ID3 Jul-2023 Answer Sheet SAMPLE

NEBOSH
DO – CONTROLLING WORKPLACE SAFETY ISSUES

(INTERNATIONAL)
UNIT DI3:
For: NEBOSH Level 6 International Diploma for Occupational Health and Safety
Management Professionals
Assessment
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Answer sheet DI3-0004-ENG-V1 Jul23 © NEBOSH 2023

Task 1: Bench-mounted circular saw and safe working environment
Question 1 (a)
International and national legal requirements to control health and safety risks while
using the bench mounted circular saw are as follows:
01. International Labour Organization (ILO) C155 Occupational Safety and Health
Convention, 1981. Article 16 of C155 identifies some basic obligations placed on
employers are stated as under:
a. Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the
workplaces, machinery, equipment and processes under their control are safe
and without risk to health;
b. Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the
chemical, physical and biological substances and agents under their control are
without risk to health when the appropriate measures of protection are taken;
c. Employers shall be required to provide, where necessary, adequate protective
clothing and protective equipment to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable,
risk of accidents or of adverse effects on health.
02. International labour organisation Recommendation R164, 1981. Article 10 of R 164
states the obligations placed upon employers are as follows:
(a) to provide and maintain workplaces, machinery and equipment, and use work
methods, which are as safe and without risk to health as is reasonably
practicable;
(b) to give necessary instructions and training, taking account of the functions and
capacities of different categories of workers;
(c) to provide adequate supervision of work, of work practices and of application
and use of occupational safety and health measures;
(d) to institute organisational arrangements regarding occupational safety and
health and the working environment adapted to the size of the undertaking and
the nature of its activities;
(e) to provide, without any cost to the worker, adequate personal protective
clothing and equipment which are reasonably necessary when hazards cannot be
otherwise prevented or controlled;
03. Guarding of Machinery Convention, No. 119, 1963 and Guarding of Machinery
Recommendation- 118, 1963 states that the employer shall take steps to bring national
legislations, relating to the guarding of machinery to the notice of workers and shall
instruct them, as and where appropriate, regarding the dangers arising and the
precautions to be observed in the use of machinery.
04. HSE-UK-Provision and use of work equipment regulations (PUWER), 1998 also set

out key requirements for machinery control system;
05. HSE-UK, Circular saw benches – Safe working practices also gives practical
guidance on safe working practices at circular saw benches.
From the scenario, it is observed that “the bench-mounted circular saw at the wood
workshop is a electrically powered machine. Other ranges of fixed and movable
electrically powered machines including the circular saw is connected to a low powered
transformer. Most of the machinery is clustered in the centre of the workshop. The
window sill is used for storing of spare parts and other materials. Faulty lathe spindles are
kept inside the workshop. Flickering fluorescent tube lighting are used for lighting inside
the workshop. Waste such as wood dust shavings and off-cuts have accumulated on the
floor. An old LEV system is available for the use of by machinery operators. There is no
planned preventive maintenance for any equipment in the wood workshop. Hand tools
are used due to the availability of faulty electrically powered tools. High temperature level
during summer months. Finger cut injury occurred due to high level vibration of saw
bench, last three weeks. Another accident occurred from the rotating parts of the
stationary blade, as it was still rotating after switched off. Another accident occurred one
year ago, due to the in competency of the wood cutting workers. Workers were wearing
loose clothes. Emergency stop button of the circular saw is found not working. Up to five
workers are involving activities at the wood workshop during peak times of production.
Workers are not using hearing and eye protection equipment even though they are
stored in designated cupboards”.
In the above circumstances, the following health and safety hazards are identified while
using the bench mounted circular saw. For controlling the risks of these hazards, certain
control measures are addressed by the PAPFS; however, these are found inadequate
due to the following reasons:
01. Poorly designed wood workshop for bench mounted circular saw: From the
scenario it is observed that “the workshop contains a range of fixed, electrically
powered machines, including the bench-mounted circular saw, a lathe, a
bandsaw, hand held portable electrically-powered tools and these are connected
to a low voltage transformer. Most of the machinery is clustered in the centre of
the workshop. The work benches used for measuring and intricate tasks are along
the walls. The window sill is used to store spare parts, small equipment and
consumables such as replacement blades for the wood working equipment”.
Therefore, it is crystal clear that there is no adequate space for using bench
mounted circular saw, other workshop activities and storage of materials since
most of the machinery is clustered in the centre of the workshop. This situation
could lead congestion, personal collapse, crowed work area near the bench
mounted circular saw, difficulty in evacuation etc. The risk arising from these

issues are not been controlled well;
02. Fire due to accumulation of combustible materials such as wood dust shavings,
and off-cuts: While using the bench mounted circular saw, combustible materials
such as wood dust shavings, and off-cuts are generated. Besides, while using
faulty electrically powered tools heat or spark will be generated from the multiple
electrical connections to the low voltage transformer. This could lead to fire, and
the result is fatalities and personal injury. No control measures have been
addressed to reduce the risk arising from fire due to the accumulation of
combustible materials and electrical malfunction while using bench mounted
circular saw;
03. Electricity arising from all electrically operated equipment including bench
mounted circular saw and the low voltage transformer: All electrically powered
tools and other machineries including bench mounted circular saw is connected
with the low voltage transformer which could lead over heat or spark or fire or
electrical hazards. Therefore, control measures to reduce the risk arising from
electricity such as cardiac arrect, tissue burn, muscular contraction, injury
resulting from fall from same level etc not been addressed while using the bench
mounted circular saw;
04. Lack of planned preventive maintenance of bench mounted circular saw: From
the scenario, it is observed that, “there is no regular, preventative maintenance
system for any equipment in the wood workshop” which includes the bench
mounted circular saw. International Labour Organization (ILO) C155 Occupational
Safety and Health Convention, 1981. Article 16 of C155 identifies: employers are
stated as “Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably
practicable, the workplaces, machinery, equipment and processes under their
control are safe and without risk to health”. Therefore, planned preventative
maintenance for bench mounted circular saw and other equipment and machinery
are required to meet this international legal requirement and avoid potential
accidents. However, this issue is also not controlled well;
05. Poor house-keeping (Waste such as wood dust, shavings and off-cuts have
accumulated on the floor): While using the bench mounted circular saw, waste
materials such as wood dust shavings, and off-cuts are generated. From the
scenario, it is found that these are accumulated. If it is not cleared from the
workplace, it could lead, slip, trip, fall and even fire and the result is personal
injury. These risks are also not controlled well;
06. Extreme temperature during summer, due to glaring of sun through the window:
From the scenario, it is understood that “the workshop is always busy and can get
very warm in summer months, especially when the sun is glaring through the
window”, which means proper ventilation is not provided or not maintaining

adequate temperature level while using the bench mounted circular saw. The risk
includes dehydration, heat stress, heat cramp etc. Therefore, the risk arising from
extreme temperature also not been controlled well;
07. Exposure to wood dust due to the provision of unserviceable LEV system: Wood
dust will be generated while using the bench mounted circular saw. An old LEV
system is available for use by machinery operators, however no planned
preventative maintenance ensured for this machinery also. Exposure to wood
dust resulting to nasal cancer, respiratory failure, cough etc. Also, it could lead
slip and falls and result is injury. However no respiratory protective equipment
(RPE) is provided to workers involving activity at bench top circular saw.
Therefore, the risk arising from exposure to wood dust also not been controlled
well;
08. Exposure to hand arm vibration from the circular saw which was not erected
properly on the top of the bench: From the scenario, it is observed that “the saw
bench vibrated so strongly that it caused the worker to lose their grip and cut their
finger on the rotating blade”. This accident happened due to vibration, because of
lack of planned preventative maintenance (the machine was not erected
properly). The accident was not investigated due to production pressures. Still the
risk arising from strong vibration of the saw is not controlled well as per the
information obtained from the scenario;
09. Exposure to Noise while using the unserviceable circular saw: Vibration results
Noise also. From the scenario, it is observed that hearing protection equipment is
stored in the designated cupboards; however, implementation effectiveness
witnessed from the scenario. Therefore, it is understood that the risk arising from
high level noise such as noise induced hearing loss, tinnitus, failure to identify
other workplace hazards are also not been controlled well;
10. Inadequate lighting at the workshop due to the provision of suspended fluorescent
flickering tube lighting: Bench mounted circular saw required suitable and
sufficient lighting to carry out the respective activities in a safe manner.
Otherwise, workers will be in trouble to carry out their activities due to poor eye
vision and the result is cut, crush, amputation once they come to contact with
moving parts of the circular saw. These risk also not controlled well;
11. Incompetent wood workshop workers: From the scenario, it is understood that “up
to five workers are in the wood workshop during peak times of production”.
However, they are not competent in terms of skills, knowledge, training and
experience’. For example, the band saw is a newest piece of machinery
purchased due to the old one breaking down. However, no familiarisation or job
specific training provided to the workers to carry out activities by using the new
band saw. Another example, the second accident occurred because the worker

approaching what they thought was a stationary blade while working with bench
mounted circular saw. Still no training has been provided to these workers. The
result is personal injury. Therefore, the risk arising from incompetency of workers
are also not been controlled well;
12. Failure of emergency stop button of the bench mounted circular saw: The circular
saw is erected with a stop button to quickly shut down the machine in case of
dangerous situation. From the scenario, it is understood that when another worker
pressed the stop button to halt the machine, after the serious accident occurred.
The risk arising from failure of emergency stop button is not controlled well;
13. Failure to ensure enclosing guards over motor and drive mechanisms: Ensuring
the enclosing guards over motor and drive mechanisms also required while using
the bench mounted circular saw; which was not ensured by the workers. The risk
arising from this issue also not been controlled well as per the scenario;
14. Failure to provide hand guard for front-hand grip: Hand guard for front-hand grip is
required to protect workers from injuries, which is not been ensured at the bench
mounted circular saw. Therefore, the risk arising from non-provision of hand
guard also not controlled well as per the scenario;
15. Failure to provide chain brake to stop the chain in the event of kick-back: Chain
brake to stop the chain in the event of kick-back not been provided in order to
avoid accidents.
16. Failure to provide interlocked throttle trigger to prevent accidental operation of the
throttle: The risk arising from these issues are not addressed or controlled as per
the information obtained from the scenario;
17. Contact and entanglement with moving blade: From the scenario, it is observed
that an accident occurred due to wearing of loose clothing, specifically the sleeve
of the worker's jumper, became entangled in the blade of the bench-mounted
circular saw which resulting in a deep laceration to his arm. This accident
focusses the significant risks associated with wearing loose clothing while using
the bench top circular saw. However, the risk arising from workers wearing of
loose clothing also not been controlled well;
18. Ejection (timber): From the scenario, it is understood that the worker involved in
the third accident at the bench mounted circular saw initially used eye protection.
He removed the eye protection to see what was wrong. Here, the risks arising
from not wearing the eye protection is not controlled well;
19. Drawing in at nip point between the blade and casing: From the scenario, it is
observed that an accident occurred due to wearing of loose clothing, specifically
the sleeve of the worker's jumper, became entangled in the blade of the bench-
mounted circular saw which resulting in a deep laceration to his arm. The same
issue could lead to drawing in also. This accident focusses the significant risks

associated with wearing loose clothing while using the bench top circular saw.
However, the risk arising from drawing in is also not controlled well;
20. Slip, trip and falls: From the scenario, it is understood that the wood work shop is
congested, not kept neat and tidy which could lead slip, trip and falls. The risk
resulting from these hazards are also not controlled well;
21. Cutting on contact with the moving blade: Cutting on contact with the moving
blade is another hazard identified from the bench mounted circular saw. Three
serious accidents occurred from the circular saw. Still the risk is not controlled
well as per the information obtained from the scenario.
22. Puncture by ejected parts especially broken blade fragments: Risk arising from
Puncture by ejected parts especially broken blade fragments are also not
controlled well as per the given scenario.
Question 1 (b)
International and national legal requirements to control health and safety risks while
using the bench mounted circular saw are as follows:
01. International Labour Organization (ILO) C155 Occupational Safety and Health
employers are stated as under:
01. Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable,
the workplaces, machinery, equipment and processes under their control are safe
and without risk to health;
02. Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable,
the chemical, physical and biological substances and agents under their control
are without risk to health when the appropriate measures of protection are taken;
03. Employers shall be required to provide, where necessary, adequate protective
clothing and protective equipment to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable,
risk of accidents or of adverse effects on health.
02. International labour organisation Recommendation R164, 1981. Article 10 of R 164
states the obligations placed upon employers are as follows:
(a) to provide and maintain workplaces, machinery and equipment, and use work
methods, which are as safe and without risk to health as is reasonably
practicable;
(b) to give necessary instructions and training, taking account of the functions and
capacities of different categories of workers;
(c) to provide adequate supervision of work, of work practices and of application
and use of occupational safety and health measures;
(d) to institute organisational arrangements regarding occupational safety and
health and the working environment adapted to the size of the undertaking and

the nature of its activities;
(e) to provide, without any cost to the worker, adequate personal protective
clothing and equipment which are reasonably necessary when hazards cannot be
otherwise prevented or controlled;
03. Guarding of Machinery Convention, No. 119, 1963 and Guarding of Machinery
Recommendation- 118, 1963 states that the employer shall take steps to bring national
legislations, relating to the guarding of machinery to the notice of workers and shall
instruct them, as and where appropriate, regarding the dangers arising and the
precautions to be observed in the use of machinery.
04. HSE-UK-Provision and use of work equipment regulations (PUWER), 1998 also set
out key requirements for machinery control system;
05. HSE-UK, Circular saw benches – Safe working practices also gives practical
guidance on safe working practices at circular saw benches.
For meeting these international and national legal requirements the following
improvements could be made to the existing working environment in the wood workshop;
01. Sufficient space should be provided at wood workshop: From the scenario it is
observed that “the workshop contains a range of fixed, electrically powered
machines, including the bench-mounted circular saw, a lathe, a bandsaw, hand
held portable electrically-powered tools and these are connected to a low voltage
transformer. Most of the machinery is clustered in the centre of the workshop. The
work benches used for measuring and intricate tasks are along the walls”. This
situation could lead congestion, personal collapse, crowed work area near the
bench mounted circular saw, man-machinery interface, difficulty in evacuation etc.
Therefore, sufficient space should be provided for carrying out different activities
with each electrically powered machinery and equipment for ensuring safe
working environment;
02. Designated storage area for wood workshop materials, equipment, machinery and
spare parts: Designated storage area for wood workshop materials, equipment,
machinery and spare parts should be provided. This can avoid items from being
stored in the window sill and scattered throughout the workshop. Use shelving
and racking systems for storing materials, equipment, spare parts will improve
efficiency of material storage and can avoid workplace accidents;
03. Provision of Firefighting equipment due to accumulation of combustible materials
such as wood dust shavings, and off-cuts: While using the bench mounted
circular saw, combustible materials such as wood dust shavings, and off-cuts are
generated. Besides, while using faulty electrically powered tools heat or spark will
be generated from the multiple electrical connections to the low voltage
transformer. This could lead to fire, and the result is fatalities and personal injury.

Therefore, firefighting equipment is essential at wood workshop, to swiftly respond
to and control fires. The presence of proper firefighting system can significantly
reduce the risk of fire-related incidents and minimize potential damage. Therefore
fire detection system (smoke dictator, heat sensor, and flame sensor), Fire alarm
system (manual and automatic) and suppression system (fire hose reel, sprinkler,
portable fire extinguishers) should be implemented to protect from fire. Besides,
fire emergency response procedures should be developed including fire assembly
point, fire doors, escape routes, signages, emergency lighting and provide training
to all personnel working in the workshop for quick evacuation in case of a real fire
emergency;
04. All electrically powered tools and other machineries including bench mounted
circular saw should be connected with the medium or hight voltage transformer
with adequate control measures. Planned preventive maintenance and frequent
inspection should be conducted for all electrically powered equipment, machinery,
electrical appliances etc. Electrical cables should be double insulated, switches
and sockets should be sparking proof. Earthing, other protective devices like
RCD, ELCB, FUSE etc should be erected with the electrical system in order to
avoid electrocution. All electrical cables, equipment and other devises should be
tested by competent electrician on monthly basis and colour coded;
05. Establish, implement and maintain planned preventive maintenance of all
equipment and machinery: From the scenario, it is observed that, “there is no
regular, preventative maintenance system for any equipment in the wood
workshop” which includes the bench mounted circular saw. International Labour
Organization (ILO) C155 Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981.
Article 16 of C155 identifies: employers are stated as “Employers shall be
required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the workplaces,
machinery, equipment and processes under their control are safe and without risk
to health”. Therefore, planned preventative maintenance for all equipment and
machinery are required to meet this international legal requirement and avoid
potential accidents. Moreover, frequent inspection also should be done by
competent technician for ensuring operational readiness;
06. House-keeping at the wood workshop should be improved. While using the bench
mounted circular saw and other machinery and equipment, waste materials such
as wood dust shavings, and off-cuts are generated. From the scenario, it is found
that these are accumulated. If it is not cleared from the workplace, it could lead,
slip, trip, fall and even fire and the result is personal injury. Therefore good
housekeeping policy should be establish, implement and maintain in order to keep
the wood workshop neat and tidy and to avoid accidents;
07. Maintain normal temperature at the wood workshop: From the scenario, it is

understood that “the workshop is always busy and can get very warm in summer
months, especially when the sun is glaring through the window”, which means
proper ventilation is not provided or not maintaining adequate temperature level at
the wood workshop. Therefore, recommended to provide suitable cooling
systems, such as air conditioning or adequate fans, to maintain a comfortable
temperature inside the workshop. Besides, fix reflective films to reduce the
amount of sunlight entering the workshop through window sill. Mechanical
ventilation is to be provided at the wood workshop to reduce indoor heat buildup
and create a more comfortable working environment. Provide adequate cool
water and encourage the workers to drink plenty of water in order to avoid health
risks. Also provide frequent breaks to workers to prevent from extreme heat (if
required).
08. Provision of suitable and sufficient lighting arrangements at the workshop: Inside
the wood workshop, currently utilizes suspended fluorescent tube lighting, which
has been replaced three times recently due to flickering issues and subsequent to
the workers complaints. Besides, halogen foot lights also installed on the walls to
provide extra lighting. But these foot lights create shadows on the equipment in
certain areas. Therefore, workers are unable to carry out their respective activity
in a safe manner. For example, when burning smell comes from the bench
mounted circular saw, one worker removed his eye protection so that he could
see that was wrong because of poor illumination provided on the circular saw.
Therefore, the workshop manager should understand the level of illuminance at
each location and provide combination of different lights with adequate Luxes
such as task light, office light, equipment light, external light, emergency light etc
and ensure that these lights are free from colour discrimination.
09. Ensure competency of workers by providing adequate training: From the scenario,
it is understood that “up to five workers are in the wood workshop during peak
times of production”. However, they are not competent in terms of skills,
knowledge, training and experience’. For example, the band saw is a newest
piece of machinery purchased due to the old one breaking down. However, no
familiarisation or job specific training provided to the workers to carry out activities
by using the new band saw. Another example, the second accident occurred
because the worker approaching what they thought was a stationary blade while
working with bench mounted circular saw. Still no training has been provided to
these workers. Therefore, the following training is recommended for these
workers in order to avoid workplace accidents due to incompetency of workers.
 Induction training: To get general awareness regarding the workplace
hazards, risks, control measures, their responsibilities, company health

and safety policy, objectives, welfare facilities etc
 Mandatory training: Emergency preparedness and response, use of hand
and power tools etc.
 Job specific training: hazards, risks and control measures related with
Bench mounted circular saw, portable electrical equipment, electrically
powered machinery etc.
 Re-training: This training is to be provided those who are not carrying out
their respective activity as per the training received;
 Awareness training: For example, heat stress, COVID-19 etc
 Refresh training: At least every six months, all provided training should be
provided again to refresh their mind;
 Third party training: This type of training should be provided by accredited
third party institutions. The training includes First aider, fire warden, work
at height, entry in to confined space, scaffold erector and inspector etc.
Proper training ensures that all workers at the wood workshop, have the necessary
knowledge and skills to perform their tasks safely and effectively.
10. Provision of adequate welfare facilities at work workshop: The welfare facilities
are also essential at the wood workshop. Designate rest areas within the
workshop where workers can take short breaks and rest during their shifts to be
ensured. Provide adequate urinal and clean and well-ventilated toilets and wash
basins with soap and tissue papers. Also provide drinking water with clean cups
and encourage workers to drink plenty of water during summer time. Provision of
first aid unit with trained first aider with adequate supplies. Decontamination
facility also to be ensured.
Task 2: Lighting
Question 2 (a)
Article 16 of International Labour Organization (ILO) Occupational Safety and Health
Convention, 1981; PART IV, action at the level of undertaking provides that “Employers
shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the workplaces,
machinery, equipment and processes under their control are safe and without risk to
health”. Moreover, UK-HSE, HSG 38 -Assessing Lighting in the workplace also identifies
importance of the lighting in the work place.
Therefore, lighting in a workplace (wood workshop) should be suitable and sufficient to
ensure, workers can work without risk to their health and safety from inadequate lighting.
Inadequate lighting in the workshop can lead to poor vision of workers which resulted to
accidents. Good lighting at wood workshop is important to meet the aforesaid legal
requirements, and it also contributes to increase the morale of workers which resultant to

improved workplace performance.
Comments on the lighting hazards that currently exist in the wood workshop are as
follows:
01. Suspended flickering fluorescent tube lighting: This may cause poor visibility of
workers which could lead to accidents in the wood workshop. Poor visibility due to
flickering of the lights also affect the ability of workers to identify other potential
hazards such as slip, trips other mechanical and non-mechanical hazards such as
friction, impact, shearing, cut, crush, wood dust etc. Flickering of lights also affect
to workers eyes and lead to ill-health such as eye strain, fatigue, discomfort and
head aches etc.
02. Uneven level of illuminance at work shop: Inside the workshop, high level
illuminance provided in some areas (Halogen flood lights have been installed on
the walls for extra lighting) whereas some area not (suspended fluorescent tube
lighting). This uneven level of illuminance could lead to poor visibility, visual
discomfort and resultant to workplace accidents;
03. Shadows resulting from halogen floodlights provided for extra lighting: These
extra light cast shadows across the hazardous equipment such as bench
mounted circular saw, band saw etc and in some other areas of the workshop.
This also led to poor visibility of workers which result to accidents. Also affect the
ability to identify other potential hazards such as slip, trips other mechanical and
non-mechanical hazards such as friction, impact, shearing, cut, crush, wood dust
etc. Poor visibility also affects to workers eyes and lead to ill-health such as eye
strain, fatigue, discomfort and headaches etc.
04. Inadequate task lighting: From the scenario, it was observed that a worker
removed his eye protection to see the wrong inside the bench mounted circular
saw, once he got burning smell. Which means inadequate lighting provided at the
circular saw. It is necessary to consider the provision of task-lighting in areas
where higher levels of illumination are required. Otherwise, it could lead poor
visibility of workers, which could lead to workplace accident and other health
effects;
05. Inadequate work equipment lighting: From the scenario, it is observed that some
machines have lighting positioned below the work area to illuminate the workpiece
which is also found inadequate. There may be a special requirement for work
equipment lighting as per the standards. Otherwise, it could lead poor visibility
and eye strain of workers resulting to workplace accidents. From the scenario, it is
understood that the second accident involved a worker approaching what they
thought was a stationary blade;
06. Glaring of sunlight through the window: From the scenario, it is observed that
natural light is available at the workshop through the window. However, it is also

glaring especially during the summer months which is also considered as lighting
hazard. The glare can visibility of all workers inside the workshop which may
resulted to workplace accidents due to slips, trips or contact with rotating parts of
the hazardous machinery or other electrically powered tools. It also led to
mishandling of these equipment or power tools which also resulted to accidents;
07. Non-provision of emergency lighting: From the scenario, it is observed that no
emergency lighting is provided inside the workshop. It will cause difficulty and
confusion to escape from the workplace, in case of an emergency evacuation and
also could lead to work place accidents due to trip, slip etc.
08. Colour discrimination in illumination: Colour discrimination is another lighting
hazard identified from the workshop. There is natural light, fluorescent light,
halogen floodlights which could lead colour discrimination, and the workers may
face poor visibility which resultants to accidents, the third serious accident at the
wood workshop may be caused colour discrimination;
09. Insufficient storage light: The windowsill is used to store spare parts, small
equipment and consumables such as replacement blads for the wood working
equipment. To some extent, this storage of materials prevents natural light
coming to inside. Besides, there is no particular light has been provided in the
storage area which could lead difficulty and confusion while taking some items
from this storage, and also could lead accidents due to poor visibility;
10. Stroboscopic effect: Stroboscopic effect is another hazard identified form the
workshop. It is presented in the workshop, as the provided lighting is not properly
synchronized within the workshop especially on the rotating machinery. The
second accident in the scenario occurred due the stroboscopic effect. The worker
approached to a rotating blade, what they thought was a stationary blade due to
this stroboscopic effect.
Question 2 (b)
Article 16 of International Labour Organization (ILO) Occupational Safety and Health
Convention, 1981; PART IV, action at the level of undertaking provides that “Employers
shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the workplaces,
machinery, equipment and processes under their control are safe and without risk to
health”.
Moreover, UK-HSE, HSG 38 -Assessing Lighting in the workplace also identifies
importance of the lighting in the work place.
In order to meet these legal requirements, PAPFS can take the following actions aginst
each lighting issues, to help ensure general lighting levels in the wood workshop are
suitable and sufficient.

01. Uneven level of illuminance: PAPFS should consider scope of work, nature of
work, duration of work, frequency of work, number of workers, hazardous and
non-hazardous equipment and machineries are used inside the wood workshop.
Then check illuminance levels across the wood workshop. Check mounting height
of light ratio against manufactures guidelines. Then replace failed lamps and
clean luminaires. Provide additional luminaires if required. Remove obstructions
(if any) and reduce space between luminaires. The general level of illuminance at
the workshop which should be appropriate for the type of work being carried out
and in accordance with guidance on best practice for lighting at work (For
example HSG 38, HSE UK). So that level of illuminance within the workshop
would be suitable and sufficient;
02. Current lighting fixtures should be upgraded: Suspended fluorescent tube lights,
halogen floodlights and lighting provided below the machines have to be erected
at appropriate place and at height against their manufacturer’s guidelines. These
lights also to be upgraded with more efficient LED lighting fixtures by considering
required illumination against the standard requirement stated in HSG 38 of HSE –
UK. This will improve the overall illumination and reduce eye strain for workers;
03. Colour discrimination in illumination should be avoided: Colour of fluorescent
lighting and halogen lights are different which can create colour discrimination in
illumination at the workshop. The third serious accident at the wood workshop
might be occurred due to colour discrimination. Provision of efficient LED lighting
against the standard requirements (HSG 38 of HSE – UK) can avoid colour
discrimination and potential workplace accidents and can ensure suitable and
sufficient illumination at the workplace;
04. Provision of task lighting on the bench mounted circular saw and other hazardous
machineries: From the scenario, it was observed that a worker removed his eye
protection to see the wrong inside the bench mounted circular saw, once he got
burning smell. Also, some machines positioned lighting below the work area.
Which means inadequate lighting provided at the circular saw. It is necessary to
consider the provision of task-lighting in areas where higher levels of illumination
are required. Otherwise, it could lead poor visibility of workers, which could lead to
workplace accident and other health effects. Therefore, PAPFS also should check
whether the current illuminance is in line with the lighting recommendations stated
in HSG 38, HSE – UK and also check the light mounting height ratio is also in line
with the manufacturer’s guidelines. Then action should be taken to replace fused
lamps (if any), clean lamps and luminaires. Also remove obstructions (if any) in
order to ensure suitable and sufficient lighting at the workshop;
05. Inadequate work equipment lighting: From the scenario, it is observed that some

machines have lighting positioned below the work area to illuminate the workpiece
which is also found inadequate. It is also understood that the second accident
involved a worker approaching what they thought was a stationary blade, it might
be due to the poor visibility. Therefore, PAPFS should check illuminance levels on
the machineries including bench mounted circular saw. Check mounting height of
light ratio against manufactures guidelines. Then replace failed lamps and clean
luminaires. Provide additional luminaires if required. Remove obstructions (if any)
and reduce space between luminaires. The level of illuminance at the hazardous
machinery should be appropriate for the type of work being carried out and in
accordance with guidance on best practice for lighting at work (For example HSG
38, HSE UK). So that level of illuminance within the workshop would be suitable
and sufficient;
06. Glaring of sunlight through the window: From the scenario, it is observed that
natural light is available at the workshop through the window. However, it is also
glaring especially during the summer months which is also considered as lighting
hazard. Therefore, PAPFS should check the effects of sky brightness by shielding
direct view of the windowsill and fit blinds to windowsill. Re-arrange the works
inside the wood workshop to avoid looking towards windows in order to ensure
suitable and sufficient lighting at the workshop;
07. Stroboscopic effect: Stroboscopic effect is another hazard identified form the
workshop. It is presented in the workshop, as the provided lighting is not properly
synchronized within the workshop especially on the rotating machinery.
Therefore, PAPFS should supply adjacent rows of luminaires from different
phases of the electricity and also provide a high frequency electric supply. Local
lighting should be replaced (for example suspended fluorescent tube lighting) and
use high frequency control gear where ever, applicable to ensure suitable and
sufficient lighting;
08. Shadows resulting from halogen floodlights provided for extra lighting: These
extra light cast shadows across the hazardous equipment such as bench
mounted circular saw, band saw etc and in some other areas of the workshop.
This also led to poor visibility of workers which result to accidents. Also affect the
ability to identify other potential hazards such as slip, trips other mechanical and
non-mechanical hazards such as friction, impact, shearing, cut, crush, wood dust
etc. Poor visibility also affects to workers eyes and lead to ill-health such as eye
strain, fatigue, discomfort and headaches etc. Therefore, PAPFS should increase
the reflectance of the workshop surfaces and change the luminaires to provide
more even illuminance at the workshop. Also take action to increase number of
luminaires to ensure suitable and sufficient lighting;

Question 2 (c)
Legal requirements applicable to the provision of emergency escape lighting at PAPFS
are follows:
01. Article 18 of ILO Convention Occupational Safety and Health Convention-155,

1981 and ILO Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation-164, 1981
identifies “Employers shall be required to provide, where necessary, for measures
to deal with emergencies and accidents, including adequate first-aid
arrangements”.
02. The British Standards, BS 5266 - provides guidance on emergency lighting design
and installation.
03. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Life Safety Code, identifies
provisions for emergency lighting systems.
In order to meet these legal requirements PAPFS should provide emergency escape
lighting on the following areas;
01. Wood workshop: This workshop should have emergency escape lighting since up
to 5 workers are working during peak times. Fire is one of main hazard identified
from this workshop. Therefore, evacuation is required in case of a real fire
emergency occurs. Emergency lighting would support them for easy evacuation.
02. Metal workshop: The metal workshop should also should have emergency escape
lighting. The workshop manager ensures good safety practices, still emergency
escape lighting is required to escape workers from the workshop in case of an
emergency including fire;
03. Paint workshop: Fire and explosion identified from the paint workshop due to the
inadequate storage of flammable solvent paints and other cleaning materials. In
case of real fire/explosion, workers should evacuate from the paint workshop.
Fore safe evacuation, emergency escape lighting is required;
04. Filming studios: The filming studios are used to create fragile film sets. It also
contains lighting rigs and other electrical appliances. Therefore, fire is also a
hazard here. Therefore, emergency escape lighting is required here;
05. Reach truck charging area: This area is also potential to fire. Therefore,
emergency escape lighting is also required over here;
06. Store room: The storeroom on the ground floor also should have emergency
escape lighting so that store people can move out safely in case of a fire occurred
inside the store or paint and wood work etc.
07. Fire is a common hazard which has been identified from the aforesaid areas.
Once fire occur any one of these areas, people in other areas also will be in
trouble. Therefore, they also required emergency escape lighting. Therefore,
emergency escape lighting should be extended on the following areas for quick

and safe evacuation in case of fire or similar potential emergencies;
 Café with toilets;
 Ground floor;
 Reception area;
 Staircase to upper floor;
 Upper floor meeting room;
 Upper floor viewing theatre.
Task 3: Reach-truck management
Question 3
Due to the following reasons, battery-powered reach truck activities at PAPFS are found
unsatisfactory:
01. No risk assessment for reach truck: From the scenario, it is observed that no risk
assessment has been established, implemented and maintained for carrying out
the reach truck activities at PAPFS;
02. No safe system of work for reach truck: Implementation of safe system of work
which includes a job hazard analysis, safe operating procedure with lifting plan
including SWL (safe working load) and these has to be implemented through a
permit to work system since reach truck activity falls under high-risk category of
activities; however, these are found missing in the scenario. Therefore, it is found
unsatisfactory;
03. Improper selection of reach truck: From the scenario, it is observed that the
battery-powered reach truck is not suitable for transporting film sets weighing up
to 750kg and carrying large wide pieces of scenery. Due to poor selection the
reach truck tipped forward, raised the rear wheels from the ground etc. These
incidents indicate that the stability and capacity of the truck is not suitable for
handling heavy or bulky loads. Therefore, it is unsatisfactory.
04. Lack of pedestrian walkways: Lack of pedestrian walkways and cross points along
the route where the reach truck operates is another reason. Workers and visitors
may accidentally enter the route of the moving truck, leading to accidents.
Therefore, it is unsatisfactory;
05. Not followed safe working load: Over load or not following safe working load
(SWL) is one of the reasons for reach truck accidents. From the scenario, it is
understood that “The reach truck was used to collect a delivery from the car park.
On attempting to lift the load, the truck tripped forward, raising the rear wheels
from the ground”. This incident shows that SWL was not followed while lifting,
carrying and lowering the load by using the reach truck. Therefore, it is found
unsatisfactory;

06. Charging and electrical hazards: From the scenario, it is understood that the
reach truck's charging system has broken insulation and sparking has been
noticed during the charging process. Therefore, charging time there will be
potential electrical hazards, such as the risk of electrical shocks or fires which
could affect the operators as well as the equipment; therefore, it is not
satisfactory;
07. Carrying of unbalanced heavy loads: Film sets created might be fragile and weigh
up to 750kg. Besides, there is no stabilizing measures in place to secure the load
properly while travelling. As a result, the worker tripped while escorting and part of
the wide piece of scenery fell on them, and severely bruising their legs. The set
was also damaged and production had to be delayed due to this accident.
Therefore, the reach truck activity is found unsatisfactory;
08. Failure to follow site safety rules and procedure: The incident involving the reach
truck tipping forwards and raising the rear wheels from the ground shows unsafe
practices of reach truck operations. This incident indicates a lack of adherence to
proper safety procedures; Therefore, this activity is found unsatisfactory;
09. Lack of designated charging area for reach truck: The lack of a designated
charging area for the reach truck and the presence electrical socket for a kettle in
the same place increases the risk of electrical hazards. The reach truck is parked
and charged, where all people access to the storeroom, is also found
unsatisfactory;
10. Lack of planned preventative maintenance for reach truck: The reach truck has
several large dents and deep scratches resulted from previous incidents even
though it is a newly purchased one. The lack of regular preventive maintenance
may have contributed to the deterioration of this current condition, may resulted to
further accidents. Therefore, it is found unsatisfactory;
11. Inadequate training for newly purchased reach truck: From the scenario, it is
observed that there only one trained operator on site. However, other workers are
also allowed to use the reach truck in their absence. Allowing untrained workers
to operate the reach truck, increases the improper handling of loads, thereby
likelihood of accidents will be increased. Therefore, the existing reach truck
operations is found unsatisfactory;
12. Lack of supervision and monitoring of reach truck activity: All specific risk
activities such as reach truck activities should have close monitoring and
supervision as it falls under high-risk category. From the scenario, it is understood
that there is no supervisors and safety officers in place for supervise and monitor
the truck activities. Therefore, this is found unsatisfactory:
13. No banksman or flagman for supporting safe activities: Reach truck requires

banksman or flagman to for its safe operations since it has blind spots. However,
from the scenario, it is understood that they are not available while operating.
Therebefore, it is not satisfactory;
14. Overloading the reach truck: The accident, where the reach truck tipped forward
and raised the rear wheels from the ground occurred when attempting to lift of a
heavy load from the car park. This practice of overloading is unsafe and can lead
to instability and resulting to accidents. Therefore, this is unsatisfactory;
15. Lack of safe reach truck parking space: Parking and charging the reach truck in
the storeroom can create potential hazards. The storeroom is not at all designed
to park the reach truck, leading to collision with other objects, equipment, or
stored materials. Als resulting to trip hazards. Therefore, it is not satisfactory;
16. Raised and instability: The fact that the reach truck tipped forward and raised the
rear wheels from the ground suggests that the load being lifted was too heavy,
raised and un balanced. Raised load could result poor visibility resulting to
accidents. Therefore, this activity is not satisfactory;
17. Fire hazard: Storing and charging the reach truck in an area that may contain
flammable materials which can increase the risk of fire. Moreover, overloaded
electrical circuits can generate excessive heat, which can result in melting to the
electrical insulation and conductor. This creates chances of fire. The electrical
kettle, which draws a considerable amount of power when heating water, and the
reach truck charger can increase the risk of an electrical fire; therefore, the activity
is unsatisfactory;
18. Acid hazard: The battery has acid in it. Therefore, while charging proper
ventilation should be in place. However, which is found missing; therefore, this
activity is found unsatisfactory;
19. Blocking of emergency access and egress: Reach truck parking inside the store
area may block the emergency access and egress. This lack of accessibility can
delay in evacuation in case of a real fire emergency; therefore, this is not
satisfactory;
20. Unsafe activity: The use of other workers standing on the back of the truck to
weigh it down is extremely hazardous and should never be employed as a
solution. Moreover, two workers escorted the truck, steadying the load on either
side is also not acceptable. This incident indicates unsafe activity at reach truck
operations. Workers should be trained on the safe operating procedure of the
reach truck. Therefore, the activity is found unsatisfactory.
Task 4: Risk of substances forming an explosive atmosphere
Question 4

The following factors should be considered when assessing the risk of an explosion
occurring during the spray-painting activity in the spray cabinets:
01. Nature of the paint booth (partially enclosed place): From the scenario it is
understood that “The smaller models, figures and scenery pieces are spray and
brush-painted in spray cabinets. Each cabinet sits on a work bench and is partially
enclosed, leaving only a narrow, fixed opening at the front to allow workers to
pass their hands through. Each spray cabinet is equipped with a fixed halogen
lamp and a filtered extraction system exhaust outside. Each cabinet also contains
handheld equipment, such as electrical curing heaters, electrical fans to assist
drying, and other model making equipment”. It shows that the nature of the paint
booth is a partially enclosed one, which can create flammable atmosphere (fumes
from solvent paints) while carrying out painting activity in the spray cabinets.
Therefore, nature of the paint booth is to be considered while assessing the risk;
02. Scope of the work: The paint booth is a partially enclosed booth, where painting
activity are carried out. From the scenario, it is also observed that solvent based
flammable paints are used for painting. Which means fume will be generated from
solvent based paints that can create a flammable atmosphere in the paint booth
which can result to fire and explosion. Therefore, scope of the activity is to be
considered while assessing the risks;
03. Nature of the paints: The nature of paint is solvent based flammable one; which
produce fume inside the spray cabinets and can create flammable atmosphere.
This also prone to fire and explosion. Therefore, nature of the paints also to be
considered while assessing the risk of explosion during the spray paint activity
inside the cabinets;
04. Review of safety data sheet of the paints: Safety data sheet shows the nature of
the paints such as flammable or explosive or toxic etc. Therefore, SDS of the
existing paints also to be considered while assessing the risks;
05. Inadequate ventilation system: The ventilation system in the spray room is found
inadequate, which includes the spray cabinets. The system is not serviced for at
least three years. As a result, flammable atmosphere will be created inside the
partially enclosed painting cabinets, resulted to fire and explosion. Therefore,
existing ventilation system also to be considered for assessing the risks;
06. Ignition sources: From the scenario, it is understood that “Each cabinet also
contains handheld equipment, such as electrical curing heaters, electrical fans to
assist drying, and other model making equipment”. A spart or heat generated from
these electrical appliances plus flammable atmosphere inside the cabinet plus
oxygen could lead to explosion. Therefore, ignition source inside the cabinets

also to be considered for assessing the risks;
07. Temperature level inside the paint cabinets: Solvent-based paints used in the
spray cabinets might contain flammable liquids with low flash points. The
temperature inside the spray cabinets can influence, the rate of evaporation of
these flammable liquids, leading to the build-up of flammable vapours and
atmosphere. If the temperature inside the cabinets is high, it can increase the
concentration of vapours, thereby raising the risk of an explosion. Therefore,
temperature level inside the painting cabinets also to be considered while
assessing the risks;
08. Humidity inside the painting cabinets: High level humidity inside the painting
cabinets increase evaporation rate of the solvents present in the paints, which
also buildup flammable or explosive nature and resulting to fire or explosion.
Therefore, humidity inside the painting cabinets also to be considered while
09. Lack of maintenance of electrical and mechanical appliances: The electrical
appliances are found poor in condition due to poor maintenance, which could
result to spart or flame that might resulted to fire or explosion from the painting
cabinets. Therefore, planned preventative maintenance of electrical and
mechanical equipment inside the paint cabinets also to be considered for
10. Improper storage of hazardous materials: The paint workshop contains two metal
cupboards, storing paint and cleaning solvents. Both are flammable and toxic.
These materials, can create a hazardous environment, if proper storage and
handling protocols are not followed. Therefore, storage of flammable materials
also to be considered while assessing the risks;
11. Static Electricity: Static electricity is also considered when assessing the risk of
explosion. The movement of the worker, their personal protective equipment (for
example spark producing safety shoes), and even the spray gun can generate
static charges, which may cause potential ignition source in the presence of
flammable vapours from the paints, resulting to explosion. Therefore, static
electricity also to be considered when assessing the risks;
12. Electrical Equipment: The presence of handheld electrical curing heaters,
electrical fans, and fixed halogen lamps might be potential ignition sources.
Inadequate maintenance of this electrical equipment can lead to sparks or heat
resulted to explosion inside the painting cabinets. Therefore, electrical equipment
using inside the cabinets also to be considered while assessing the risks;
13. Fire fighting system inside the cabinets: Fire fighting system which includes
detection (smoke sensor, heat sensor or flame sensor), alarm system (manual or
automatic) and suppression system (fire hose reel, fire sprinklers and portable fire

extinguishers) should be in place at the paint workshop. However, it not available
in the paint booths. Absence of firefighting system increase the risk of fire and
explosion. Therefore, this issue also to be considered while assessing the risks;
14. Emergency escape routes: In the event of an explosion or fire, quick and safe
evacuation is essential for workers. These routes should lead workers to safe
assembly points. These evacuation routes should be well-marked, unobstructed,
and free from trip and other potential hazards:
15. Emergency escape lighting: Emergency escape lighting is also required to
provide illumination during an emergency evacuation. Therefore, this issue also
too be considered while assessing the risks:
16. Segregation of incompatible dangerous substances: Both flammable, toxic and
other chemicals are stored together inside the paint workshop. It should be
segregated, as it led to fire and explosion. Therefore, storage of incompatible
materials also to be considered while assessing the risk of explosion;
17. Poor housekeeping: From the scenario, it is understood that every surface seems
to be covered in spots of paint from the spraying process, indicating poor
housekeeping practices. If paint residue is allowed to accumulate in the spray
cabinets or the spray room, it can contribute to the risk of an explosion. Therefore,
house keeping arrangement at the paint cabinets also to be considered while
18. No sparking hand tools: Metal tools produces sparks which resulted to fire or
explosion inside the painting cabinets. Therefore, this issue also to be considered
while assessing the risks.
Vapour cloud explosion may be confined; in a tank, vessel or building or unconfined in

air, requiring a much larger release. For the explosion to occur, there must be an ignition
energy, and a vapour concentration above the lower explosive limit. A vapour cloud may
travel a large distance before an unconfined vapour cloud explosion occurs and dispersal
may bring the mixture below the lower explosive limit. The effects include overpressure,
fire, explosion, and debris from a confined vapour cloud explosion.
“The explosion at the chemical factory at Flixborough is an example of an unconfined

vapour cloud explosion” and “the explosion in a process vessel at the Hickson and Welch
chemical plant is an example of a confined vapour cloud explosion”.
Task 5: Maintenance strategies
Question 5 (a)
International Labour Organization (ILO) C155 Occupational Safety and Health

employers are stated as “Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is
reasonably practicable, the workplaces, machinery, equipment and processes under their
control are safe and without risk to health”. Therefore, planned preventative maintenance
in the PAPFS and other workshops are required to meet this international legal
requirement. The benefits of implementing planned preventative maintenance in the
PAPFS and other workshops are follows:
01. Meeting the applicable legal requirements: PAPFS’s top management can
demonstrate that they have taken reasonably practicable steps to meet their
obligations to maintain safe equipment and safe working environment at
workshops; and can avoid enforcement actions if planned preventative
maintenance for equipment and its implementation is in place at PAPFS
workshops and other workshops;
02. Can reduced chances of accident: From the scenario itself, it is understood that
“there is no regular, preventative maintenance system for any equipment in the
wood workshop”. As a result, three accidents occurred with the bench-mounted
circular saw” (two of them occurred in the last three weeks and one occurred one
year earlier). Implementation of proper maintenance of this equipment reduces
chances of an accident at the PAPFS work shops and other workshops as well;
03. Can reduce cost implications of the accident: There are three accidents occurred
with the bench-mounted circular saw” (two of them occurred in the last three
weeks and one occurred one year earlier); as a result, PAPFS has already faced
financial implications which include direct cost such as personal injury, hospital
treatment, equipment repair cost etc and in direct cost such as production delay,
lowering of employees’ morale, reputational damage, increased insurance
premium etc). These costs can be reduced if planned preventative maintenance
program is implemented for equipment in place at PAPFS and other workshops;
04. More output goods: Well-maintained equipment and other items will more likely to
produce output goods; this is considered as benefits for implementation of
planned preventative maintenance. For example, from the scenario, it is
understood that subsequent to a serious injury occurred in the metal workshop
about six years ago, the manager now maintains the workshop neat and tidy and
all of the machinery is also regularly maintained well. Therefore, no accident
occurred thereafter. However, equipment/machinery at the wooden workshop
(bench-mounted circular saw, lathe machine, band saw, portable LEV system,
electrically powered tools etc) and paint workshop (Filtered extraction system,
electrical curing heaters, electrical fans, painting workshop door) not maintained

well which resulted to accident;
05. Improve image of the company: Implementation of planned preventative
maintenance program for equipment at PAPFS workshops and other workshops
will improve image of the company with customers and other stakeholders also
can be considered as a benefit; For example: In Metal workshop, the manager
ensure that the machinery is regularly maintained and the work place is neat and
tidy; therefore no accident occurred in that workplace so far which type of actions
will resulted to improve image of the company;
06. Efficiency and effectiveness of the equipment: By implementing planned
preventative maintenance of equipment, PAPFS workshops and other workshops
can ensure that repairs are dealt with efficiently and effectively. From the
scenario, it is understood that the filtered extraction system using at the paint
workshop not been serviced for the last three years. Due to lack of planned
preventive maintenance, its efficiency and effectiveness has been lost. Also at the
wooden workshop (bench-mounted circular saw, lathe machine, band saw,
portable LEV system, electrically powered tools etc) and paint workshop (Filtered
extraction system, electrical curing heaters, electrical fans, painting workshop
door) not maintained well which resulted to workplace accidents;
07. Can avoid use of sub-standard equipment/machinery: Implementation of planned
preventative maintenance of equipment will encourage operatives to use safe
equipment/machinery or plant and they are more encouraged to report damage or
defects. From the scenario, it is understood that an old LEV system is available
for use at wood Worksop. Meanwhile, wood dust shavings, and off-cuts have
accumulated on the floor. Which means that effectiveness of the LEV system is
not in place. Workers are using sub-standard LEV system. Same way at the
wooden workshop (bench-mounted circular saw, lathe machine, band saw,
portable LEV system, electrically powered tools etc) and paint workshop (Filtered
extraction system, electrical curing heaters, electrical fans, painting workshop
door) etc are found sub-standard; however still they are using;
08. Promotion of safety culture: Implementation of planned preventative maintenance
of equipment at PAPFS workshops and other workshops can promote safety
culture within the organization which will reflect in areas of outside those, relating
to machinery; which is also considered to be a benefit;
09. Safe operation of equipment/machinery: Implementation of planned preventative
maintenance can ensure safer operation at PAPFS workshop and other workshop
and can reduce workplace accident is also another benefit. Three wood workshop
accidents occurred with the bench-mounted circular saw” (two of them occurred in
the last three weeks and one occurred one year earlier) due to lack of safe

operation of equipment;
10. Reduced downtime and lost production: Implementation of planned preventative
maintenance at PAPFS and other workshops can reduce down time and lost
production; is also another benefits. For example, From the scenario, it is
understood that the lathe machine at the wood workshop not using due to non-
availability of replacement parts which resulted production delay or loss;
11. Increased reliability of the equipment/plant/machinery: Implementation of planned
preventative maintenance at PAPFS and other workshops can ensure increased
reliability of equipment/plant/machinery and also can ensure high level production.
From the scenario, it is understood that workers occasionally use hand tools
instead, electrically powered tools tend to develop faults or stop working due to
poor maintenance;
12. Failure rate prediction: Failure rate of equipment/plant/machinery can be
predicted once planned preventative maintenance is implemented at PAPFS and
other workshops (For example lath machine at wood workshop); which is also a
benefit. For example: In Metal workshop, the manager ensure that the machinery
is regularly maintained and the work place is neat and tidy; therefore, no accident
occurred at the metal workshop;
13. Rapid turnaround of parts: Rapid turnaround of parts of
machinery/plant/equipment at PAPFS workshop and other workshop can be
ensured once planned preventative maintenance is implemented; is also a
benefit;
14. Maintenance carried out at times of least disruption: Planned preventative
maintenance can be carried out at times of lease disruption at PAPFS workshop
and other workshops is another notable benefit;
15. Reduced risk from planned maintenance operations: Reduced health and safety
risks from planned maintenance operations is also a benefit once planned
preventative maintenance is implemented.
In the above circumstances, it is clear that positive benefits are there once, planned
preventative maintenance is implemented within the organization.
Question 5 (b)
The dis-advantages of planned preventive maintenance for PAPFS are as follows:
01. Reduced efficiency of equipment: Frequent maintenance or over maintenance of

equipment / plant / machinery can reduce efficiency that equipment / plant /
machinery is one of the dis-advantages;
02. High skill level: The maintenance team should have high competence level to
carry out maintenance which include skill, knowledge, training and experience.

Especially higher skill level is more important than other three. Skill means ability
to carry out a respective task. High skilled level personnel required more cost; that
is another dis-advantages;
03. High costs of parts still with useful life: During planned preventive maintenance,
some parts of the equipment might have still with useful life while maintenance is
carried out, however it need to be changed as mandatory part of the program;
which is also a dis-advantages;
04. Increased storage requirements for spare parts: Increased storage places for
spare parts is another dis-advantages: For example; from the scenario, in wood
workshop, it is observed that “the windowsill is used to store spare parts, small
equipment and consumables such as replacement blades for the wood working
equipment, all in their original packaging”.
05. Time consuming: Management time is required for planning and operating
schedules for planned preventive maintenance program which is also a
disadvantage; In Metal workshop, the manager ensure that the machinery is
regularly maintained and the work place is neat and tidy; therefore, no accident
occurred at the metal workshop. However, other workshops, they are with busy
schedules.
06. Complacency: Implementation of planned preventive maintained program for
PAPFS resulted to over-familiarity with tasks leading to complacency; which is
also considered to a disadvantage;
Task 6: Recognising confined spaces and adopting safe working practices
Question 6 (a)
A confined space is defined in the International Labor organization (ILO) Occupational
Safety and Health – A Guide for Labour Inspectors and Other Stakeholders as “One
which is both enclosed, or largely enclosed, and which also has a reasonably
foreseeable risk to workers of fire, explosion, loss of consciousness, asphyxiation or
drowning. It may be small and restrictive for the worker like pipes or tanks or it could be
far larger such as grain storage silo with hundreds of cubic meter capacity”. Moreover,
UK confined space regulations 1997, defined a confined space as “any place, including
any chamber, tank, vat, silo, pit, trench, pipe, sewer, flue, well or other similar space in
which by virtue of enclosed nature, there arises a reasonably foreseeable specified risk”.
It also says a specific risk means a risk of “serious injury to any person at work arising
from a fire or explosion, The loss of consciousness of any person at work arising from an
increase in body temperature, the loss of consciousness of asphyxiation of any person at
work arising from gas, fume, vapour or lack of oxygen and the loss of consciousness of

any person at work arising from an increase in body temperature”.
By reviewing these generally accepted definitions stated in the two international and
national legal requirements, it is crystal clear that the walk-in spray room could be
considered as a confined space in its current condition; the main features constitute the
spray room as confined space are follows:
01. Enclosed nature: From the scenario, it is mentioned that the second painting area
is a “walk in enclosed spray room for painting and spraying larger items”. Which
means the walk-in spray room has enclosed nature; which is one of the features
of confined space clearly stated in the aforesaid legal requirements; Painter and
others will be in trouble in case of an emergency situation occurs.
02. Reasonably foreseeable risk to workers of fire, explosion: From the scenario, it is
mentioned that “Solvent based paints which are labelled as flammable are used at
the walk-in spray room. Moreover, 100 litters cleaning solvents also stored in the
paint room near to the electrical appliances which has been found brittle and
cracked and broken in places”. Which means the three elements to constitute fire
(fuel, oxygen and heat) are in the spray room; which is another feature of a
confined space. In case of fire/explosion, the painters and others may face
serious injury;
03. Reasonably foreseeable risk to toxic materials: From the scenario, it is mentioned
that “Solvent based paints which are labelled as toxic are used at the walk-in
spray room”. The loss of consciousness of asphyxiation of personnel at the
painting booth arising from exposure to these toxic materials also another feature
of a confined space as per the above said legal requirements;
04. Limited access and egress: From the scenario, it is observed that “while painting
in the spray room, a worker complained of feeling ill. He struggled to open the
door to get out, and just after raising the alarm, they almost fainted”. It shows
limited access and egress. This is another feature of the confined space;
05. Extreme temperature: From the scenario, it is observed that during the summer
months the workers have to take extra drink breaks, to stay hydrated” otherwise it
could lead the loss of consciousness of any person at painting booth arising from
an increase in body temperature. Therefore, this is also a feature of confined
space;
06. Not designed for permanent human occupancy: The spray paint booth is not at all
designed for permanent human occupancy.
These are the features are constituted the spray paint booth as confined space>
Question 6 (b)
A confined space is defined in the International Labor organization (ILO) Occupational

Safety and Health – A Guide for Labour Inspectors and Other Stakeholders as “One
which is both enclosed, or largely enclosed, and which also has a reasonably
foreseeable risk to workers of fire, explosion, loss of consciousness, asphyxiation or
drowning. It may be small and restrictive for the worker like pipes or tanks or it could be
far larger such as grain storage silo with hundreds of cubic meter capacity”.
Moreover, UK confined space regulations 1997, defined a confined space as “any place,
including any chamber, tank, vat, silo, pit, trench, pipe, sewer, flue, well or other similar
space in which by virtue of enclosed nature, there arises a reasonably foreseeable
specified risk”. It also says a specific risk means a risk of “serious injury to any person at
work arising from a fire or explosion, The loss of consciousness of any person at work
arising from an increase in body temperature, the loss of consciousness of asphyxiation
of any person at work arising from gas, fume, vapour or lack of oxygen and the loss of
consciousness of any person at work arising from an increase in body temperature”.
Based on the generally accepted definitions and the scenario, the following hazards
could workers exposed to when working in the walk-in spray room;
01. Limited access and egress: From the scenario, it is observed that “while painting
in the spray room, a worker complained of feeling ill. He struggled to open the
door to get out, and just after raising the alarm, they almost fainted”. It shows that
limited access and egress which can lead delay in evacuation in case of
emergency situation. Therefore, limited access and egress is one of the
significant hazards could workers be exposed at the paint booth;
02. Fire: From the scenario, it is observed that solvent based flammable materials are
used in the painting booth. Substandard electrical appliances are also used inside
the paint booth, which may result to fire. Therefore, fire is another significant
hazard could the workers be exposed the paint booth;
03. Explosion: From the scenario, it is observed that solvent based flammable
materials used in the painting booth. Also noted that 100 litres of cleaning solvent
cans also kept in the cupboard very close to the sub-standard electrical
appliances. In this situation, chances of fire/explosion are high. Therefore,
explosion is another significant hazard could the workers be exposed;
04. Exposure to toxic materials: From the scenario, it is mentioned that “Solvent
based paints which are labelled as toxic are used at the walk-in spray room”;
Therefore, exposure to toxic materials is also a significant hazard could the
workers be exposed;
05. Oxygen deficiency: During painting, oxygen will be decreased in the painting
booth which could result to suffocation to the persons. Therefore, oxygen
deficiency is also to be considered a potential significant hazard could the workers

be exposed;
06. Electricity: From the scenario it is observed that “light fittings are brittle and
cracked or broken in places” are used in the paint booth, which could result to
electrocution of the workforce in the paint booth. Therefore, electricity is also a
significant hazard could the workers be exposed at the paint booth;
07. Toxic atmosphere: The paint area has its own filtered extraction system, however
that was not serviced for the last three years. From the scenario, it is observed
that “almost every surface seems to be covered in spots of paint from the
spraying process”, which shows its ineffectiveness. Therefore, exposure to toxic
atmosphere is another hazard could the workers be exposed;
08. Exposure to cleaning solvents: From the scenario, it is observed that “The spray
rooms are cleaned once every two weeks using a solvent solution”, which means
the cleaners and others are exposed to these chemicals. Therefore, exposure to
cleaning solvents also identified as a hazard could the workers be exposed;
09. Slip, trip and falls: From the scenario, it is understood that the floor inside the
paint booth is worn and loose in places, which may lead to slip, trip and fall
hazards, could the workers be exposed at the pain booth;
10. Extreme heat: From the scenario, it is observed that during the summer months
the workers have to take extra drink breaks, to stay hydrated” due to the extreme
heat inside the paint booth. Therefore, extreme heat is also a hazard could the
workers be exposed.
Question 6 (c)
Article 18 of ILO Convention Occupational Safety and Health Convention-155, 1981
states that “employers shall be required to provide, where necessary, for measures to
deal with emergencies and accidents, including adequate first-aid arrangements”. In
order to meet these requirements, an emergency response plan is required within the
organization”.
An emergency plan is a formal, written document designed to assist the management
with the control of specific incidents in order to minimise disruption to normal work
activities and reduce the impact including post incident recovery.
To meet the requirements, the following arrangements should be in place, for a

successful rescue, if the worker had lost consciousness before managing to get out of
the walk-in spray room;
01. Raise the alarm: In case of lost consciousness (medical emergency), alarm
system is should be there to alert all about the emergency situation also to notify
the emergency rescue team:
02. Emergency contact: Emergency contact should be displayed at prominent

locations in the paining booth, for communicating relevant team/personnel’
03. Communication system: Dedicated phone, mobile phone or walkie-talkie system
should be in place for communicating the situation to the relevant personnel
inside the company and also contacting external emergency services including
ambulance;
04. Emergency rescue team: Trained emergency rescue team should be there to
protect the victim and manage the situation, and inform relevant personnel;
05. Trained first aider with adequate first suppliers: Advanced trained first aider and
adequate first aid supplies should be in place to provide immediate support to the
victim till the ambulance comes;
06. AED (Automatic external defibrillators) should be in place to recover the victim;
07. Breathing apparatus also should be in place for the ERT team including first
aiders to support the victim;
08. Structure also should be in place for providing first aid treatment to the victim;
09. A dedicated vehicle with driver should be in place, to shift the victim to the
hospital if the ambulance comes late;
10. Training should be provided to all personal involving in the painting booth, so that
they can react in case of a real emergency situation;
11. Regular rehearsals or exercise is required for ensuring immediate response to
this emergency situation.
Task 7: On-site emergency planning
Question 7
An emergency plan is a formal, written document designed to assist the management
with the control of specific incidents in order to minimise disruption to normal work
activities and reduce the impact including post incident recovery.
“On-site emergency plan is concerned with the control of an emergency using on-site
resources and is produced by the employer. Emergency plan should be kept up to date
to take account of changes on a planned regular basis, as well as when significant
changes occur”.
The on-site emergency plan for PAPFS should include details of the arrangements in
place to assist with an emergency off-site. The International legal requirements
applicable to onsite-emergency plan are as follows:
Article 18 of ILO Convention Occupational Safety and Health Convention-155, 1981

states that “employers shall be required to provide, where necessary, for measures to
deal with emergencies and accidents, including adequate first-aid arrangements”;

ILO Convention 174, 1993 – Prevention of major industrial accidents and the ILO Code
on the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents states that the “organizations should have
procedures in place for dealing with emergency situations”.
On-site emergency plan may be beneficial for PAPFS on the following ways;
01. Demonstrate PAPFS management commitment to safety: Employees safety is the

top priority of the company. By establishing on-site emergency plan to potential
threats and associated risks, the PAPFS can substantiate the importance of
employees’ safety and the protection of surrounding companies (MIST);
02. Identification of potential emergencies: PAPFS can identify all potential
emergencies both internal and external which may affect to the organization as a
whole; therefore, this is beneficial for PAPFS.
03. Internal emergencies include medical emergencies such as personal injury from
wood workshop, Fainting from spray paint booth, Electrocution from paint booth,
fire, explosion, chemical spills from paint booth, etc
04. External emergencies include, fire/explosion from “MIST” one of the nearby
warehouses, as it stores more than 250 tonnes of solvent-based aerosols with a
flash point of 8 degree centigrade;
05. Prepare for emergency situations: Once identify potential emergencies, PAPFS
can prepare repose procedure and provide training to their employees on how to
responds to each situation. For example, evacuation should be conducted in case
of fire emergency situation in the painting booth, for medical emergency at the
wood workshop ambulance should be called; This is also a benefit for PAPFS;
06. Response requirements: The emergency response plan will cover the response
required during each phase of the emergency, both immediately and longer term
which is also beneficial to the organization;
07. Detailed understanding of the plan: A detailed understanding of the likely
sequence of events and appropriate actions will help anyone who may be
expected to play in the response. For example, in the paint booth, a worker
complained of feeling ill. This is medical emergency situation. If a plan in place,
everybody will be aware of what to do, what not to do and how to do in case of
each emergency situation. This is also beneficial to the organisation;
08. Can take quick decisions: Key decisions can be taken quickly and under
considerable pressure because every step-by-step action has been clearly
addressed in the response plan.
09. Can prevent number of disasters: PAPFS can prevent number of disasters such
as fire, explosion, chemical spills, toxic materials release from the wood
workshop, paint booth etc. Which is also beneficial to PAPFS;
10. Provision of appropriate safeguards: Onsite emergency plan provides appropriate

safe guards to the PAPFS; which is also beneficial;
11. Meet applicable local and international legal requirements: On-site emergency
plan is a legal requirement as part of national and international law. PAPFS can
meet these requirements once they have this plan and can avoid enforcement
actions;
12. Can deal with the emergency as it occurs: Emergency plan can help PAPFS to
deal with the emergency as it occurs by following step by actions; which is also
beneficial;
13. Emergency services can take at least 30 minutes to reach the docklands area:
From the scenario it is observed that “emergency services can take at least 30
minutes to reach the docklands area”: Therefore, on-site emergency plan is
required for immediate response for PAPFS;
14. Limited mobile phone signals: From the scenario, it is observed that “ mobile
phone signals can be unreliable in this area and people often get lost due to the
confusing layout” : In this situation, on-site emergency plan would be beneficial to
the PAPFS;
15. Recover from the impact of the organization: Emergency plan also help PAPFS to
recover from the impact of the incident (fire or explosion etc) of the organization,
is also a beneficial;
16. Specific guidelines in the plan: On-site emergency plan have specific guidelines to
follow procedures to help facilitate an organised return to normal operating
conditions and the process of scaling down, which is also beneficial.
17. On-site emergency plan reduces consequences of potential loss of the
emergencies which is also beneficial;
18. Implementation of o n-site emergency plan can avoid organizational and human
errors, which is also beneficial;
19. On-site emergency plan can reduce injuries, ill-health and property damage etc
which is also beneficial to the organization;
20. On-site emergency plan provides high level awareness level to the employees on
how to respond to each emergency situations, which is also beneficial to the
organisation.
Task 8: Working at height
Question 8 (a)
Convention, 1981. Article 16 of C155 “identifies some basic obligations placed on
employers are stated as under: “Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is

control are safe and without risk to health”. HSE – UK Work at height regulations 2995
also identifies obligation of employer to provide safe work practice for work at height
activities.
In order to meet this legal requirement, the following factors should be considered when
assessing the risk of falls while working at height in the filming studios:
1. Means of providing safe working places for those working at height (stage): From
the scenario, it is observed that “each filming studio contains a raised stage area
of one ned. The stage is approximately 15 m wide and 1.5 m high and has no
edge protection. This issue is to be considered when assessing the risk;
2. Keeping the workplace secure: Work area should be secured to avoid un
authorised entry. Therefore, what kind of action to secure the workplace also to
be considered while assessing the risks;
3. The stage access for workers: From the scenario it is observed that “Movable steps
give access to the stage from the studio floor”. Therefore, risks arising from use of
movable steps also to be considered while assessing the risks;
4. Access for materials: From the scenario, it is understood that “This stage is used to
hold the background sets so that the models can be placed within them”..
Therefore, the risks involving access for background sets and models on the
stage also to be considered while assessing the risks;
5. Materials used for steps: From the scenario, it is observed that “The steps are
fitted with temporary rails that can be secured in position when workers are on the
stage”. Besides, metal ladders are used for correcting the stage lights. Therefore,
risk arising from the temporary rails and metal ladders also to be considered;
6. Movements of materials both background sets and models and its storage on the
stage: How to carry background sets and models on the stage also to be
considered. Risk of mechanical lifting or manual handling etc should be
considered for lifting, carrying and lowering of these materials on the stage;
7. Scope of the work at height: From the scenario, it is observed that the “scope of the
work includes, builds of models, figures and scenery used in the film and
produces animated films commercials and games for clients”. The risk arising
form the scope of work also to be considered while assessing the risk;
8. Nature of the work at height: From the scenario, it is understood that “Scenery is
installed and positioned on the stage by workers using a mobile tower scaffold
fitted with stabilisers”, also “portable ladders are used for tasks such as additional
painting, drilling and adjusting scenery” apart from other works on the stage.
Therefore, risk arising from the use of mobile tower scaffold fitted with stabilisers
and other works on the stage also to be considered;
9. Duration of the work at height (on the stage): How long the work is carried out (day

shift or night shift or extended work) in the filming studios also to be considered
for assessing the risks.
10. Frequency of the work: How many times the workers should carry out the work on
the state activity including mobile tower scaffold work; that also need to be
considered while assessing the risks, because the likelihood of the accidents
would be high when the activity is carried out more frequently;
11. Number of workers involved: How many numbers of workers involved in the
activity also to be considered for assessing the risks;
12. Competency of the worker: Competency is the combination of skill, knowledge,
training and experience. Incompetent workers could lead accidents. Therefore,
workers’ competency level also to be considered while assessing the risks;
13. Protecting workers from falls: From the scenario, it is understood that” the steps
are fitted with temporary rails that can be secured in position when workers are on
the stage”. The risk arising from these temporary rails also to be considered;
14. Protecting falling of materials from height: What protection has been given to
falling of materials from the stage such as models, scenery and other materials
and tools from the mobile tower scaffold also to be considered while assessing
the risks;
15. The existing control measures: The existing control measures to reduce the risks
also to be considered while assessing;
16. Previous accidents and investigation reports: Previous work at height accidents
and its investigation report will help the assessor to identify additional hazards
related with this particular activity. Therefore, that also to be considered while
assessing the risk;
17. Protecting other workers or visitors: Protect other workers through the use of
barriers, screening and protection from plant and falling materials will be another
consideration;
18. Working at height regulations 2005: Legal requirements both international and
national related with work at height also to be considered while assessing the
risks;
19. Other hazards involving in work at height: From the scenario, it is understood that
other hazards such as electrical hazards arising from correcting the studios lights
and drilling, hazards related with scaffolds erection & dismantling, ladder hazards
both metal and normal, exposure to chemical including paint, drilling hazards,
human error and violations (Production and film crew are often seen accessing
the stage area without using the portable steps) etc also there in the filming
studios. Therefore, these hazards also to be considered;
20. Utility supplies (electricity): Utility includes water, electricity, telephone etc also to

be considered for assessing the risks;
21. Personal protective equipment: Whether full body harness with shock absorber
with two-line yard and other PPEs are provided or not also to be considered for
22. Workplace security: Access control and work premises control by using security
also to be considered for assessing the risks;
23. Welfare facilities: Drinking water, toilet facility, eating facility, resting facility,
decontamination facility, first aid facility etc also to be considered while assessing
the risks;
24. Monitoring and supervision arrangements: From the scenario it is observed that
“The production manager is responsible for all aspects of the filming, including the
safety of people. However, there is no deputy when the manager is unavailable or
called away. Production and film crew are often seen accessing the stage area
without using the portable steps” due to lack of monitoring and supervision.
Therefore, this also to be considered while assessing the risks;
25. Emergency arrangements including provision of first aid: Emergency
arrangements including, emergency rescue team, trained first aider with adequate
first aid supplies, lifeline, AED, structure, wheel chair, eye wash station, dedicated
vehicle, emergency contact numbers, communication arrangements etc should be
in place while carrying out work at height activity as it is a high risk one. Therefore
these arrangements also to be considered while assessing the risks.
Question 8 (b)
Convention, 1981. Article 16 of C155 “identifies some basic obligations placed on
employers are stated as under: “Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is
control are safe and without risk to health”. HSE – UK Work at height regulations 2995
also identifies obligation of employer to provide safe work practice for work at height
activities.
In order to meet this legal requirement, the employer shall implement appropriate control
measures to avoid workplace accidents.
While evaluating the existing work at height control measures currently used in the filming
studios, it is observed that some area it is controlled however many areas needs
improvement. The evaluation findings are as follows:
01. From the scenario, it is observed that the work at heigh area at the filming studios

are not secured by using barricades with signages or any other means in order to
avoid tress pass or un authorised entry. Therefore, the work area needs to be
secured by using barricade or warning tap with warning signs;
02. From the scenario, it is observed that the stage access for workers from the
studio floor is provided with movable steps. The steps are fitted with temporary
rails that can be secured in position; therefore, workers are protected from fall
from height hazards when they are on the stage. Thick padded crash mats are
also positioned on the studio floor next to the stage, which will protect the
unpredicted movement of the movable steps. This is an acceptable control
measure in order to protect the workers from fall from height;
03. Metal ladder is also used for work at height activity: It is used for correcting the
stage electrical lights which could lead electrocution. Provision of metal ladder is
not a suitable control measure for electrical activities; therefore, the metal ladder
should be replaced with wooden or fibber ladder in order to avoid electrocution;
04. Portable ladders are used for work at height activity: From the scenario, it is
observed that “portable ladders are used for additional painting, drilling and
adjusting scenery”. However, how the ladders are used in order to avoid fall from
height, hit by falling objects from ladder, ladder collapse etc not been addressed
in the scenario;
05. Mobile tower scaffold is used for work at height activity: From the scenario, it is
understood that “Scenery is installed and positioned on the stage by workers
using a mobile tower scaffold fitted with stabilisers”. One of the engineering
controls used to avoid scaffold collapse is using stabilisers. However how to avoid
fall from tower scaffold, hit by falling objects from the scaffold, scaffold access etc
not been addressed in the scenario;
06. No scaffold inspection for avoiding scaffold collapse: From the scenario, it is
observed that “due to lack of storage space backstage, trained and experienced
workers assemble the scaffold every time it is required”, which is not accepted
since the work at height work is carried out without scaffold inspection. Moreover,
these workers are not competent unless they have third party training, skills,
knowledge and experience. Also, training for scaffold erection & dismantling is
different and training for scaffold inspection for different. Further, for each re-
erection of scaffold, inspection is mandatory. Therefore, the existing control
measure is not satisfactory, needs improvement;
07. No portable ladder inspection for avoiding ladder collapse: From the scenario, it is
observed that metal ladders are used for electrical activity, and portable ladders
are used for tasks such as additional painting, drilling, and adjusting scenery
without inspecting these ladders which is also not accepted control measure for

work at height activity;
08. Competency of the worker: Competency is the combination of skill, knowledge,
training and experience. Incompetent workers could lead accidents. From the
scenario, it is observed that the scaffold dismantlers and ladder users are not
competent to carry out the work at height activity;
09. Personal protective equipment: Full body harness with shock absorber with two-
line yard is required for scaffold and ladder activities in order to avoid fall from
height. However, it is not been provided as per the scenario;
10. Workplace security: Access control and perimeter control by using security
personal is not been provided at the work at place. Hit by falling objects may
happen for unauthorised entrants. Therefore, this area also needs improvement;
11. Welfare facilities: Drinking water, toilet facility, eating facility, resting facility,
decontamination facility, first aid facility etc also required for employees’ comfort
while carrying out work at height activities which is not in place;
12. Monitoring and supervision arrangements: From the scenario it is observed that
“The production manager is responsible for all aspects of the filming, including the
safety of people. However, there is no deputy when the manager is unavailable or
called away. Production and film crew are often seen accessing the stage area
without using the portable steps” due to lack of monitoring and supervision, which
may lead to fall from heights. Therefore, monitoring and supervision
arrangements need to be improved;
13. Emergency arrangements including provision of first aid: Emergency
arrangements including, emergency rescue team, trained first aider with adequate
first aid supplies, lifeline, AED, structure, wheel chair, eye wash station, dedicated
vehicle, emergency contact numbers, communication arrangements etc should be
in place while carrying out work at height activity to protect workers in case of
emergency situation such as fall from height. However, these are not in place as
per the scenario, also need to be improved.
Your total
15200
word count*
* please note that this form already has 0 words (excluding text boxes and footers), which
you can deduct from your total amount if you are using your word processor’s word count
function.
Documents and sources 01. Unit ID 3 Part-1 Course note of RRC International;
of information you used 02. Unit ID 3 Part-2 Course note of RRC International;
in your examination 03. International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention
155, & Recommendation 164;

04. ILO Convention 174, 1993;
05. Guarding of Machinery Convention, No. 119, 1963;
06. HSE-UK-Provision and use of work equipment
regulations (PUWER), 1998;
07. UK-HSE, HSG 38 -Assessing Lighting in the
workplace;
08. UK confined space regulations 1997;
09. HSE – UK Work at height regulations 2995.
End of examination
Now follow the instructions on submitting your answers in the NEBOSH Diploma Digital
Assessment: Technical Learner Guide. All Diploma Digital Assessment guidance
documents can be found on the NEBOSH website: https://www.nebosh.org.uk/digital-
assessments/diploma-assessments/resources-to-help-you-prepare/.

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01. Article 18 of ILO Convention Occupational Safety and Health Convention-155,

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Task 3: Reach-truck management

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Task 4: Risk of substances forming an explosive atmosphere

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Vapour cloud explosion may be confined; in a tank, vessel or building or unconfined in

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Task 5: Maintenance strategies

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01. Reduced efficiency of equipment: Frequent maintenance or over maintenance of

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Task 6: Recognising confined spaces and adopting safe working practices

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To meet the requirements, the following arrangements should be in place, for a

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Task 7: On-site emergency planning

Article 18 of ILO Convention Occupational Safety and Health Convention-155, 1981

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01. Demonstrate PAPFS management commitment to safety: Employees safety is the

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Task 8: Working at height

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