Numeracy Module1 2021

MODULE
1 Whole Numbers
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

SECTION
1.1 Introduction to Whole Numbers

Objective 1.1A
Identify the order relation between two numbers

Identify the order relation between two numbers (1 of 4)
The natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, ... .
The whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, ... .

Note that the whole numbers include the natural numbers
and zero.
Just as distances are associated with markings on the edge

of a ruler, the whole numbers can be associated with points
on a line.
4
This line is called the number line and is shown below.
The graph of a whole number is shown by placing a heavy

dot on the number line directly above the number.
5
Focus on graphing a number on a number line
Graph 4 on the number line.
Solution:
On the number line, the numbers get larger as we move

from left to right. The numbers get smaller as we move from
right to left. Therefore, the number line can be used to
visualize the order relation between two whole numbers.
6
A number that appears to the right of a given number is

greater than the given number. The symbol for is greater
than is >.
8 is to the right of 3.
8 is greater than 3.
8>3
7
A number that appears to the left of a given number is less

than the given number. The symbol for is less than is <.
5 is to the left of 12.

5 is less than 12.
5 < 12
An inequality expresses the relative order of two

mathematical expressions. 8 > 3 and 5 < 12 are inequalities.
8
Objective 1.1B
Write whole numbers in words, in standard form,

and in expanded form

Write whole numbers in words, in standard form, and in expanded form (1 of 5)
When a whole number is written using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, it is said to be in standard form. The
position of each digit in the number determines the digit’s
place value.
The diagram below shows a place-value chart naming the

first twelve place values. The number 64,273 is in standard
form and has been entered in the chart.
2
In the number 64,273, the position of the digit 6 determines

that its place value is ten-thousands.
When a number is written in standard form, each group of

digits separated by a comma is called a period.
The number 5,316,709,842 has four periods. The period

names are shown in red in the place-value chart.
3
Focus on writing a number in words
Write 82,593,075 in words.
Solution:
There are three periods.
eighty-two million five hundred Name the number in each period,

ninety-three thousand seventy- replacing each comma by the period
name.
five
4
To write a whole number in standard form, write the number

named in each period, and replace each period name with a
comma.
5
Focus on writing a number in standard form
Write six million fifty-one thousand eight hundred seventy-
four in standard form.
Solution:
six million fifty-one thousand eight hundred seventy-four
Underline each period name.
6,051,874 Write the number in each period,

replacing each period name with a
comma. Each period, except the
first, must contain three digits. Insert
a zero as a placeholder for the
hundred-thousands place.
6
The whole number 37,286 can be written in expanded form

as
30,000 + 7000 + 200 + 80 + 6
7
The place-value chart can be used to find the expanded

form of a number.
8
Objective 1.1C
Round a whole number to a given place

value

Round a whole number to a given place value (1 of 3)
When the distance to the sun is given as 93,000,000 mi, the

number represents an approximation to the true distance.
Giving an approximate value for an exact number is called
rounding.
We can round a number to a given place value by looking at

the first digit to the right of the given place value.
2
3
4
Focus on rounding a number to a given place value
Round 435,278 to the nearest ten-thousand.
Solution:
435,278 rounded to the nearest ten-thousand is 440,000.
5
Objective 1.1D
Solve application problems and use

statistical graphs

Solve application problems and use statistical graphs (1 of 7)
Graphs are displays that provide a pictorial representation

of data. The advantage of graphs is that they present
information in a way that is easily read.
A pictograph uses symbols to represent information. The

symbol chosen usually has a connection to the data it
represents.
2
Figure 1 represents the net worth of America’s richest

billionaires.
Net Worth of America’s Richest Billionaires

Figure 1
Each symbol represents 10 billion dollars.
3
A typical household in the United

States has an average after-tax
income of $40,550. The circle graph
in Figure 2 represents how this
annual income is spent.
The complete circle represents the

total amount, $40,550. Each sector of
the circle represents the amount spent Average Annual Expenses in a
U.S. Household
on a particular expense. Figure 2
4
The bar graph in Figure 3 shows the expected U.S.

population aged 100 and over for various years.
Expected U.S. Population Aged 100 and Over

Figure 3
5
A double-bar graph is used to

display data for the purposes of
comparison.
The double-bar graph in Figure 4

shows the fuel efficiency of four
vehicles, as rated by the
Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA Fuel Efficiency Ratings
Figure 4
These are among the most fuel-efficient 2011-model-year

cars for city and highway mileage.
6
The broken-line graph in Figure 5 shows the effect of

inflation on the value of a $100,000 life insurance policy.
(An inflation rate of 5 percent is used here.)
Effect of Inflation on the Value of a $100,000 Life Insurance Policy

Figure 5
7
To solve an application problem, first read the problem

carefully.
The Strategy involves identifying the quantity to be found

and planning the steps that are necessary to find that
quantity.
The Solution involves performing each operation stated in

the Strategy and writing the answer.
8
Focus on reading a circle graph (1 of 2)
The circle graph below shows the results of a survey of 300
people who were asked to name their favourite sport. Which
sport was named by the least number of people?
Distribution of Responses in a Survey
9
Focus on reading a circle graph (2 of 2)
Strategy:
To find the sport named by the least number of people, find
the smallest number given in the circle graph.
Solution:
The smallest number given in the graph is 20.
The sport named by the least number of people was golf.
10
SECTION
Addition and Subtraction of Whole

1.2 Numbers

Objective 1.2A
Add whole numbers

Add whole numbers (1 of 3)
Addition is the process of finding the total of two or more
numbers.
The basic addition facts for adding one digit to another digit
should be memorized. Addition of larger numbers requires
the repeated use of the basic addition facts.
To add large numbers, begin by arranging the numbers

vertically, keeping digits of the same place value in the
same column.
3
When the sum of the numbers in a column exceeds 9,
addition involves “carrying.”
All of the phrases listed below indicate addition. An example

is shown to the right of each phrase.
added to 6 added to 9 9+6

more than 3 more than 8 8+3
the sum of the sum of 7 and 4 7 + 4
increased by 2 increased by 5 2+5
the total of the total of 1 and 6 1 + 6
plus 8 plus 10 8 + 10
4
Focus on finding the total of numbers
Find the total of 17, 103, and 8.
Solution:
7 + 3 + 8 = 18
Write the 8 in the ones
column. Carry the 1 to the
tens column.
5
Just as the word it is used in language to stand for an
object, a letter of the alphabet can be used in mathematics
to stand for a number. Such a letter is called a variable.
A mathematical expression that contains one or more

variables is a variable expression.
Replacing the variables in a variable expression with

numbers and then simplifying the numerical expression is
called evaluating the variable expression.
6
Focus on evaluating a variable expression
Evaluate x + y + z for x = 8427, y = 3659, and z = 6281.
Solution:
x+y+z
8427 + 3659 + 6281 Replace x with 8427, y with 3659, and z with
6281.
Add the numbers.
7
SECTION

1.2 Numbers

Objective 1.2B
Subtract whole numbers

Subtract whole numbers (1 of 4)
Subtraction is the process of finding the difference between
two numbers.
To subtract large numbers, begin by arranging the numbers

vertically, keeping digits of the same place value in the same
column. Then subtract the numbers in each column.
Find the difference between 8955 and 2432.
A difference is the answer to a subtraction problem.
3
In the subtraction example above, the lower digit in each

place value column is smaller than the upper digit. When the
lower digit is larger than the upper digit, subtraction involves
“borrowing.”
4
Subtraction may involve repeated borrowing.
When there is a zero in the minuend, subtraction involves

repeated borrowing.
5
Focus on subtracting two numbers with repeated borrowing (1 of 2)
Subtract 46,005 − 32,167 and check.
Solution:
There are two zeros in the minuend. Borrow 1
thousand from the thousands column and write
10 in the hundreds column.
Borrow 1 hundred from the hundreds column and

write 10 in the tens column.
6
Focus on subtracting two numbers with repeated borrowing (2 of 2)
Borrow 1 ten from the tens column and add 10

to the 5 in the ones column.
Check:
7
All of the phrases listed below indicate subtraction. An
example is shown to the right of each phrase.
minus 10 minus 3 10 − 3
less 8 less 4 8−4
less than 2 less than 9 9−2
the difference between the difference between 6 and 1 6−1
decreased by 7 decreased by 5 7−5
subtract ... from subtract 11 from 20 20 − 11
8
SECTION

1.2 Numbers

Objective 1.2C
Solve application problems

Focus on solving an application with a circle graph (1 of 3)
The circle graph below shows the numbers of eggs produced

in the United States in a recent year.
Eggs Produced in the United States (in cases)
3
The graph shows where the eggs that were produced went
or how they were used. Use the graph to determine the sum
of the number of cases of eggs sold by retail stores and the
number of cases used for non-shell products.
Strategy:
To find the sum of the number of cases of eggs sold by retail
stores and the number of cases used for non-shell products,
read the circle graph to find the number of each type. Then
add the numbers.
4
Solution:
125,500,000 cases of eggs were sold by retail stores.
68,200,000 cases of eggs were used for non-shell products.
193,700,000 cases of eggs were sold by retail stores or

used for non-shell products.
5
SECTION
Multiplication and Division of Whole

1.3 Numbers

Objective 1.3A
Multiply whole numbers

Multiply whole numbers (1 of 2)
Multiplication is used to find the total number of objects in
several groups when each group contains the same number
of objects.
The multiplicand is the number of objects in each group;

the multiplier is the number of groups; the product is the
total number of objects.
A factor is one of the numbers that are multiplied to obtain a

product.
3
The times sign “×” is only one symbol that is used to
indicate multiplication. Each of the expressions that follow
represents multiplication.
7 × 8 7 · 8 7(8) (7)(8) (7)8
The phrases below are used to indicate the operation of
multiplication. An example is shown at the right of each
phrase.
times 8 times 4 8·4
the product of the product of 9 and 5 9·5
multiplied by 7 multiplied by 3 3·7
twice twice 6 2·6
4
Focus on finding the product of two numbers
Find the product of 735 and 9.
Solution:
9 × 5 = 45
Write the 5 in the ones column. Carry
the 4 to the tens column.
9 × 3 = 27, 27 + 4 = 31
9 × 7 = 63, 63 + 3 = 66
5
SECTION

1.3 Numbers

Objective 1.3B
Divide whole numbers

Divide whole numbers (1 of 6)
Division is used to separate objects into equal groups.
Apply the Concept

Four friends want to share equally in the cost of a $24
birthday present for their friend Bianca. From the diagram
below, each friend’s share of the cost is $6.
3
The solution of this division problem is written as follows:
Property of One in Division

Any whole number, except zero, divided by itself is 1.
EXAMPLES
4
Property of Zero in Division
Zero divided by any whole number other than zero is zero.
EXAMPLES
5
Note that the Property of Zero in Division states that zero
divided by any whole number other than zero is zero.
Division by zero is not allowed.
When the dividend is a larger whole number, the digits in

the quotient are found in steps.
6
There are other ways of expressing division.
54 divided by 9 equals 6.
54 ÷ 9 equals 6.
equals 6.
7
Focus on dividing two numbers
Divide 2808 ÷ 8 and check.
Solution:
Check: 351 × 8 = 2808
8
The times sign “×” is only one symbol that is used to
indicate multiplication. Each of the expressions that follow
represents multiplication.
7 × 8 7 · 8 7(8) (7)(8) (7)8
The phrases below are used to indicate the operation of
multiplication. An example is shown at the right of each
phrase.
times 8 times 4 8·4
the product of the product of 9 and 5 9·5
multiplied by 7 multiplied by 3 3·7
twice twice 6 2·6
9
SECTION

1.3 Numbers

Objective 1.3C
Solve application problems

Focus on finding a weekly salary with overtime (1 of 2)
A pharmacist’s assistant earns $640 for working a 40-hour

week. This week the assistant also worked 7 h of overtime
at $26 an hour. Find the assistant’s total pay for the week.
Strategy:
To find the assistant’s total pay for the week:
• Find the overtime pay by multiplying the hours of overtime

(7) by the overtime rate of pay (26).
• Add the weekly salary (640) to the overtime pay.
3
Focus on finding a weekly salary with overtime (2 of 2)
Solution:
The assistant earned $822 this week.
4
SECTION
Exponential Notation and the Order
1.4 of Operations Agreement

Objective 1.4A
Simplify expressions that contain exponents

Simplify expressions that contain exponents (1 of 4)
Repeated multiplication of the same factor can be written in

two ways:
The expression is in exponential form. The exponent,

5, indicates how many times the base, 4, occurs as a factor
in the multiplication.
3
It is important to be able to read numbers written in

exponential form.
Read “two to the first power” or just “two.”

Usually the 1 is not written.
Read “two squared” or “two to the second

power.”
Read “two cubed” or “two to the third

power.”
4
Variable expressions can contain exponents.
x to the first power is usually written simply

as x.
means x times x.
means x occurs as a factor 3 times.
5
Each place value in the place-value chart can be expressed

as a power of 10.
6
Evaluate for x = 4 and y = 2.
Solution:
= 16 · 8
= 128
7
SECTION
Exponential Notation and the Order

1.4 of Operations Agreement

Objective 1.4B
Use the Order of Operations Agreement to

simplify expressions

Use the Order of Operations Agreement to simplify expressions (1 of 3)
More than one operation may occur in a numerical

expression.
The operations could be performed in different orders.
To prevent there being more than one answer to the same

problem, an Order of Operations Agreement is followed.
3
The Order of Operations Agreement

Step 1 Do all operations inside parentheses.
Step 2 Simplify any numerical expressions containing

exponents.
Step 3 Do multiplication and division as they occur from left

to right.
Step 4 Do addition and subtraction as they occur from left to

right.
4
EXAMPLE
Simplify:
Perform operations inside parentheses.
= 5(10) − 8 Simplify expressions with exponents.
= 50 − 8 Do multiplication and division from left to right.
= 42 Do addition and subtraction from left to right.
5
Evaluate for a = 6, b = 4, and c = 1.
Solution:
Replace a with 6, b with 4, and c with 1.
Perform operations inside parentheses.
= 4 + 3(1) Simplify expressions with exponents.
=4+3 Multiply or divide from left to right.
=7 Add.

Numeracy Module1 2021

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Numeracy Module1 2021

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MODULE

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

1.1 Introduction to Whole Numbers

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Identify the order relation between two numbers

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

The natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, ... .

The whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, ... .

Just as distances are associated with markings on the edge

This line is called the number line and is shown below.

The graph of a whole number is shown by placing a heavy

Graph 4 on the number line.

On the number line, the numbers get larger as we move

A number that appears to the right of a given number is

A number that appears to the left of a given number is less

5 is to the left of 12.

An inequality expresses the relative order of two

Write whole numbers in words, in standard form,

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

When a whole number is written using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

The diagram below shows a place-value chart naming the

In the number 64,273, the position of the digit 6 determines

When a number is written in standard form, each group of

The number 5,316,709,842 has four periods. The period

There are three periods.

eighty-two million five hundred Name the number in each period,

To write a whole number in standard form, write the number

6,051,874 Write the number in each period,

The whole number 37,286 can be written in expanded form

The place-value chart can be used to find the expanded

Round a whole number to a given place

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

When the distance to the sun is given as 93,000,000 mi, the

We can round a number to a given place value by looking at

Round 435,278 to the nearest ten-thousand.

435,278 rounded to the nearest ten-thousand is 440,000.

Solve application problems and use

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Graphs are displays that provide a pictorial representation

A pictograph uses symbols to represent information. The

Figure 1 represents the net worth of America’s richest

Net Worth of America’s Richest Billionaires

Each symbol represents 10 billion dollars.

A typical household in the United

The complete circle represents the

The bar graph in Figure 3 shows the expected U.S.

Expected U.S. Population Aged 100 and Over

A double-bar graph is used to

The double-bar graph in Figure 4

These are among the most fuel-efficient 2011-model-year

The broken-line graph in Figure 5 shows the effect of

Effect of Inflation on the Value of a $100,000 Life Insurance Policy

To solve an application problem, first read the problem

The Strategy involves identifying the quantity to be found

The Solution involves performing each operation stated in

Distribution of Responses in a Survey

Addition and Subtraction of Whole

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Add whole numbers

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

To add large numbers, begin by arranging the numbers

All of the phrases listed below indicate addition. An example