CONTEMPORARY ARTS REVIEWER
Sculpture
- Has three dimensions: height, width and depth
- Created by either carving, modeling or
assembling parts together
General Kinds of Sculpture
1. Free-standing
- Type of sculpture that can independently
stand in space
- Has a flat horizontal base and
all its sides completes the
form of the sculpture (Ex:
Guillermo Tolentino’s
“Oblation”)
2. Relief
- Type of sculpture that does not have a
horizontal base
- The form is projected from a
flat surface (Ex: Martyrdom
Tableau at Luneta Park in
Manila)
3. Assemblage
- Type of sculpture which is
formed by putting together
materials likes found objects,
pieces of paper, sponges,
wood scraps, etc. (Ex: “Man
and Woman” by Lamberto
Hechanova)
4. Kinetic Sculpure
- Also known as a sculpture in
motion because the whole or
some parts of the sculpture
are moving wiith the wind or
are vibrating with the
surrounding air.
- Mobile is said to be the
simplest form of a kinetic
sculpture (Ex: Chandeliers
made from kiping in Lucban,
Quezon)
5. Welded Sculptures
- Involves the process of
putting together sheets of
metal by using an acetylene
or electric torch. (Ex:
Sculptures of Eduardo
Castrillo)
Use of Glass
- Ramon Orlina and Imelda Pilapil - started
the use of glass in sculpture.
- Orlina made table pieces, murals and
sculptures unified in a framework
- Pilapil used irregular and linear glass
planes patterns
6. Symbolic Sculpture
- Okir design by Abdulmari
Imao, which is a Maranao
design tradition that is used in
woodcarving.
Materials used in sculpture:
- Stone
- Wood
- Metals
- Bronze
- Wax
- Terracotta or clay
- Resin
4 basic sculpture techniques:
1. Modeling
2. Carving
3. Casting
4. Assembling
Styles and movement in sculpture:
- Monolithic sculpture
- Constructivism
- Niches, boxes and grottoes
- Kinetic sculpture
- Sculptural assemblage
Architecture
- One of the effects of world war II in the
country is the destruction of architectural
sites.
- Philippine Architecture uses
the simple straight lines of the
International Modern Styles
such as a chief mode of
expression.
- In 1970, Philippine architecture’s new
form emerged which shows the artistic
skills of Filipinos.
- Bahay Kubo and the Bahay
na Bato became popular
forms to be copied and
modernized as well as
Batasang Pambansa and the
National Theater.
Structural devices of Architecture in the
Philippines:
1. Post and Lintel -
building systems with
horizontal elements
are held up by strong
vertical elements with
large spaces
between them.
2. Cantilever - rigid
structural element
such as beam, or a
plate anchored at
only one end to a
support from which it
is protruding.
3. Truss System - A structural
component where force is
applied to only two points
4. Arch - Is a curved
structure that spans a
space and may or
may not support
weight above it
5. Dome - An architectural element
that resembles the hollow upper
parts of a sphere
6. Shell Structures - Are
lightweight constructions using
shell elements
7. Solar panels - A
photovoltaic module
is a packaged,
connect assembly of
typically 6x10
photovoltaic solar
 panels
Styles in Contemporary Architecture:
- Biomorphic
- Eco-friendly
- Eco-art
- Skyscrapers
- Doors
- Windows
- Walls
- Fountain
Philippine Popular Arts
- An art that is consumed by
the general common Filipino
people. The latest trends in
these arts are usually dictated
by people who consume it,
the more people who like it,
the more it becomes a trend.
LITERATURE
Body of works that show “the best that
has been thought and said”
Works that signify the highest
achievements of a particular culture
Contemporary Philippine Literature has
been focusing on evoking social
awareness especially during the Martial
Law. It shifted to a steady personal
perspective after the 1986 EDSA
Revolution.
TYPES AND ELEMENTS OF
LITERATURE
Creative works can be divided
into two: Poetry and Prose
● Poetry - refers to expressing a
feeling or an idea using figurative
or symbolic language. Examples:
Ethnic tradiction (epic, folk song,
proverbs, riddles, short poems,
poetic jousts), Spanish Colonial
Tradition (metrical romance,
pasyon) American Colonial
Tradition, Contemporary
Tradition
Elements of Poetry:
Meaning - definition, terms,
dialect, a writer’s feelings and
ideas
Figurative Language - simile,
metaphor, other figures of
speech
Imagery - descriptions that
trigger the reader's senses
Sound and Rhythm:
Sound refers to the emphasis on
certain words or rhymes.
Rhythm is the position of the
beats or sound pattern
● Prose - a literature that is not
poetry. Examples include: Folk
Narrative, Myth, Legend,
Folktales, Essay, Novel, Short
story, Komiks
Elements of Prose:
Theme or content - general
thought or idea of the
composition
Style - Choices of words and
sentence structures
Form and Structures - sequence
of events in the story
Plot or storyline - sequence of
events in the story
Characters - can be a person,
animal, or anything who takes
part in the story
Setting - time and place in which
the story happened
Theme - central thought or idea
of the story
Language and style - choices of
words the writer uses
Point of view - opinion of the
author or the characters in a
story
SOME CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS IN
LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
● Nicanor Abelardo - known for
Kundiman songs
● Liwayway Arceo - authored well
known novels like “Canal de la
Reina” and “Titser”
● Francisco Balagtas - wrote the
famous epic “Florante and
Laura”
● Mark Ravelo’s works like
Dyesabel, Darna, and Captain
Barbell are examples of beloved
komiks.
Komiks
- Is widespread and
popular throughout the
country from the 1920s
to the present.
- Have been adapted in
most of the televisions
and films.
- Mostly read in the
editorial page of
newspapers.
- Pugad Baboy is the most
popular komiks series by
every Filipino
● OTHER THINGS ENJOYED BY
FILIPINOS:
- Paperback editions of
novels
- Pocketbook romance
novels
- Wattpad
MUSIC
- Defines as an arrangement of
sounds to create a continuous
and unified composition
- It is the least tangible of arts
Elements of Music:
Melody - a succession of
consecutive notes or tones
changing in pitch and duration
Rhythm - about patterns in time.
 Has three qualities: tempo,
meter, rhythmic pattern
Harmony - combination of tones
or pitches played or sung
together
Texture - refers to the
relationship of melodic and
harmonic lines in music
Dynamics - degree of softness,
loudness of music
Timbre - known as tone color, the
quality of sound
Form - refers to organization of
the other elements
FORMS AND TYPES OF PHILIPPINE
MUSIC
● Ethnic Traditional Music - music
in ethnic tradition that is similar
to elements from the music of
our southeast asian neighbors.
- Examples: Ballad,
Chant, Song Debate
● European-Influenced Religious
and Secular Music - when the
Spaniards came to the
Philippines in 1521, they brought
along their culture and European
influence
- Examples: Art Song
(Kundiman,
Habanera/Danza,
Liturgical Music,
Kumintang, Pasyon
Chant
● American-Inspired Music - Relationship - This element
classified in three:
1. Classical Music - another dancer, to an object or to
Chamber Music, Choral
Music, Opera
2. Solo Instrumental
Literature - concerto,
sonata
3. Symphonic Literature -
symphony, suite, concert
overture, symphonic
poem
● Semi-classical music - Band
music, Marcha/March
● Popular Music - pinoy rock, pinoy
pop, pinoy folk, pinoy disco
music, rap
SOME MUSIC CONTEMPORARY
ARTISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
● Dr. Rodolfo S. Cornejo - At the
age of eight, he became the
organist at Pasay Catholic
Church and at ten years old, he
wrote his first composition
“Glisandro Walyz”
● Josefino Chino Toledo - He is
known for his prize winning
awards “Tatluhan”, “Taghoy ng
Kalikasan”, Tanikala, Tulaili, etc.
● Ryan Cayabyab - wrote many
award winning theatre musicals
such as, “Noli Me Tangere”, “El
Filibusterismo”, “Manificat”,
“Spoliarium”, etc.
- From traditional harana,
Philippine music evolved into
different genres like reggae,
R&B, etc. Although Philippines
music was affected by western
music influence, they still enjoy
original Pinoy music from Filipino
Musicians.
DANCE
- a form of art that involves
human movements and follows a
series of steps rhythmically.
- It differs from movement since it
combines movements of skills,
dynamism, art and rhythm.
Elements of Dance:
Body Element - This shows how
the body moves, what part of the
body is moving, what actions are
performed, and how the body
aligns and supports itself.
Space - This is about where the
dance is performed
Time - Words such as accent,
beat, duration, melk, rhythm, and
acceleration are part of this
element.
Energy - This element is about
how energy is directed through
the body, and how the body can
be used in describing time.
involves how a dancer relates to
the group of dancers, his/her
stage presence, to production
elements, and awareness of their
environment.
FORMS AND TYPES OF DANCE IN
THE PHILIPPINES
- During the contemporary period,
folk dance companies continue
to perform Filipino adaptations of
dances from Europe and the
United States. These include
fandango, habanera, jota,
mazurka, rigaudon, polka,
schottische, valse, and other
quadrille dances. Ballet
companies also fourshed., as
well as groups who specialize in
jazz, and modern dance.
● FOLK DANCES - these dances
developed and performed
together by native people.
- Examples: Courtship and
Wedding Dances, Game
Dances, Martial Dance,
Mimetic Dance, Ritual
Dancing, Social
Distancing, Song Dance
● BALLET - Ballet is a theatrical
dance presentation wherein plot
 is combined with dance, music,
and stage designs.
- Examples: Modern
ballet, Opera ballet,
Folkloric ballet
● MODERN DANCE- A dance
form that emerged during the
20th century. This is still
considered theatrical but it veers
away from the style and
technique of ballet.
● Other Forms: Aerobic Dance,
Bodabil Dancing, Jazz Dance,
Polynesian and Tahitian Dances,
Tap Dance
PIONEER DANCE CONTEMPORARY
ARTISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
● Francisca Reyes Aquino -
presented 4 dances, cariñosa,
abaruray, salabat, and areuana
during the Manila Fiesta Carnival
in 1921
● Leonor Orosa-Goquingco - is
known as the "Mother of
Philippine Dance Theater" and
"Dean of Filipino Performing Arts
Critics.
● Lucrecia Reyes-Urtula - started
her love for folk dance when she
was young. Born in lloilo,
Lucrecia was exposed to many
folk dances because of her
father, a colonel, who was
stationed in various parts of the
Philippines.
● Alice Reyes - In 1969, she
founded the Alice Reyes and
Modern Dance Company, which
performed at the Cultural Center
of the Philippines. Her group
paved the way for the formation
of the CCP Dance Company,
now known as Ballet Philippines
● Ligaya Fernando Amilbangsa -
is a Ramon Magsaysay
awardee, known for her research
on the pangalay or igal, a
pre-Islamic traditional dance
among the ethnic groups in the
Southern Philippines.
MOVIES
- Filipino films or movies are
greatly compared to western or
foreign movies in terms of its
content, cgi effects, production,
actors, actresses and such.
Filipino staples featuring
romantic comedy series with
patterned stories.
THEATER
- The term "Theater" is an art form
involving performance with
carefully planned actions and
emotions.
- Philippine theater is a wide
range of mimetic performance
with objectives, created and
presented in events
ELEMENTS OF THEATER IN THE
PHILIPPINES:
Performers - persons who act or
portray their character on stage
in a convincing way.
Audience - assembled
spectators or listeners at a public
event. ike play, movie, and
concerts.
Director - serves as an overseer
to the entire production.
Performance Space - space in
which the actors can perform.
Design - There are two aspects
of design:
Visual aspects which refer to
lighting, set, and costumes
Non-visual aspects primarily
include sound.
Text - refers to the script
FORMS AND TYPES OF PHILIPPINE
THEATER
- Dr. Prospero R. Covar, a
Filipino anthropologist, created
another typology which was the
basis of a typology of Philippine
theater. The typology has four
dramatic traditions based on
where contemporary theater
takes place.
● Dulang Pahiyang (rituals) -
Theater is part of life and not a
separate activity.
- Examples: Rituals,
Duplo, Bayok, Balitaw
● Dulambayan - Theater in the context of
social movements.
- Examples: Drama Simboliko,
Street Theater
● Teatrong Pansimbahan - This is
concerned with spirituality.
- Examples: Komedya,
Dapit, Flores, Hudas,
Huling Hapunan,
Morones, Paghuhugas
ng Paa, Panunuluyan,
Pastores or Shepherd's
Dance, Osana
Pangangaluluwa, Siete
Palabras, Sinakulo,
Salubong, Daan ng
Krus.
● Theater as Art - Under this
category, theater is viewed as a
profession. Production is being
valued and taken seriously.
Plays can be performed in
private buildings, and school
auditoriums.
- Examples: Children's
theater, Puppet Theater,
Indigenous thealer
(plays with Spanish
influence: sarswela,
drama), Theater with
Anglo-American
 Influence (bodabil, Artist?
modern or original plays ● Panel of experts
by Filipino) ● Commissioners of the
National Commission on
CONTEMPORARY THEATER ARTISTS Culture and the Arts
IN THE PHILIPPINES (NCCA)
● Board of Governors of
● Gantimpala Foundation Theater the Cultural Center of
- staged Ibong Adarna, Florante the Philippines (CCP)
at Laura, etc. ● President of the
● Philippine Education Theater Republic of the
Association - founded in 1967 by Philippines
Cecile-Guidote Alvarez
● Dulaang Unibersidad ng - CRITERIA:
Pilipinas (Dulaang UP) - 1. Living artists who have been
established in 1976 by Tony Filipino citizens for the last ten
Mabesa years prior to nomination as well
● Teatro Tomasino - named after as those who have died after the
its university - UST establishment of the award
● Tanghalang Ateneo - one of the 2. Artists who have helped build
country’s leading school-based a Filipino sense of nationhood
theater companies. through the content and form of
their works;
4 BASIC THEATER STAGES 3. Artists who have distinguished
themselves by pioneering in a
mode of creative expression or
style, making an impact on
succeeding generations of
artists;
4. Artists who have created a
significant body of works and/or
have consistently displayed
excellence in the practice of their
art form, enriching artistic
expression or style; and
5. Artists who enjoy broad
acceptance through prestigious
national and/or international
recognition, awards in
STYLES IN PHILIPPINE THEATER prestigious national and/or
ARTS international
● Realism
- Psychological Realism - NAA was established in 1972
- Social Realism under the Presidential Decree
● The Brechtian Style No. 1001 issued by the
● Musical Performances President Ferdinand Marcos.
● Documentary Styles The first recipient was Fernando
● Short Styles Amorsolo who was conferred the
award posthumously.
NATIONAL ARTIST AWARD
NATIONAL ARTISTS OF THE PHILIPPINES
- CATEGORIES: MUSIC
● MUSIC
● DANCE 1. ANTONIO BUENAVENTURA- He
● THEATER popularized Philippine Folk Songs and
● VISUAL ARTS Dances in 1935. It was tagged as “the
● LITERATURE only band that can sound like a
● FILM AND symphony orchestra.”
BROADCAST ARTS 2. JOSE MACEDA- His career is focused
● ARCHITECTURE on understanding and popularizing
● DESIGN AND ALLIED Filipino traditional music.
ARTS 3. LUCRECIA R. KASILAG- she reinforced
the Filipino’s appreciation to music by
- Pambansang Alagad ng Sining fusing Western influences on Philippine
is administered by the National ethnic music.
Commission for Culture and the 4. ERNANI J. CUENCO- He is one of the
Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural remarkable singers, composers, film
Center of the Philippines (CCP) scorers, and musicians in his time.
and conferred by the President 5. LUCIO SAN PEDRO- Is a master
of the Philippines upon composer known for creatively using folk
recommendation by both idioms in his musical compositions.
institutions. Numero Uno.
- Who Selects the Filipino National 6. ANTONIO MOLINA-his notable
 contribution to Philippine music is his use
of folk music in his works.
7. FRANCISCO FELICIANO- he was a
musician, composer, teacher, conductor
known for incorporating “Asianess” in his
music.
8. LEVI CELERIO- Due to his extraordinary
talent in music like creating music in a
piece of leaf
9. RAMON SANTOS- his music highlights
Asia’s and Philippines’ rich artistic
tradition and features elements from
western and non-western areas.
10. JOVITA FUENTES- known for her
portrayal of Cio-cio san in Madame
Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini, which was
held in Teatro Municipale di Piacenza in
Italy.
11. FELIPE PADILLA DE LEON- “People’s
Musician” for the sentiments and
aspirations of the Filipino people in times
of war and of peace are evident in his
musical works.
12. ANDREA VENERACION- she was the
founder of the world-renowned choral
group, the
13. Philippine Madrigal Singers- which has
won numerous awards in and out of the
country.
DANCE
14. FRANCISCA REYES AQUINO-
vigorously researched on the different
folk dances of the Philippines which
made her the “Folk Dance Pioneer” of
the country.
15. RAMON OBUSAN-promoted the
Philippine ethnic dances and performed
them with respect and authenticity.
16. ALICE REYES- her major and most
important contribution in the Philippine
Dance is the development of unique
Filipino modern dance idiom.
17. LEONOR OROSA GOQUINGCO- also
known as the “Trailblazer” “Mother of
Philippine Theater Dance”, and “Dean of
Filipino Performing Arts Critics,” .
18. LUCRECIA REYES-URTULA- studied
the country’s folk and ethnic dances for
four decades and developed ethnic
choreographies applying her findings.
THEATER
19. DAISY AVELLANA- was the so-called
First Lady of the Philippine Theater
because of her magnificent
performances in classic Filipino and
international theater productions and
plays.
20. ROLANDO TINIO- was an outstanding
stage director, poet, thespian, and
playwright known for his numerous
remarkable productions and notable
scripts.
21. WILFRIDO GUERRERO- has mentored
and trained many performing artists for
35 years.
22. HONORATA “ATANG” DELA RAMA-
she played many roles in numerous
productions where she became popular
and hailed as the Queen of Kundiman.
23. SALVADOR F. BERNAL- was an
exceptional theater designer who
designed hundreds of theater
productions for a span of four decades.
24. SEVERINO MONTANO- hailed as the
“Titan of the Philippine Theater”, he took
the lead in promoting “legitimate theater”
in the country.
VISUAL ARTS
25. FERNANDO AMORSOLO- known as
the “Grand Old Man of the Philippine Art”
was the first National Artist of the
country.
26. HERNANDO OCAMPO- was one of the
Thirteen Moderns, who paved the way to
art modernism in the Philippines.
27. BENEDICTO CABRERA- popularly
known as BenCab, is an award-winning
painter and printmaker who was tagged
as a Master of the Philippine
Contemporary art.
28. CARLOS “BOTONG” FRANCISCO-
was a muralist from Angono, Rizal. For
nearly three decades, he painted murals
showing historical past of the Philippines.
29. CESAR LEGAZPI- is one of the Thirteen
moderns, who promoted modern arts in
the country.
30. ABDULMARI ASIA IMAO- a visual artist
form Sulu, who articulated the Muslim
culture and art in the country.
31. GUILLERMO TOLENTINO- was the
master sculptor who introduced classical
sculpture in the country. His works,
though classical in style, are still
identifiable Filipino.
32. ARTURO LUZ- is an abstractionist
known for his minimalist paintings and
sculptures which exude sophisticated
simplicity.
33. FREDERICO AGUILAR ALCUAZ- was
the artist known for gestural abstract
expressionistic paintings using a variety
of mediums like acrylic and oil.
34. NAPOLEON ABUEVA- is the Father of
Modern Philippine Sculpture, who made
use of a wide range of materials in his
works like different types of hardwood,
stones, and metals.
35. JEREMIAS ELIZALDE NAVARRO- was
a painter and a sculptor. As a painter, he
created both abstract and figure
paintings using oil and watercolor.
36. FRANCISCO COCHING- tagged as the
“Dean of the Filipino Illustrators”. He was
popular for his komiks drawings.
37. VICTORIO EDADES- is the Father of
Modern Philippine Painting. He was one
of the “triumvirates” who introduced
modernism in Philippine visual art.
38. ANG KIUKOK- was known for his highly
expressionistic works containing
powerful meanings.
39. JOSE JOYA- is an abstractionist known
for his “gestural paintings” the prominent
elements of his artworks include their
color harmony inspired by the country’s
landscapes, their kinetic energy, and
their spontaneity.
40. VICENTE MANANSALA- was a cubist
painter who painted with a wide range of
 subject matters from the happy and
bountiful rural to poverty-stricken urban
set-ups.
LITERATURE
41. FRANCIS ARCELLNA- is one of the
proponents of modern Filipino short story
which uses English as its language.
42. EDITH TIEMPO- produced numerous
remarkable poems and short stories.
Evident in her poems is the harmony of
intellect and emotions which resulted in
fine literary pieces.
43. BIENVENIDO LUMBERA-his most
significant contribution in the field of
literature is the introduction of the Bagay
poetry.
44. N.V.M GONZALEZ- Nestor Vicente
Madali Gonzalez is a writer known for his
effective use of the English language in
expressing and shaping the culture and
sensibility of the Filipino people and the
country.
45. VIRGILIO ALMARIO- an exemplary poet
who carries the pen “Rio Alma”. Alma
was famously known for his modern
poetry filled with social consciousness.
46. CIRILIO BAUTISTA- is a literary genius
who produced numerous works such as
poems, fictions, and essay
47. NICK JOAQUIN-is a playwright, poet,
novelist, short story writer, and a
journalist. He was the most distinguished
Filipino writer who used English as his
medium.
48. AMADO V. HERNANDEZ- is socially
committed writer who believes that a
writer should uplift the human spirit by
being the voice of the society in times of
oppression.
49. LAZARO FRANCISCO- is a master of
Tagalog novel whose literary pieces
highlight the writer’s nationalism. His
novels express the desire for social
change.
50. JOSE GARCIA VILLA- is the
contemporary poet who used the pen
name doveglion, a combination of a
dove, eagle, and lion.
51. FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSE- commonly
known as F. Sionil Jose, was recognized
for his remarkable writings showing the
Filipino’s aspiration for freedom and
social justice.
52. CARLOS P. ROMULO- was an editor, a
reporter, and a publisher. He wrote a
series of articles predicting WWII and
won the Pulitzer Prize in Journalism in
America.
53. ALEJANDRO ROCES- he is considered
as the best comic short story writer and
one of the few humorists in the literature.
54. CARLOS QUIRINO- was the recipient of
the National Artist Award for Historical
Literature awarded by President Fidel V.
Ramos
FILM AND BROADCAST ARTS
55. LAMBERTO AVELLANA- was the
so-called “the Boy Wonder of the
Philippine Cinema.”
56. LINO BROCKA- was an award-winning
director who used “freedom of
expression” in his works.
57. ISHMAEL BERNAL- was the so-called
“Genius of the Philippine Cinema”.
58. MANUEL PABUSTAN CONDE- started
his journey in the world of film as an
apprentice in Filipino Films.
59. GERARDO DE LEON- when he was still
in High school, he served as a piano
player for silent movies.
60. RONALD ALAN K. POE- popularly
known as Fernardo Poe Jr., was a
legendary icon in the Philippine cinema.
61. EDDIE ROMERO- whose real name was
Edgar Romero y SInco, was a screen
playwright, a producer, and a film
director.
ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN AND ALLIED ARTS
62. PABLO S. ANTONIO- was known for his
simple architectural designs consisting of
clean lines and functional curves.
63. LEANDRO V. LOCSIN- was a
remarkable architect who designed
numerous structures including residential
and commercial buildings, churches,
government offices, hotels and etc.
64. JUAN F. NAKPIL- the most prominent
element in his architectural designs were
their strength,function, and aesthetics.
65. ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS- he introduced
outdoor shopping concept through his
design of Makati Commercial Center
where in incorporated fountains,
sculptures, and landscape walks.
66. JOSE MARIA V. ZARAGOZA-his
architectural structure was a mixture of
modern and traditional designs.
NEWLY PROCLAIMED NATIONAL ARTISTS
67. LARRY ALCALA- National Artist for
Visual Arts. Editorial cartoonist and
illustrator Alcala’s pen brought to life the
cartoon series Slice of Life in the
Weekend Magazine.
68. AMELIA LAPEÑA BONIFACIO-
National Artist for Theater For her work
in writing plays, promoting children’s
theater, and puppetry, Bonifacio has
been called the “Grande Dame of
Southeast Asian Children’s Theater.”
69. RYAN CAYABYAB- National Artist for
Music “Mr C” is perhaps the most famous
Filipino composer in recent history.
70. FRANCISCO ‘BOBBY’ MAÑOSA-
National Artist for Architecture If Mañosa
is a name unknown to you, the same
likely cannot be said of his iconic works.
71. RESIL MOJARES- National Artist for
Literature Mojares is a multi-awarded
writer, historian, and literary critic.
72. RAMON MUZONES- National Artist for
Literature. Muzones is the preeminent
name in West Visayan fiction. He is best
known for his Hiligaynon novel
Margosatubig
73. KIDLAT TAHIMIK- National Artist for
Cinema. Widely regarded as the father of
independent Philippine cinema, Kidlat
Tahimik (real name: Eric de Guia)
GAWAD SA MANLILIKHANG BAYAN AND
THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO PHILIPPINE ARTS
- The Philippines already had rich culture
and arts before colonization. Our
ancestors have developed these native
art forms which depict the life of the
Filipinos untouched by any colonizer.
Little we know that these art forms
continue to live even today because of
the passionate artists who are keeping
the traditional art alive. It is important to
know the different traditional art forms of
the country, their origins, and the artists
who preserved and are continuously
preserving the art.
- In 1992, the National Commission on
Culture and therefore the Arts (NCCA)
began selecting and honoring recipients
of the National Living Treasures Award,
also referred to as Gawad sa Manlilikha
ng Bayan (GAMABA), through Republic
Act No. 7355. It continues to be awarded
today and is handed out in the form of a
medal
- The word GAMABA stands for GAWAD
SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN (
National Living Treasures). It is an
award given to recognize the outstanding
work of the artists in the Philippines. The
given award was established in 1992
through Republic Act No. 7355 until
2012. There were thirteen finest folk
artists of the land who have received this
distinction for their dedication to creating
the craft, using skills, and indigenous
methods and materials. Artists received
recognition for preserving the traditional
art of the Philippines which kept the art
alive even in the contemporary period
(Sandagan & Sayseng 2016).
● Who are the GAMABA awardees? What
are their qualifications?
- The GAMABA awardees are the people
who have adopted a program that will
ensure the transfer of their skills to
others. They undertake measures to
promote a genuine appreciation of
traditional craft and art and instill pride
among our people in the skill of the
Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
(GAMABA). Filipinos are conferred at the
forefront of the practice, preservation,
and promotion of the nation’s traditional
folk arts.
● To become a GAMABA Awardee is the
same as joining a contest there are
mechanics and guidelines as follows.
1. Must be an inhabitant of an
indigenous/traditional cultural
community anywhere in the
Philippines that has preserved
indigenous customs, beliefs,
rituals, and traditions and/or has
syncretized whatever external
elements that have influenced it.
2. Must have engaged in a folk-art
tradition that has been in
existence and documented for at
least fifty (50) years.
3. Must have consistently
performed or produced works of
superior and distinctive quality
over a significant period.
4. He/she/group must possess a
mastery of tools and materials
needed by the art and must have
an established reputation in the
art as a master and maker of
works of extraordinary technical
quality.
5. Must have passed on and/or will
pass on to other members of the
community their skills in the folk
art for which the community is
traditionally known.
GAMABA AWARDEES
LITERATURE
1. GINAW BILOG- is a Hanunuo Mangyan
poet from Mansalay, Mindoro who is an
advocate of preserving the traditional
form of his tribe called “ambahan”.
2. FEDERICO CABALLERO- is a
Panay-Bukidnon epic chanter who
preserved his community’s oral tradition
by tediously documenting epics of his
ancestors that are in near danger of
appearance.
MUSIC/DANCE
3. ALONZO SACLAG- is a Master of
Dance and performing arts of Kalinga.
He did not receive any formal education
in performing arts, but he mastered the
choreography and musical instruments of
Kalinga just by observation.
4. MASINO INTARAY- came from the
indigenous community in Southern
Palawan called the Palawan. Intaray was
a musician and a poet whose expertise
were the basal, kulilal, and bagit.
5. SAMAON SULAIMAN- is a
Maguindanaon musician from
Mamasapano. He is a master in playing
the kutyapi, a two-stringed plucked lute.
6. UWANG AHADAS- is the exemplary
musician of the Yakan of Lamitan,
Basilan whose expertise dwell in playing
the indigenous instruments called
kwintangan kayu.
WEAVING
7. DARHATA SAWABI- is a pis yabit
weaver from Jolo, Sulu. Pis yabit is a
square multi-colored traditional cloth that
serves as the head cover of the Tausug
of Sulu.
8. HAJJA AMINA APPI- is the master mat
weaver of the Sama indigenous
community from Ungos, Matata,
Tawi-Tawi.
METALWORK
9. EDUARDO MUTUC- is a metalsmith
from Apalit, Pampanga, who created
numerous woodcarving and metal art
with religious and secular themes.

CASQUE
10. TEOFILO GARCIA- is an Ilocano casque
maker from San Quintin, Abra. He is
known for crafting high quality and
functional headpiece called tabungaw.
NEW GAMABA ARTISTS
1. Yabing Masalon Dulo, B’laan ikat
weaver
- Yabing Dulo, also known as Fu
Yabing, is a master of the craft of
Mabal Tabih, a craft belonging to
the B’laan tribe in Polomolok,
South Cotabato.
2. Ambalang Ausalin, Yakan weaver
- Apuh Ambalang, as she is
called, is famous in her
hometown of Lamitan and
beyond for her mastery of even
the most intricate of Yakan
weaving styles.
3. Estelita Bantilan, B’laan mat weaver
- Bantilan, who hails from
Sarangani, is recognized for her
exemplary execution of B’laan
mat or igem weaving techniques.
PHILIPPINE ART AND SOCIETY
● ART AND THE ENVIRONMENT
- Varied topography of the
Philippines continue to influence
the forms of art that Filipinos
create
- BAHAY KUBO: vernacular
architecture adapted to the
Philippine climate (rainy
day/sunny day)
- Payo/Ifugao’s Rice Terraces:
basis of their cultural identity.
Through their art forms, Ifugaos
have successfully expressed
their environment as source of
their sustenance and spirituality
- Bul’ul
● ART AND SPIRITUALITY
- Society’s belief system which
centered on the concept of gods
and spirits is one great impetus
for the creation of art
- Filipinos successfully integrated
foreign religions like Christianity
into indigenous beliefs making
this assimilation original and
dynamic
- Art produced from the 16th to
19th centuries was
predominantly religious in nature
- These were done under the
auspices of the Catholic Church
- These includes: Churches,
retablos (devotional paintings),
furniture, wall paintings, bell
casting, gold vessels and priestly
vestments
- Filipinos have created their own
sense of faith and art as shown
by the prevalence of many folk
religious practices that lived
today
- Islamic faith-Muslim art toward
ornamental designs since the
Koran/Quran forbids
anthropomorphic figures
- Islamic beliefs in the Philippines
was highly influenced by
Southeast Asian Culture
- Philippine Muslim art accepts the
following figures: borak
(Bangsamoro flying art), naga
(serpent guardians of the watery
underworld), sarimanok
(legendary fowl that has become
an ubiquitous symbol of
Maranao art)
- Pasyon (sung during holy
week/performative faith),
Pahiyas (Lucban Quezon),
Camarin Sta. Ana Church
(Manila), etc. basta may marinig
kayo about saints (st./sto./sta.),
Mary, Jesus, anything
christian/catholic sounding +
other religious sounding stuff,
dito siya)
● ART AND EVERYDAY LIFE
- Practice of art in the Philippines
is strongly characterized by its
integration into the everyday life
of people
- Food- culinary art (creative
capacity), its aesthetics become
closely associated with a
particular memory of place.
Gives meaning to the different
places and becomes
expressions of cultural identity
- EXAMPLES: Calesa, jeepney,
sorbetero, tricycle, any filipino
food
● ART AND TECHNOLOGY
- We use our knowledge to
harness resources toward
changing our social environment
, then we are engaging in the
use of technology (Digitally
enhanced photographs, videoke,
video games, images for digital
art contexts, internet,
computer-generated images on
film)
● ART AND POLITICS
- Basta political issues
- Red- used in protest art;
symbolizes resistance and
need for societal change
● ART AND ECONOMY
- Patronage System: driven by
those who have power and
resources influences the
production of art
- Miniaturismo- art technique that
pays special attention to the
embroidery, texture of the
costume, garment designs, and
accouterments like canes, hats,
shoes, kerchiefs, and fans.
- Rise of shopping malls
- Commercial art
- Creative industries
- Probably money design
 - Anything that contributes to the
economy
PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY CINEMA
1950 (Golden Age of Philippine Cinema)
- Awards were first instituted in this era
from The Manila Times Publishing
Company where they set up the Maria
Clara Awards in 1950.
- Bronze statuette was designed by
National Artist sculptor Guillermo
Tolentino
- Famous Actors:
1. Susan Roces- She is a widow of
Ronald Allan Kelley Poe, better
known as Fernando Poe, Jr.
Born to a French American
mother and a Filipino father of
Spanish and Chinese descent.
(Ang Daigdig Ko’y Ikaw, Pilipinas
kong mahal)
2. Eddie Garcia- He is the most
awarded and nominated person
in the long history of the FAMAS
Awards. He was awarded his
first FAMAS Award in 1957 and
his last FAMAS, a Hall of Fame
for Best Actor, in 2003. The first
actor to be inducted in the
FAMAS Best Supporting Actor
Hall of Fame FAMAS in 1974.
3. Fernando Poe Jr.- "King of
Philippine Movies" (often
shortened to Da King). Poe was
declared a National Artist of the
Philippines for Film on May 23,
2006 by then President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo.
4. Gloria Romero- Her career
spans 60 years and includes
award winning performances in
the film industry. She is the first
recipient of the lifetime
achievement award from the
MTRCB.
1950 (Post-War Visayan Cinema)
● After the second world war, resurgence
of Visayan films came about through
Lapu-Lapu pictures, Producing. . .
- Timbu Mata (1948) - Starring
Eva de Villa and Lino Ramas
- Damgo ni Adan (Adan's Dream)
- Produced by Ruby Robles
● Then came Mactan films which
produced. . .
- Tahas (Mission; 1950) - Starring
Luz Celeste and Dakay; Mat
Ranillo was here
- Balud (Wave; 1950) - Starring
Luz Celeste and Mat Ranillo
● Another independent picture produced
- Sa Kabukiran (In the fields;
1948)
1950 (Visayan Cinema)
● Azucena Productions was established
by the Arong Family (owners of Rene
and Liberty Theaters) in 1951.
1. Princesa Tirana (Princess
Tirana) - Starring Matt Ranillo
and Gloria Sevilla (her first
feature title role as she was
discovered through a
declamation contest at the
University of the Visayas) as
lead players.
- Their first feature
together was made such
a box office success in
the Visayas and
Mindanao that other
features immediately.
- Followed by several
other film movies such
as Leonora (1951),
Pailub Lang (Be
Forebearing; 1951),
Utlanan Border (1951),
etc.
● EDDIE CINCO ROMERO- He was
named "National Artist of the Philippines"
in 2003. His body of work delved into the
history and politics of his country.
- "Ganito Kami Noon...Paano
Kayo Ngayon?", revolution
against the Spaniards, and
American colonizers, follows a
native peasant to become a
member of an imagined
community.
- "Aguila", family's story against
the backdrop of FIlipino history.
- "Kamakalawa", explored the
folklore of prehistoric Philippines.
- "Banta ng Kahapon", set against
the turmoil of the late 1960s,
tracing the connection of the
underwold to the corrupt halls of
politics.
1970s film
- Emergence of Visayan talents in the
Tagalog film industry
- MARTIAL LAW
- The Philippines was placed
under martial law, and films were
used as propaganda vehicles in
1972.
- President Ferdinand Marcos and
his technocrats sought to
regulate filmmaking through the
creation of Board of Censors for
Motion Pictures (BCMP).
- Finished script was required to
be submitted to the Board and
incorporate the "ideology" of the
New Society Movement, the new
sense of discipline, uprightness,
and love for the country.
- The notorious bomb films still
existed but in milder, less overt
way like female stars swimming
in their underwear or taking a
bath in their chemise, labeled as
the "wet look."
- An example of this trend was the
1974 hit movie "Ang
Pinakamagandang Hayop sa
Balat ng Lupa" (The Most
Beautiful Animal on the Face of
the Earth)
 - Featured former Miss Universe
Gloria Diaz and filmed in the
famed Sicogon Island in Carles,
Iloilo.
- EXPERIMENTAL CINEMA
- The Experimental Cinema of the
Philippines (ECP) was a Philippine Movie Industry.
government-owned corporation
of the Republic of the Philippines
created to promote and growth
and development of the local film
industry.
- Created in 1982 after the First
Manila International Film Festival
through Executive order 770.
- The ECP was primarily known as
a production company.
- PEQUE GALLAGA- multi-awarded
Filipino maker
- directed a film called "Oro, Plata,
Mata" after winning a films with better editing
scriptwriting contest sponsored
by the Experimental Cinema of
the Philippines
1980s to 1990s
1983- Bagets
1980’s biggest love team- Sharon Cuneta and
Gabby Concepcion
1980s teen- Romnick Sarmienta and Sheryl
Cruz
● Decline of Philippine films
- most films were mass-produced
only for commercial success
during this period
- storylines of films were
predictable
- acting was either mediocre or
overly dramatic
- producers didn't take risks to
come up with interesting stories
- producers applied old concepts
that cater the taste of the
masses
- majority of the genre produced
were teen-oriented
films, massacre movies, and soft
pornographic
pictures
● Rise of Bomba Films and Pito-Pito
films
- films industry produced more
than 200 films a year
- pito-pito films - films that are shot
in 7 to 10 days
- this pito-pito films aims to quickly
regain the minimal costs in
production
- the masses patronize theaters
- female directors launched their
careers due to new laws that
recognizes the rights of women
● There are also historical, Comedy and
gay themed films
2000s films
● Decline of movies and emergence of
indie films
- Dramatic Decline of the
- Hollywood films dominated
mainstream cinema even more.
- Fewer than twenty quality local
films were being produced and
shown yearly.
- REASON FOR DOWNFALL:
● Filipino's exposure to
foreign films instead of
mainstream cinema
decreasing the number
of films produced from
143 to 70 or fewer in the
2000s'
● Competition from foreign
techniques,
cinematography, story
concept and far bigger
production
● New competitors come
and go, from DVDs to
cable TV and free TV in
addition to several movie
downloading sites,
YouTube channels, and
social networking sites, it
became harder for the
film industry to regain its
glory.
● High taxation for film
producers
- Many producers and production
houses later stopped producing
films after losing millions of
pesos.
- Winning of the Palme d'Or at
the Cannes Film Festival 2000
of Raymond Red's short film
ANINO (Shadows)
- Pioneer Digital Film was "Still
Lives" by Jon Red
- Cheaper production cost from
digital media over film gained
the rebirth of independent
filmmaking.
2010: Commercial Renaissance
● You Changed My Life generated ₱230
million, making it the first Filipino movies
to breach 200 million pesos mark.
● 2011- the most fruitful year in Philippine
Cinema history as of its three films from
star cinema landed in the top 3 of the
highest grossing Filipino Film of All
Time.
● Vice Ganda's "The Unkabogable
Praybeyt Benjamin" grossed ₱331.6
million which is the highest grossed local
Filipino film.
● "No Other Woman" that grossed 278.39
million pesos
● "Enteng ng Ina Mo" that grossed 237.89
million pesos
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENT CINEMA

INDEPENDENT FILM:
- produced and distributed by independent
entertainment companies or smaller
production companies
- vary in style and genre and do not follow
the traditional studio films system and
are less budgeted
- produced outside a major film studio and
are distinguished by both the style and
the artistic manner in which the director
chooses to show them
- produced by smaller production
companies. They do not follow the same
formula as studio films. Instead, they
vary in style and genre
- actors are often unknown would need to
use what they have, and often, film in the
same location, with one or two shots that
are not in the same place
- have very small marketing campaigns,
and often don't advertise anywhere, and
are spread through film festivals, critics,
reviews and word of mouth
- ADVANTAGES:
● Distributes to a larger audience
● Artists can be known worldwide
● Collaborate with popular artists
● They are publicized much
quicker
● Synergy with other producers
● Big Production Values
● You can have your own
independence
● You can have closer connection
with fans
● 100% profits
- DISADVANTAGES:
● Labels can be exploiting the
artists
● Artists are not really authentic
● They don’t get much say
● You won’t get all profits
● Not known globally
● Don't have much reputation,
branding or promoting
● No financial support
● Less connections and influences
● Smaller scale, less profit
● You have to do it all yourself
SECOND GOLDEN AGE OF CINEMA:
- also be referred to as “alternative
cinema”. It includes short films,
documentaries, experimental films, and
animations usually found in commercial
films
MIDSTREAM FILMS
- TEDDY CO: coined the term in
reference to the “stream” of films
that are neither clearly perceived
as mainstream nor as indie
- Examples: The Thing Called
Tadhana (2014) and Heneral
Luna (2015)
MAINSTREAM FILMS
- are widely released in cinemas, often
created in public media machinery
- mostly about love teams, comedy or
action films
- typical Mainstream films are released in
cinemas for a short period of time and
are marketed to attract mass audiences
and create revenue
- actors are used to attract audiences and
fans
- have multi-million campaigns, using
billboards, internet, TV adverts, and
every single method possible to get the
film into the public consciousness
- build sets, and travel all over the world to
get exactly what they need for production
FILMMAKERS
- KIDLAT TAHIMIK: Father of the
Philippine Independent film,
postcolonialism, Philippine New Wave
(Balikbayan # 1, Perfumed Nightmare)
- BRILLANTE MENDOZA: directed his first
film at the age of 40 called Masahista,
won Cannes Best Director Award and
Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (films he
made are Mindanao, Alpha, Kanatay and
Taklub)
- ADOLFO ALIX JR.: one of the world's
most prolific filmmakers, having directed
30 feature films in only 11 years.In 2006,
Mr. Alix Jr’s debut feature, Donsol, was
the official Philippines selection for the
Academy Award® for Best Foreign
Language Film, and in 2010, Adolfo Alix
Jr was named by The Hollywood
Reporter in their ‘Next Generation Asia’
list that featured 20 filmmakers deemed
“the best and brightest among their
peers”. (Donsol, Kalayaan, Adela)
- LAV DIAZ: key member of the slow
cinema movement, most critically
acclaimed contemporary filmmakers,
Filipino independent filmmaker and
former critic (Heremias, Evolution of a
Filipino Family)
- DANTE NICO GARCIA: is known for
Ploning (2008), Pisay (2007) and Oh, My
Girl!: A Laugh Story... (2009)
- JEFFERY JETURIAN: Filipino director
and production designer for both
television and film. He won the Gawad
Urian Best Director Award in 2007 for the
film Kubrador. He worked his way up in
film production over a 15-year span
- JERROLD TAROG: Filipino film director,
screenwriter, producer, editor, and
composer and is best known for directing
Heneral Luna, Bliss, Goyo: The Boy
General, and the upcoming film Darna
- MARK MEILEY: film director, producer
and a film educator. HIs first film Crying
Ladies won the 2003 Best Picture at the
Metro Manila Film Festival. His third film
"Baler" was shown at New York's MoMA
- CHRIZ MARTINEZ: film screenwriter,
director, producer and playwright. He
directed plays such as The Gifted (2014),
Shake, Rattle & Roll XIII. He won the
2013 Carlos Palanca Award for “Ang
Singsing-Pari sa Pisara”
FILM FESTIVAL
- a gathering for the purpose of evaluating
new or outstanding motion pictures
contribute to the flourishing of the
 independent film industry
- contribute to the flourishing of the
independent film industry
- It provides an opportunity for filmmakers,
distributors, critics, and other interested
persons to attend film showings and
meet to discuss current artistic
developments in film.
● METRO MANILA FILM FESTIVAL
- is the oldest annual film festival
- usually selects 8 films to be
screened
- it takes place from December
25th until January 7th
- The first Summer MMFF will run
for an 11-day period, from April 8
to 18, in all cinemas nationwide
- A festival that celebrates Filipino
artistic excellence, promotes
audience development, and
champions the sustainability of
the Philippine film industry.
● SINENG PAMBANSA
- a Film Development Council of
the Philippines' flagship program
- aimed at bringing Filipino films to
different provinces and also in
communities of overseas
Filipinos worldwide
● CINEMA REHIYON
- is the flagship project of the
National Commission for Culture
and the Arts' (NCCA) Committee
on Cinema
- it has aimed to showcase the
Philippines' regional filmmaking
● CINEMALAYA
- is a film competition and festival
that aims to encourage the
creation of new cinematic works
by Filipino makers
- these films are featured at the
CCP
- Each year, 10 fresh talents are
given a seed grant in order to
create the film of their dreams.
● CINEMA ONE ORIGINALS
- a film festival held every
November
- produced by Cinema One
- A TV network that is a treasury
of Philippine cinema's best like
The Hows of Us.
● CINEFILIPINO
- show films that are a balance of
artistic and audience-friendly
- it showcases stories that are
worth watching and celebrating
- Organized by Cignal TV and
Unitel Productions INC.