GRAMMAR LESSON Dr.

Abdelmalek ZAHAF

PARTS OF SPEECH

Every word you say has a role in a sentence. Every word is a part of speech.
In this course we are going to take a closer look at these 8 parts of speech
“in addition of Articles that are similar to Adjectives” that make up nearly
everything we say in English.

1 – Nouns
A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or
idea.
In a sentence, nouns can play the role of:
 Subject
 Indirect Object
 Direct Object
 Subject Complement
 Object Complement
 Appositive
 Adjective

Nouns can name people: A girl, Ahmed, My supervisor

Nouns can name a place: A mountain, Constantine, The kitchen

Nouns can also name things, concepts, activities, ideas, or processes:

Respect, Sports, Shorts, Knowledge

2 – Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. You use
them when the reader or listener knows which specific noun you’re referring
to.

There are quite a few different types of pronouns, and some pronouns are
found in more than one category. Here are some of the most common:

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 Personal Pronouns
I her we

me he why

you him them

she us

 Demonstrative Pronouns
 That

 This

 These

 Those

We also have indefinite pronouns, used when you need to refer to a

person or thing that doesn’t need to be specifically identified. For
example: One, Anybody, Nobody, Other, Everybody

 Interrogative Pronouns
 Who

 What

 Which

 Whose

 Progressive Pronouns
 My

 Your

 Their

 Whose

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 Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

 Myself

 Yourself

 Themselves

 Relative Pronouns
 Whom

 What

 Which

3 – Adjectives
Adjectives are the words that describe nouns. An adjective can go right before
the noun it’s describing (I have a red car), but it doesn’t have to (my car is
red).

One of the most important things to learn about adjectives is the adjective
order. Most native speakers will naturally say a list of adjectives in a
particular order.

 Adjective order:

 Opinion : Ugly, Beatiful

 Size : Big, Small

 Physical Quality : Neat, Rough

 Shape : Round, Square

 Age : Old, New

 Colour : Red, Black

 Origin : Algerian, Palestinian

 Material : Wood, Leather

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 Type : Three-legged, Male

 Purpose : Running, Swimming

4 – Verbs
Verbs are words that describe actions. We describe some kinds of verbs:

 Dynamic or Action Verbs refer to literal actions as running, jumping,

talking.

 Stative Verbs refer to feelings and states like to hate, to be, to think

 Auxiliary Verbs are used in English to change another verb’s tense, mode,
or voice. This is why they are often referred to as “helping verbs”. The main
auxiliary verbs are:

 Be
 Have
 Do

 Phrasal Verbs: These are phrases that act as single verb, usually consisting
of a verb and a preposition. We mention some examples of phrasal verbs in
English language as to go on, to carry out, to come back, to point out, to come
up, to make over, to bring back, to bring about …

5 – Adverbs
Adverbs are one of the four major word classes, along with nouns, verbs and
adjectives. We use adverbs to “describes” add more information about a verb,
an adjective, another adverb, a clause or a whole sentence and, less
commonly, about a noun phrase.

 Can you move it carefully? It’s fragile.

 I haven’t seen them recently

 Actually, I don’t know her

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Commonly, there are such types of adverbs. First of all, we can classify into
three categories:

 Time, Place and Manner Adverbs.

 Time Adverbs tell us about when something happens as: already, early,
lately, still, tomorrow, soon, yet …

 Place Adverbs tell us about where something happens is. as nearby, there,

 Manner Adverbs tell us about the way something happens or is done. as:
accurately, expertly, professionally, carefully, cautiously, quietly …

Some common manner adverbs have the same form as adjectives and they
have similar meanings (e.g. fast, right, wrong, straight, tight).

Adj: I was never a fast swimmer, Adv: Driving fast is dangerous

Adj: All of your answers were wrong, Adv: Students always spell my
course wrong

 Degree and Focusing Adverbs are the most common types of modifiers of
adjectives and other adverbs. Degree adverbs express degrees of qualities,
properties, states, conditions and relations. Focusing adverbs point to
something

 Degree Adverbs as absolutely, perfectly, extremely, rather …

 Focusing Adverbs as generally, especially, only, mainly …

 Evaluative and Viewpoint Adverbs.

We put some adverbs outside the clause. They modify the whole sentence or
utterance. Evaluative and viewpoint adverbs are good examples of this:
 Evaluative Adverbs as example:
The electric car, surprisingly, does not really offer any advantages over
petrol cars.

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 Viewpoint Adverbs as example:

Personally, I think the show was great.

 Linking Adverbs

Linking adverbs show a relationship between two clauses or sentences (e.g.

a sequence in time, cause and effect, contrast between two things), e.g.

 Sequence: I left my house in the morning then I went to pick up Leanne

at her house.

 Contrast: The sun will be shining in Constantine. However, heavy rain is

expected in Oran.

6 – Prepositions
A preposition is a word that tells you when or where something is in relation
to something else.

A preposition is a word or group of words used to link nouns, pronouns and

phrases to other words in a sentence.

Some examples of prepositions are single words like in, at, on, of, to, by and
with or phrases such as in front of,

next to, instead of.

Prepositions in English are most frequently dictated by fixed expressions.

While there are some general guidelines to follow, many prepositions are
used idiomatically with certain verbs. In these cases, it is best to memorize
the phrase instead of the individual preposition.

We cite the most frequently used prepositions in English,

 Prepositions of Time as at, in, on, since, until …

 Prepositions of Place “Location and Direction” as at, in, on,

between, across, from, to, through …

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 Prepositions of Connections as of, which, by …

7 – Articles
we have two categories of the articles.

The definite article is the word 'the'. It limits the meaning of a noun to one
particular thing.

The indefinite article is either 'a' or 'an'. It is 'a' when it precedes a word
that begins with a consonant, and 'an' when it precedes a word that starts
with a vowel! The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general
idea rather than a particular thing

8 – Conjuction
A conjunction is a word that is used to connect clauses, sentences, or
words together.

 Coordinating conjunctions allow us to join words, phrases, and

clauses of equal rank. When remembering coordinating conjunctions, think
of FANBOYS!

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

 Correlative conjunctions are pairs that work together as

 Either and or

 Neither and nor

 Subordinating conjunctions join dependent and independent clauses

together. Common subordinating conjunctions are: Because, Since, As,
Although, though, whereas, while/whilst.

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9 – Interjection
Add meaning to a sentence or context by expressing a feeling, making a
demand, or emphasizing a thought. Interjections can be either a single word or
a phrase, and they can be used on their own or as part of a sentence.

Some examples of interjections are as follows: Oh!, Wow!, Oh my gosh!, Yikes!,

Hey!, What the heck?!, Stop!