SPE 95360
Field Pilots of Microbial Flooding in High-Temperature and High-Salt Reservoirs
H. Zhao, Z. Li, P. Zhao, and Y. Wu, Sinopec
Copyright 2005, Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2005 SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition held in Dallas, Texas, U.S.A., 9 – 12 October 2005.
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Abstract
This paper describes the laboratory tests, including bacteria
screening, bacteria culturing and nutrient solution screening
for microbial flooding in water injection wells in High
Temperature and High Salt Reservoirs(HTHS) reservoirs
with temperature of 85˚C and salinity of 12×104mg/l in
Wenmingzhai Oilfield. The microbes and their nutrient
solutions have been cultured through directed
domestication of bacteria in injected water, microbe
adaptability evaluation and simulation tests of oil flooding
in cores. The well selection principles, injection occasions
in field tests and the injection process are presented. The
technology were successfully applied in 12 wells and result
show that microbial flooding resulted in stable wellbore
pressure and better water injection profile. Water cut was
reduced and oil production rate was increased in
corresponding oil wells,. Total oil increasment was 9536
tons. The microbial mother solution with 1×108 microbes
per ml obtained 53t oil increasment, with a benefit and
investment ratio of 1: 5.5. Therefore, this microbial
flooding process is of great economic benefit and good
application prospect.
Experimental
Experimental items:
(1) analysis of injection water and formation water in
the test block;
(2) microbe adaptability tests;
(3) physical analogue oil displacement tests.
Experimental objective:
(1) determine microbiological features and ionic
features of the injection water and formation water in the
test block;
(2) determine whether the sifted microbe strains are
adaptative to the formation conditions and can subsist and
breed, and understand the survival condition of the sifted
microbe strains and authgenic microbes under the formation
conditions;
(3) understand the degree of increase in recovery ratio
after microbial drive through laboratory simulation of
formation conditions.
Experimental methods: phase-contrast microscope
examination, plate counting method, MPN method,
corpuscular plate counting method and core drive and
displacement test.
Experimental condition: temperature 85℃ and salinity
12×104mg/l.
1 Analysis of injection water and formation water
1.1 Analysis of microbiological features of the injection
water and formation water in the test block
There exist bacteria colonies (i.e., authgenic microbes) of
certain quantity in the formations with long period of
waterflooding. Based on their corresponding features, the
environmental zones are classified into three biochemical
zones, i.e., aerobic zone, sulfate reduction zone and
biochemical methane zone. These microfloras have a direct
impact on implementation of microbial drive oil technique.
The precondition for microbial drive is that the microfloras
can form a complete ecosystem. For this reason, laboratory
tests on amount of fermentative bacteria, sulphate reducing
bacteria, iron bacteria, methane bacteria and hydrocarbon
bacteria in the injection water and formation water in
Wenmingzhai oilfield were conducted (see Table 1).
Gas chromatographic analysis of the biological gas
after enrichment culture of the methane bacteria for wells
W7 and M197 in Wenmingzhai oilfield was conducted for
methane content. The methane content in well W7 was up
to 99% and the one in well M197 up to 60%, which was
generated during enrichment of methane bacteria. In
addition, the gas pressure variation was very obvious before
and after enrichment.
It can be see from Table 1 that there exists a microbial
ecology environment composed of aerobic bacteria and
anaerobic bacteria in the injection water and formation
2 SPE 95360
water in Wenmingzhai oilfield, and there are objective
conditions for microbial drive and possible metabolism
pathways for various bacteria after injecting the sifted
microbe strains and their nutrient solutions into formations
during microbial drive. The aerobic bacteria (including the
fermentative bacteria in formations and part of the sifted
microbe strains) under the oxygen enriched environment in
contact with formation water bodies convert various large
molecules such as polysaccharide and protein etc into
pyruvic acid, organic acid, ammonia, propionic acid, acetic
acid, butyric acid and ethanol etc while generating carbon
dioxide and hydrogen gas. Oxygen is consumed very
quickly during growth, propagation and metabolism, and
after the oxygen in the sedimentary environment is
exhausted, metabolic activities of the aerobes stop and
thereby an oxygen deficient environment emerges. The
anaerobes begin to be active under oxygen deficient
conditions. The various generated acetic acid bacteria in
Wenmingzhai oilfield formations are decomposed into
acetic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas by use of
various organic acid and organic alcohol generated during
aerobic process. Subsequently the methane bacteria
generated by use of carbon dioxide and acetic acid as the
carbon source predominate, and thus methane is generated.
It can be seen that the microbial drive process is
completed through joint participation and mutual
coordination of various microbial colonies with unique
physiological and biochemical features in Wenmingzhai
oilfield.
1.2 Characterization of the injection water and formation
water composition
Analysis of various ions in the injection water and
formation water is presented in Table 2, indicating that (1)
the total salinity of the injection water is higher than that of
the produced water; (2) the calcium ion concentration in the
injection water is relatively high; (3) SO42- in the produced
water is relatively high, with relative subacidity.
2 Evaluation of microbial properties
2.1 Compatibleness experiment
Carry out mixed culture and counting of the sifted microbe
strains and authgenic microbes, and measure SRB of each
group of samples, with the result that the sifted microbe
strains and authgenic microbes grew well under the
formation temperature conditions and in the injection water
environment and were of subacidity, indicating that the
authgenic microbes are of relatively good compatibleness
with the sifted microbe strains. See Table 3.
Carry out mixed culture and counting of the sifted
microbe strains and authgenic microbes in crude oil, and
measure SRB of each sample, indicating that the sifted
microbe strains and authgenic microbes grew well under the
formation temperature conditions and in the crude oil
environment and were of subacidity, and SRB growth in the
sample didn’t occur. This indicates that the crude oil in the
well group doesn’t have an obvious impact on growth of
bacteria and the formation environment is suitable for
growth and survival of bacteria. See Table 4.
2.2 Microbial adaptability experiment
The microbe strains in the microbe strain storage
(belonging to Exploration & Development Research
Institute, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau,
SINOPEC) were combined into MF series microbe strains
(MF1, MF2, MF3 and MF4) based on different functions (i.e.,
generating organic acid, alcohol, surface active agent and
gas etc.). MF series microbe strains are the combined
bacteria sifted through enrichment culture, high temperature
acclimation and analysis of metabolic products) and thereby
have relatively stable property. Each group of bacteria
contains different microbe strains, but it is a stable system,
with mutual coordination and synergism of bacteria.
The microbes in the microbe strain storage were
directionally acclimated using the culture medium prepared
by use of the injection water as the base water, and the
microbe strains growing favorably under the environment in
the block were selected. Based on the concentration of
various ions in the injection water in Wenmingzhai oilfield,
the content of each component in the culture medium was
accordingly changed to prepare injection water type culture
medium. After activation, separate purification and plate
counting (see Table 5 for the results), the results indicate
that the sifted microbe strains are adaptative to the injection
water environment, and they grow and propagate well in the
injection water environment.
2.3 High temperature and high pressure experiment
The objective is to determine the growth state of various
microbe strains using different N sources under the
formation conditions. Add formation water in a sealed
stainless vessel and then four groups of bacteria as per 2%
volume, inject formation water using a high pressure pump
to increase the pressure to 10MPa, and seal and culture
them under the temperature of 85℃. After 72 hours, sample
for microscopic examination, and observe activity and
growth state of the bacteria. Based on analysis and
comparison, TB microbe strains grew relatively well in well
group M42, and MF microbe strains grew relatively well in
well groups M159 and M201, indicating that they are
adaptive to the formation environment and can act as the
microbe strain combination for physical analogue oil
displacement tests. TB and MF microbe strains can grow
and propagate in the high temperature and high pressure
environment where TP and TN are N sources. In addition,
the condition of using TP as N source is more suitable for
growth of microbe stains than that of using TN as N source.
See Table 6.
Table 6 indicates: (1) MF series microbe strains grow
well under formation temperature and pressure, showing
that they are adaptive to the formation temperature and
pressure environment and can act as the microbe strain
combination for physical analogue oil displacement tests; (2)
MF series microbe strains can grow and propagate in the
high temperature and high pressure environment where TP
and TN are N sources, and the condition of using TP as N
source is more suitable for growth of microbe stains than
that of using TN as N source.
SPE 95360
3 Microbial drive
The objective is to test the crude oil drive effect from
bacteria under the simulation condition and to use it as the
reference basis for determining the microbe strains and
microbe liquid volume for field applications. Inject microbe
liquid when the water cut is up to more than 92%～95%
during water drive, close the valve with constant
temperature for 72 hours, and then carry out secondary
water drive. Microbial oil drive tests can increase recovery
ratio by more than 7% while reducing the water content in
the produced liquid. The oil drive tests (see Figures 1 and 2)
indicate that injection of 0.25PV microbial liquid of 5%
concentration makes for increasing the recovery ratio.
Microbial oil drive mechanism and design
procedures
1 Microbial oil drive mechanism
The microbial oil drive mechanism is very complex, and the
mechanism of increasing recovery ratio using microbes can
be understood from several aspects.
The biosurfactants from microbial metabolic products
can reduce oil-water interface tension, change rock
wettability and increase oil drive efficiency.
The gases (CO2, CH4, H2 and H2S etc.) in microbial
metabolic products can increase reservoir pressure and
producing energy.
The solvents (propanol, n-butyl acid (isobutyl acid),
ketone group and aldehyde) in microbial metabolic products
can dissolve wax and colloid in petroleum. The gases such
as CO2 and CH4 etc can be dissolved in crude oil. Organic
acid and limy reaction product (CO2) can reduce crude oil
viscosity and increase crude oil flowability. Also,
biopolymers can increase water phase viscosity and
improve fluidity ratio.
In addition, absorption or retention action of
biopolymers can reduce water phase permeability.
2 Microbial oil drive design procedures
Before MEOR field applications, it is necessary to fully
understand characteristics of the selected reservoir and
microbes based on reservoir microbiology and to conduct
MEOR laboratory simulation experiments, thus ensuring
viability and metabolic activity of microbes in formations.
Then, appropriate injection technology is selected, and
MEOR can find field applications formally.
2.1. Study of reservoir characteristics
Study of reservoir rock characteristics: including structure,
lithology, porosity, permeability, buried depth, pressure and
temperature of reservoir.
Study of reservoir fluid characteristics: including
chemical composition, salinity and pH value of formation
water, crude oil composition and nutrients, and oxidation
potential between rock and fluids or their respective internal
oxidation potential.
3
Study of authgenic bacteria in reservoir, including
distribution and species of authgenic bacteria as well as
interaction between authgenic bacteria and inoculating
bacteria.
2.2. Study of microbiological properties
Including selection of microbe strains and culture medium
as well as determination of EOR mechanism and
compatibleness of microbes with formation fluids based on
the selected microbe formula.
3 MEOR simulation
Physical simulation (laboratory experiment simulation):
carry out core experiments and analyze the microbe
formula’s EOR mechanism as per the microbe EOR
mechanism and in combination with the selected microbe
formula.
Numerical simulation: mainly study migration and
growth of microbes in porous medium as well as microbe’s
effect on recovery ratio, including growth, retention,
migration and death of microbes, consumption of nutrients,
biochemical metabolic pathways and their quantitative
analysis, thus providing reliable basis for future field
applications.
4 Injection technology selection and field
applications
There are three typical injection technologies: (1)
continuous injection of bacterial cultures; (2) injection of
cultures after bacterination; (3) repeating biologic
simulation.
The main basis for selecting which technology is the
field design as per MEOR simulation results, including
injected microbial biomass, injection mode of nutrients and
inocula and operations, etc. During large scale of water
drive development, it is advisable to employ microbes and
nutrients in large tanks and then to inject them into wells
through a diffluent line pump.
5 Effect monitoring and evaluation
Including water content in the produced fluid, viscosity and
composition of crude oil, change of CO2 content in
produced gas, change of bacteria amount in produced water,
organic acid content in produced water and data well
sample analysis, etc.
Reservoir geology characteristics in the test
block
The regional structure of Wenmingzhai oilfield is located at
the north end of central uplift belt of Dongpu depression.
The structural setting is a dome anticline. There are totally 6
development units and 7 sets of development series of
strata.
The main geologic characteristics are as follows:
Relatively good physical property of reservoir, abundant oil
and gas, and many oil bearing series of strata. Porosity:
20～30％; permeability: 60～726×10-3µm2; oil saturation:
4 SPE 95360
72.2％; average effective thickness: 35.7m. Seven sets of
development series of strata are distributed from lower S1
through S4. However, the reservoir structure is of low
maturity and relatively loose cementation, so reservoir sand
production is serious during development.
Extremely complex structure, many fault blocks and
complex oil water relationship. The whole oilfield consists
of 192 small oil bearing fault blocks. These small blocks are
overlapped upwards and downward and mutually embedded
left and right, so the structure is extremely complex with
bad reservoir connectedness. The connection rate is less
than 65% under the existing well pattern condition. There
exist multiple sets of relatively independent oil water
systems, and the oil water relationship is very complex.
The buried depth of reservoirs is small, and the
average buried depth of reservoirs is 1778m. There is a
relatively large difference in interlayer physical property,
and the permeability grading is up to more than 20～25
times.
Planar, interlayer and intrastratal heterogeneity of
physical property of reservoirs is serious. The planar
permeability coefficient of variation is 0.48-0.98, and the
interlayer permeability coefficient of variation is 1.69-4.06.
Fluid properties: surface crude density: 0.88 ～
0.92g/cm3; surface crude viscosity: 36 ～ 200MPa.s;
saturation pressure: 7～9.6MPa. The reservoir belongs to a
normal pressure reservoir. Freezing point: 27-29℃; sulfur
content: 0.91-1.28%; colloid content: 27.1%; wax content:
7.26-21.31%; formation crude viscosity: 6.64mPa.s; initial
gas-oil ratio: 74.6m3/t; initial formation pressure: 16.56
MPa; saturation pressure: 8.72MPa; volume factor: 1.14.
The oilfield water is mainly CaCl2 type water, the salinity is
12.31×104mg/L , and the formation temperature is 85℃.
Field applications
1 Principle of block selection
The following conditions for selecting a microbial oil drive
block should be taken into consideration in accordance with
the basic characteristics of microbial drive:
The test block is inadvisably too large. A relatively
small block allows for short test period and small
investment, so conclusions can be reached in short period.
The reservoir structure is relatively simple, the
reservoir connectedness is good, and the connection rate is
more than 50%. The permeability is greater than
50×10-3µm2, thus making for migration of microbes in
formations.
The development series of strata is relatively single,
the development well pattern layout is reasonable, and the
injection production correlation is clear.
Microbial drive displacement requires that reservoir
conditions must be suitable for survival of microbes, the
reservoir temperature could not be higher than 100℃, and
the formation water salinity should be lower than
10.0×104mg/L.
Chemical treatment measures cannot be taken for the
injection wells where microbes are injected.
The well groups in the block are provided with
relatively good production and management conditions, and
there is a complete set of surface flow equipment.
2 Microbial drive process design
2.1 Sifting and compounding of microbes
Single microbe strain cannot meet the requirement of
complex physical property of reservoir. The microbe strains
of different treatment capabilities to crude oil are employed.
Compounding of microbe strains can increase EOR.
Normal synergistic effects must be taken into consideration
during compounding.
(1) M42, M402 and M113 well groups etc.
PBS, PBXX, BB and LB are selected for compounding of
microbe strains.
(2) M159, M201 and M216 well groups etc.
Microbial oil drive employs intravital bacteria. It can be
seen from the core experiment results that the microbe
strain combination agent MF1 generating physical gas and
the microbe strain combination agent MF2 generating
surfactants have increased EOR to a relatively large extent,
so the injection bacteria for tests are determined as MF
series.
2.2 Concentration of microbial drive displacing fluids and
consumption of microbes
The concentration of microbe fluids injected in water wells
is determined as per laboratory simulation research results.
The injected swept volume of microbe fluids shall be
determined as per reservoir pore volume and reserves. Also,
it shall be determined from referring to domestic and
foreign injection volume of microbe fluids on site under the
condition of comprehensively considering economic
feasibility.
2.3 Microbial oil drive injection procedures
If the injected microbes employ compounded microbe strain
systems, they shall be injected using the categorical
injection method as per species of microbe strains during
construction. Continuous or intermittent construction can be
carried out as per slugs.
2.4 Microbial drive injection mode
The microbial drive test requirements can be satisfied
through appropriate reformation of the present injection
mode for well groups. Connect the microbe injection pump
with the test well injection pipeline. See Figure 3 fro the
injection flow.
3 Microbial drive construction procedures
1. Survey the water injection profile of an injection well
before microbial drive.
2. If necessary, complete set of measures must be taken for
the well according to analysis of the water injection profile.
3. All chemical agent treatments for the injection water
shall be stopped within 10 days before injecting microbes.
4. Connect the injection flow well, and carry out injection
jobs as per certain concentration and sequence.
SPE 95360
5. Microbe strain sub-fluids, wellhead injection fluids and
the produced fluids from the corresponding oil wells are
timely inspected as required by the design.
6. Well shut-in response.
7. Restore normal production of the water well.
4 Construction overview
Totally 10 well times of microbial drive jobs were
conducted in 10 wells in Wenmingzhai oilfield at the end of
the year 2004. Totally 22274m3 microbial strain fluids and
53t microbial seed fluids were injected. 8 well times of jobs
were conducted using MF series microbes; 3 well times of
jobs were done using special microbes; 1 well times of job
was conducted using LB series microbes. See Table 7 for
construction overview.
During construction, the construction pressure in most
well groups was basically stable. M159 was treated during
the 1st round of construction. The pressure in M19, M216
and M1-46 well groups etc was increased gradually, and
after rising to certain extent, it was decreased abruptly and
then rose gain gradually. See Figure 4 for construction
pressure variation of well M1-46.
Pressure change analysis
The pressure rose in the early period of construction,
and this is because microbes grew and propagated in
formations and generated biopolymers, and the biopolymers
blocked up formations, so that the construction pressure
was increased.
The pressure was decreased during construction, and
this is because the microbe capability of generating
biopolymers that blocked up formations was relatively
small, and under high pressure construction state, blockage
was eliminated very quickly and the pressure was decreased
very quickly.
The pressure was decreased during construction, and
this is because bacteria could generate the gases such as
carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas and methane etc during
growth and metabolism, and these gases were dissolved in
crude oil in formations, so that the formation viscosity of
crude oil was reduced to a certain extent, thus making for
flowing of crude oil and reducing construction pressure.
The pressure was decreased during construction, and
this is because different bacteria generated different organic
matters of small molecules such as organic acid and
alcohols etc., and these organic matters of small molecules
could be dissolved in crude oil in formations and could also
improve flowability of crude oil, thus reducing construction
pressure.
5 Monitoring
5.1 Monitoring of injection fluid
The concentration of the injected microbe strains was found
to keep more than 107cells/ml through detection. After the
microbe fluid was diluted by injection water, its
concentration was still around 106cells/ml, but the actual
wellhead sample monitoring results indicated that the
concentration was 107~108cells/ml, showing that the
5
microbe strains were propagated relatively quickly in the
injection pipeline environment.
5.2 Monitoring of produced fluid
It can be seen from monitoring of microbes in the
corresponding oil wells that no abnormity of bacteria
amount variation range was found and no injected microbe
strains were found.
6 Effect analysis
6.1 Effect analysis
Totally 12 well times of field jobs were conducted in 10
wells till March 2005. There are 29 corresponding oil wells.
Obvious oil production increase was found in 25 wells, and
the effect ratio is 86.2%. The daily fluid production of the
corresponding oil wells was increased from 1101.7m3 to
1145.1m3 and rose by 43.4m3. Their daily oil production
was increased from 108.2t to 146.5t. The water cut in the
wells was decreased from 83.2% to 79.6% and declined by
3.6%. 11 oil wells still maintain effective, with the daily oil
production increase of 11.3t and water content reduction by
66.2m3. The cumulative increased oil production is 9536t
and decreased water volume is 37785m3. The average
effective period is 180 days, and the input output ratio is
1:5.5.
6.2 Typical well example
Well M159 effect analysis
(1) Injection pressure
The injection pressure began to rise after 2 days as of
construction, and was increased from 11MPa in the early
period to 14MPa. The pressure was slightly decreased in the
late period of construction. After finishing construction, the
injection allocation for well M159 was 50m3/d, the actual
injection volume was 50m3/d, the injection pressure was
0.7MPa, and water injection was basically smooth.
(2) Change of the water injection profile
After microbial drive, the water injection profile of well
M159 has been improved. See Figure 6.
(3) Oil well effect analysis
During the 1st round of construction, there were
corresponding oil wells in the well group: WMN91 and
WM197. After injection of microbes, the oil production of
the two oil wells were increased obviously, their water cut
was decreased, and the well group effect ratio was 100%,
indicating that microbial oil drive has resulted in
remarkable effect. The cumulative increased oil production
was 1336t and the decreased water volume was 830t for the
well group till the end of August 2003. The effective period
was up to more than 9 months.
During the 2nd round of construction, the effect ratio of the
oil wells corresponding with the well group was 100%, and
the daily increased oil production was 4.6t. The cumulative
increased oil production was 307t, and the decreased water
volume was 1350t till December 30. See Figure 7 for well
group production status.
6 SPE 95360
Conclusions
1. The adaptability of microbe strains to the reservoir has
been enhanced using the authgenic microbes in the
reservoir based on the geologic conditions of Wenmingzhai
reservoir.
2. Serial composite microbe strains have been prepared, so
that microbe strains can be adjusted as per reservoir
conditions, thus achieving the best effect of MEOR.
3. Relatively good effect from microbial drive has been
obtained in Wenmingzhai oilfield. The average increased oil
production from each well group is 795t, the increased oil
production per ton of microbes is 80t/t, and the input output
ratio is 1: 5.5.
4. Microbial drive is of small construction scale and simple
technology, but it is relatively sensitive to low temperature
conditions. Operations are advisably conducted under the
condition of relatively warm weather.
5. Microbial drive test indicates quick effect, long effective
period and remarkable oil production increase effect, so it is
an effective technical means for enhancing crude recovery
ratio of HTHS reservoirs.
6. The experimental effect of LB series microbes is greater
than that of MF series microbes, and is far too greater than
the application effect of the microbes specially for oil
production. In view of the fact that there are only two types
of microbes such as MF series and the microbes specially
for oil production that are being used at present, it is
suggested that MF series microbes should be preferably
selected during future microbial drive jobs.
References:
[1] Sun Wei, Xiong Yubin and Zhang Huaien et al.,
Laboratory Evaluation Study of Microbial Drive in Block
Wei 7 in Wenmingzhai Oilfield, Drilling & Production
Technology, 2003 (3), Vol.26(3).P94-97.
[2] Ma Shiyu, Chen Zhiyu and Liu Jinfeng et al., Microbial
Drive Pilot Tests in Bloc Gangxisi in Dagang Oilfield, Oil
and Gas Recovery Ratio Technology, 1997 (3),
Vol.4(3).P7-14.
[3] Song Yongting, Wei Bin and Zhao Fengmin et al.,
Formation of Anaerbia Chains in the Reservoir
Environment in Block Luo 801 and Its Effect on Microbial
Drive Recovery Ratio, Oilfield Chemistry, 2004 (2),
Vol.21(2).P182-186.
[4] Zhao Fengmin, Wang Chunguang and Li Jichang et al.,
Microbial Drive Field Applications in Block Luo 801 in
Luojia Oilfield, Oil & Gas Geology and Recovery Ratio,
2002 (6), Vol.9(6).P64-68.
SPE 95360 7

Table 1 Microbiological features of the injection water and formation

water (unit: piece/ml) (ceasing-out method)
Sulphate reducing Methane Hydrocarbon
Species Fermentative bacteria Iron bacteria
bacteria bacteria bacteria
6 3 3
Injection M159 1×10 1.4×10 3.2×10 -
6 2 3
water M223 1×10 1×10 3.5×10 -
3 2 6
W7 3×10 1×10 + 1×10
2 6
Formation Mi197 9×10 5 + 1×10
4 2
water Mi145 5×10 1×10 -
4 5
NX 91 5×10 5 - 8×10

Table 2 Ionic concentration in the injection water and formation water (unit: mg/l)
2+ 2+ + - 2- -
Type Ca Mg Na Cl SO4 HCO3 Salinity pH Water type

Injection M159 1034 188 20988 34352 390 151 57103 6.5 CaCl2
water M223 1108 164 21311 34760 591 84 58052 6.5 CaCl2

M197 520 129 14579 22581 1134 383 39433 6.0 CaCl2

810 172 18251 29182 873 409 49697 6.5 CaCl2

NM91
Produced 811 145 13842 22056 1257 355 38466 5.5 CaCl2
water 261 224 15336 23395 1355 617 41189 6.5 CaCl2
W7 507 179 16460 26409 152 467 44175 5.0 CaCl2

598 116 16652 26150 460 44746 5.0 CaCl2

Table 3 Mixed culture and growth of the sifted microbe strains and authgenic microbes
Microbe No. Authgenic microbes Qty. （piece/ml） pH
7
Injection water 1.037×10 6.5
Ⅰ
7
Oil well produced water 1.075×10 6.0
7
Injection water 3.125×10 6.5
Ⅱ
7
Oil well produced water 1.2×10 6.5
7
Injection water 4.325×10 7
Culture medium
7
Oil well produced water 2×10 6.0

Injection water ———— 7

Blank
Oil well produced water ———— 7
8 SPE 95360

Table 4 Growth of the sifted microbe strains and authgenic microbes during mixed culture in crude oil
Microbe No. Authgenic microbes （oil well） Qty. （piece/ml） pH SRB
7
Ⅰ M203、NM91 1.387×10 6.0 —
6
Ⅱ M200、M197 7.25×10 6.0 —
7
Ⅲ M204、NM91 1.1×10 6.5 —
7
Ⅳ M204、M197 1.387×10 6.5 —

Table 5 Growth of the microbe strains in the injection water culture medium (unit:×107)
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Microbe No. 1(7.4) 1(7.6) 7 8 12 13 14 16 17 18 19

-1
Qty. /piece.ml 23.8 113 0.4 370 435 21.4 6.26 7.25 0.25 745 64.5

No. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

A14 A14
Microbe No. 20 24 E1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 G23
(2) (3)
-1
Qty. /piece.ml 204 70.5 16.9 30.8 0.613 35.1 10.3 29 4.88 95 0.015

Table 6 Growth state using different N sources under high temperature and high pressure (piece/ml)
N source MF1 MF2 MF3 MF4

7 7 7 7
TP 6×10 4×10 5.5×10 7.2×10

7 7 7 7
TN 4×10 1.2×10 3.8×10 3×10
SPE 95360 9

Table 7 Microbial drive construction overview

Perforation Measureme Injection Constructio
Well No. Construction period Microbe strain Remarks
thickness nt thickness volume n pressure
st
1 round 34.4/13 14/3 02.10.31-12.26 MF series 3220 11-14 Split injection
M159
nd
2 round 34.4/13 14.4/4 03.8.3-29 MF series 940 11 Split injection
st
1 round 9.4/2 9.4/2 01.02.26-03.04 LB series 167 13-15 Cage injection
M42 Specially for oil
nd
2 round 9.4/2 9.4/2 04.05.16-06.16 1411 13.5-15.4 Cage injection
production

M201 22/13 8.0/3 03.6.11-7.7 MF series 1700 11.0 Cage injection

M19 22/8 7.6/4 03. 9.3-10.7 MF series 1800 8.5 Cage injection

W95-153 40.7/18 2.31/6 03.10.01-11.07 MF series 2000 16.5 Split injection

W95-159 13.1/10 6.8/4 03.10.01-11.09 MF series 2260 18.3 Cage injection

Specially for oil

M402 15.8/12 7.3/5 03.11.28-12.22 1500 11.5 Split injection
production

M216 25.8/15 14.8/8 04.5.9-6.15 MF series 2376 8.2 Cage injection

Specially for oil

M113 63/15 39.8/8 04.9.10-10.4 2500 14.3 Split injection
production

M1-46 32.2/21 14.2/7 04.9.23-10.17 MF series 2400 7.5 Cage injection

Total 10 322.2/142 168.8/56 22274

Average 26.9/12 14.1/5 1856

Figure 1 Relation curve of recovery ratio vs. injeciton volume

0.500

0.450

0.400

0.350
Injection volume (PV)

0.300

0.250

0.200

0.150

0.100

0.050
recovery ratio (%)
0.000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
10 SPE 95360

Figure 2 Relation curve of injection concentration vs.

7 recovery ratio
6

Injection concentration
5

3（%）

1
Recovery ratio （%）
0
1 2.5 4 5.5 6.8 8 9.8 11.2 13.2 14.5 16.8

Figure 3 Flow connection schematic

1-stop valve 2-fluid preparation tank 3-injection pump 4-air compressor 5-flowmeter
SPE 95360 11

Figure 4 Construction curve of well M1-46

10 140

9 120
Construction pressure

100
8

Injection volume
80
7
60
6
40
Oil pressure
5 Daily water injection volume 20

4 0
9-20 9-21 9-22 9-23 9-24 9-25 9-26 9-27 9-28 9-29 9-30 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14 10-15 10-16 10-17
Construction period

Figure 5 Construction pressure curve chart for well M159

16 90
14 80
70
Injection pressure

12
60

volume（m3）
Daily injection
10
（MPa）

50
8
40
6
30
4 Oil prussure 20
2 Daily injection volume 10
0 0
0

11 1
11 3
11 5
11 7
11 9
11 1
11 3
11 5
11 7
9

12 1
12 3
12 5
12 7
12 9
12 1
12 3
12 5
12 7
12 9
1
2
-1
-3
-5
-7
-9

-1
-3
-5
-7

12 9

production date
-3

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-3
-

1-
11
11
11
11
11

12
12
12
12
12
10

11

Figure 6 Comparison of the water injection profile of well M159 before and after
microbial drive
water injection0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
interval m
1498.0-1502.0
1504.0-1508.0
relative water injection profile %
1511.0-1512.0
1515.0-1518.4 2002.09.25
1520.0-1522.0 2002.11.28
1534.0-1536.0
1538.0-1542.0
1544.0-1550.0

Figure 7 Prouction curve of well M159

14 98

12 96
Daily oil produciton

94
10
Water cut %

92
8
90
t/d

6
88
4
86
Daily oil production t/d
2 84
Water cut % production date
0 82
03 1
03 -7
03 13
03 19

03 5
03 1
03 -7
03 13
03 9
03 25

03 1
03 -6
03 12
03 8
03 24

03 0
03 -5
03 11
03 7
03 23
03 9

-1 5

03 1-4
03 -11
03 17
03 -23

03 29

03 -10
03 -16
03 22

28
-

-
-2

03 0-
-1

-3

-1

-3

-1

-2
-6
-6

-7
-7

-8

-9
-
-

0-

0-

1-
1-
-6
-6
-6

-7
-7
-7
-7

-8
-8
-8
-8

-9
-9
-9
-9
-1

-1

1
1
03

-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1