REVIEWER IN HISTORY
 Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech,
 The Propagandists
CHAPTER 17: PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND THE KATIPUNAN
 The propaganda movement started because of the determination of the
Filipinos to fight the evils of Spanish rule because of the martyrdom of
GOMBURZA.
 PROPAGANDIST – patriots who waged their movements by means of
pen and tongue to expose the defects of Spanish rule in the Philippines and
the urgency of reforms to remedy them.
 Rise of Propaganda Movement.
o Because of the condition of the Philippines that went from bad
to worse, Filipino exiles of 1872 and many patriotic students
abroad banded together and consecrated themselves to the
work of promoting the welfare and happiness of their
fatherland.
o It began in 1872, when GOMBUZA were executed at the
Luneta, and ended in 1896.
 Reforms Desired by the Propaganda Movement
 Foreign Friends of the Propaganda Movement
o The following are the reforms they asked:
 Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws.
 Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of
Spain
 Restoration of the Philippine representation in the
Spanish Cortes
 Filipinization of the Philippine parishes and expulsion
of friars.
freedom of the press, and freedom to meet and petition
for redress of grievances.
o MARCELO H. DEL PILAR – lawyer and journalist
o JOSE RIZAL – physician and novelist
o GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA – greatest orator of the
Propaganda Movement.
o MARIANO PONCE – medical student and biographical writer
o JUAN LUNA AND FELIX RESURRECION HIDALGO –
masters of the brush
o DR. PEDRO A. PATERNO – lawyer and man-of-letters
o ANTONIO LUNA – pharmacist and essayist
o PEDRO SERRANO LAKTAW – teacher-tutor of Prince
Alfonso de Bourbon
o JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN – linguist and essayist
o FERNANDO CANON – engineer and political writer
o JOSE ALEJANDRINO – engineer and political writer
o ISABELO DE LOS REYES – folklorist and newspaper man
o DOMINADOR GOMEZ – physician and orator.
o FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT – Austrian professor, scholar,
and Dr. Rizal’s best friend
o DON JUAN ATAYDE – retired army officer; founder of
Circulo Hispano-Filipno and publisher of the newspaper
Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino
 o MIGUEL MORAYTA – statesman, historian, journalist, and thrown to prison.
Rizal’s professor at the Central University of Madrid.  La Solidaridad, Organ of the Propaganda Movement
o FRANCISCO PI Y MARGALL – statesman and former o LA SOLIDARIDAD – a fortnightly newspaper founded by
president of the First Spanish Republic. Graciano Lopez-Jaena in Barcelona on February 15, 1889.
o EMILIO JUNOY – journalist and member of the Cortes o The aims of this newspaper are:
o MANUEL RUIZ ZORILLA – parliamentarian and leader of  To portray vividly the deplorable conditions of the
the Spanish Republican Party Philippines
 The Anti-Friar Manifesto of 1888  To work peacefully for political and social reforms
o March 1, 1888 – Manila was rocked by a tumultuous event –  To combat the evil forces of medievalism and reaction
the anti-friar demonstration of hundreds of Filipinos patriots.  To advocate liberal idea and progress
o DOROTEO CORTES – the Manila patriotic lawyer who led  To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipinos
the anti-friar demonstration for democracy and happiness.
o MARCELO H. DEL PILAR – secret assistant of Cortes o It was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October 31,
o JOSE A. RAMOS – a London-educated rich merchant who is 1889, after which it was moved to Madrid, where it was printed
also a secret assistant of Cortes. from November 15, 1889 until its last issue on November 15,
o The demonstrations were composed of many demonstrators 1895.
o M. H. del Pilar replaced Jaena as its editor on December 15,
including many gobernadorcillos of the town. They marched
through the city streets of Ayuntamiento and formally 1889.
submitted to acting Civil Governor Jose Centeno of Manila o Contributors of La Solidaridad
Province.  MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (PLARIDEL)
o “LONG LIVE THE QUEEN! LONG LIVE THE ARMY!  DR. JOSE RIZAL (LAON LAAN)
DOWN WITH FRIARS!” – the title of the manifesto  MARIANO PONCE (NANING, KALIPULAKO, OR
o PEDRO PAYO – the anti-Filipino Archbishop who was being TIGBALANG)
 ANTONIO LUNA (TAGA-ILOG)
denounced along with other bad friars by the manifesto.
 JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN (JOMAPA)
o This manifesto requested the expulsion of the friars from the
 DR. PEDRO A. PATERNO
Philippines.
 ANTONIO MA. REGIDOR
o It results to vengeance of powerful friars by persecuting the
 ISABELO DE LOS REYES
leaders and signers of the manifesto, having them arrested ad
 EDUARDO DE LETE
  JOSE ALEJANDRINO
 PROFESSOR BLUMENTRITT
 DR. MORAYTA
 Literature of the Propaganda Movement
o NINAY – the first Filipino novel written by Dr. Pedro A.
Paterno and was published at Madrid in 1885
o SAMPAGUITA – a volume of melodious poems (Madrid,
1880)
o LA ANTIGUA CIVILIZACION TAGALOG – a historical
book (Madrid, 1887)
o EL PROGRESO DE FILIPINAS – a book authored by
Gregorio Sanciango, an economist and also a doctor of laws.
o DASALAN AT TUKSOHAN (1880), LA SOBERANIA
MONACAL EN FILIPINAS (1888), and LA
FRAILOCRACIA FILIPINA (1889) – classic satirical
pamphlets written by M. H. del Pilar.
o FRAY BOTOD – a satirical novelette that ridiculed the
Spanish friars who became very fat for eating too much and
living in luxury at the expense of poor Filipinos whom they
abused, written by Lopez-Jaena.
o EN TINIEBLAS – an article published by Lopez-Jaena that
lambasted the biased Spanish writers for their absurdities.
o IMPRESIONES – a collection of essays describing the customs
of the Spaniards in Madrid written by Antonio Luna.
o LA UNIVERSIDAD DE FILIPINAS: PLAN DE ESTUDIOS
– a critical essay written by Jose Ma. Panganiban which
exposed the defects of the Church-dominated education in the
Philippines.
o EL FOLK-LORE FILIPINO and HISTORIA DE ILOCOS –
books authored by Isabelo de los Reyes
o CELEBRES FILIPINOS – a series written by Mariano Ponce.
o NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO – two of
the greatest novels published by Rizal
o LA VISION DEL FREY RODRIGUEZ – written by Rizal in
which he exposed the stupidities and imbecilities of Frey Jose
Rodriguez, first friar to attack the Noli.
o POR TELEFONO – written also by Rizal in which he
lampooned Fray Salvador Font, who wrote the report of
censorship commission banning the Noli.
 Masonry and the Propaganda Movement
o Masonry played a significant role in the Propaganda
Movement.
o REVOLUCION – the first Filipino Masonic lodge founded by
Lopez-Jaena in Barcelona and was recognized on April, 1889
by the Grande Oriental Espanol headed by Don Miguel
Morayta.
 It did not last long. It died out after Lopez Jaena
resigned as Worshipful Master on November 29, 1889
o LODGE SOLIDARIDAD – organized by M. H. del Pilar with
the help of Julio Llorente in Madrid. It was prospered so that
other Filipinos joined it.
o JULIO LLORENTE – Lodge Solidaridad’s first worshipful
master
o SERRANO LAKTAW – the founder of Lodge Nilad in Manila
on January 6, 1892. He was sent by M. H. del Pilar with the
consent of the Grande Oriente Espanol to the Philippines to
 established the Lodge Nilad. o The aims of the league are:
o LODGE NILAD – the first Filipino Masonic lodge in the  Union of the archipelago into a compact, vigorous, and
Philippines homogenous body.
 Mutual protection in all cases of pressing necessity
 Defense against all violence and injustice
 Asociacion Hispano-Filipina
 Encouragement of education, agriculture, and
o ASOCIACION HISPANO-FILIPINA – organized by the commerce.
Filipino propagandist and their Spanish friends in Madrid in  Study and application of reforms
January 12, 1889 for the purpose of securing reforms for the o “UNUS INSTAR OMNIUM” – the motto of the league which
Philippines. means “ONE LIKE ALL”.
o DON MIGUEL MORAYTA – the president of Asociacion o The officers of the league are:
Hispano-Filipina
 PRESIDENT – AMBRIOSIO SALVADOR
o GENERAL FELIPE DE LA CORTE – the vice president
 FISCAL – AGUSTIN DE LA ROSA
o DOMINADOR GOMEZ – the secretary  TREASURER – BONIFACIO AREVALO
o It was divided into three sections;  SECRETARY – DEODATO ARELLANO
 POLITICAL SECTION – headed by M. H. del Pilar o Among the members were:
 LITERARY SECTION – headed by M. Ponce  ANDRES BONIFACIO
 RECREATION SECTION – headed by Tomas Arejola  APOLINARIO MABINI
 Liga Filipina  MAMERTO NATIVIDAD
o LIGA FILIPINA – conceived by Rizal while living in Hong  AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA
Kong using his idea of establishing civic association composed  MOISES SALVADOR
of Filipinos.  JOSE A. DIZON
o JOSE MA. BASA – an exile who helped Rizal in writing its  DOMINGO FRANCO
constitution.  TIMOTEO PAEZ
o JUNE 26, 1892 – Rizal conferred with Governor General  ARCADIO DEL ROSARIO
Despujol; he succeeded in obtaining a pardon for his family,  NUMERIANO ANDRIANO
but failed to secure sanction for his project to establish a  TIMOTEO LANUZA
Filipino colony in Borneo.  DOROTEO ONGJUNCO
o JULY 3, 1892 – the date of foundation of Liga Filipina o Rizal was arrested by Order of Governor General Despujol
 three days after the foundation of Liga Filipina.
o JULY 14, 1892 – Rizal was exiled to Dapitan, Mindanao until
1896.
 End of the Propaganda Movement
o Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan proved to be the swan song of
the Propaganda Movement.
o The Liga Filipina collapsed and the radical Andres Bonifacio
and other radical members separated from it because they were
disenchanted by the peaceful campaign.
o LOS COMPROMISARIOS – new group organized by the
conservative Liga members. It includes:
 DOMINGO FRANCO
 NUMERIANO ANDRIANO
 AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA
 TIMOTEO PAEZ
 APOLINARIO MABINI
 The Founding of the Katipunan
o ANDRES BONIFACIO
 He did not join the Compromisarios who were
conservative intellectuals and affluent merchants
because he was both poor and a man of action and
radical views.
 He firmly believed that the happiness and welfare of the
Filipino people could not be achieved by peaceful
requests for reforms, but by violent revolution.
o JULY 7, 1892 – Andres Bonifacio and some patriotic friends
who were radicals like him, met secretly in the house occupied
by Deodato Arellano.
o NO. 72 AZCARRAGA STREET, TONDO, MANILA – the
address where the secret meeting is held.
o KATAASTAASAN, KAGALANGGALANG KATIPUNAN
NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (KKK) – secret revolutionary
society founded during the secret meeting.
o The aims of the KKK were:
 To unite the Filipinos
 To fight for the Philippine independence
o The emergence of the Katipunan is significant in history
because:
 It marked the end of the peaceful campaign for reforms
and the beginning of a militant revolutionary
movement.
 The Filipino people, in despair, no longer aspired for
mere reforms, but for complete independence.
 Katipunan Government
o Katipunan is a government itself.
o It had two constitutions, the first one promulgated in 1892 and
the second in 1894.
o The central government was vested in a Supreme Council or
Kataastaasang Sanggunian with the following councils:
 President
 Fiscal
 Secretary
 Treasurer
 Comptroller
o Each province has Provincial Council, and each town has
Popular Council.
o DEODATO ARELLANO – the first president of the
Katipunan.
 o JUDICIAL COUNCIL/SANGGUNIANG HUKUMAN – a
secret chamber where the judicial power of Katipunan was
resided and passed judgment over those members who violated
the secrets of the society and decided differences arising among
the brethren.
o The Supreme Council of the Katipunan was composed of the
following:
 ANDRES BONIFACIO – SUPREMO
 EMILIO JACINTO – SECRETARY OF STATE
 TEODORO PLATA – SECRETARY OF WAR
 BRICIO PANTAS – SECRETARY OF JUSTICE
 AGUEDO DEL ROSARIO – SECRETARY OF
INTERIOR
 ENRIQUE PACHECO – SECRETARY OF FINANCE
 Katipunan Membership
o Originally, members of Katipunan were recruited by the means
of TRIANGLE SYSTEM.
o Bonifacio formed the first triangle with his two comrades Plata
and Diwa.
o The triangles system proved to be clumsy and complicated, so
that it was abolished after December, 1892, and new converts
were initiated into the secret society by the use of secret rites
borrowed from Masonry.
o There were three grades of membership within the Katipunan
ranks which are:
 KATIPUN – the first grade of Katipunan. They wear
black mask with a triangle formed by white ribbons and
letters at the meeting. They carry side arms, revolver, or
bolo. Their password was ANAK NG BAYAN.
 KAWAL – the second grade of Katipunan. They wear a
green mask and a sash of the same color at the meeting.
A green ribbon with a medal on which is inscribed the
Malayan letter K is suspended from their neck. Their
password is GOMBURZA.
 BAYANI – the third grade of the Katipunan. They wear
a red mask and sash both bordered with green at the
meeting. Their password is RIZAL.
 The Women in the Katipunan
o To be admitted in the Katipunan, a woman should be a wife, a
daughter, or a sister of a Katipunero.
o It is estimated that about 25 women became members of the
secret society.
o Among the women members of the Katipunan were:
 GREGORIA DE JESUS (LAKAMBINI) – Bonifacio’s
wife
 MARIA DIZON – wife of Katipunero Jose Turiano
Santiago and Emilio Jacinto’s cousin.
 BENITA RODRIGUEZ – the one who made the
Katipunan flag and Katipunero Restituto Javier’s wife.
 SIMEONA DE REMEGIO – Katipunero Tomas
Remegio’s wife
 JOSEFA AND TRINIDAD RIZAL – sisters of Dr.
Rizal
 DELFINA HERBOSA and ANGELICA LOPEZ – Dr.
Rizal’s nieces.
 MARTA SALDAÑA
o The valuable services rendered by the women of Katipunan
are:
  They guarded the secret papers and documents of the
society at the risk of their life.
 They usually made merry, singing, and dancing with
some of the men in the living room when the Katipunan
held a session in a certain house so that the Civil
Guards were misled to believe that there was merely a
harmless social party going on.
 They were helpful in recruiting more members of the
Katipunan.
 Literature of the Katipunan
o The three writers of the Katipunan were:
 ANDRES BONIFACIO
 EMILIO JACINTO
 DR. PIO VALENZUELA
o They wrote stirring literature to excite the people’s patriotism
 “Kalayaan”, Organ of the Katipunan
and to arouse their patriotic spirit.
o Some of the writing of Bonifacio are:
 PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG BAYAN – a mediocre
poem of patriotic sentiment.
 KATUNGKULAN GAGAWIN NG MGA Z. LL. B. –
a decalogue of the Katipunan
 ANG MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG – a politico-
historical essay.
o EMILIO JACINTO
 a young law student at the University of Sto. Tomas,
and the youngest (19 y/o) and the most intellectual
katipunero.
 He became the adviser of Bonifacio.
 He is known as the “Brain of the Katipunan”.
o Some of the writings of Jacinto are:
 KARTILLA – the teachings of the Katipunan.
 LIWANAG AT DILIM – a series of articles of human
rights, liberty, equality, labor, and love of country.
 A LA PATRIA – a poem he wrote before his death in
1897.
o DR. VALENZUELA
 Helped Bonifacio and Jacinto in editing the
KALAYAAN, the Katipunan newspaper.
 He also wrote “KATWIRAN?”, an essay addressed to
the motherland.
 He collaborated with Bonifacio in the article SA MGA
KABABAYAN.
o FRANCISCO DEL CASTILLO and CANDIDO IBAN – two
patriotic Filipinos from Visayas who generously donated a
money used by the Katipunan in 1894 to buy an old handpress.
o The types used in printing were purchased from Isabelo de los
Reyes, and many were stolen from the press of the Diario de
Manila by Filipino employees who were members of the
Katipunan.
o FAUSTINO DUQUE and ULPINAO FERNANDEZ – two
patriotic printers who printed the KALAYAAN, the organ of
the Katipunan, under Jacinto’s supervision.
o The first issue came out in January 1896.
o About 1000 copies were issued, some of which fell into the
hands of the Spanish authorities.
 First Cry of Philippine Independence
o During the Holy Week in 1895, Bonifacio and a party of
katipuneros reconnoitered the mountains of Montalban in
search of a good hideout where they could hold their secret
meetings. Among these Katipuneros were:
 EMILIO JACINTO
 AURELIO TOLENTINO
 FRANCISCO CASTILLO
 CANDIDO IBAN
 GUILLERMO MASANGKAY
 FRANCISCO MANALAK
 PEDRO ZABALA
o APRIL 10, 1895 – the date when the first cry of Philippine
Independence happened
o CAVE OF BERNARDO CARPIO – the cave where Bonifacio
and his companions held their secret session.
 Dr. Rizal and the Katipunan
o JUNE 1896 – Dr. Pio Valenzuela sailed for Dapitan to solicit
Rizal’s support for the coming revolution.
o Valenzuela brought a blind man who was in need of Dr. Rizal’s
professional services to cover his real mission from Spanish
authorities.
o According to Valenzuela, in his Memoirs, Rizal did not agree
to the Katipunan plan of starting rebellion because the people
were not ready for it.
o Rizal opposed to the plan of the Katipunan to rescue him
because he had given his words to the authorities that he would
not try to escape, and he meant to keep his words.
 The Katipunan and Japan
o MAY 1896 – a delegate of Katipunan members conferred with
a visiting Japanese naval officer and the Japanese consul at a
Japanese bazaar in Manila.
o MORITORI TAGAWA – the interpreter who married a
Filipino woman of Bocaue, Bulacan, and a friend of
Valenzuela.
o It was a good reason that the Katipunan solicited Japan’s aid
and alliance.
o Bonifacio tried to purchase arms and ammunitions in Japan,
but failed for lack of funds.
 The Katipunan Prepares for War
o Mid-1896 – the Katipunan was preparing to strike for the
freedom.
o By 1896, it is estimated that the Katipunan is estimated to
reach about 20,000 members.
o KATIPUNAN FLAG
 Had been made to be the symbol of a new nation.
 Consisted of a red piece of cloth with three letters
K.K.K. arranged in a row in the center.
o A war plan was also prepared by Bonifacio and Jacinto to be
the strategy of the Katipunan military operations.
 Discovery of the Katipunan
o As the Katipunan was busy preparing for the revolution,
various denunciation regarding its existence reached the
Spanish authorities.
o JULY 5, 1896 – Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of the
Civil Guards stationed at the Pasig, reported the mysterious
 activities of certain Filipinos who were gathering arms and
recruiting men for some unknown purpose.
o AUGUST 13, 1896 – Fr. Agustin Fernandez, Augustinian
curate of San Pedro, Makati, wrote to Don Manuel Luengco,
Civil Governor of Manila, denouncing the anti-Spanish
meetings in his parish.
o AUGUST 19. 1896 – the day when the Katipunan was finally
discovered by the Spanish authorities.
o TEODORO PATIÑO – a member of Katipunan and an
employee of Diario de Manila who went to the convent of
Tondo and revealed the secrets of Katipunan to Fr. Mariano
Gil.
CHAPTER 18: THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
o A national struggle of the Filipino people for freedom.
o The culmination of more than 100 uprisings against Spain, all
of which were tribal uprisings which simply fizzled in failure.
o Began in the hills of Balintawak on August 26, 1896 as a
Katipunan revolt of Tagalog masses under Supremo Andres
Bonifacio, which failed largely because of Bonifacio’s
successive defeat due to his military incompetency.
o The revolutionary movement gained new momentum after the
replacement of Andres Bonifacio by Emilio Aguinaldo.
o Under Aguinaldo’s able leadership, it became a national
revolution of the Filipino people for freedom, and which
proclaimed Philippine Independence at Kawit and established
the First Philippine Republic of Malolos.
 The Cry of Balintawak
o AUGUST 26, 1896 – Bonifacio rallied the katipuneros to an
emergency meeting in Balintawak. These katipuneros were
poorly-armed with bolos, bamboo spears, anting-anting or
amulets, paltiks, and a few old Remington rifles.
o Supremo Bonifacio welcomed the attendance of the patriots
and informed them of the urgency of beginning the revolution
in view of the discovery of their secret society.
o Some Katipuneros objected because of the lack of arms and
their unpreparedness of war. This opposition produced a heated
debate.
o Angered by the ranging debate among his men, Bonifacio
thundered: “Brothers, you know the tragic fate of our
compatriots who fell into the clutches of the Spaniards. We are
doomed men, we cannot return to our homes, for we would be
arrested and executed. Now what shall we do?”
o The majority shouted “Fight”, then Bonifacio dramatically took
out his cedula certificate, tore it to pieces and shouted “Long
Live in the Philippines!”
 First Shots of the Revolution
o Bonifacio and the katipuneros proceeded to the farm of
Tandang Sora at Gulod ng Banilad.
 o MELCHORA AQUINO – also known as Tandang Sora, is a
patriotic old woman who hospitably fed the famished patriots,
for which she was later arrested by the Spanish authorities and
exiled to Guam.
o After staying for few hours, Bonifacio deployed his men
around the broken bridge spanning a brook in Pasong Tamo
after receiving a warning that the Guardia Civil were coming.
o The patriots attacked the guardia civil that is under the
command of Lt. Manuel Ros.
 Their inferior weapons and lack of military discipline
were no match to the Mauser and Remington guns of
the enemy.
o SIMPLICIO ACABE – a valiant katipunero who assaulted the
guardia civil soldier using his long bolo that has been shot
dead. He is the first casualty of the revolution.
 The Battle of San Juan
o AUGUST 30, 1896 – Bonifacio, along with his katipuneros,
rashly attacked the polverin of San Juan, which was defended
by 100 well-armed and trained artillerists and infantrymen.
o This battle was a woefully unequal combat.
o This battle turned out to be a massacre
o Demoralized by his heavy casualties, Bonifacio and his
surviving men fled in disarray across the Pasig River, leaving
153 dead comrades on the bloody field. More than 200
katipuneros were taken prisoner by the victorious Spaniards.
o This battle was the first pitched battle which Bonifacio fought
and where he met his Waterloo.
 Martial Law Proclaimed by Governor Blanco
o AUGUST 30, 1896 – Governor General Blanco issued a
proclamation declaring a state of war on eight Luzon provinces
that also represent the eight golden rays of the sun in the
present flag, which are:
 Manila
 Cavite
 Laguna
 Batangas
 Bulacan
 Pampanga
 Nueva Ecija
 Tarlac
o Blanco promised pardon for any Filipino rebel who
surrendered to the Spanish authorities.
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela is one of the many patriots who
surrendered.
o The amnesty proclamation like other Spanish promises, was
not fulfilled. Those who peacefully surrendered were thrown
into prison.
 Spread of Armed Resistance
o Armed uprising erupted in Pasig, Pateros, Taguig,
Mandaluyong, Montalban, San Mateo, and other towns in the
Politico-District of Morong.
o The uprising in Cavite was more successful because the
patriots there had the able military commanders, notably
Emilio Aguinaldo and Mariano Alvarez.
 These two revolutionaries proved to be better combat
generals than Supremo Bonifacio.
 o Other able military leaders in Cavite are:
 ARTEMIO RICARTE
 TOMAS MASCARDO
 JUAN CAILLES
 VITO BELARMINO
 MARIANO TRIAS
 MARCELINO AURE
o GENERAL MARIANO LLANERA – raised the “Cry of
Nueva Ecija” and attacked the Spanish garrison in San Isidro
on September 2, 1896.
o DECEMBER 5, 1896 – Christian-Filipino soldiers of the 2 nd
company, Regiment No. 69, having learned of the raging
revolution in Luzon, mutinied under the leadership of Corporal
Felipe Cabrera de los Reyes and Burgler Protasio Anonuevo.
 Spanish Reign of Terror
o In Manila and other provinces, hundreds of Filipinos, including
prominent intellectuals and industrial barons, were arrested and
put to prison.
o The cells of Fort Santiago, Bilibid Prison, and the dungeons
under the city walls were crowded with those innocent victims.
o SEPTEMBER 12, 1896 – the “Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite”
were shot to death in front of San Felipe Fort of Cavite
Arsenal.
o JANUARY 4, 1987 – eleven of the “Fifteen Martyrs of
Bicolandia” were executed at Bagumbayan, Manila.
o JANUARY 11, 1897 – the “Thirteen Martyrs of Bagumbayan”
died before a firing squad at Bagumbayan.
o MARCH 23, 1897 – the “Nineteen Martyrs of Aklan” were
executed in Kalibo, Aklan.
o About 1,000 patriots saved from the firing squads were exiled
to Guam, Fernando Po, and other Spanish penal colonies.
o The Spanish policy of terrorism failed to stop the revolution.
o Numerous Filipinos, enraged by the brutal reign of terror,
joined the fighting revolutionists to overthrow Spanish tyranny.
 Twin Battles of Binakayan and Dalahican
o These twin battles, simultaneously fought on November 9-11,
1896, saw the first humiliating defeat of the Spanish regular
army, and also for the first time the proud flag of Spain hit the
Philippine dust.
o BINAKAYAN – a barrio of Kawit, was defended by the
Magdalo forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo, aided by the
following generals:
 Crispulo Aguinaldo
 Candido Tirona
 Pio del Pilar
 Vito Belarmino
 Pantaleon Garcia.
o DALAHICAN – a barrio of Noveleta, located near Binakayan,
was defended by the Magdiwang forces under General Mariano
Alvarez, aided by the following persons:
 Santiago Alvarez
 Pascual Alvarez
 Artemio Ricarte
 Mariano Riego de Dios
o GOVERNOR GENERAL RAMON BLANCO – commanded
the Spanish invading troops.
o Blanco divided his army into two columns:
  First column – led by General Diego de los Rios that
attacked Dalahican
 Second column – assaulted Binakayan.
o GENERAL EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA – a patriot-
engineer who built the respective trenches of Binakayan and
Dalahican.
o NOVEMBER 11, 1896 – Blanco ordered a general retreat after
seeing that he could not win the twin battles.
o Among the patriots who perished in action in the twin battles
were General Candido Tirona (Hero of Binakayan), and
Gregoria Montoya (Cavite’s Joan of Arc).
 The Rise of General Aguinaldo
o EMILIO AGUINALDO
 The youthful capitan municipal of Kawit, Cavite.
 The seventh child of middle-class parents, he possessed
a God-given military talent, cool, courage, charisma,
gentle manners, and a keen judgment of men, which
eminently qualified him for leadership.
 His first attracted public attention when he beat the
sergeant of the guardia civil in single combat and led
the successful uprising in his hometown
 He defeated the Spanish forces under the command of
General Ernesto Aguirre in the Battle of Imus on
September 3, 1896.
 he crossed over to Batangas and liberated the town of
Talisay from Spanish soldiers in the early part of
November, 1896.
 Bonifacio Goes to Cavite
o Upon invitation of the Katipunan Magdiwang Provincial in
Cavite, Bonifacio left his hideout in Morong and went to
Cavite Province, arriving there on December 1, 1896.
o He was accompanied by his wife, his two brothers (Ciriaco and
Procopio), General Lucino, and 20 soldiers.
o He was welcomed by both Magdalo and Magdiwang factions.
o The following day, Bonifacio was visited by the officers of the
Magdiwang council and was brought to San Francisco de
Malabon.
o Shortly afterwards, the Magdiwang Council held an emergency
session and conferred on Bonifacio the title “Hari” which he
liked very much.
 The Magdiwang and the Magdalo Councils
o At the outbreak of the revolution, there were two rival
Katipunan provincial councils in Cavite Province:
 MAGDALO COUNCIL – headed by Baldomero
Aguinaldo
 MAGDIWANG COUNCIL – headed by Mariano
Alvarez.
o Shortly after Bonifacio’s arrival in Cavite, the Magdiwang
Council was reorganized with the following officers:
 KING – ANDRES BONIFACIO
 VICE-KING – MARIANO ALVAREZ
 MINISTER OF WAR – ARISTON VILLANUEVA
 MINISTER OF INTERIOR – JACINTO
LAMBRERAS
 MINISTER OF FINANCE – DIEGO MOJICA
 MINISTER OF NATURAL RESOURCES –
EMILIANO RIEGO DE DIOS
  CAPTAIN GENERAL – SANTIAGO ALVAREZ o The nine towns under its jurisdiction were:
o The capital of the Magdiwang Council was moved from  IMUS
Noveleta to San Francisco de Malabon.  KAWIT
o The twelve towns under its jurisdiction were:  DASMARINAS
 SAN FRANCISCO DE MALABON  SILANG
 NOVELETA  AMADEO
 ROSARIO  MENDEZ
 TANZA  NUNEZ
 NAIC  BACOOR
 TERNATE  CARMEN
 MARAGONDON
 MAGALLANES  Polavieja Succeeds Blanco as Governor General
 BAILEN o DECEMBER 13, 1896 – General Camilo Polavieja became
 ALFONSO governor general of the Philippines replacing General Blanco
 INDANG who was recalled to Spain for failing to stop the Philippine
 SAN ROQUE Revolution.
o The Magdalo Council likewise organized itself with the o POLAVIEJA was an able general, but a bigoted, autocratic,
following officers: and blundering chief executive.
 PRESIDENT – BALDOMERO AGUINALDO  He cancelled all municipal elections in the provinces as
 VICE PRESIDENT – EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA prescribed by the Maura Law of 1893
 SECRETARY OF WAR – DANIEL TIRONA  He ordered the arrest, imprisonment, exile, and
 SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR – FELIX execution of hundreds of Filipino patriots.
CUENCA  His greatest blunder was the signing of the death
 SECRETARY OF NATURAL RESOURCES – sentence of Dr. Jose Rizal.
GLICERIO TOPACIO  The Execution of Dr. Rizal
 SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE – CAYETANO o Since 1892, Rizal spent his life at Dapitan, a lonely Spanish
TOPACIO outpost in Mindanao, where he practiced medicine, built the
 LIEUTENANT GENERAL – EMILIO AGUINALDO town’s waterworks, opened school for boys, and carried on
o The capital of this council was Imus. with his literary writing and scientific researches.
 o After four years of quiet life, he applied for a position of
surgeon in the Spanish army in Cuba, where a revolution was
then ranging.
o Rizal was tried by a military court on the charge of “rebellion,
sedition, illicit associations”.
o The military court sentenced Rizal to death. The death verdict
of the military court was confirmed by Governor Polavieja, and
ordered Rizal’s execution in the morning of December 30.
o DECEMBER 29, 1896 – Rizal wrote his last letter to his best
friend Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt declaring his innocence.
o DECEMBER 30, 1896 – few hours before his execution, Rizal
married Josephine Bracken, his Irish sweetheart from Hong
Kong, under Catholic rites in the chapel of Fort Santiago and
was performed by FR. VICENTE BALAQUER
 On the same day, Rizal was ready to have his
rendezvous with death at the Luneta.
o A huge crowd of Filipinos and foreigners watched the death
march – Rizal was dressed in black suit and arm tied behind
from elbow to elbow.
o At exactly 7:03 a.m., the firing squad shot him at the back
o He died facing upward to the rising sun.
 Significance of Rizal’s Martyrdom
o The execution of Rizal was one of Spain’s greatest blunder in
the Philippines.
o He was acclaimed by the Filipino people as a martyr of
freedom so that he has become the national hero of the
Philippines.
o His nationalist ideas were never ended.
 The Imus Assembly
o DECEMBER 31, 1896 – a day after Rizal’s execution, the
Magdalo hosted a generally assembly of both factions in Imus
to reconcile their differences and unite their forces under one
revolutionary government.
o At this assembly, Haring Bonifacio arrogantly took the
presiding officer’s chair which rightly belonged to General
Baldomero Aguinaldo.
o To avoid any trouble, the Magdalo officers and men did not
protest Bonifacio’s autocratic behavior.
o Other members who were present in the assembly were:
 EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA
 FELICIANO JOCSON
 CLEMENTE J. ZULUETA
 MAMERTO NATIVIDAD
o The issues discussed during the assembly were:
 The establishment of a revolutionary government under
new elected officials.
 Uniting the Magdiwang and Magdalo forces under
single command.
o Due to the arrival of Josephine Bracken, accompanied by
Paciano Rizal, nothing definite was accomplished during the
assembly; however, they agreed to have another joint assembly
at another place and date.
 Polavieja’s All-Out Offensive
 o FEBRUARY 15, 1897 - Governor General Polavieja launched
an all-out offensive.
o GENERAL FRANCISCO GALBIS – one of Polavieja;s
combat generals who attacked Zapote.
o GENERAL LACHAMBRE – crossed the Laguna-Cavite
border with two brigades, marching toward Silang.
o FEBRUARY 17, 1897 – General Evangelista was killed by a
Spanish sniper.
o FEBRUARY 19, 1897 – Silang was captured by Lachambre.
o FEBRUARY 25, 1897 – the town of Dasmarinas was taken by
the Spanish troops led by General Antonio Zabala.
o MARCH 1,1897 – Zabala attacked the rebel stronghold of
Salitran.
 GENERAL FLAVIANO YENGKO – a valiant general
who defended the barrio of Salitran against Zabala, and
was mortally wounded and died on March 3, 1897 at
Imus Military Hospital.
 Yengko was the youngest general of the Philippine
Revolution, which is one year, 2 months, and seven
days younger than General Gregorio del Pilar, the hero
of Tirad Pass.
 The Tejeros Assembly
o MARCH 22, 1897 – Haring Bonifacio’s Magdiwang council
hosted a general assembly at Tejeros, barrio of San Francisco
de Malabon.
 The entire Magdiwang officialdom, few Magdalos, and
some alsa balutan patriots attended the assembly.
o The session began at past 2:00 pm at Recollect estate house
with Jacinto Lumbreras as the acting temporary chairman, and
Teodoro Gonzalez who is speaking in favor of a new
revolutionary government.
o Since it was the desire of the majority that a new revolutionary
government should be established, Bonifacio was forced to call
for the election of the officials of this government.
o The election resulted the following:
 President … Emilio Aguinaldo
 Vice-President … Mariano Trias
 Captain General … Artemio Ricarte
 Director of War … Emiliano Riego de Dios
 Director of Interior … Andres Bonifacio
o DANIEL TIRONA – he protested after Bonifacio was elected
as the Director of Interior because he believed that the position
should be occupied by a person who is a lawyer, like his friend
Jose del Rosario.
o Bonifacio’s rage because of the protest of Tirona not following
the majority will lead him to drew his revolver to shoot Tirona.
Bonifacio angrily declared the election null and void.
o The election and establishment of the new revolutionary
government which replaced the Katipunan was still recognized
by the majority of the patriots.
o COL. VICENTE RIEGO DE DIOS – headed a special
committee to inform General Aguinaldo in Pasong Santol of
his election as the president and come to the Tejeros for the
oath-taking.
o MARCH 23, 1897 – General Aguinaldo, with his staff, went
and arrived in Tejeros.
o General Aguinaldo could not enter the Recollect estate-house
 because the entrance was guarded by Bonifacio’s soldiers who
refused to let him enter.
o General Aguinaldo proceed to Sta. Cruz de Malabon where he
was sworn to office inside the Catholic Church, together with
Mariano Trias, Emiliano Riego de Dios, and Artemio Ricarte.
 Efforts to Overthrow the New Government
o Bonifacio exerted efforts to overthrow the newly-established
revolutionary government because of his frustration of not
accepting his loss of leadership in good grace.
o Even before the Tejeros assembly, Bonifacio sabotaged
Aguinaldo by intercepting his troop reinforcements from the
Magdalo towns to the war front of Pasong Santol, ultimately
causing the Spanish capture of Pasong Santol and the death of
General Aguinaldo in March 24, 1897.
o MARCH 23, 1897 – Bonifacio gathered his followers in a
secret meeting at the Recollect estate house in Tejeros and
drafted a document called ACTA DE TEJEROS which was
signed by Bonifacio and 44 other plotters.
o The signers are:
 Ricarte
 Mariano Alvarez
 Pascual Alvarez
 Jacinto Lumbreras
 Diego Mojica
 Luciano San Miguel
 Ariston Villanueva
 Fr. Manuel P Trias
o The following grounds of this document were:
 The Tejeros Assembly “lacks legality”
 There was a Magdalo Conspiracy to oust Bonifacio
from leadership
 The election of officials was fraudulent for “the ballots
have been prepared by one sole individual and have
been issued to unqualified persons in order to secure
majority.
 Actual pressure has been brought to bear upon our
presidency.
o APRIL 19, 1897 – Bonifacio convened another secret meeting
to drew up another document called Naic Military Pact, which
created an army corps under the command of of General Pio
del Pilar.
o MAJOR LAZARO MAKAPAGAL – a prisoner who managed
to escape and inform Aguinaldo about the secret meeting of
Bonifacio.
o Accompanied by General Baldomero and Tomas Mascarado,
Aguinaldo rushed to the friar estate house to confront the
conspirators and he was surprised to see two of his general, Pio
del Pilar and Mariano Noriel, as one of the conspirators
o Bonifacio and his Magdiwang conspirators scampered to safety
like frightened rats from a sinking ship after seeing
Aguinaldo’s soldier surrounding the estate house.
o Bonifacio’s plan to overthrow Aguinaldo and the revolutionary
government failed.
 The Naic Revolutionary Assembly
o APRIL 17, 1897 - President Aguinaldo convoked a
revolutionary assembly in Naic.
o Aguinaldo already had forgiven the Magdiwang conspirators
and invited them to attend the assembly.
o The unfinished election of the officials due to the abrupt
dissolution of the Tejeros Assembly by Bonifacio has been
recalled.
o After the assembly, the first Cabinet of the Revolutionary
Government was composed of the following:
 President … Emilio Aguinaldo
 Vice President … Mariano Trias
 Captain General … Artemio Ricarte
 Secretary of Interior … Pascual Alvarez
 Secretary of State … Jacinto Lumbreras
 Secretary of Finance … Baldomero Aguinaldo
 Secretary of Commerce and Industry … Mariano
Alvarez
 Secretary of Justice … Severino de las Alas
 Secretary of War … Emiliano Riego de Dios
o Important matters taken up and approved in the Naic
Assembly:
 Adoption of new flag of red, white, and blue with a sun
in the center, replacing the red flag of the Katipunan.
 Reorganization of the revolutionary army with new
fighting units added
 Adoption of standard uniform for the soldiers
(Rayadillo)
 Adoption of new rules fixing military ranks and their
insignals.
 Bonifacio’s Last Fight at Limbon
o Bonifacio with his wife, his two brothers, and loyal soldiers
fled to Limbon where he established his camp.
o COL. AGAPITO BONZON, FELIPE TOPACIO, and JOSE
IGNACIO PAUA – they were summoned by Aguinaldo to go
to Limbon and arrest Bonifacio and his men.
o Bonifacio tried to resist, but he lost. It was in fact his last fight
and his last defeat in combat.
o Ciriaco Bonifacio died during the fight and Bonifacio was
wounded.
o APRIL 29, 1897 - Bonifacio, Gregoria de Jesus, Procopio
Bonifacio, and the surviving Bonifacio soldiers were taken
prison and brought to Naic.
 The Court-Martial of the Bonifacio Brothers
o The investigation began upon the arrival of the prisoners.
o COL. JOSE LIPANA – he conducted the investigation as judge
advocate.
o COL. JOSE ELISES – he conducted the investigation as the
fiscal or prosecutor attorney.
o The investigation was transferred to that town on account of
the approaching Spanish attack launched by Governor General
Fernando Primo de Rivera.
o After the trial, the Bonifacio brothers were charged of the
following:
 Treason
 Conspiracy to assassinate President Aguinaldo
 Bribing government soldiers to join the seditious plot.
 o The Council of War created by Aguinaldo was composed of
the following:
 President … General Manuel Noriel
 Col. Tomas Mascarado
 Col. Mariano Riego de Dios
 Col. Crisostomo Riel
 Col. Esteban Ynfante
 Sulpicio Anthony
 Placido Martinez
o MAY 5, 1897 – the trial was held with Placido Martinez as
defense attorney for Haring Bonifacio and Teodoro Gonzalez
for Procopio. During this trial, Bonifacio has given a chance to
explain his side.
o MAY 6, 1897 – Bonifacio brothers were declared guilty as
charged and recommended the penalty of death.
o MAY 8, 1897 – Aguinaldo issued an order commuting the
death penalty to banishment to an “isolated place”.
o President Aguinaldo later on cancelled his commutation order
due to the concern of other prominent persons such as:
 General Noriel
 Pio del Pilar
 Clemente J. Zulueta
 Feliciano Jocson
 General Mamerto Natividad
 Execution of Bonifacio Brothers
o MAY 10, 1897 – Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio
were executed at Mount Hulog by a firing squad.
o MAJOR LAZARO MAKAPAGAL – the one who took
command, upon orders of General Noriel, to execute the
Bonifacio brothers through a firing squad.
 Retreat of Biaknabato
o The day Bonifacio brothers were executed, Spanish Army
attacked Maragondon. Aguinaldo and his revolutionary soldiers
defended the town courageously.
o MAY 12, 1897 – they were compelled to evacuate the town
o Because of the loss of his home province, Aguinaldo and 500
solddiers began his strategic retreat to Biaknabato, a rocky
mountainous barrio of San Miguel, Bulacan.
o JUNE 14, 1897 – the Spanish troops led by Col. Dujiols
attacked the rebel camp.
o Aguinaldo with the help of General Geronimo fought bravely
and routed the enemy after six hours of bloody fighting.
o After the Battle of Mount Puray, President Aguinaldo
organized the Department of Central Luzon under the
jurisdiction of the revolutionary government.
o The departmental government was headed by:
 President … Fr. Pedro Dandan
 Vice President … Dr. Anastacio Francisco
 Secretary of Finance … Paciano Rizal
 Secretary of War … Cipriano Pacheco
 Secretary of the Interior … Teodoro Gonzalez
 Secretary of Formento … Feliciano Jocson
o JUNE 24, 1897 – the date of arrival of Aguinaldo after
continuing his trek northward, and the day he established his
permanent headquarters.

 The Revolution Goes On
o The Filipino struggle for freedom continued.
o JULY 7, 1897 – Aguinaldo issued a stirring proclamation to the
Filipino people giving a litany of Spanish scandalous misdeeds
and urging them to carry on the revolution.
o New uprisings burst in the provinces of Southern Tagalog and
Central Luzon.
o SEPTEMBER 4, 1897 – the revolutionary forces of Generals
Natividad, Llanera, and Tinio attacked the Spanish-occupied
town of Aliaga, Nueva Ecija.
o General Makabulos forces assaulted the Spanish garrison in
Concepcion, Tarlac and San Quintin, Pangasinan during the
first day of October.
o OCTOBER 9, 1897 – General Malvar with the aid of Agueda
Kahabagan attacked the Spanish forces in San Pablo.
o AGUEDA KAHABAGAN – hailed by the historian as the
Tagalog Joan of Arc
 The Biaknabato Republic
o President Aguinaldo convened an assembly of revolutionary
generals and leaders at Biaknabato
o NOVEMBER 1, 1897 – the Biaknabato Republic was
inaugurated under a constitution written by Isabelo Artacho
and Felix Ferrer.
o The officials of Biaknabato Republic were:
 President: Emilio Aguinaldo
 Vice President: Mariano Trias
 Secretary of Interior: Isabelo Artacho
 Secretary of Foreign Affairs: Antonio Montenegro
 Secretary of Treasury: Baldomero Aguinaldo
 Secretary of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios
o The constitution was only taken effect for two years.
o This council could “give orders with the force of law, impose
and collect taxes, and supervise and direct military operations.
o The executive power resided in the President, and in his
absence, in the Vice President.
o TAGALOG – the official language of the Republic.
o This constitution also contained a Bill of rights to safeguard the
human rights of the people.
 Peace Policy of Primo de Rivera
o Governor Primo de Rivera realized the impossibility of
quelling.
o He desired to make peace with Aguinaldo.
o FR. PIO PI and RAFAEL COMENGE – two prominent
Spaniards encourage by Gov. de Rivera to contact Aguinaldo
for a peaceful settlement of the conflict.
o PEDRO A. PATERNO – a Manila lawyer who volunteered to
act as peacemaker.
 The Pact of Biaknabato
o Paterno succeed in negotiating the peace agreement known as
“Pact of Biaknabato”.
o This pact is consisted of three documents
 The first two were signed on December 14, 1897
  The third were signed on December 15, 1897
o There was no single document that embodied the whole pact.
o First document = PROGRAM
 Governor Primo de Rivera would pay P800,000 to those
in arms and would let Aguinaldo and his companions
go into voluntary exile in Hong Kong.
 The payment was to be made in three installments:
 P400,000 on the departure of Aguinaldo and his
companions from Biaknabato
 P200,000 when the number of arms surrendered
exceeded 700
 P200,000 when the general amnesty was
proclaimed
o Second document = ACT OF AGREEMENT
 Reiterated the granting of general amnesty to those who
would lay down their arms and the privilege to live
freely in the Philippines or abroad
o Third document
 Discussed the question of indemnity.
 It is stated that Spain would pay a total indemnity of
P1,700,000 of which sum P800,000 was to be paid to
those who would lay down their arms, and the
remaining P900,000 was to be distributed among the
civilian population who had suffered from the ravages
of war.
o These are the reforms demanded and which Aguinaldo thought
had been promised by Spain:
 Secularization of Philippine parishes and expulsion of
religious orders
 Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish
Cortes
 Equality before the law between Spaniards and the
Filipinos
 Adjustment of property, taxes, and parishes in favor pf
the Filipinos
 Guarantee of human rights, liberty of the press, and the
right of association.
 Aguinaldo Goes on Exile
o DECEMBER 14 AND 15, 1897 – General Aguinaldo prepared
to leave Biaknabato for his voluntary exile in Hong Kong.
o DECEMBER 23, 1897 – two Spanish generals Celestino
Tejero and Ricardo Monet arrived in Biaknabato and remained
there as hostages.
o DECEMBER 27, 1897 – Aguinaldo and 28 companions sailed
for Hong Kong on board the steamer Uranus.
o Aguinaldo continued the revolutionary government in Hong
Kong by reorganizing the so-called Hong Kong Junta and
enlarging it into the Supreme Council of the Nation.
 Violation of the Pact
o Both Spanish and Filipino authorities failed to follow faithfully
the terms of the Pact of Biaknabato.
 Only P600,000 was paid by the Spain.
 Many Filipino patriots who had surrendered were
arrested, imprisoned, and persecuted.
 Filipinos continued to overthrow Spanish rule
 Aguinaldo kept the money to be used in a future
 struggle against Spain.
 No Peace After Biaknabato
o The peace that had been bought to the Spain proved to be
illusory.
o MARCH 7, 1898 – the revolutionist at Zambales besieged the
cable station at Bolinao and seized the telegraph line between
this town and Manila.
o MARCH 25, 1898 – Isabelo Abaya and his men captured
Condon, Ilocus Sur. The Spanish soldiers massacred many
Visayan sailors in Camba Street, Manila.
o The Pact of Biaknabato brought only a short respite, an
ephemeral truce.
CHAPTER 19: THE COMING OF UNITED STATES
 The Spanish-American War ended in the Treaty of Paris in 1898
whereby Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States.
 The Filipinos, who expected the Americans to champion their
freedom, instead were betrayed and reluctantly fell into the hands of
the American imperialist.
 The Spanish – American War (1898)
o The blowing up of the U.S. battleship MAINE at the harbor of
Havana, Cuba on the night of February 18, 1898 cause the war.
o APRIL 19, 1898 – the US Congress passed several resolutions
demanding that Spain evacuate Cuban soil.
o APRIL 24, 1898 – declaration of war of Spain.
o APRIL 25, 1898 – the Congress of America declared war on
Spain.
 The Battle of Manila Bay
o COMMODORE GEORGE DEWEY – headed the American
Asiatic Squadron and was ordered to proceed at once to the
Philippines and destroy the Spanish fleet.
o It began at April 25, 1898 at 5:41 am and ended at noon of May
1, 1898.
o Dewey sank the Spanish fleet without losing a ship or a man.
o The Spanish casualties of Admiral Patricio Montojo were 167
killed and 214 wounded.
o Dewey’s victory caused jubilation in the United States.
o Dewey become a popular hero, and Congress promoted him to
rear-admiral and later admiral
o Dewey’s victory marked at the end of Spain as a world power
and heralded the rise of America as a global power.
 Spanish Effort to Win Filipino Support
o Governor General Basilio Augustin appealed to the Filipino
people to help Spain in the hour of her need.
o He announced the establishment of a Consultative Assembly
composed of prominent Filipinos.
o He also created a Filipino Militia under Filipino officers.
 o MAY 28, 1898 – a Consultative Assembly met for the first  Renewal of the Revolution
time. He addressed it and promised to grant the reforms. o MAY 28, 1898 – Aguinaldo’s new army repulsed the Spanish
o JUNE 13, 1898 – the assembly adjourned without marines at Alapang.
accomplishing anything. o The initial success inspired our people to rally to the cause of
o The Filipinos no longer desired reform and they wanted liberation.
freedom, that is why Spain failed to gain Filipino support. o Spanish forces were routed in:
 Bataan
 Filipino – American Collaboration  Cavite
o General Aguinaldo was caught in Singapore during the  Bulacan
outbreak of the war.  Pampanga
o MR. E. SPENCER PRATT – an American consul general who  Laguna
he had several secret interviews regarding the Filipino –  Batangas
American collaboration against the Spain.  Tayabas
o MR. WILLIAM GRAY – a British businessman who acted as  And other provinces
interpreter during the Aguinaldo – Pratt interviews.
o Aguinaldo held several conferences with the American consul  Manila Besieged by Filipinos
general, MR. ROUNCEVILLE WILDMAN. o The capture of Manila was the chief objective of Aguinaldo.
o He gave money to Consul Wildman for the purchase of arms o The effects of this siege are:
for the Filipinos.  The people of Manila suffered during the siege,
 The supply of foodstuffs and potable water had been cut
 The Return of Aguinaldo off by Aguinaldo’s men.
o MAY 19, 1898 – the arrival of General Aguinaldo at Cavite.  The city populace had to drink rain water and even
o After his arrival, he conferred with Dewey. They’re both from Pasig River.
equally pleased as they both needed the help of both parties.  Food became scarce
o In the belief that the Americans had come as liberators,  Rise of price commodities’ price
Aguinaldo urged his people to rise in arms and help America  Hungry people had to eat horseflesh, dogs, cats, and
against Spain. rats.
o Governor General Augustin rejected Aguinaldo’s offer for an
honorable surrender.

 Dewey and the Germans
o VICE ADMIRAL VON DIEDRICHS – commander of the
German Squadron who had a fighting strength greater than
Dewey.
o Because of the desperate to seek colonies in the Orient,
Diedrichs did everything to embarrass Dewey by trying to grab
the Philippines if it were possible to do so.
o Unlike the Japanese, English, and French fleets, German
squadron showed arrogance and unfriendly behavior. This
behavior enraged Dewey.
o Dewey sent an ultimatum to Von Diedrichs, fearing to risk
battle with the combined Anglo-American fleets, ceased his
hostile activities.
o The second Battle of Manila Bay was adverted between the
Americans and the Germans.
 The Aguinaldo Dictatorship
o MARIANO PONCE – he wrote a constitution that was brought
by Aguinaldo from Hong Kong.
o AMBROCIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA – Aguinaldo’s
adviser who convinced him that the country was not ready for a
republic and a dictatorship was needed to prosecute the war
successfully.
o MAY 24, 1898 – Aguinaldo established the Dictatorial
Government with him as a dictator. He proclaimed that this
dictatorial government was temporary and was to last only until
a republic could be established.
 Proclamation of Philippine Independence
o It is the most significant achievement of the Dictatorial
Government.
o It was proclaimed at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 and was
declared as a national holiday.
o The ceremony was solemnly held at the balcony of
Aguinaldo’s residence.
o Dramatic feature of the ceremony:
 Formal unfurling of the Filipino flag
 The Philippine national anthem was played by the band
 Ambrosio Bautista solemnly read the “Act of the
Declaration of Independence”.
 The Filipino Flag
o It was made in Hong Kong.
o MRS. MARCELA DE AGONCILLO – wife of Don Felipe
Agoncillo, who made the first Filipino flag. She sewed it with
the help of her daughter Lorenza and Mrs, Josefina Herbosa de
Natividad, niece of Jose Rizal.
o The Filipino flag was designed by Emilio Aguinaldo
o Meaning of parts of the flag:
 White: Equality
 Blue: Peace, truth, and justice
 Red: Patriotism and valor
 Eight rays of the sun: First eight provinces that took up
arms against Spain.
 Three stars: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
 The Philippine National Anthem
o It is composed by Julian Felipe.
o He finished it on July 11, 1898.
o FILIPINAS – a poem written by Jose Palma that became the
lyrics of the Philippine national anthem.
 The Revolutionary Government
o APOLINARIO MABINI – known as “Sublime Paralytic”, he
became the adviser of Aguinaldo.
o JUNE 23, 1898 – General Aguinaldo changed the Dictatorial
Government to the Revolutionary Government, and gave up his
title of “Dictator” and assumed a new one: “President of the
Revolutionary Government”.
o JULY 15, 1898 – the first Cabinet was appointed that is consist
of:
 Secretary of the Interior: Baldomero Aguinaldo
 Secretary of Finance: Mariano Trias
o SEPTEMBER 26, 1898 – the following were also appointed to
the cabinet:
 Secretary of Justice: Gregorio Araneta
 Secretary of Promotion: Felipe Buencamino
 Director of Diplomacy: Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera
o MALOLOS CONGRESS – the assembly provided by
Aguinaldo to constitute the lawmaking body of the nation.
o AUGUST 1, 1898 – a convention of town of Bacoor, Cavite,
then the capital of the revolutionary government; it was ratified
the Declaration of the Philippine Independence.
 Secret Negotiation for Manila’s Surrender
o The American troops had totaled nearly 11,000 men, under the
overall command of Major General Wesley Meritt by the end
of July 1898.
o AUGUST 5, 1898 – General Fermin Jaudeness succeeded
General Basilio Augustin as governor general of the
Philippines.
o He was warned by Dewey and Meritt to evacuate the civilian
population in Manila. This warning was followed by another
message demanding the surrender of the city.
o Through Edouard Andre, a Belgian consul, Jaudeness secretly
told Dewey and Meritt that he would surrender after a little
fight to save Spain’s honor.
 The Capture of Manila
o AUGUST 18, 1898 – the Battle of Manila began.
 The Filipino and American troops, fighting side by side,
rushed to the attack.
 Ermita and Malate, including Fort San Antonio Abad,
were captured by General F.V. Greene
 Singalong was taken by General MacArthur
 Paco was saved by General Mariano Noriel
 Tondo was captured by General Gregorio del Pilar
 Sampaloc was captured by General Pio del Pilar
 Santa Ana was captured by General Artemio Ricarte
 End of Filipino – American Collaboration
o The capture of Manila marked the end of Filipino – American
collaboration.
  Spain withdrew from Cuba.
 End of Spanish Rule  Civil and political status of the inhabitants in the ceded
o General Diego de los Rios became governor general after the territories would be determined by the US Congress.
fall of Manila. He was the last Spanish governor general of the
Philippines.
o AUGUST 28, 1898 – he transferred his headquarter to Iloilo
and took command of the Spanish forces of the south.
o He was forced to leave the Iloilo on December 24 and move to
Zamboanga by Visayan patriots led by General Martin
Delgado.
o MAY 19, 1899 – American troops occupied Jolo, displacing
the Spanish garrison in Zamboanga as a foreign base in the
region.
o NOVEMBER 1899 – all the Spanish forces from the south
were shipped to Spain.
o BALER, TAYABAS – the last outpost to surrender to Filipino
freedom fighters.
o JUNE 2, 1899 – the 31 survivors surrendered to Lt. Saturnino
Martin Cerezo and his men valiantly repulsed the repeated
Filipino assault.

 The Treaty of Paris

o Spain and the United States sent delegates to the Paris talks to
draw up the peace treaty ending the Spanish-American war.
o The main provisions of the treaty were as follows:
 Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico to the
United States.
 The US paid the sum of $20 million to Spain.