GROUP 4

• DELOS SANTOS, KATRINA

PAULA
• CASTRO, CHARMANE JOY
• GOMEZ, CYRUS
• DE MESA, JANMICHAEL
• BELIC, REAN CEDRIC
• VARON, RICHMOND
READ THE QUESTIONS AND GUESS
THE WORD
•is any source of
potential damage,
harm or adverse DRHAZA
health effects on
something or HAZARD
someone.
• are ocean waves
triggered by
earthquakes that occur
near or under the ocean,
volcanic eruptions, SAMIUNT
submarine landslides, or
onshore landslides in TSUNAMI
which large volumes of
debris fall into the
water.
• any sudden
shaking of the
ground caused by
the passage of ETRHAUAQKE
seismic waves EARTHQUAKE

through Earth’s
rocks.
•is a term used to
describe the
vibration of the RUGNOD HSINGKA
ground during an GROUND SHAKING
earthquake.
• is defined as the
movement of a mass of
rock, debris, or earth down
a slope. Landslides are a
type of "mass wasting,"
NADLSDLIE
LANDSLIDE
which denotes any down-
slope movement of soil
and rock under the direct
influence of gravity.
POTENCIAL EARTH
QUAKE HAZARDS
 DIFFERENT EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAPS

GROUND SHAKING TSUNAMI LANDSLIDE

GROUND RUPTURE

EARTHQUAKE GROUND SUBSIDENCE LIQUEFACTION

GROUND
SHAKING
HAZARDS
WHAT IS GROUND SHAKING HAZARDS?
• Ground shaking is a term used to
describe the vibration of the ground
during an earthquake. Ground
shaking is caused by body waves and
surface waves. As a generalization,
the severity of ground shaking
increases as magnitude increases
and decreases as distance from the
causative fault increases.
 ▪ Constructive and destructive interference
▪ Basin amplification
WHAT ARE THE ▪ Nonlinear soil behavior

EFFECTS OF ▪ Pore fluid pressure causing liquefaction

and ground failure
GROUND ▪ Buildings leaning or tipping over

SHAKING ▪ Landslides, mudslides, and avalanches on

steeper hills or mountains
HAZARDS? ▪ Damage to buildings and people
▪ Ground acceleration causing rapid changes
in direction in a violent back and forward
and up and down motion
GROUND
RUPTURE
HAZARD
WHAT IS GROUND RUPTURE HAZARD?
• Ground rupture during an
earthquake is caused by the
sudden movement of Earth's
tectonic plates along a fault
line. This movement can
cause visible cracks, fissures,
or offsets in the ground,
disrupting roads, buildings,
and other structures.
WHAT ARE THE
EFFECTS OF GROUND • Structural Damage
RUPTURE? • Disrupted Utilities
• Surface Faulting
• Landslides
• Soil Liquefaction
• Economic Impact
• Environmental Impact
TSUNAMI HAZARD
WHAT IS TSUNAMI HAZARD?
• A tsunami is a type of hazard that involves
a series of waves or surges caused by an
earthquake beneath the sea floor.
Tsunamis can affect coastal areas
thousands of miles away from the source
and cause great loss of life and property
damage. Tsunamis are multi-hazardous
phenomena that can vary in speed,
volume, and impact depending on the
mechanism of generation. Tsunamis can
also be destructive as they recede, carrying
people and debris with them.
 • A long earthquake lasting 20-seconds or more.
NATURAL SIGNS • A very strong earthquake that knocks you off your
OF AN feet.
A rapid, unusual rise or fall in the water level.
IMPENDING •

• A loud roar from the ocean.

TSUNAMI
• The ocean could look like a fast-rising flood or a wall
of water.
• The ocean could drain away suddenly, showing the
ocean floor, reefs and fish like a very low, low tide.
• Strong ground shaking.
• A drop or sudden change in the sea level.
• A roaring sound of incoming waves.
• If you observe any of these warning signs,
immediately move to high ground or inland
 • Flooding and destruction of structures, power,
and water supplies
What are the • Disruption of transportation, communication,
effects of tsunami? and services
• Movement of large rocks, debris, and saltwater
inland
• Contamination of water, food, and environment
with sewage, toxic substances, and radiation
• Loss of lives due to drowning, injuries, and
diseases
• Erosion and pollution of the sea floor and the
coast
• Change of landscape and habitat
EARTHQUAKE-
INDUCED LANDSLIDE
WHAT IS LANDSLIDE HAZARD?
• A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or
debris down a slope. It is a type of mass wasting,
which means any down-slope movement of
material under the influence of gravity. Landslides
can happen suddenly or slowly, and can occur in
different environments, such as mountains, cliffs,
or underwater. Landslides are caused by gravity
and other factors that make the slope unstable or
prone to failure, such as rain, earthquakes,
volcanoes, or human activities. Landslides can be a
natural hazard and a disaster if they cause large
damages.
 • Loss of human life, property, cattle, and
WHAT ARE THE farming lands
EFFECTS OF • Loss of valuable top soil layer due to soil
LANDSLIDE? erosion
• Damage or destruction of ecosystems and
biodiversity
• Harm to agriculture and food security
• Damage to built infrastructure and
transportation
• Economic losses and social disruption
• Increased risk of other hazards such as floods,
debris flows, and fires
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED
WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED?
• Earthquake-induced ground effects are
mainly landslides, soil liquefaction, surface
faulting, and ground subsidence. They can
affect an area with damage related to the full
collapse or loss in functionality of facilities,
roads, pipelines, and other lifelines.
• Earthquakes can be induced by a wide range
of causes including impoundment of
reservoirs, surface and underground mining,
withdrawal of fluids and gas from the
subsurface, and injection of fluids into
underground formations.
WHAT ARE THE • Ground shaking, which can topple buildings and
bridges, rupture gas pipelines and other
EFFECTS OF infrastructure, and cause deaths and injuries.
EARTHQUAKE? • Ground rupture, which is the displacement of the
earth along a fault line.
• Landslides, which are the movement of soil and
rock down a slope.
• Tsunamis, which are large waves generated by
underwater earthquakes or landslides.
• Liquefaction, which is the loss of strength and
stiffness of soil due to shaking.
• Fires, which are the most destructive secondary
effect of earthquakes, caused by broken gas lines
or electrical wires.
GROUND SUBSIDENCE
SUBSIDENCE
• a gradual settling or
sudden sinking of
the Earth's surface
due to removal or
displacement
of subsurface earth
materials.
GROUND
• to press something hard into
something else using a
twisting movement: Sara
angrily ground her cigarette
into the ashtray.
• the solid surface of the earth.
• an area of land or sea used
for a specified purpose.
WHAT IS GROUND SUBSIDENCE?
• sinking of the ground because
of underground material move
ment
• is most often caused by the
removal of water, oil, natural
gas, or mineral resources out
of the ground by pumping,
fracking, or mining activities.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF GROUND
SUBSIDENCE?
• Ground subsidence refers to the gradual sinking or settling of the Earth's
surface. It can have various effects, depending on the extent, location, and
underlying causes of the subsidence. Here are some of the common effects
of ground subsidence:
• Structural damage: Ground subsidence can lead to damage to buildings,
infrastructure, and other structures. As the ground sinks, it can cause
foundations to crack, walls to tilt, and pipes to break, leading to costly
repairs.
• Flooding: In coastal areas, subsidence can exacerbate the risk of flooding.
When the land sinks, it lowers the elevation of the surrounding area,
making it more vulnerable to inundation during high tides or storm surges.
• Land use limitations: Subsidence can restrict the use of affected
land. Buildings and roads may need to be elevated, and in severe
cases, land might become unsuitable for development or
agriculture.
• Increased risk of sinkholes: Subsidence can create voids or
underground cavities in the soil, increasing the risk of sinkholes.
Sinkholes can suddenly collapse, causing damage to property
and posing a safety hazard.
• Damage to underground utilities: Subsidence can damage
underground infrastructure such as water and sewage pipes, gas
lines, and electrical cables. This can result in service disruptions
and costly repairs.
 LIQUE
FACTION
Liquefaction
Liquefaction can occur when seismic shaking agitates saturated
ground material of certain types. Buildings and other surface
structures supported by liquefied ground can subside or tilt
over. Underground hollow structures, such as pipes and tanks,
may rise to the surface due to buoyancy forces.
 The process that causes liquefaction typically
begins when four key elements are present:
1. Soil particles are loose and cohesionless and will move closer together when
shaken

2. Soil particles are sized between coarse silt to fine sand approximately
0.01–1.00 mm in diameter. (The effect has been observed in other soils
under specific conditions.)

3. Ground is saturated (particularly material that is below the water table).

4. Sufficient shaking occurs (the level of shaking to cause liquefaction

depends on several site-specific factors).
LIQUEFACTION
Under certain conditions, loose material
compresses under gravity, closing grain
spaces. Water resists this change, causing
pressure to build. As pressure rises,
grains become buoyant, causing soil to lose
strength.

Liquefied soil's lower bearing strength can

cause damage to buildings and their
foundations due to partial settlement or
sinking of objects on the surface.
Liquefied soil beneath a solid layer
can be pushed upwards due to
pressure, causing small geysers of
silt, sand, and groundwater, and in
severe cases, temporary surface
flooding.

Soil can remain liquefied after

earthquake shaking, but gradually
solidifies and regains bearing
strength. Engineering New Zealand
suggests higher strength in some
cases, but Canterbury earthquake
sequence doesn't support this.
Liquefaction, a process that occurs near the surface, can
cause significant damage by leaving a deep sediment layer
that persists, leading to widespread disruption in
populated areas and contributing to settlement and lateral
spread.
Liquefaction can cause lateral spreading beside the banks of
rivers and waterways. Cracks open up along the banks, which can
extend back on to properties and building foundations.
During liquefaction, sand, silt and water is forced up towards the surface by
pressure below ground. In some cases, the material is forced through small
cracks and collects on the surface to form sand boils.
Liquefied ground has little strength when compared to other
land. Heavy objects, such as power poles, cars and buildings, can
topple or sink into the liquefied soil.
Christchurch suffered extensive liquefaction in the 2010 and 2011
earthquake sequence. Damage ranged from minor to very severe in
areas affected by liquefaction, while no apparent land damage was
observed in areas where soil did not liquefy.
POST-ACTIVITY!
Question 1: What is liquefaction in the context of
geology?

A) The process of converting a gas into a liquid.

B) The transformation of a solid material into a
liquid-like state due to increased pressure.
C) The formation of underground caves through
the erosion of limestone.
D) The movement of tectonic plates along a fault
line.
Question 2: Which of the following is the primary
effect of an earthquake?

A. Landslides
B. Heavy rainfall
C. Fire
D. Meteor Impacts
Question 3:
it is the gradual settling or sudden sinking of the
Earth's surface
Question 4: What causes ground rupture during an
earthquake?

a) Volcanic eruptions
b) Tectonic plate movement
c) Heavy rainfall
d) Meteor impacts
Question 5: What might happen when ground
shaking results to breakage of gas, electrical
lines, and fuel lines, and overturning of stoves?

a) fire
b) landslide
c) liquefaction
d) subsidence
Question 6: What is the primary cause of a
tsunami?

A) Earthquake
B) Tornado
C) Hurricane
D) Volcanic Eruption
Question 7: Which of the following factors can
significantly increase the risk of an earthquake-
induced landslide?

A) Heavy rainfall
B) High atmospheric pressure
C) Low wind speed
D) Cold temperatures
Question 8: What is the primary cause of ground
subsidence?

A) Volcanic eruptions
B) Excessive groundwater pumping
C) Forest fires
D) Wind erosion
Question 9: What instrument is commonly used to
measure ground-shaking during an earthquake?

A) Seismometer
B) Barometer
C) Anemometer
D) Thermometer
Question 10: Which of the following best
describes liquefaction during an earthquake?

A) The transformation of a solid into a gas due to

high temperatures.
B) The process of turning water into ice in cold
climates.
C) The phenomenon where saturated soil
temporarily behaves like a liquid during ground
shaking.
D) The formation of underground caverns due to
erosion.
Question 1: What is liquefaction in the context of
geology?

A) The process of converting a gas into a liquid.

B) The transformation of a solid material into a
liquid-like state due to increased pressure.
C) The formation of underground caves through
the erosion of limestone.
D) The movement of tectonic plates along a fault
line.
Question 2: Which of the following is the primary
effect of an earthquake?

A. Landslides
B. Heavy rainfall
C. Fire
D. Meteor Impacts
Question 3:
it is the gradual settling or sudden sinking of the
Earth's surface

SUBSIDENCE
Question 4: What causes ground rupture during an
earthquake?

a) Volcanic eruptions
b) Tectonic plate movement
c) Heavy rainfall
d) Meteor impacts
Question 5: What might happen when ground
shaking results to breakage of gas, electrical
lines, and fuel lines, and overturning of stoves?

a) fire
b) landslide
c) liquefaction
d) subsidence
Question 6: What is the primary cause of a
tsunami?

A) Earthquake
B) Tornado
C) Hurricane
D) Volcanic Eruption
Question 7: Which of the following factors can
significantly increase the risk of an earthquake-
induced landslide?

A) Heavy rainfall
B) High atmospheric pressure
C) Low wind speed
D) Cold temperatures
Question 8: What is the primary cause of ground
subsidence?

A) Volcanic eruptions
B) Excessive groundwater pumping
C) Forest fires
D) Wind erosion
Question 9: What instrument is commonly used to
measure ground-shaking during an earthquake?

A) Seismometer
B) Barometer
C) Anemometer
D) Thermometer
Question 10: Which of the following best
describes liquefaction during an earthquake?

A) The transformation of a solid into a gas due to

high temperatures.
B) The process of turning water into ice in cold
climates.
C) The phenomenon where saturated soil
temporarily behaves like a liquid during ground
shaking.
D) The formation of underground caverns due to
erosion.
THANK YOU!