КОМПЈУТЕРСКИ

КОМУНИКАЦИСКИ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
Вовед во мрежи
- Introduction to networks-
м-р Данијела Ефнушева
danijela@feit.ukim.edu.mk
 1 задача

• Which layers in the Internet protocol stack does a router

process? Which layers does a link-layer switch process? Which
layers does a host process?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routers process layers 1 through 3. (This is a little bit of a white
lie, as modern routers sometimes act as firewalls or caching
components, and process layer four as well.) Link layer switches
process layers 1 through 2. Hosts process all five layers.

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 2/17

Продолжение на 1 задача

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 3/17

 2 задача

• What is an application-layer message? A transport-layer

segment? A network layer datagram? A link-layer frame?
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Application-layer message: data which an application wants
to send and passed onto the transport layer; transport-
layer segment: generated by the transport layer and
encapsulates application-layer message with transport
layer header; network-layer datagram: encapsulates
transport-layer segment with a network-layer header; link-
layer frame: encapsulates network-layer datagram with a
link-layer header.
м-р Данијела Ефнушева 4/17
 3 задача

• Да се прикаже на кое ниво од TCP/IP протоколниот

пласт припаѓаат протоколите: HTTP, SMTP, RTP, DNS,
TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP, DSL, SONET, 802.11, Ethernet!

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 5/17

 4 задача

• What is the main difference between TCP and UDP?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
TCP is connection oriented, whereas UDP is a
connectionless service.
They are both transport layer protocols.

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 6/17

 5 задача

• When a file is transferred between two computers, two acknowledgement

strategies are possible. In the first one, the file is chopped up into packets,
which are individually acknowledged by the receiver, but the file transfer as a
whole is not acknowledged. In the second one, the packets are not
acknowledged individually, but the entire file is acknowledged when it
arrives. Discuss these two approaches.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
If the network tends to lose packets, it is better to acknowledge each one
separately, so the lost packets can be retransmitted. On the other hand, if the
network is highly reliable, sending one acknowledgement at the end of the
entire transfer saves bandwidth in the normal case (but requires the entire
file to be retransmitted if even a single packet is lost).

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 7/17

 6 задача

• A system has an n-layer protocol hierarchy. Applications

generate messages of length M bytes. At each of the layers, an
h-byte header is added. What fraction of the network
bandwidth is filled with headers?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
With n layers and h bytes added per layer, the total
number of header bytes per message is hn, so the
space wasted on headers is hn.
The total message size is M + nh, so the fraction of
bandwidth wasted on headers is
hn / (M + hn).
м-р Данијела Ефнушева 8/17
 7 задача

• Eдна машина која користи TCP/IP протоколен пласт,

испраќа апликациска порака со големина од 140B,
преку мрежа. Доколку долните нивоа од TCP/IP
пластот на машината додаваат свое заглавие, секое
со големина од 20B, да се определи колкав процент
од податоците претставуваат корисни податоци(без
overhead) во испратената порака?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
• порака = 140B+3*20B=200B
• Процент на корисни податоци=140/200 = 0,7 =70%
м-р Данијела Ефнушева 9/17
 8 задача

• Eдна машина која користи TCP/IP протоколен пласт, испраќа

апликациска порака со големина од 240B, преку мрежа.
Доколку долните нивоа од TCP/IP пластот на машината
додаваат свое заглавие, секое со големина од 20B, да се
определи колкав процент од податоците претставуваат
overhead (некорисни податоци) во испратената порака?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Порака = 240B+3*20B=300B
• Некорисни податоци (заглавја)=60B
• Процент на некорисни податоци=60/300 = 0,2 =20%

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 10/17

 9 задача

• An end system sends 50 packets per second using the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) over a full duplex 100 Mbps Ethernet LAN connection. Each
packet consists 1500B of Ethernet frame payload data. The length of the IP
header is 20B and the length of the UDP header is 8B. What is the
throughput, when measured at the UDP layer?
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• Frame Size = 1500B
• Packet has the following headers:
• IP header (20B) and UDP header (8B)
• Total header in each packet = 28B
• Total UDP payload data is therefore 1500-28 = 1472B.
• Throughput = number of useful (data) bits transferred by a layer using the
services of the layer below.
• Total bits sent per second = 1472 x 8 x 50 = 588800 bps or 588 kbps.
м-р Данијела Ефнушева 11/17
 10 задача

• A TCP session sends 10 packets per second over an Ethernet Local Area
Network (LAN). Each packet consists 1480B of Ethernet frame excluding the
preamble and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). The length of the TCP header is
20B, the length of the IP header is 20B and the length of the MAC header is
14B. Calculate the size of the headers, and hence the TCP payload data. What
therefore is the TCP throughput of the session?
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• First we determine the protocol headers which contribute to the PDU size:
• MAC Header (14 bytes) + IP Header (20 bytes) + TCP(20 bytes) + TCP Payload ( ? bytes)
• Next determine the size of the payload:
• TCP Payload = 1480B - ( 14+20+20)B = 1426 B
• Throughput = number of useful (data) bits transferred by a layer using the
services of the layer below.
= 1426 x 8 x 10 b/s = 114 kbps
м-р Данијела Ефнушева 12/17
 КОМПЈУТЕРСКИ
КОМУНИКАЦИСКИ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

Задачи за вежбање

м-р Данијела Ефнушева

danijela@feit.ukim.edu.mk
 1 задача

• Suppose you would like to urgently deliver 40 terabytes data from

Boston to Los Angeles. You have available a 100 Mbps dedicated link
for data transfer. Would you prefer to transmit the data via this link
or instead use FedEx overnight delivery? Explain.
• 40 terabytes = 40 * 1012 * 8 bits
• So, if using the dedicated link, it will take:
40 * 1012 * 8 bits/(100 * 106 b/s) = 3200000 sec = 37 days
• But with FedEx overnight delivery, you can guarantee the data arrives
in one day, and it only costs you no more than $100.

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 14/17

 2 задача

• A media server is transmitting a video of 4 × 3 inch at a resolution 60

pixels per inch, 2 bytes/pixel color encoding. How long does it take to
transmit it over a 3456 Mbps channel?

• Each color component is 4 x3 x60 x2 bytes or 1440 bytes. This is

11520 bits.
• The color image is 3 x 11520 bits = 34560 bits
• At 3456 Mbps, it takes 34560bits/3456Mbps=10µsec to transmit the
video. 15/17
м-р Данијела Ефнушева
 3 задача

• Колкава е максималната податочна рата за 4KHz канал? Каква

е промената на максималната податочна рата, во случај кога
каналот е со шум, така што односот сигнал-шум изнесува
30dB?
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• Најквистова граница: 2*4 kHz*log2V = 8К*log2V b/s
– 8000 примероци/sec
– Ако секој примерок e претставен со 16 бита => max_data_rate = 8K*16 b/s = 128 Kb/s
– Ако секој примерок е претставен со 1024 бита => max_data_rate = 8K*1024 b/s =
8,192 Мb/s
• Шенонова граница
H=4000Hz; однос сигнал-шум =30 db  10log10 S / N  30dB

16/17
 4 задача

• Каков однос сигнал-шум е потребен за да се

постави Т1 носител на 50 kHz линија? Познато е
дека T1 носител се карактеризира со податочна рата
од 1544Mb/s
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hlog2(1+S/N) = 1544 x 106
H=50000 => log2(1+S/N) = 30,88
S/N = 230-1  93 dB

м-р Данијела Ефнушева 17/17