• use the mole concept to express mass of substances;

and
• determine the percentage composition of a compound
given its chemical formula and vice-versa.
This means that when we measure the
atomic mass of an element, we must
generally settle for the average mass of
the naturally occurring mixture of
isotopes.

AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

 C-12 =98.90%
C-13 =1.10%
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
 Copper, a metal known since ancient times, is used in
electrical cables and pennies, among other things. The atomic
masses of its two stable isotopes, 63Cu (69.09 %) and 65Cu
29 29

(30.91 %), are 62.93 amu and 64.9278 amu, respectively.

Calculate the average atomic mass of copper. The relative
abundances are given in parentheses.

(0.6909)(62.93 amu) + (0.3091)(64.9278

amu) = 63.55 amu
Refers to the average mass
of a molecule

MOLECULAR MASS
Refers to the mass per mole
of substance

MOLAR MASS
 In honor of the Italian scientist Lorenzo
Romano Amedeo Avogadro. The currently
accepted value is
NA = 6. 02214076 x 10 23

AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
 “if you put together 6.022 x 1023

basketballs, it will be as big as the

Earth or if you have 6.022 x 10 23

rice grains, it would cover the land

masses of the Earth to a depth of
75 meters.”
Avogadro’s number can be used to convert
from the atomic mass units to mass in grams
and vice versa.
 Helium (He) is a valuable gas
used in industry, low-temperature
research, deep-sea diving tanks,
and balloons. How many moles of
He atoms are in 6.46 g of He?

1.61 moles of He atoms in 6.46 g of He.

 Zinc (Zn) is a silvery metal that is
used in making brass (with copper)
and in plating iron to prevent
corrosion. How many grams of Zn are
in 0.356 mole of Zn?

23.3 g of Zn in 0.356 mole of Zn.

 How many molecules are
there in 4.0 moles of CO2?
23
6.022 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑂2
4.0 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑂2 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2

2.4 x 1023 molecules of CO2 are there in

4.0 moles of CO2
Sulfur (S) is a nonmetallic element that is present in coal.
When coal is burned, sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide and
eventually to sulfuric acid that gives rise to the acid rain
phenomenon. How many atoms are in 16.3 g of S?
23
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆 6.022 𝑥 10 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑆
16.3 𝑔 𝑆 𝑥 𝑥
32.01 𝑔 𝑆 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆

3.07 x 10 atoms
23 are in 16.3g of S
Calculate the molecular masses (in amu) of
the following compounds:
(a) sulfur dioxide (SO2)
(b) caffeine (C8H10N4O2).

a. 64.08amu
b. 194.20 amu
 Methane (CH4) is the principal
component of natural gas. How
many moles of CH4 are present in
6.07 g of CH4?
Get the molar mass of CH4
C = 1 x 12.01 = 12.01 g/mol 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4
6.07g CH4 = = 0.378 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻4 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
H = 4 x 1.01 = 4.04 g/mol 16.05 𝑔 𝐶𝐻4
16.05 g/mol 𝑖𝑛 6.07 𝑔 𝑜𝑓𝐶𝐻4
How many hydrogen atoms are present in 25.6 g of
urea [(NH2)2CO], which is used as a fertilizer, in
animal feed, and in the manufacture of polymers?
Get the molar mass of (NH2)2CO
N = 2 x 14.01 = 28. 02 g/mol
C = 1 x 12.01 = 12.01 g/mol
H = 4 x 1.01 = 4.04 g/mol
O = 1 x 16.00 = 16.00 g/mol
57.07 g/mol

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑎 6.022 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 4 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝐻 24

25.6 𝑔 𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 1.03 𝑥10
60.07 𝑔 𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑎 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑎 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑈𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻
 PERCENT
(n)(molar mass of element) X 100
COMPOSITION = molar mass of compound
OF AN
ELEMENT

Where n is the number of moles of an element

 1 mole of hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2)

(2)(1.008g H) X 100
%H = 34.02g H2O2 = 5. 926%
(2)(16.00g O) X 100
%O= 34.02g H2O2
= 94.06%
 percent by mass of each
element in a compound.
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a colorless, syrupy
liquid used in detergents, fertilizers, toothpastes,
and in carbonated beverages for a “tangy”
flavor. Calculate the percent composition by
mass of H, P, and O in this compound.
 (3)(1.01 g H) X 100
%H = 98.00g H3PO4
= 3.09%

%P = (1)(30.97 g P) X 100
98.00g H3PO4
= 31.60 %

(4)(16.00g O) X 100
%O= 98.00g H3PO4 = 65.31 %
_____________
= 100.00 %