• DDL Compiler: It processes the DDL (Data Definition Language)

statements into a set of table containing meta data

• DML Compiler: It processes the DML (Data Manipulation Language)

statements into low level instruction, so that they can be executed.

• Query Processor: receives a query request in the form of SQL text,

parses it, generates an execution plan, and execute it. The query
processor communicate with the DML Compiler.

• Query optimizer choose the most efficient means of executing a SQL

statement.

• Authorization Manager: It ensures role-based access control, i.e,.

checks whether the particular person is privileged to perform the
requested operation or not.

• Integrity Manager: It checks the integrity constraints when the database

is modified.

• Transaction Manager: It controls concurrent access by performing the

operations in a scheduled way that it receives the transaction.
• Buffer Manager: It is responsible for cache memory and the transfer of
data between the secondary storage and main memory.
• Recovery manager: deals with system failure problems.
Chapitre 2 : queries
To open an existing pluggable database :

● connect sys@orclpdb as sysdba

● Alter pluggable database orclpdb open ;

to create pluggable database :

● connect sys as sysdba

create pluggable database name
admin user user_name identified by user_password
default tablespace tab_name
datafile path_adrress size 500m
path_prefix=’a path’ ;

create a tablespace
● create tablespace tab_name datafile ‘path_file’ size 100m ;

create a temporary tablespace

● create temporary tablespace tab_name tempfile‘path_file’
size 100m ;

create user
● create user user_name identified by user_password
default tablespace tab_name ;

pour donner tous les privilèges

grant all privileges to user_name ;

desc user_users ;
● username , user_id , created , default_tablespace ,
temporary_tablespace …

select username from all_users ; => tous les utilisateurs de la

database
select username from user_users; => username de l' utilisateur
courant

desc user_tables;
● table_name ,tablespace_name , status
select table_name from user_tables;
les tables de l' utilisateur courant

desc user_objects;
 ● object_name, object_type , object_id …
les objets de l' utilisateur courant

desc user_indexes ; un
desc all_indexes ; tous
● index_name , index_type , table_owner , table_name …

desc user_constraints ; un
desc all_constraints ; tous
● constraint_name ,constraint_type , owner , table_name …

desc user_tablespaces ; un
● tablespace_name , next_extent , block_size …

desc user_segments ; un
desc user_extents ;
● tablespace_name , extent_id , segment_name

desc v$database
● dbid , name , created , open_mode …

desc v$instance
● instance_name ,instance_number , host_name ..

desc v$parameter
● num,name,type,value…

desc v$sga
● name,value ,con_id

desc v$process
● pid , addr , program
chapitre 3 : les contraintes

Clé primaire : + contrainte unique

CREATE TABLE TableName (

ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE,
-- Other columns...
);

……………………………………………………………………………………

CREATE TABLE TableName (

ID INT,
Name VARCHAR(50),
-- Other columns...
);

ALTER TABLE TableName

ADD CONSTRAINT PK_TableName_ID PRIMARY KEY (ID),
ADD CONSTRAINT UQ_TableName_Name UNIQUE (Name);

……………………………………………………………………………………

CREATE TABLE TableName (

ID INT,
Name VARCHAR(50),
-- Other columns...
CONSTRAINT PK_TableName_ID PRIMARY KEY (ID),
CONSTRAINT UQ_TableName_Name UNIQUE (Name)
);

cle etrangere

CREATE TABLE ChildTable (

ChildID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ParentID INT,
-- Other columns...
FOREIGN KEY (ParentID) REFERENCES ParentTable(ParentID)
);
……………………………………………………………………………………
CREATE TABLE ChildTable (
ChildID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ParentID INT,
-- Other columns...
);

ALTER TABLE ChildTable

ADD CONSTRAINT FK_ChildTable_ParentTable FOREIGN KEY (ParentID)
REFERENCES ParentTable(ParentID);
CREATE TABLE ChildTable (
ChildID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ParentID INT,
-- Other columns...
CONSTRAINT FK_ChildTable_ParentTable FOREIGN KEY (ParentID)
REFERENCES ParentTable(ParentID)
);

not null

ALTER TABLE YourTable

MODIFY YourColumn INT NOT NULL;

check

ALTER TABLE YourTable

ADD CONSTRAINT CHK_YourTable_YourColumn CHECK (YourColumn > 0);

default

ALTER TABLE YourTable

MODIFY YourColumn INT DEFAULT 0;

les procedure : examples tp4

CREATE [OR REPLACE ] PROCEDURE procedure_name (parameter_list)

IS
[declaration statements]
BEGIN
[execution statements]
EXCEPTION
[exception handler]
END [procedure_name ];
triggers form : more examples in tp 5

CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name

{BEFORE | AFTER }
{INSERT [OR] | UPDATE [OR] | DELETE }
[OF column_name]
ON table_name
[FOR EACH ROW]
[FOLLOWS | PRECEDES another_trigger]
[ENABLE / DISABLE ]
[WHEN condition]
DECLARE
declaration statements
BEGIN
executable statements
EXCEPTION
exception_handling statements
END;
 chapter 4 : authorization

general syntax :
GRANT privilege [ON table/view] TO user [WITH GRANT OPTION]
example :
GRANT select, delete, update ON employee TO administrateur;

granting everything to a user :

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES TO user;

granting a privilege to all users

GRANT privileges TO PUBLIC;

revoke privilege on something for a user

REVOKE privilege [ON table/view] FROM user;
ex:
REVOKE delete ON employee FROM developer;

roles :
CREATE ROLE rolename;
GRANT privileges to rolename;
GRANT rolename to username;

profile
CREATE PROFILE profile_name LIMIT { resource_parameters |
password_parameters};

ressources
• SESSIONS_PER_USER – specify the number of concurrent sessions that a
user can have when connecting to the Oracle database.
• CPU_PER_SESSION – specify the CPU time limit for a user session,
represented in hundredth of seconds.
• CPU_PER_CALL – specify the CPU time limit for a call such as a parse,
execute, or fetch, expressed in hundredths of seconds.
• CONNECT_TIME – specify the total elapsed time limit for a user session,
expressed in minutes.
• IDLE_TIME – specify the number of minutes allowed for periods of
continuous inactive time during a user session. Note that the
long-running queries and other operations will not be subject to this
limit.
• LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION – specify the allowed number of data blocks
read in a user session, including blocks read from both memory and disk.
• LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL – specify the allowed number of data blocks read
for a call to process a SQL statement.
• PRIVATE_SGA – specify the amount of private memory space that a session
can allocate in the shared pool of the system’s global area (SGA).
• COMPOSITE_LIMIT – specify the total resource cost for a session,
expressed in service units. The total service units are calculated as a
weighted sum of CPU_PER_SESSION, CONNECT_TIME,
LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION, and PRIVATE_SGA.

password

• FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS – Specify the number of consecutive failed login

attempts before the user is locked. The default is 10 times.
• PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME – specify the number of days that a user can use the
same password for authentication. The default value is 180 days.
• PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME – specify the number of days before a user can
reuse a password.
• PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX – specify the number of password changes required
before the current password can be reused. Note that you must set values
for both PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME and PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX parameters make
these parameters take effect.
• PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME – specify the number of days that Oracle will lock
an account after a specified number of consecutive failed logins. The
default is 1 day if you omit this clause.
• PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME – specify the number of days after the grace period
starts during which a warning is issued and login is allowed. The
default is 7 days when you omit this clause.

bit map index

CREATE BITMAP INDEX Fonction_ib_idx ON Client.Fonction