathematical concepts through hands-on exploration.

5. Online Educational Platforms

Platforms like Khan Academy, Desmos, and Geogebra offer interactive lessons, practice problems,
and simulations. These resources provide additional support and opportunities for self-paced
learning.
6. Educational Software
Software applications designed for mathematics education can offer interactive simulations, virtual
manipulatives, and engaging activities to reinforce concepts.

7. Math Games
Educational games make learning mathematics enjoyable and can reinforce mathematical skills in a
fun and interactive way. Board games, card games, and online math games can be effective.

8. Real-World Applications
Incorporating real-world examples and applications helps students see the practical relevance of
mathematical concepts. This could include examples from science, engineering, finance, and
everyday life.

9. Data Sets
Using real data sets for analysis and interpretation helps students apply statistical concepts. Access
to data can be through textbooks, online sources, or data visualization tools.

10. Mathematical Models

Physical or digital models can illustrate abstract concepts in geometry, calculus, and other areas of
mathematics. For example, three-dimensional geometric models or models representing
mathematical functions.

11. Visual Aids

Diagrams, charts, graphs, and visual representations help students better understand abstract
mathematical ideas. Visual aids can be used on posters, slides, or interactive whiteboards.

12. Reference Books

Additional reference books, dictionaries, and encyclopedias provide in-depth explanations and
alternative perspectives on mathematical concepts.

13. Math Journals and Notebooks

Students can maintain journals or notebooks to document their thought processes, problem-solving
strategies, and reflections on mathematical concepts. This promotes metacognition.

14. Multimedia Resources

Educational videos, animations, and multimedia presentations can supplement classroom instruction
and provide alternative explanations of complex topics.

15. Assessment Tools

Various assessment tools, including quizzes, tests, and formative assessments, help gauge student
understanding and guide instructional adjustments.

Teachers often integrate a combination of these materials to create a well-rounded and

engaging learning environment. The choice of materials depends on the specific curriculum, learning
objectives, and the needs of the students.

Techniques
Effective teaching and learning of mathematics in secondary schools often involve employing
a variety of techniques to engage students, promote understanding, and foster critical thinking. Here
are some techniques commonly used for teaching and learning mathematics in secondary education:
1. Socratic Questioning
Teachers use open-ended questions to guide students through the thought process of problem-
solving. This technique encourages students to think critically and articulate their reasoning.

2. Think-Pair-Share
Students individually reflect on a question or problem, then discuss their thoughts with a partner
before sharing with the class. This promotes collaboration and the articulation of ideas.

3. Peer Tutoring
Students work in pairs or small groups, with one student explaining concepts to their peers. This
technique reinforces understanding and encourages communication skills.

4. Jigsaw Method
Each student becomes an "expert" on a specific topic and then teaches that topic to their peers. This
encourages collaborative learning and individual responsibility.

5. Role-Playing
Students take on roles related to mathematical concepts, such as being variables in an equation or
acting out geometric shapes. This helps make abstract concepts more concrete.

6. Flipped Classroom
Students review instructional materials independently (e.g., videos, readings) outside of class, and
class time is used for active problem-solving, discussions, and clarification of concepts.

7. Problem-Based Learning (PBL)

Students work on real-world problems, applying mathematical concepts to find solutions. PBL
encourages critical thinking, collaboration, and the application of knowledge.

8. Concept Mapping
Students create visual representations of mathematical concepts, connecting related ideas and
illustrating relationships. This technique helps enhance understanding and recall.

9. Number Talks
Short, focused discussions where students share and explain their mental math strategies. Number
talks promote flexible thinking and a deeper understanding of number relationships.

10. Interactive Whiteboard Activities

Teachers use interactive whiteboards to engage students in dynamic activities, demonstrations, and
collaborative problem-solving. This visual and interactive approach can enhance understanding.

11. Modeling and Simulation

Teachers use models, simulations, or virtual manipulatives to represent mathematical concepts
visually. This technique helps students grasp abstract ideas through concrete representations.

12. Gallery Walks

Students circulate around the classroom to view and discuss mathematical solutions, projects, or
posters created by their peers. This promotes communication and reflection.

13. Mnemonic Devices

Memory aids, such as acronyms or rhymes, help students remember mathematical formulas, rules,
or processes. Mnemonic devices can be useful for recall during assessments.
14. Differentiated Instruction
Teachers tailor instruction to accommodate different learning styles, abilities, and interests. This
ensures that each student can access the material at an appropriate level.

15. Gaming and Gamification

Incorporating educational games or gamified activities can make learning mathematics more
enjoyable and motivate students to engage with the material.

These techniques are not mutually exclusive, and effective teaching often involves a
combination of approaches to address the diverse needs of students. The key is to create a dynamic
and interactive learning environment that encourages exploration, critical thinking, and a deeper
understanding of mathematical concepts.

Final Output:
1. Lesson Plan (Incorporating at least 3 teaching techniques and strategies)
2. Instructional Material (Modeling or Mnemonic Device)
3. Strategic Intervention Material
4. Innovation