Introduction to

Trigonometry

Introduction

/padhleakshay
• The word 'trigonometry' is derived from the Greek words 'tri', 'gon' and 'metron'.
tri means - Three ; gon means - Sides or Angles ; metron means - Measure.
• Trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and angles of a
triangle, specially, Right-Angle Triangle.
• Some basic things about Right-Angle Triangle: A
θ a greek letter
Hypotenuse
(theta) used as a symbol to
Perpendicular
represent angles
Pythagoras theorem: )θ | B
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C
2 2 2
(Hypotenuse) = (Base) + (Perpendicular) Base

/padhleakshay
• Ye ham decide kaise karte hain ki kis side ko Base, kisko Perpendicular aur kise
Hypotenuse bolenge?
Ham ye dekhte hain ki Triangle me kis Angle ke respect me baat ho rhi hai
because...
(a) The Side opposite to the angle θ is taken as "Perpendicular".
(b) The Side of the triangle which is slant is taken as "Hypotenuse".
(c) The remaining third Side will be "Base".
Perpendicular

Hy (Sla
Hy (Sl

(θ के सामने)

θ
(बची हुई Side)

po nt
po an

te )
Base

te t)

nu
nu

se
se

θ
Perpendicular Base
(θ के सामने) (बची हुई Side)
 Trigonometric Ratios
There are some 6 ratios of the sides of a right triangle with respect to its acute angles,
which are called trigonometric ratios of the angle.
A

se
P - Perpendicular

nu
te
Perpendicular

po
B - Base

Hy
H - Hypotenuse C )θ B
Base
P ; Cosθ = B ; tanθ = P

/padhleakshay
Sinθ = H
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H B
Cosecθ = H ; Secθ = H ; Cotθ = B
B |
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P P
Inn saare ratios ko easily yaad rakhne ke liye ek Ninja Technique batata hoon...bas
yaad ho jayega isliye
Bolo Pandit Badri Prasad Har Har Bhole equals to Sona Chandi Tole

PANDIT BADRI PRASAD

= Sona Chandi Tole
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HAR HAR BHOLE

P = Sinθ B = Cosθ P = tanθ Sinθ Cosθ Tanθ

/padhleakshay
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H B
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उल्टा H
करदो अगर
H = Cosecθ H = Secθ B = Cotθ
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P
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B
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P
#ALWAYS REMEMBER
1 1
Sinθ = Cosθ = 1 tanθ =
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Cosecθ Secθ Cotθ

Inverse Inverse Inverse
Cosecθ = 1 1 Cotθ = 1
Secθ = Cosθ
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Sinθ tanθ

#Do formula aur yaad rakhna abhi ke liye :

Sinθ
tanθ = ; Cotθ = Cosθ
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Cosθ Sinθ
*Dhyan se dekho toh ye dono formule ek doosre ke Inverse hi hain...
Let's Practice:
Example: Given tanA = 4 , calculate all other trigonometric ratios.
∆

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3
SOLUTION: Let us first draw a right angle ABC. C
Given, tanA = 4 = P

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3 B 5
• Perpendicular = 4 & Base = 3 4
••
By using Pythagoras theorem in ABC,∆ )
(Hypo.) 2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2 A
3
B
2 2 2
=> AC = AB + BC
2 2 2
=> AC = (3) + (4)

/padhleakshay
2 2
=> AC = 25 = (5)
=> AC = 5
Abb aasani se baaki bache hue ratios nikal jayenge..
SinA = P = 4 CosecA = H = 5
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H 5 P 4
B
CosA = H = 3 SecA = H = 5
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5 B 3

tanA = P = 4 CotA = B = 3
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B 3 P 4
Example: In a right triangle ABC, right angled at B, if tanA = 1, then verify that
2SinACosA = 1. A
Given that tanA = 1 or 1 P
√2

/padhleakshay
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1 B
(
•
• • Perpendicular = 1 & Base = 1 1
Applying Pythagoras theorem in ABC∆
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 C B
1
=> AC2 = (1)2 + (1) 2 = 1 + 1
=> √
AC = 2
Now, finding the required ratios in L.H.S
SinA = P = 1 CosA = B = 1
√ √
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H 2 H 2

Now, taking L.H.S, i.e. 2SinACosA, we have

= 2× 1 × 1
√ √
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2 2
= 2
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2
= 1 = R.H.S
•
• • L.H.S = R.H.S Hence proved.
Example: If / A and / B are acute angles such that CosA = CosB, then show that / A = / B.

/•

/•

/•

/•
SOLUTION: Let us first draw a right triangle in which / A & / B are acute angles.
A

/
Given : / A & / B are acute angles and

/
•
CosA = CosB

(
To Prove : / A = / B
∆
/

/
B AC
Proof : In ABC, CosA = = } )

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H AB *remember that B C
B BC Pandit wala quote
CosB = = }

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H AB

/padhleakshay
Now, Since CosA = CosB
AC BC
=

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AB AB
AC = BC
=> / A = / B [angles opp. to equal sides of a ] ∆
/
/

Hence proved.

Example: If Secθ = 5 , verify that tanθ Sinθ

=
/

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4 1 + tan2 θ Secθ
H A
Given Secθ = 5 =
/
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4 B
• Hypotenuse = 5 & Base = 4
•• 5
By Using Pythagoras theorem in ABC ∆ 3
2 2
AC = AB + BC
2 )θ

/padhleakshay
2 2 2
C 4 B
5 = 4 + BC
2
BC = 25 - 16 = 9
=> BC = 3
• P 3 P 3
• • tanθ = B = 4 and Sinθ = H = 5
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tanθ 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3 12

Now, = = = = = × 16 =
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2
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1 + tan θ 1 + (3/4)
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1+ 9
2 16 + 9 25/16 4 25 25
16
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16
Sinθ 3/5 3
= = × 45 = 12
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Secθ 5/4 5 25

• tanθ Sinθ
•• =
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1 + tan θ Secθ
2

Hence verified.
Trigonometric Ratios of Some Specific Angles

/padhleakshay
*inko ratt Lena
do chaar baar

Abb ye saari values yaad kaise hongi?

Dekho saare trigonometric ratios ki values yaad rakhne ki jarurat nhi hoti, sirf Sinθ
ki values learn karlo baaki sabki apne aap use karna seekh jaaoge...batata hu kaise?
Dekho agar tumhe Sinθ ki O° se 90° tak ki values yaad ho, toh Cosθ ki values ke liye

/padhleakshay
inn sabhi values ko reverse order me likh do, toh Cos ki values aa jayengi......thik hai.
Tanθ ki values Sin ki saari values ko Cos ki saari values se divide karke mil jaati hain..
Cosecθ ki values Sinθ ki values ka inverse(ulta) karke mil jaati hain, aise hi Secθ ki Cosθ
ki values ko ulta karke and lastly Cotθ ki saari values tanθ ki values ko ulta karke..
Dekhlo...baaki jitni jyada practice karoge iske questions ki, apne aap yaad ho jati hain.

Example: Evaluate the following :

(i) Sin60°cos45° + Cos60°sin45° (ii) Cos60°cos30° - sin60°sin30°
SOLUTION: (i) 3 √ 1 1 × 1 √ √
(ii) 1 × 3 - 3 × 1
√
×
√ +
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2 2 2 2
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2 2 2 2
√
3 1 =√ 3 - √3
=
√ √+
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2 2 2 2 4 4
√
= 3+1 =
√3 - √3
√
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4
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2 2
=0
Example: If Sin(A - B) = 1 , cos(A + B) = 1 , 0° < A + B _< 90°, find A and B.

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2 2
SOLUTION: Given, Sin(A - B) = 1 *इसको हम Sin की Terms me kya

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2 लिख sakte hain? सोचो
Sin(A - B) = Sin30°
=> A - B = 30° ..............(1)
Also, Cos(A + B) = 1 *इसको हम Cos की Terms me kya
2

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लिख sakte hain? सोचो
Cos(A + B) = Cos60°
=> A + B = 60° ..............(2)

/padhleakshay
Now, using Elimination method to solve eq(1) & eq(2)
A - B = 30° Putting A = 45° in eq(2)
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A + B = 60° A + B = 60°
2A = 90° 45° + B = 60°
A = 45° B = 60° - 45° => B = 15°

Example: Find the value of X in each of the following:

(i) tan3x = Sin45°cos45° + sin30° (ii) Cosx = Cos60°cos30° + sin60°sin30°
(iii) Sin2x = Sin60°cos30° - cos60°sin30°
SOLUTION: (i) Given, tan3x = Sin45°cos45° + sin30°
tan3x = 1 × 1 + 1
√ √
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2 2 2

tan3x = 1 + 1 = 2

/padhleakshay
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2 2 2
tan3x = 1 => tan3x = 45° => 3x = 45° => x = 15°

√ √
(ii) Given, Cosx = Cos60°cos30° + sin60°sin30°
Cosx = 1 ×
3
+ 3× 1
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2 2
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2 2
√ √ √
Cosx =
3
+ 3
=
2 3
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4 4 4
√
Cosx = 3 => Cosx = Cos30° => x = 30°
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√ √
(iii) Given, Sin2x = Sin60°cos30° - cos60°sin30°
Sin2x = 3 ×
3
- 1 × 1
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2 2 2 2
1 1
Sin2x = 3 - = 2 =
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4 4 4 2
Sin2x = 1 => Sin2x = sin30° => 2x = 30° => x = 15°
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Trigonometric Identities (V.V imp)
There are 3 main Trigonometric Identities which are to be used while solving questions
of this topic. Several other identities will also be derived from these 3 identities.

Identity 1 : Cos2θ + Sin2 θ = 1

Identity 2 : 1 + tan2 θ = Sec2θ
Identity 3 : Cot2θ + 1 = Cosec2θ

/padhleakshay
Now, let's do a quick proof of the above identities :-
Let us consider a right-angled triangle ABC, which is right-angled at B.
∆
In ABC, right-angled at B, by Pythagoras theorem
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 ...........(1)
2
Dividing each term of eq(1) by AC , we get
AB
2
BC2 AC2
+ =
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AC2 AC2
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AC 2
2 2 2

i.e. + =
2
i.e. (CosA) 2 + (SinA) = 1
i.e. (Cos2A) + (Sin2A) = 1 ...........(2)

/padhleakshay
2
Let us now divide eq(1) by AB , we get
AB2 BC2 = AC2
+
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AB2 AB2 AB2

2 2 2
i.e. + =

i.e. 1 + tan2A = Sec2A ...........(3)

2
Let us now divide eq(1) by BC , we get
AB2 BC2 AC2
+ =
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BC2 BC2 BC2

2 2 2
i.e. + =
2 2
i.e. Cot A + 1 = Cosec A
All Identities(formulas) of this topic :
These three identities and some more identities obtained from these identities by
performing simple algebraic operations like addition, subtraction are listed below
for ready reference.
(i) Sin2 θ + Cos2θ = 1 (vii) 1 + Cot2θ = Cosec2θ
(ii) Sin2θ = 1 - Cos2θ (viii) Cosec2θ - Cot2θ = 1
(iii) Cos2θ = 1 - Sin2 θ (ix) Cot2 θ = Cosec2 θ - 1
1
(iv) 1 + tan2 θ = Sec2θ (x) Cosecθ + Cotθ =

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Cosecθ - Cotθ
(v) Sec2θ - tan2 θ = 1
1
(vi) tan2 θ = Sec2θ - 1

/padhleakshay
(xi) Secθ + tanθ =

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Secθ - tanθ

Let's Practice :
TYPE 1 : Direct Formula Based Questions
Example: Prove the following trigonometric identities :
(i) (1 - sin θ)Sec θ = 1 (ii) cos2θ (1 + tan2θ) = 1
1 1
(iii) cos2θ + =1 (iv) cot2θ - = -1

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sin2θ
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2
1 + cot θ
SOLUTION: (i)LHS = (1 - sin2 θ)Sec2θ (ii) LHS = cos2θ (1 + tan2 θ)
= cos θ Sec θ
2 2
= cos2θ sec2θ
1 1
= cos θ
2
( ) = cos2θ ( )
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cos2θ
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cos2θ

/padhleakshay
= 1 = 1
• •
• • LHS = RHS • • LHS = RHS
2 1
(iii) LHS = cos2θ +
1 (iv) LHS = cot θ -
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sin2 θ
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1 + cot2θ
2 2
1 = cot θ - cosec θ
= cos θ +
2
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Cosec2θ = -1
= cos θ + sin θ
2 2 •
• • LHS = RHS
=1
•
• • LHS = RHS
*Note: In the above questions while solving, I have not mentioned the formulas used at
every step, but whenever you are doing these questions you must write the formulas
used at every step (in brackets), it is a very good practice to do any question
properly.
TYPE 2 : Rationalisation
Example: Prove the following identities :
(i) secA (ii)

SOLUTION: (i) Rationalising LHS by multiplying both Nr and Dr with

= × =

= *square se root cancel ho gya yahaan

/padhleakshay
*alag alag kar liya yahan

= secA + tanA = RHS

•
• • LHS = RHS Hence proved.

(ii) Rationalising LHS by multiplying both Nr and Dr with

= ×

= _ _

= *square se root cancel ho gya yahaan

/padhleakshay
= = cosecA - cotA = RHS

• LHS = RHS Hence proved.

••

(iii) =
Rationalising LHS by multiplying both Nr and Dr with (1 - sinθ)
= =

= = = = RHS
•
• • LHS = RHS Hence proved.
TYPE 3 : Converting tanθ/Cotθ in terms of Sinθ/Cosθ
Example: Prove the following identities:
(i) tanθ - cotθ = tan2 θ - cot2θ (ii) CotA - CosA = CosecA - 1

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sinθcosθ CotA + CosA CosecA + 1
tanθ - cotθ
SOLUTION: (i) LHS =

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sinθcosθ

LHS = = =
*upar le jao
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/padhleakshay
LHS = =
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2 2 2 2
LHS = sec θ - cosec θ = (1 + tan θ) - (1 + cot θ)
LHS = 1 + tan2θ - 1 - cot2θ = tan2 θ - cot2θ = RHS
•
• • LHS = RHS Hence proved.

CotA - CosA
(ii) LHS =
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CotA + CosA
| CosecA - 1
LHS = = =

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| CosecA + 1

/padhleakshay
•
• • LHS = RHS Hence proved.
CosA SinA
(iii) + = cosA + sinA
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1 - tanA 1 - cotA
Cos sin
LHS = + =
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_ sin
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LHS = =

Cos2A - Sin2A
LHS =
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Cos A - Sin A
(cosA - sinA) (cosA + sinA)
LHS =
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Cos A - Sin A

LHS = cosA + sinA = RHS

•
• • LHS = RHS Hence proved.
TYPE 4 : Solving both LHS and RHS separately
Example: Prove the following identities:
1
(i) (cosecA - sinA) (secA - cosA) =

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tanA + cotA
(ii)
1 _ 1 = 1 _ 1

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cosecA - cotA sinA sinA cosecA + cotA
SOLUTION: (i) LHS = (cosecA - sinA) (secA - cosA)
LHS = =
Cos2θ Sin2 θ
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×

/padhleakshay
LHS = = SinθCosθ ...........(i)
Sinθ Cosθ
1 1 SinθCosθ
RHS = = =
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2
tanA + cotA Sinθ Cosθ
+ Sin 2
θ + Cos θ
Cosθ Sinθ
SinθCosθ
RHS = = SinθCosθ ...........(ii)
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1
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• • From (i) & (ii), LHS = RHS

(ii) LHS = 1 _ 1
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cosecA - cotA sinA

1 cosecA + cotA _ 1
LHS = × ||
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cosecA - cotA cosecA + cotA sinA

cosecA + cotA _ cosecA cosecA + cotA _ cosecA
LHS = =
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2 2
cosec A - cot A 1
cosecA + cotA _ cosecA [•••cosec2A - cot 2A = 1]

/padhleakshay
LHS =
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1
LHS = cosecA + cotA - cosecA = cotA ...........(i)
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1 _ 1
RHS =
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sinA cosecA + cotA

1 _ 1 cosecA - cotA
RHS = ×
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sinA cosecA + cotA cosecA - cotA

RHS =
1 _ cosecA - cotA = 1 _ cosecA - cotA
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sinA cosec2A - cot2A sinA 1

RHS = cosecA - cosecA + cotA
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RHS = cotA ...........(ii)

•
• • From (i) & (ii), LHS = RHS
TYPE 5 : p /q /m /n type of question
Example: If sinθ + cosθ = p and secθ + cosecθ = q, show that q(p2- 1) = 2p.
SOLUTION: LHS = q(p2 - 1)
2
LHS = (secθ + cosecθ) {(sinθ + cosθ) - 1 }
LHS = {sin θ + cos θ + .........(1)
2sinθcosθ - 1}

LHS = (1 + 2sinθcosθ - 1)

/padhleakshay
LHS = (2sinθcosθ) = 2 (sinθ + cosθ) = 2p = RHS

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Example: If tanθ + sinθ = m and tanθ - sinθ = n, show that m - n2 = 4√mn

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LHS = m2 - n2
2 2
LHS = (tanθ + sinθ) - (tanθ - sinθ)
LHS = 4tanθsinθ .........(1) [•••(a + b)2- (a - b) = 4ab]
2

RHS = 4 mn√
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RHS = 4
RHS = 4

RHS = 4 = 4

/padhleakshay
RHS = 4 =4 sinθ
= 4sinθ
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cosθ

RHS = 4sinθtanθ .........(2)

•
• • From (1) & (2) LHS = RHS

*After studying from

these notes
*Note: Worksheet (important questions of all typology with answers) is
provided as a separate PDF on website padhleakshay.com