GROUP MEMBERS ID

1.AMIR AWOL ETS 0186/14

2.ANANAYA MULUGUTA ETS 0192/14
3.ABEY HAREGOT ETS 0089/14
4.ABENEZER BISRAT ETS 0073/14
5.BINIAM G/MICHAEL ETS 0347/14
6.GEDION ABERA ETS 0688/14
SUBMITTED TO
DR. YOHANNES
Distructive and non distructive
test
Engineering material industry Lab
report
 Non distructive test
• Boroscopy
• Baroscopic testing, or Baroscopic Examination, is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method used to detect internal
defects within solid materials, particularly in metal components. This technique relies on the principle of detecting
density variations within the material, often using X-ray or gamma-ray imaging technologies to reveal
discontinuities, such as voids, inclusions, cracks, and other imperfections that can compromise the integrity of the
material.

• Key Components and Methodology:

• 1. Radiographic Inspection: Baroscopy typically involves radiographic methods, employing X-rays or gamma rays
to penetrate the material and create an image on radiographic film or a digital system. The resulting image reveals
variations in material density, enabling the detection of internal inconsistencies and defects.

• 2. Density Contrast: The principle underlying baroscopic examination relies on the attenuation of X-rays or gamma
rays as they pass through the material. Areas of higher density, such as those caused by inclusions or voids, attenuate
the radiation differently than homogeneous material, creating identifiable patterns on the imaging medium.

• 3. Dual Radiography: When using X-rays, dual radiography—where two distinct images are obtained from opposite
sides of the material—can aid in improving defect detection and assessment, particularly for thicker or more
complex components.

• .
 CONT
• Applications and Significance:

• 1. Defect Detection: Baroscopic testing is integral in the detection of internal flaws within metal components,
helping to ensure the structural integrity and quality of engineered parts.

• 2. Quality Assurance: This method is crucial in evaluating the internal soundness of complex castings, weldments,
and forged components, contributing to quality control measures in manufacturing.

• 3. Nuclear Applications: Baroscopy is a specialized technique in the inspection of critical components in the
nuclear industry, where the presence of defects can compromise safety and reliability.

• ### Limitations and Considerations:

• 1. Material Thickness: The effectiveness of baroscopic testing can be influenced by material thickness, with thicker
materials potentially requiring adjustments to radiation source intensity and imaging techniques.

• 2. Resolution and Interpretation: The resolution of the imaging technique, as well as the skill of the inspector in
interpreting the radiographic images, are critical to ensuring accurate defect detection and characterization.

• 3. Regulatory Compliance: Baroscopy is often governed by strict regulations and standards, particularly in
industries where safety and product reliability are paramount
Boroscopy kit
 LEEB HARDNESS TEST
• Leeb hardness test is a non-destructive testing method used to estimate the hardness of materials, particularly metals, using a portable device
known as a "Leeb rebound hardness tester." This method provides a quick and convenient means to assess the hardness of metallic components,
making it particularly useful in the field for on-site measurements.

• Key Features and Methodology:

• 1. Dynamic Indentation: The Leeb test involves a dynamic indentation of the material's surface using an indenter with a hard ball or carbide tip. A
magnetic impact device, containing an impact body and a probe with a coil, is used to impart a defined kinetic force onto the surface of the material.

• 2. Rebound Velocity: Upon impact, the impact body strikes the material, causing a deformation in the surface. The device measures the rebound
velocity of the impact body and probe, which is then correlated with the material's hardness to provide a hardness value.

• 3. Standardization: The portable Leeb hardness tester is calibrated against standardized reference blocks to ensure consistent and reliable
measurement results, particularly with varying material types and testing conditions.

• Advantages and Limitations:

• 1. Portability: The portability and ease of use of the Leeb hardness tester make it valuable for on-site hardness assessments in industries such as
construction, manufacturing, and maintenance, where access to testing infrastructure may be limited.

• 2. Material Suitability: The Leeb method is suitable for a broad range of metallic materials, providing a quick and non-destructive means to assess
hardness, particularly in industrial and field applications.

• 3. Accuracy and Material Variations: While the Leeb method offers convenience, it is important to consider the potential influence of material
variations, surface finish, and geometry on the accuracy and reliability of hardness measurements.
 CONT

• Significance and Application:

• 1. Quality Control: The Leeb hardness test is a valuable tool in

quality control, enabling rapid and efficient assessment of the
hardness of metallic components during production, processing,
and fabrication.

• 2. Field Testing: This method is particularly beneficial for in-situ

testing and validation, as it allows the rapid and convenient
evaluation of materials in diverse industrial and field settings.
Leeb hardness testing kit
Stress vision indication
 Concrete testing hammer
• Concrete test hammers provide a rebound
number or R-value of hardened concrete.
They also reveal areas of inconsistent quality,
estimate in-place compressive strength,
isolate areas damaged by freezing or fire, and
indicate areas requiring more advanced
nondestructive evaluation of testing.
Concrete testing hammer kit
 MIG WELDING MACHINE
• MIG welding is used to join metal parts together. It functions to join steel,
stainless steel, cast iron, and aluminum. MIG welding is used on sheet
metal, pressure vessels, steel structures, pipelines, and automotive parts.
• Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding is an arc welding process that uses a
continuous solid wire electrode heated and fed into the weld pool from a
welding gun. The two base materials are melted together forming a join
 Grinder polisher
• Application and Feature of Grinding-Polishing Machine
The grinding & polishing machine is equipped with double
discs, and it can finish grinding or polishing with two
different speeds. The rotating speed of left disc (pre-
grinding disc) is 450 rpm and right disc (polishing disc) is
600 rpm. With double disc and different grinding and
polishing materials, it can realize the process of rough
grinding, fine grinding, rough polishing and finishing
polishing. This machine features easy operation and
economical applying. It is the ideal specimen preparing
instrument for using in factories, scientific research
institutes and laboratories of colleges.
Grinder and polisher testing kit
 Digital impact indicator
• Digital Impact indicator
• In the context of impact testing of materials, digital impact indicators refer to the measurements or readings obtained through digital testing
instruments or devices. These indicators provide quantitative data on the impact resistance or toughness of a material.

• There are various digital impact indicators that can be measured during impact testing, depending on the specific testing method being used. Some
common digital impact indicators include:

• 1. Force: Digital impact testing instruments can measure the force exerted on a material during an impact. This indicator helps assess the strength
and resistance of the material to external forces.

• 2. Energy: The energy absorbed by a material during impact can be measured digitally. This indicator provides insights into the material's ability to
absorb and dissipate energy, which is crucial in evaluating its toughness.

• 3. Deflection: Digital measurements can be taken to determine the amount of deflection or deformation that occurs in a material when subjected to
impact. This indicator helps assess the material's ability to withstand and recover from impact forces.

• 4. Fracture toughness: Digital indicators can also be used to measure the fracture toughness of a material, which refers to its resistance to crack
propagation under impact conditions. This indicator helps evaluate the material's ability to resist fracture and withstand sudden impacts.

• By utilizing digital impact indicators, material testing laboratories and researchers can obtain precise and accurate data on the behavior of materials
under impact conditions. This information is valuable in various industries, such as automotive, aerospace, and construction, where materials need to
withstand impact forces and ensure safety and durability.
Digital Impact indicator types
 Computerized Universal testing
machine
• A computerized universal testing machine (UTM) is a type of testing equipment
used to perform mechanical tests on a wide range of materials. It is called
"universal" because it can conduct various types of tests, including tension,
compression, bending, shear, and more.
• A computerized UTM is equipped with advanced technology and electronic
components, including a load cell or force transducer, displacement transducer, and
a computer or data acquisition system. These components work together to measure
and record the applied force, deformation, and other parameters during the testing
process.
• The key features of a computerized UTM include:
• 1. Load capacity: Computerized UTMs are available in a range of load capacities,
allowing them to perform tests on different materials and applications. The load
capacity can vary from a few Newtons to several hundred kilonewtons.
• 2. Precision and accuracy: With the integration of advanced electronics and sensors,
computerized UTMs offer high precision and accuracy in measuring and recording
test parameters. This enables reliable and repeatable testing results.
• 3. Automated control: Computerized UTMs are typically operated through software
or a computer interface. This allows for automated control of the testing process,
including setting test parameters, applying loads, and collecting data.
• 4. Data acquisition and analysis: Computerized UTMs can capture and record data
in real-time, providing detailed information about the material's behavior during the
test. This data can be analyzed and processed using software, allowing for further
calculations, graphing, and generating test reports.
• 5. Safety features: Computerized UTMs often come with safety features such as
overload protection, emergency stop buttons, and interlocking mechanisms to
ensure the safety of operators and prevent damage to the equipment.
• Computerized UTMs are widely used in material testing laboratories, research
facilities, and manufacturing industries to evaluate the mechanical properties of
materials, quality control, and product development. They offer greater efficiency,
accuracy, and flexibility compared to traditional analog testing machines.
Computerized Universal testing
machine
 PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
• HDPE WATER AND GAS SUPPLY
• HDPE pipe extruding line is mainly composed of single screw extruder,
die-head, vacuum calibrating stand, marking line extruder ,spray cooling
tank, haul-off device, cutting device, and pneumatic discharging frame
 Cont
• THE PVC PIPE EXTRUSION LINE
• The PVC pipe extrusion machine is used to produce pipes with different
diameters by replacing extrusion dies. It can produce every size of pipe in the
area of the agricultural water supply system, architectural water supply
system, pavement of cables, etc.
 PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
• The Blown Film Process
• We were able to observe in the blown film Processor how we can turn LDPE(low density
poly-ethylene) into plastic sheets which can be used for packaging, to produce plastic bags and
other products.
• In this process, an extruder is used to melt and forward the molten polymer into an annular
film die. Air is injected into the center of the annular die to inflate the polymer bubble. The bubble
is cooled by an air ring that blows air on the surface of the bubble to lower its temperature until it
becomes solidified. Above the die, a stabilizing cage may be used to minimize movement of the
bubble as it is collapsed in the collapsing frame to make a flat film. This film is then pulled over
idler rolls and fed into a film winder to make the finished film roll.
• A key part of this process is the blown film die. The blown film die takes the polymer melt
from the extruder and shapes it into a tubular geometry to form the film bubble. This bubble must
be uniform in thickness and temperature in order to form a uniform bubble.
•
cont
 PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
• Blow molding
• We have also witnessed how chairs and bottles can be made using blow molding. Blow
molding is Blow molding is a type of plastic forming process for creating hollow plastic
products made from thermoplastic materials. The process involves heating and inflating a
plastic tube known as a parison or preform. The parison is placed between two dies that
contain the desired shape of the product. Air is then supplied to expand the tube causing the
walls to become thinner and conform to the shape of the mold
• Process followed in blow molding
• 1. Plastic feeding: This is done by conveying the plastic pellets into the extruder hopper.
• 2. Melting: As the plastic resin enters and goes through the extrusion machine, it is melted by
continuous kneading and heating. Electric heating elements or heating bands are wrapped
around the extruder barrel to provide heat for melting the polymer.
• 3. Preform Injection: This process is the preparation of the molten polymer to be
inflated. This is done by extruding the plastic through free extrusion or injection
into a preform mold.
 CONT
• 4. Sealing or Clamping: Sealing or clamping involves a split die that captures the preform.
The ends of the parison are sealed except for one hole, typically the container opening, where
the compressed air will be injected.
• 5. Inflation or Blow Molding: This step is where the plastic takes its form. Compressed air is
introduced inside the preform. This inflates the preform until it is molded according to the
profile of the die.
• 6. Cooling and Ejecting: The next step is the cooling process. Typically, as the plastic touches
the die, it cools at a predefined rate which stabilizes the dimensions of the product. After
cooling, the mold opens and ejects the product.
• 7. Trimming: Trimming is generally evident in extrusion blow molding. Most blow molding
machines have auto trimming features as the dies clamp the preform. But in some instances,
flash is present at the top and bottom parts of the product, especially at the opening where
compressed air is injected. This excess material is trimmed by knife.
CONT
 PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINERY
• Injection molding
• We also had the opportunity to see how parts of a socket outlet are made using injection molding
efficiently. The mold is divided into the male mold and female mold according to the concave and
convex. The mold is generally made of 2-3 parts. The concave half is called the female mold, and the
• 1.Feeding and melting the thermoplastic:
• Injection molding machines consist of a feeder or ‘hopper’ To start the process, raw plastic pellets of
the thermoplastic material are fed into the hopper.
• 2. Injecting the plastic into the mold:
• Once the melted plastic reaches the end of the barrel, the gate (which controls the injection of
plastic) closes and the screw moves back. After the right pressure in the tool and screw is reached, the
gate opens, the screw moves forward, and the molten plastic is injected into the mold.
• 3. Holding and cooling time
• Once most of the plastic is injected into the mold, it is held under pressure for a set
period. After the holding phase, the screw draws back, releasing pressure and allowing the
part to cool in the mold and the plastic solidifies.
• 4. Ejection and finishing processes
• After the holding and cooling times have passed and the part is mostly formed, ejector
pins or plates eject the parts from the tool.
CONT