Name: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Date: ...

... ... ... ... ... FM 60 Time : 1 hr

1 (a) (i) By reference to the direction of propagation of energy, state what is meant by a transverse
wave.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the principle of superposition.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Circular water waves may be produced by vibrating dippers at points P and Q, as illustrated in
Fig. 1.1.

wavefront
P
44 cm

R
29 cm
Q

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

The waves from P alone have the same amplitude at point R as the waves from Q alone.
Distance PR is 44 cm and distance QR is 29 cm.

The dippers vibrate in phase with a period of 1.5 s to produce waves of speed 4.0 cm s−1.

(i) Determine the wavelength of the waves.

wavelength = ..................................................... cm [2]

1
 (ii) By reference to the distances PR and QR, explain why the water particles are at rest at
point R.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) A wave is produced on the surface of a different liquid. At one particular time, the variation of
the vertical displacement y with distance x along the surface of the liquid is shown in Fig. 1.2.

1.0
y / cm
0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 x / cm
–0.5

–1.0

Fig 1.2

(i) The wave has intensity I1 at distance x = 2.0 cm and intensity I2 at x = 10.0 cm.

Determine the ratio

intensity I2
.
intensity I1

ratio = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) State the phase difference, with its unit, between the oscillations of the liquid particles at
distances x = 3.0 cm and x = 4.0 cm.

phase difference = .......................................................... [1]

[Total: 11]

2
2 (a) State what is meant by diffraction and by interference.

diffraction: .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

interference: ..............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Light from a source S1 is incident on a diffraction grating, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

diffraction
light grating
S1 zero order

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The light has a single frequency of 7.06 × 1014 Hz. The diffraction grating has 650 lines per
millimetre.

Calculate the number of orders of diffracted light produced by the grating. Do not include the
zero order.
Show your working.

number = .......................................................... [3]

(c) A second source S2 is used in place of S1. The light from S2 has a single frequency lower
than that of the light from S1.

State and explain whether more orders are seen with the light from S2.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

3
3 (a) State two differences between progressive waves and stationary waves.

1. ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A source S of microwaves is placed in front of a metal reflector R, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

metal reflector R
microwave detector D
microwave
source
S

meter

Fig 3.1

A microwave detector D is placed between R and S.

Describe

(i) how stationary waves are formed between R and S,

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) how D is used to show that stationary waves are formed between R and S,

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) how the wavelength of the microwaves may be determined using the apparatus in
Fig. 3.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

4
(c) The wavelength of the microwaves in (b) is 2.8 cm. Calculate the frequency, in GHz, of the
microwaves.

frequency = ................................................. GHz [3]

5
4 (a) Two overlapping waves of the same type travel in the same direction. The variation with
distance x of the displacement y of each wave is shown in Fig. 4.1.

3.0

y / cm

2.0

1.0

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
x/m

ï

ï

ï
Fig 4.1

The speed of the waves is 240 m s–1. The waves are coherent and produce an interference
pattern.

(i) Explain the meaning of coherence and interference.

coherence: .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

interference: .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Use Fig. 4.1 to determine the frequency of the waves.

frequency = .................................................... Hz [2]

6
 13

(iii) State the phase difference between the waves.

phase difference = ........................................................ ° [1]

(iv) Use the principle of superposition to sketch, on Fig. 4.1, the resultant wave. [2]

(b) An interference pattern is produced with the arrangement shown in Fig. 4.2.

B
S1 A
laser 0.13 mm
S2

85 cm screen

Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)

Laser light of wavelength λ of 546 nm is incident on the slits S1 and S2. The slits are a distance
0.13 mm apart. The distance between the slits and the screen is 85 cm.

Two points on the screen are labelled A and B. The path difference between S1A and S2A is
zero. The path difference between S1B and S2B is 2.5 λ. Maxima and minima of intensity of
light are produced on the screen.

(i) Calculate the distance AB.

distance = ...................................................... m [3]

(ii) The laser is replaced by a laser emitting blue light. State and explain the change in the
distance between the maxima observed on the screen.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

7
5 (a) Apparatus used to produce stationary waves on a stretched string is shown in Fig. 5.1.

frequency
generator light string

pulley
vibrator wheel

masses
Fig 5.1

The frequency generator is switched on.

(i) Describe two adjustments that can be made to the apparatus to produce stationary
waves on the string.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Describe the features that are seen on the stretched string that indicate stationary waves
have been produced.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

8
(b) The variation with time t of the displacement x of a particle caused by a progressive wave R is
shown in Fig. 5.2. For the same particle, the variation with time t of the displacement x caused
by a second wave S is also shown in Fig. 5.2.

4.0
R
3.0

x / cm 2.0
S
1.0

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
t /s
ï

ï

ï

ï

Fig 5.2

(i) Determine the phase difference between wave R and wave S. Include an appropriate
unit.

phase difference = .......................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the ratio

intensity of wave R
.
intensity of wave S

ratio = .......................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

9
6 An arrangement that is used to demonstrate interference with waves on the surface of water is
shown in Fig. 6.1.

wooden bar A
dipper

D1
to d.c. power
supply B

motor
dipper water

D2

Fig. 6.1 (view from above)

(a) Two dippers D1 and D2 are connected to a motor and a d.c. power supply. Initially only D1
vibrates on the water surface to produce waves.
The variation with distance x from D1 of the displacement y of the water at one instant of time
is shown in Fig. 6.2.

4.0
y / mm
2.0

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
–2.0 x / mm

–4.0

Fig 6.2

Using Fig. 6.2, determine

(i) the amplitude of the wave,

amplitude = ................................................... mm [1]

(ii) the wavelength of the wave.

wavelength = ................................................... mm [1]

10
(b) The two dippers D1 and D2 are made to vibrate and waves are produced by both dippers on
the water surface.

(i) State and explain whether these waves are stationary or progressive.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain why D1 and D2 are connected to the same motor.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The points A and B on Fig. 7.1 are at the distances from D1 and D2 shown in Fig. 6.3.

D1A D2A D1B D2B

5.0 cm 7.0 cm 5.0 cm 6.0 cm

Fig 6.3

State and explain the variation with time of the displacement of the water on the surface at

(i) A,

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) B.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

11
7 An arrangement for producing stationary waves in air in a tube that is closed at one end is shown
in Fig. 7.1.

loudspeaker
signal
generator

tube of
adjustable L
length

air

Fig 7.1
A loudspeaker produces sound waves of wavelength 0.680 m in the tube.
For some values of the length L of the tube, stationary waves are formed.

(a) Explain how stationary waves are formed in the tube.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The length L is adjusted between 0.200 m and 1.00 m.

(i) Calculate two values of L for which stationary waves are formed.

L = .................................. m and L = .............................. m [2]

(ii) On Fig. 7.2, label the positions of the antinodes with an A and the nodes with an N for the
least value of L for which a stationary wave is formed.

Fig 7.2
[1]

12