PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 1

LAB MANUAL
CONTENTS
Name: Class:

S.N DATE EXPERIMENT/ ACTIVITY PAGE TEACHER’S

O NO INITIAL

1 18.4.22
MONDAY FOCAL LENGTH OF CONCAVE MIRROR

2 27.4.22
WEDNESDAY FOCAL LENGTH OF CONVEX LENS

3 16.5.22
MONDAY REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A GLASS
SLAB

4 6.6.22
MONDAY REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM

5 6.7.22
WEDNESDAY OHM’S LAW

6 14.7.22 RESISTORS IN PARALLEL COMBINATION

THURSDAY

7 15.7.22 RESISTORS IN SERIES COMBINATION

FRIDAY

INSTRUCTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED STRICTLY DURING RECORD WRITING

1. AIM,APPARATUS REQUIRED,FORMULA,THEORY,PROCEDURE,RESULT,PRECAUTIONS and

SOURCES OF ERROR SHOULD BE WRITTEN ON THE RIGHT SIDE (RULED SIDE).
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM,MODEL GRAPH,OBSERVATION,TABULAR COLUMN,CALCULATION
SHOULD BE WRITTEN ON THE LEFT SIDE(UNRULED SIDE).
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SHOULD BE DRAWN ONLY WITH SCALE AND PENCIL.
4. ENTRIES INSIDE THE TABULAR COLUMN SHOULD BE WRITTEN WITH PEN.
5. CALCULATION SHOULD BE WRITTEN ONLY WITH PENCIL.
 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 2

6. NO OTHER COLOUR PEN,BUT BLUE SHOULD BE USED FOR RECORD.

7. ONLY BLUE INK PEN SHOULD BE USED.BALL POINT AND GEL PENS SHOULD NOT BE USED.
8. NEW EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE STARTED IN FRESH PAGE.
9. SAME BLUE INK PEN SHOULD BE USED THROUGHOUT THE RECORD.

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EXPT:NO-1 FOCAL LENGTH OF CONCAVE MIRROR

Aim:

To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining the image of a distant
object.

Apparatus required:

· A concave mirror , a spherical mirror holder & a white screen made from card board / foam
board & 2m scales

Procedure:

· Place the given concave mirror in the mirror holder.

· Try to locate a distant object seen from the window of your laboratory

· Keep a metre scale along the edge of your experimental table such that it should be in line
with the direction of the distant object.

· Now place the mirror holder with the concave mirror facing the distant object. Adjust to
keep it along the 5cm mark of the meter scale without disturbing the above mentioned setup.

· Take a white cardboard/foam board screen to place it in front of the face of the concave
mirror (ie) the white screen should face opposite to the direction of the distant object. Move the
screen forward & backward, until you are able to catch a well defined, sharp, diminished &
inverted image on the screen

· Mark the position of the screen and measure the distance between the concave mirror and
the screen. This distance is the focal length of the given concave mirror. Record the focal length
of the mirror.

· Repeat the experiment 3 (or) more times to minimise the random error in the measured
focal length, by placing the mirror at different locations of the metre scale. Observe & record the
focal length in each case

· Calculate the average focal length from these values.

 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 3

S.No. Position of concave mirror in Position of white Focal length of the

the meter scale mark “A” screen “B” concave mirror “B-A”

1. 5 cm 20.6 15.6

2. 10 cm 25.4 15.4

3. 15 cm 30.6 15.6

4. 20 cm 32 15.2

Result:

Average focal length of the given concave mirror = 15.5cm

Precautions:

· Ensure whether the concave mirror is kept on a vertical plane

· White taking measurement , observe vertically down to avoid any parallax error.

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EXPT:NO-2 FOCAL LENGTH OF CONVEX LENS

Aim

To determine the focal length of a convex lens by obtaining the image of a distant object.

Apparatus required:

A biconvex lens, a lens stand fitted with lens holder, a white screen and a meter scale.

Procedure:

· Place the given convex lens in the lens holder and try to locate a distant object seen from the
window of your laboratory.

· Keep a metre scale along the edge of your experimental table such that it should be in line
with the direction of the distant object.

· New place the lens in a vertical plane facing the distant object along the 10cm mark of the
metre scale without disturbing the above mentioned setup

· Keep the white cardboard/ foam board along the metre scale in such a way that it should
face the distant object and also lie on the other side of the convex lens. Move the screen forward
and backward until you are able to catch a well- defined, sharp, diminished and inverted image
on the screen and mark the position of the screen.
 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 4

· Measure the distance between the convex lenses of the screen. This distance is the focal
length of the given convex lens. Record this focal length.

· Repeat the experiment 3 (or) more times to minimise the random error in the measured
focal length, by placing the lens at different locations of the metre scale. Observe the
corresponding distance between the lens and the screen (focal length) in each case.

· Calculate the average focal length from these values.

S.No. Position of convex lens along Position of white Focal length of convex
the metre scale mark “A” screen along the lens “B-A”
metre scale mark “B”

1. 10 cm 24.5 14.5

2. 15 cm 29.4 14.4

3. 20 cm 34.4 14.4

4. 25 cm 36 14.2

Result:

Average focal length of the given convex lens = 14.4cm

Precautions:

· Ensure whether the convex lens in the lens holder is kept in a vertical plane

· While taking the measurement observe vertically down to avoid any parallax error.

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EXPT:NO-3 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A GLASS SLAB

Aim:

· To trace the path of a ray of light passing obliquely through a rectangular glass slab for
different angles of incidence

· To measure the angle of incidence angle of refraction, angle of emergence for different
angles of incidence and to interpret the result.

Apparatus required:
 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 5

A drawing board, a sheet of paper, board pins, thin & strong bell pins, a rectangular glass
slab and a protractor are required.

Procedure:

· Fix a sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of drawing pins at the 4 corners of
the sheet

· Place a glass slab at the centre of the paper and mark its boundary ABCD with fine pencil.

· Remove the glass slab. Draw a line xo making an angle of 400 with the normal (MN) at the
point O. This is going to be the angle of incidence for the light entering the glass slab

· Put the glass slab back in position on the boundary line. Fix 2 pins P1 & P2 vertically on the
line xo at least 5cm apart and one pin close to the slab.

· Look for the image of these pins in the slab from the opposite side BC of the glass slab & fix 2
pins P3 & P4, so that they are in the line with the image of P1&P2 as seen through the slab and at
least 5cm apart.

· Join the point at the locations of P3 & P4 to obtain the emergent ray. Draw a normal to BC at
the point ‘O’. Join O’o to get the refracted ray.

· Measure the angle of incidence ‘i’, angle of refraction ‘r’ and the angle of emergence ‘e’ using
a protractor. Produce XO forward & draw a perpendicular from O’ on XO produced to meet it at P.
Then O’P is called the lateral distance

· Repeat the experiment with 2 more angles of incidence 500 & 600

Observation table:

Sl.No Angle of Angle of Angle of Deviation

incidence Refraction emergence

1 300 190 290 10

2 400 250 410 10

3 500 310 510 10

Result:

· The Paths of different rays of light through a glass slab are recorded in different sheets for
different angles of incidences.
 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 6

· Report on the relation between the angle of incidence, angle of refraction and the angle of
emergence based on different sets of observation taken.

· As angle of refraction < angle of incidence in each case, the ray entering from air to glass
bends towards normal

· As angle of incidence = angle of emergence , the emergent ray emerging out of the
rectangular glass slab, is parallel to , but laterally displaced with respect to the incident ray.

· Precautions:

· The angle of incidence should preferably be between 300 & 600

· These lines should be drawn, using a sharp pencil.

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EXPT:NO-4 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM

Aim:

To trace the path of rays of light through a glass prism & to measure the angle of deviation.

Apparatus Required:

A glass prism, drawing board, white paper, adhesive tape (or) drawing pins, board/bell pins, a
measuring scale, a sharp pencil & a protractor are required.

Procedure:

· Take a white sheet of paper and pin the 4 corners using board pins on a drawing board.

· Place the glass prism at the centre of the paper. Trace the outline of the prism and mark it as
ABC.

· Take the prism out from the drawing board and mark a point “D” on the side AB of the
outline marking of the prism such that D is located just above the midpoint of AB.

· Place a protractor at D and mark a point at 900. From the point D draws a normal through
this point marked at 900. Also just extend the normal below the line AB towards the point F.

· Place the protractor with an o o line along the normal. Measure the angle 300 and mark the
angle of incidence. Now draw the incident ray P1P2.

· Fix 2 pins perpendicular to the plane paper at the incident ray P1P2 at a distance of 5cm from
each other

· Now place the prism on this outline ABC. View these 2 pins P3&P4 so that P1,P2,P3 &P4 are
collinear.
 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 7

· Remove the prism & the pins. Join the pin pricks & extend the line to meet the outline of the
prism on the side AC at E. Join DE so that DE represents the refracted ray through the prism.

· Let “r” be the angle of refraction during the refraction at the point “D”

· Join the pin pricks P3 & P4 from the point E to represent the emergent ray.

· Now produce the incident ray and emergent ray backward into the outline of the prism. The
2 rays will meet at a point “O”. The external angle so formed is called angle of deviation “d”

· Repeat the experiment for different angles of incidence; plot the corresponding refracted
rays and emergent rays & measure t5he corresponding angles of refraction & angles of
deviation.

· Tabulate these angles measured.

S.No Angle of Incidence “I” Angle of deviation “d”

1 300 480

2 400 390

3 500 410

4 600 450

Result:

· Paths of light passing through the prism were traced for various angles of incidence & their
corresponding angles of deviation were measured

· It is observed that when the angle of incidence “i” increases, then the value of deviation also
increases & becomes a minimum & then it increases again

Precautions:

· The angle of incidence should be between 300 and 600

· In order to locate the direction of incident ray of the refracted ray with greater accuracy,
the distance between the pins P1 & P2; and that between P3 & P4 should not be too short (or) too
large. A separation of nearly 5cm between the pins would be sufficient.

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 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 8

EXPT:NO-5 OHM’S LAW

Aim:

· To study the dependence of the potential difference across a resistor with the current
through it and to determine its resistance

· To plot a graph between V & I for verifying the Ohm’s law.

Apparatus Required:

A accumulator (or) a battery eliminator, an ammeter, a voltmeter, rheostat, a coil (or) unknown
resistance connecting wires of key (if necessary)is required.

Procedure:

Connect the battery eliminator, ammeter, the given unknown resistance coil, rheostat & the
plug key in series connect a voltmeter in parallel to the resistance coil to measure the potential
difference developed across the coil. The direction of connecting the circuit & its corresponding
circuit diagram are given below.

Observation:

· Range of ammeter = __0-0.6___ A

· Least count of ammeter = __0.01___ A

· Range of voltmeter = __0-3___ V

· Least count of voltmeter = __0.05___ V

Ø Observe the range of variation in the values of I & V. Choose accordingly the appropriate
scales for the “I” & “V”. Take ‘I’ along the X- axis & ‘V’ along the Y-axis on the graph sheet.

Ø Mark the point on the graph sheet for each value of current I and corresponding value of
potential Difference V. join all the points as a smooth line as possible such that most of the points
lie on it. Find the slope of this straight line graph by choosing 2 points A & B on it. This slope is the
resistance of the resistor used in the circuit.Extend the straight line of the graph backwards to
check whether it meets the origin of the graph paper
 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 9

TRIAL NO AMMETER READING VOLTMETER RESISTANCE OF THE

(I) IN AMPERE READING (V) IN VOIT COIL = V/I IN OHM

1 0.3 A 1V 3.3

2 0.4 A 1.2V 3

3 0.45A 1.4V 3.1

4 0.5A 1.5V 3

5 0.55A 1.6V 2.9

Mean = 3.1

Result:

· The value of resistance ‘R’ of the resistor obtained from the calculation (as given in the
observation table). It was compared with the value obtained from the graph.

· The value of resistance ‘R’ of resistor for all the values of current through it remains the
same (or almost same). The graph between V & I is a straight line and passes through the origin.
This verifies the ohm’s law

Precaution:

· Use thick copper wire as connecting wires & the insulation of their ends should be removed
using & and paper.

· Do not use the high current as it may cause more heating effect and the chance for
increasing error.

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EXPT:NO-6 RESISTORS IN PARALLEL COMBINATION

Aim

To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in parallel.

 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 10

Theory

If the resistors are connected in parallel along with a battery, then the total current I is
calculated as a sum of the separate value of current through each branch. It is given as:

I = I1+I2+I3+….

Apparatus required

A plug key,Connecting wires,An ammeter,A voltmeter,Rheostat,A piece of sandpaper,Two

resistors of different values

Procedure

1. Make all the connections as shown in the experimental setup I by keeping the key off.
2. Insert the key when the circuit is connected appropriately.
3. For resistors R1 and R2, note three readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in the experimental setup II.
5. Resistors and voltmeter both are connected in parallel.
6. Record three readings of ammeter and voltmeter and use a rheostat.
7. Remove the key.
8. With the help of the observation table, do the calculations.

Observation Table

Resistor No.of Voltmeter Ammeter R=V/I Mean value

used observations reading in reading in (in of resistance
Volts (V) Ampere (I) Ohm) (Ohm)

R1 (first a 0.01 0.01 1 R1 = 1 ohm

resistor)
 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 11

b 0.02 0.02 1

c 0.04 0.04 1

R2 (second a 0.02 0.01 2 R2 = 2 ohm

resistor)

b 0.06 0.03 2

c 0.08 0.04 2

1/Rp=(1/R1) a 0.026 0.04 0.67 Rp=0.67 ohm

+(1/R2)
1/Rp=1.5
Parallel ohm
combinatio
n

Result:
The equivalent resistance Rp is less than the individual resistance.

Precautions

1. The connecting wires used should be thick copper wire and using sandpaper, the
insulation at the end of the wires should be removed.
2. The connections should be tight to avoid introducing external resistance.
3. To make connections, the circuit diagram should be referred to.
4. To make the current entry from the positive terminal and exit from the negative terminal,
the ammeter should be connected in series.
5. Resistor and voltmeter should be connected in parallel.
6. The least count of ammeter and voltmeter should be calculated properly.
7. When there is no current flow, the ammeter and voltmeter should be at zero.
8. To avoid heating and change the resistor’s resistance value, the current should flow while
taking the readings.

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 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 12

EXPT:NO-7 RESISTORS IN SERIES COMBINATION

Aim

To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series.

Theory

The resistance can be increased or decreased depending on the combination and connections in
a circuit. The difference between the series and parallel circuit is based on the arrangement of
the resistors. Resistors are said to be connected in series if their ends are joined. The potential
difference across each resistor would be different, but the current would be the same.

If two resistors are connected in series, then;

Resistance, R = R1+R2

Current, I = constant

Potential difference, V = V1+V2

On applying Ohm’s law, we get,

V1 = IR1; V2 =IR2;V = V1+V2

V = I(R1+R2)

∴ R = R1+R2

Materials Required

Two resistors of different values,A battery of 6 volts,Ammeter,Plug key,Connecting wires,A piece

of sandpaper,Voltmeter,Rheostat

Circuit Diagram
 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 13

Procedure

1. With the help of a circuit diagram, make the connections.

2. Do not switch on the key.
3. The ammeter should be connected in series, the voltmeter in parallel, and the rheostat in
series.
4. Make the connections as shown in the experimental setup and check of +ve and -ve
terminals of the battery.
5. By inserting the key, record the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
6. Note three readings by adjusting the rheostat.
7. Note down the readings of a voltmeter by connecting it to each resistor.
8. Measure the potential difference, V1 across the first resistor by plugging in the key.
9. Measure the potential difference, V2 across the second resistor by plugging in the key.
10. Calculate the relationship between V, V1, and V2.

Observation Table

Resistor used No.of Voltmete Ammete R= Mean value of

observations r reading r reading V/I (in resistance (ohm)
in Volts in ohm)
(V) Ampere
(I)

R1 (first a 0.01 0.01 1 1

resistor)

b 0.02 0.02 1

c 0.04 0.04 1

R2 (second a 0.02 0.01 2 2

resistor)

b 0.06 0.03 2

c 0.08 0.04 2
 PHYSICS RECORD WORK- GRADE 10 14

Rs=R1+R2 a 0.03 0.01 3 3

(series
combination)
b 0.06 0.02 3

c 0.09 0.03 3

Result

The calculated value of Rs Rs=R1+R2=3Ω

The experimental value of Rs 3Ω

Hence, it is verified that Rs=R1+R2.

Precautions

1. Voltmeter and resistor should always be in parallel.

2. The least count of voltmeter and ammeter should be calculated properly.
3. Connections should be as per the experimental setup.
4. When no current flows through the ammeter and voltmeter, the pointers should be at
zero.
5. The connecting wires that are used should be thick copper wire and using sandpaper the
insulation at the end of the wires should be removed.
6. The connections should be tight to avoid introducing external resistance.
7. To avoid heating and change the resistor’s resistance value, the current should flow while
taking the readings.

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