GLOSSARY

Population dynamics : A branch of knowledge concerned with the

sizes of population and the factors involved in where maintenance,
decline or expansion.

Affluent : Having a great deal of money : wealthy.

 Decentralized : Transfer authority from central to local government.

Convergence : The process or state of converging.

Magnitude : a great size or extent of something

Immigration : The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign

country.

Emigration : The act of living one’s own country to settle permanent

in another; moving abroad.

Fecundity : The ability to produce an abundance of offspring or new

growth; fertility.

Knit : Which is in the process of being knitted.

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 POPULATION DYNAMICS
INTRODUCTION :

Demography (demo=population, graphy = to study) is the b ranch of

science which deals with the study of human population. An accurate idea of
vital events like crude death rate, birth rate and the changing pattern of
population is of paramount importance for a nation. From these information,
the national plan outlay is formulated and the impact of the health care
delivery system in a given period of time is evaluated the study of mode of
change of population and factors responsible for change is the population
dynamics. Population is never constant. It changers naturally according to
fertility, mortality and migration factors and the change pertains to size,
composition and distribution . the socio economic development and such changes
are closely inter linked. The marriages which takes place within the
communities are the stating point of family. The next factor of social
mobility and is consequent. Effect on population characteristics is not very
important and commoner in India. It is common in highly industrialized and
economically affluent countries where the social status can change from are
end to other end of social status spectrum. India occupies only 24% of the
world land area, but supports 17% of the world’s population India added about
181 million person between 2001-2011, which is more than the estimated
population of Brazil. The fifth most population country in the world. India is
likely to overtake China as the most populous country by 2030 with an
expected population of 1.53 billion people.

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DEFINITION :

A branch of knowledge concerned with the sizes of populations and the

factors involved in their maintenance, decline, or expansion.

Or

Population dynamics is the branch of life science the studies the size
and age composition of population and dynamical systems and the biological
and environmental processes driving them (such as birth and death rate and
by immigration and emigration ).

POPUPLATION DYNAMICS :

 A population is a group of individual who live together in the same

habitat and are likely to interbreed.

 Each population has a unique physical distribution in time and space.

 In entomology, a good understanding of population dynamics is useful

for interpreting survey data, predicting pest outbreaks, and evaluating
the effectiveness of control tactics.

 Birth, death, immigration and emigration are the four primary

ecological events that influence the size of a pupation.

 This relationship can be expressed in a simple equation .

 Change in

Population Density = (Births + immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)

BASIC CONCEPTS OF POPULATION DYNAMICS :

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  A population is a group of individual of the same species living in
the same area or interbreeding.

 A species is all individuals that are capable of interbreeding and is

made up of pupation.

 Abundance is the size of populations.

 A birth rate is the number of individuals born during a specified

time interval.

 The death rate is the number of individual who die during that same
time interval.

 The growth rate is different between birth rate and death rate; the
net change in the size of population.

The population dynamics is not static but is always in a dynamic state.

the factors involved in population dynamics are (1)deaths, (2) births and(3)
migrations ever since the second half of the 20 century, there has been a
substantial fall in crude death rate throughout the developing world
eradication of epidemics such as small pox and to some extent of malaria and
kala- azar, and improvement of health care delivery system are some of the
factors responsible for reduction of crude death rate. On the contrary, there
has been only a marginal fall in the birth rate throughout the yers.it is this
disparity between the death rate and birth rate which results in the rise
population. this is especially pronounced in the developing countries comprising
about 70% of the total world population. the problem become intensified by
the dynamic migration of population from one state to the other or amongst
different parts of the same state, e.g. rural to urban.

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MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM :

The total world population was estimated to be about 6 billion in the

last century. Earlier in the last century, the rate of increase of population
was about 10 million per year. It is now increasing at a much faster rate of
100 million per year. If the rate of increase continues at the sample pace,
the projected population would be 8,000 million in 2025.

India, with 2.5% of the world’s land surface area has to accommodate
about 16% of the world population and is the second most populous country in
the world, next to Chaina. Moreover it is not uniformly distributed. The
density of population is 300 per sq. kilometer. The death rate stood at the
level of 8 per 1,000 and the birthrate at 25 per 1,000 in mid 2003. Thus,
there is a wide gap between the births and deaths resulting in rapid rise of
population. One can have an idea of the magnitude of population explosion
from the following. In India, during the period 1991-2001, the population
increased was to the extent of 160 million. This means an increased an
population to the extent of 16 million per year. This increase in population
for year is almost equal to the total population for Australia with a land area
2.5 times morethan than that of India. As the rate of population growth
continuous unabated, India’s population has reached 1,027 million in 2001 and
projected population in 2025 is 1,363 million. In 2015 the projected
population is 1,628 million when India would be the worlds most popular
country exceeding China.

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NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY 2000 :
It was established in 2000 to control the growth of the countries
population with the primary goal being to reduce the total fertility rate to 2.1
by 2010 which was never achieved.

The national population policy 2000 (npp.2000)affirms the commitment

of government of India towards voluntary and informed choices and consent
citizen while availing of reproductive health services and continuing of target
free approach in administering family planning services.

OBJECTIVES OF NPP :

 The immediate objective of the NPP 2000 was to address the unmet
needs for contraception, health care infrastructure service delivery for
basic reproductive and child health care.

 To make school education upto age 14 free and mandatory and reduce
dropouts at primary and secondary school levels to below 20% for boys
and girls.

 To reduce infant mortality rate to less than 30 per 1000 live births.

 To reduce maternal mortality ratio to less than 100 per 1,00,000 live
births.

 To achieve universal immunization of children.

 Promote delayed marriage for girls, not earlier then 18 and preferably
after 20 years.

 To achieve 80 percent institutional deliveries & 100% deliveries

conducted by trained persons.

 Achieve 100% registration of births, deaths, marriages and pregnancies.

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  To control the spread of (AIDS) and promote greater collaboration
between the management of reproductive tract infections and STD’s
National AIDS control organization.

 To prevent and control communicable diseases.

 To use Indian systems of medicine (ISM) whenever possible.

 Promote vigorously the small family norm.

TWELVE STRATEGIES OF NPP 2000 :

 Decentralized of the planning and program implementation.

 Convergence of services delivery at village level.

 Empowering women for improved health and nutrition.

 Strengthening the measures for child health and survival.

 Meeting unmet needs for family welfare services

 Special focus on underserved populations like slums, tribal areas etc.,

 Use of diverse health providers.

 Collaboration with NGO’s and private sectors.

 Main streaming Indian system of medicine and Homeopathy.

 Use of contraceptive technology and research on RCH.

 Provision for older population.

 Information, education and communication

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POPULATION PROBLEM :

Effects of excessive population are as follows :

1. Environment pollution :
Excessive population growth, industrialization and urbanization are
adversely affecting the environment causing environmental population with
adverse effects on the health of people.

2. Urbanization :

India’s urban population has doubled during last two decades with the
problem of expanding urban slums posing serious challenges. There are
inadequate basic minimum services like housing water supply, sewerage and
social waste disposal.

3. Water supply :

In India due to population growth water withdrawals is estimated to be

twice the rate of aquifer recharge as a result, water tables are falling.
Tapping of deeper aquifer has resulted in newer health hazards. Such as
high fluoride or arsenic content in drinking water adverse impact on India’s
food production and human health.

4. Food scarcity :

There has been a reproduction in the per capital availability of pulses

and course grain.

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5. Economic growth :

By putting pressure on available resources, resulting in reduction in per

capital income and resources with overall deterioration of quality of life.

IMPACT OF INCREASED POPULATION :

The rapid increase of population has got an adverse effect on the

national economy. The fruits of improvements in the different sectors are
being eroded by the growing population. Moreover increasing number of
births have got a deleterious effect on the health of the mother and the child
and hinders social and economic upliftment of the family. High parity is
also related to increased maternal, perinatal and infant deaths and is
associated with various of obstetric and gynecological complication’s and
nutritional problems. For this reasons population control by appropriate
family welfare program is considered to be a branch of preventive and
community medicine. Considering the magnitude of the problem, many
developing countries, India in particular have taken this as a national program
of vital importance.

FERTILITY:

The turn fertility is actual bearing of children and fecundity is

capacity of bear children. On an average Indian mothers give birth to five or
six children in this span. In the age group of 15-30 years.

A large numbers of factor related to fertility can be noted however,

the basic factor which come to prominence is socio-economic development which
always is inversely proportional to fertility level fertility control is
responsibility of individual couple and motivating them is the risk of family
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welfare programme.

Coverage of eligible couples for temporary or permanent contraception

etc., are highly essential to lower the fertility.

Factors determining fertility rate :

 Early marriage

 Delay menopause

 Religion

 Urbanization and industrialization

 Better nutrition

 Better acceptance of health and family planning services.

 Early menarche

 Education

 Low infant mortality

 Better female self actualization

Fertility measurement :

It is done by calculating following statistical rates.

i) Birth Rate :

N u m b e r o f li v e b i rth i n a n y e a r
x 1 000
M i d y e a r p o p u la ti o n o f th a t a re a i n th a t y e a r

It is expressed as per thousand mid year population per year. The

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denominator includes population not exposed to child bearing.

ii) General fertility Rate :

N u m b e r o f li v e b i rth
x 1 000
N o . o f w o m e n i n c h i ld b e a ri n g a g e

It is expressed as per thousand women in child bearing age (15-44) per

year compared to birth rate here the non reproductive population is got rid off
in the denominator it is directly proportional to capacity of women in child
bearing the children and the rate of marriage in the population .

iii) Age specific fertility rate :

N u m b e r o f li v e b i rth a t s p e c i fi c a g e o f m o th e r
x 1 000
N o . o f w o m e n a t a s p e c i fi c y e a r o f a g e

It is expressed as per thousand women of specific age group per year.

It is highly below 30 years of age.

iv) Total fertility rate : It is computed by adding up the annual age specific
fertility rate. Usually six in number (from 15-19 & 40-44 years five yearly
group) and is expressed as per women it indicate number of children likely to
be born by a mother.

v) Gross reproduction rate :

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 N o . o f fe m a le b i rth s
T o ta l fe rti li ty R a te s x
T o ta l N o . o f b i rth s

It is expressed as average number of girls per women. The total

fertility rate corrected by ratio of female birth to total birth give future
perspective of population growth.

vi) Net Reproductive Rate : NRR means the female population is maintained
exactly and population size remains more or less constant.

vii) Child women Ratio :

N u m b e r o f 0 -4 y e a r a g e c h i ld re n
x 1 000
N o . o f w o m e n i n re p ro d u c ti v e a g e g ro u p

It is expressed as per thousand women in reproductive age group per year.

This measures of fertility is useful in areas with poor birth registration and
by covering a broader age group an assumption is made that the total final
enumeration will be neared to completeness.

viii) General Marriage Rate :

N u m b e r o f m a rri a g e s
x 1 000
N o . o f u n m a rri e d m a le s a n d fe m a le i n re p ro d u c ti v e a g e g ro u p

It is expressed as per thousand unmarried individuals in reproductive age

group per years. This rate is directly proportional to level of fertility.

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MORTALITY :

Pattern of deaths and magnitude of deaths not only determine the

absolute number of human beings deleted from a population but also indirectly
determine fertility pattern. Higher the mortality higher will be the fertility
which is natural law of resistance the mortality pattern determines
population size as well as population composition, the age and the sex
composition. This is to trans the mortality experience depends on very many
factors.

Measurement of mortality :

Large number of ways of mortality measurement are available. The de

demographically important measures are :

i) Crude Death Rate :

T o ta l N u m b e r o f d e a th i n p o p u la ti o n i n a n y e a r
x 1 000
M i d y e a r p o p u la ti o n i n th a t y e a r

ii) Infant Mortality Rate :

N u m b e r o f i n fa n t d e a th s
x 1 000
T o ta l N o . o f li v e b i rth s

It is expressed as per thousand live births per year. The higher the
infant mortality higher will be the fertility

iii) Maternal Mortality Rate :

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 N u m b e r o f m a te rn a l d e a th s
x 1 000
T o ta l N o . o f li v e b i rth s

It is expressed as per thousand live births per year. This indicate the
number of fecund women in a population. Their fertility experience and will
decide the estimate of different fertility rate.

MIGRATION :

Movement of population from their regular area of residence native place

either temporarily or permanently into another special area is migration. It
may be in-migration (immigration) or it may be out-migration (emigration). In
either care the migrants continue to exhibit their original fertility and
mortality pattern for a considerable length of time.

The migration changes the population size its composition and distribution
migration from rural to urban area decreases fertility rate measurement of
migration.

Net migration = In migration –out migration

N o .o f m i g ra n ts
M i g ra ti o n R a te = x 1 000
T o ta l P o p u la ti o n

I n m i g ra ti o n - o u t m i g ra ti o n
E ffi c i e n c y o f M i g ra ti o n = x 1 000
I n m i g ra ti o n + o u t m i g ra ti o n

MARRIAGE :

It is an important event in population. It is considered as vital event as

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from it the fertility begins studies indicate that 10-25 percent of all birth
occurs with in 1-5 years of married life. Different registrations governing
age of marriage are child marriage restraint at 1929. The age of marriage
duration of married life cultural practice and customs in married life and
concepts about family, late of child marriage separation, divorce, widow
marriage, polyandry, polygamy, pregnancy wastages, aspiration for male
child, practices of contraception, university of marriage etc., are the vital
factors related to marriage and fertility mortality pattern.

Measurement of marriage .

N o . o f m a rri a g e s
C ru d e m a rri a g e R a te = x 1 000
M i d y e a r p o p u la ti o n

Expressed as per thousand population per year the failure of

contraception in calculated by measuring pregnancy rate.

N o .o f c o n tra c e p ti o n
x 1 200
M o n th s o f e x p o s u re

The 1200 is 100 women observed for 12 months of an year and is

expressed as number of pregnancies for 100 women year of exposure.

SOCIAL MOBILITY :

Social migration is either rising or falling in social class gradient in the

course of time. Social mobility is encountered very often in highly

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industrialized economically effluent western world because of chances and
risk involved in different occupation. Along with changes in social class the
living standard changes and in due course of time in affect the population
dynamics.

The factors fertility, mortality, marriage migration, social mobility are

all closely knit and are dependent on age composition of population because the
information on age is essential. The age is expressed in completed year of
life.

HOW TO CONTROL THE POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA :

The various methods of control population growth are as follows :

 Use of financial assistance especially to acceptors and motivators of

family planning.

 Promote female education and employment through women empowerment.

 Encourage delayed marriages

 Increasing the age of girls and boys for marriage.

 Start more family planning centers to make available services related to

family planning.

 Use of media to encourage people to adopt small family norms.

 Availability of family planning methods through various outlets (sub

centers, PHC, CHE, etc.) in all areas.
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CURRENT POPULATION IN INDIA :

 The current population of India is 1,374,714,782 as of Monday, February

10, 2020, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations
data.

 India 2020 population is estimated at 1,380,004,385 people at mid year

according to UN data.

 India population is equivalent to 17.7% of the total world population.

 India ranks number 2 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by

population.

 The population density in India is 464 per Km2 (1,202 people per mi2).

 The total land area is 2,973,190 Km2 (1,147,955 sq. miles)

 35.0 % of the population is urban (483,098,640 people in 2020)

 The median age in India is 28.4 years.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Dutta.D.C (2015), “Textbook of obstetrics”, Hiralal konar 8th

edition, Newdelhi, Health sciences publisher.

 K.Park, A text book for Community Health Nursing, 23rd Edition,

Bhanote Publishers.

 Williams Obstetrics, “A text book of obstetrics and Gynaecological

Nursing sixteenth

 Myles, A text book of midwife, XVI edition, Published by Elsiever

Publications.
 Reeder, Mortine. (1983), Maternity Nursing, 15th edition,
J.B.Lippincott company, Philadelphia.

 www.nursingjournals.com

 www.obsgyn.com

 www.jaypeejournals.com

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