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CONTEMPORARY WORLD
CHAPTER 6: A world of regions: global divides- the north and the south

GLOBAL DIVES: THE NORTH AND SOUTH GLOBAL DIVIDES

First, Second, and Third World
Globalization creates divisions or undersides. First World
The coexistence of Starbucks and slums
highlight the incompleteness or unevenness of Capitalist bloc (capitalist and industrialized
Globalization. Western countries)
Second World
It is often said that globalization leads to
development, while poverty is a result of Communist bloc (communist countries and its
refusal to participate in globalization allies)

But globalization can also be the Third World

cause of poverty and inequality! HOW??
• WHAThe effects of trade liberalization, which
the WTO, IMF, WB prescribe to developing
countries, may result to
o structural unemployment
o environmental degradation or
pollution
o trade diversion– buying more
expensive goods from trading
partners prescribed by the IFIs
• The effects of neoliberalism, which the three
also prescribe, may
o prevent government assistance and
subsidies to local businesses
o lower tariffs and cheap imported
products would flood the country
• The protectionist practices of developed
countries may hinder the influx of products
from developing countries (for instance,
branded as below standard)
The rest of the world's countries that are neither
capitalist nor communist, and formerly
colonized countries
1. While Cold War was on-going between
the First World and Second World
countries
2. Asian and African nations became
independent after WWII. They organized
a conference and formed the Non-
Aligned Movement. This movement
rejects "colonialism" from both the First
and Second Worlds.
3. Latin America joined Asia and Africa.
Together, they were called The Third
World
4. In 1989, the Cold War ended and in
1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. The
Second World got dissolved.

Origin of the First, Second, and Third World FIRST WORLD COUNTRIES
The terms originated during the Cold War, when
the world was divided into three classifications •United States
based on politics and economics. • Canada
• South Korea
• Japan

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• Australia • "Third World" has now become outdated

• Western European nations because countries have evolved in economic
status and it is now inaccurage to cluster them
SECOND WORLD COUNTRIES as one group

•China
GLOBAL DIVIDES
• Cuba
Global North and Global South
•the Soviet Union
•Other allies
W The Emergence of the Global North and Global
South
THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES
• At the end of the Cold War, new and simpler
classification was created as Second World
• Asia
countries joined the First and Third
• Africa
World.
• Latin America
• Activists/critics/scholars used the terms
• Oceania
W 'North and South' to represent global
differences.
The Bandung Conference
• Held in 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia Global North - previously First World countries
• Attended by 29 countries from Asia and Global South - previously Third World
Africa countries
• Political and economic cooperation between
Asia and Africa Global North
• Established to combat colonialism and Comprised mostly of wealthy, industrialized
communism by either the US or the USSR and democratic countries such as:
• Birth of the Non-Aligned Movement • USA
• Established Third World solidarity • Canada
• Western Europe
Defining the "Third World"
• Developed parts of Asia
• Australia, New Zealand
• "Third World" was coined by French
demographer Alfred Sauvy in 1952 as parallel GlobalSouth- Comprised generally of
to the Third State during the French Revolution developing countries/regions of Asia,
• It means "underprivileged people" Africa, Middle East and Latin America.
• Its is a group of Non-alliance Countries (to
the First and Second World) which refused
capitalism and communism
during the Cold War.
• Because the "Third World" countries are
mostly poor
countries, "Third World" became synonymous
to impoverished countries.

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Defining the "Global South” environmental issues, human trafficking are

also getting globalized.
• "Politically and ideologically charged term"
(Mabhena, 2019) How do we know if a country is developed or
• "Global South is a challenge to colonial and developing?
imperial borders, physical and otherwise, and
to forge global alliances against coloniality. The
Global South is therefore also a set of historical
and political situations and conditions
(Mabhena, 2018).

Developing countries or less developed

countries

WHA • The term emerged to avoid the "poor"

stigma associated with
the term "Third World"
• Reflect inequality and lack of representation
of some sectors
in the global political processes
• A way for countries to make a stand about
common issues to
foster global equality

Note: Botswana and Rwanda are both Third

W World countries, but they have very different
Locating the Global South economic s t a t u s.
1. There is a global north in the global
south.
2. There is global south in the global north.
Dependency Theory and The Latin American
Struggles in the Global South Made Global Experience
Latin America
Global South can also be a metaphor, implying • Entire continent of South America in
that the ills of the south like poverty,

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addition to Mexico, Central America, and the is
lands of the Caribbean
• Colonized by the Spaniards and Portuguese
from the late 15th through the 18th century
• Movements of independence from Spain and
Portugal in the early 19th century
After World War I, Latin American countries are
still experiencing underdevelopment:
- Serve the interests of the wealthier countries
-Little to no resources left for their own
development
-Manual labor and export of cheap raw
materials
-Rely on wealthier countries for nutrition and
medical aid
DependencyTheory
WHA Main sub-theories:
1 North-American Neo-Marxist Approach
- Dependency to capitalist system is the cause
of lack of development
2. Latin American Structuralist Approach
- Excessive reliance on exports of primary
commodities result to underdevelopment Poor
countries export primary commodities to the
rich countries, who in turn converts them to
higher value, more expensive products which
they sell back to the poor
countries.
Therefore, the poor countries would never
earn enough from what they export, and would
never get out of poverty.
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In short...
• The more a country of the Global South
strives for development,
• The less (politically) independent it becomes
because the more it relies on foreign loans,
foreign investments, dictates from
international financial institutions, global
corporations, developed countries
• The richer the developed countries
(Global North) become
North-American neo-Marxist approach
• W The blame is on the capitalist system.
• The capitalist system favors that the
economy is in the hands of capitalists
or businessmen, who invest their money
for profit,
• Businessmen compete against each
other; those who win get richer, while
those who lose get poorer
• To profit, businessmen often resort to
unjust labor practices like low wages, no
benefits, child labor, hazardous working
conditions, etc.
• These practices enrich only a few and
the whole country suffers.
Latin American Structuralist approach
• For example, Country A exports mainly
primary commodities or raw materials,
• These primary commodities are cheaply sold,
so there isn’t much revenue.
• Exportation of primary commodities may also
prevent the growth of local industries as the
raw materials are sold abroad.
• So, poverty.
The Philippine Experience
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• WHA Philippines borrows from WB to

spur its economic development
• WB advises the Philippines to restructure
its taxation, send more OFWs to USA etc,
lower tariffs on imported agricultural
products (loss of independence)
• USA etc benefit from OFWs
• Significant part of our budget earmarked
to pay our foreign debt (debt servicing)
• Our trading partners experience
development while the Philippines
remains underdeveloped
• Add graft and corruption and it’s clear
why we remain poor...
W
Combating the Dependency
Development in the global south must begin by
"drawing most of a country's financial
resources for development
from within rather than becoming dependent
on foreign financial markets"
Bello, 2006

Therefore...
• Support the agricultural sector (we used
to export rice, but now, we are the
largest importer of rice)
• - mechanize agricultural production (but
mechanization may cause structural
unemployment for those whose
livelihood is as hired help for the farms)

• Support micro-small-medium
enterprises (One Town One Product)
• Develop ecotourism destinations,
sources of energy
• Invention of local, indigenous
technology (sometimes western
technology is too expensive or not
suited to our situation)

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CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Chapter 7: A world of regions- Asian regionalism
DEFINITION
Region: a group of countries located in the same
geographically specified area;
•an amalgamation of two regions or a
combination of more than 2 regions organized
to regulate and oversee flows and policy choices
-Regionalization. Regional concentration of
economic flows
•Regionalism -a political process characterized
by economic policy cooperation and
coordination among countries
Notable examples of regionalism
Non-Aligned Movement (c/o
Wikipedia)
• The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a
forum of 120 countries that are not formally
aligned with or against any major power bloc.
After the United Nations, it is the largest
grouping of states worldwide.[2][5]
• The movement originated in the aftermath of
the Korean War, as an effort by some countries
to counterbalance the rapid bi-polarization of
the world during the Cold War, whereby two
major powers formed blocs and embarked on a
policy to pull the rest of the world into their
orbits. One of these was the pro-Soviet socialist
bloc whose best known alliance was the
Warsaw Pact, and the other the pro-American
capitalist group of countries, many of which
belonged to NATO.
• In 1961, drawing on the principles agreed at
the Bandung Conference of 1955, the Non-
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Aligned Movement was formally established in
Belgrade, Yugoslavia, through an initiative of
Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito, Indian Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Egyptian President
Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ghanaian President
Kwame Nkrumah, and Indonesian President
Sukarno.
MEMBERS
• This led to the first Conference of Heads of
State or Governments of Non-Aligned
Countries.[9] The purpose of the organization
was summarized by Fidel Castro in his Havana
Declaration of 1979 as to ensure "the national
independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity
and security of non-aligned countries" in their
"struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-
colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign
aggression, occupation, domination,
interference or hegemony as well as against
great power and bloc politics."[10][11]
The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement
represent nearly two-thirds of the United
Nations' members and contain 55% of the
world population. Membership is particularly
concentrated in countries considered to be
developing countries, although the Non-
Aligned Movement also has a number of
developed nations.
The Non-Aligned Movement gained the most
traction in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the
international policy of non-alignment achieved
major successes in decolonization,
disarmament, opposition to racism and
opposition to apartheid in South Africa, and
persisted throughout the entire Cold War,
despite several conflicts between members,
and despite some members developing closer
ties with either the Soviet Union, China, or the
United States.[12] In the years since the Cold
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War's end in 1991, the movement has focused
on developing multilateral ties and connections
as well as unity among the developing nations
of the world, especially those in the Global
South.
ASEAN
• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations,
or ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in
Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the
ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by
the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and
Thailand.
• Brunei Darussalam then joined on 7 January
1984, Viet Nam on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and
Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30
April 1999, making up what is today the ten
Member States of ASEAN.
AIMS AND PURPOSES
• As set out in the ASEAN Declaration, the aims
and purposes of ASEAN are:
•To accelerate the economic growth, social
progress and cultural development in the
region through joint endeavors in the spirit of
equality and partnership in order to strengthen
the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful
community of Southeast Asian Nations;
To promote regional peace and stability
through abiding respect for justice and the rule
of law in the relationship among countries of
the region and adherence to the principles of
the United Nations Charter
•To promote active collaboration and mutual
assistance on matters of common interest in
the economic, social, cultural, technical,
scientific and administrative fields;
To provide assistance to each other in the form
of training and research facilities in the
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educational, professional, technical and
administrative spheres
To collaborate more effectively for the greater
utilisations of their agriculture and industries,
the expansion of their trade, including the
study of the problems of international
commodity trade, the improvement of their
transportation and communications facilities
and the raising of the living standards of their
peoples;
•To promote Southeast Asian studies; and
•To maintain close and beneficial cooperation
with existing international and regional
organization with similar aims and purposes,
and explore all avenues for even closer
cooperation among themselves.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
• as contained in the Treaty of Amity and
Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) of 1976:
• Mutual respect for the independence,
sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and
national identity of all nations;
• The right of every State to lead its national
existence free from external interference,
subversion or coercion
Non-interference in the internal affairs of one
another;
•Settlement of differences or disputes by
peaceful manner;
•Renunciation of the threat or use of force;
and
•Effective cooperation among themselves.
\
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The North American Free Trade September 1999, calling for the
establishment of the African Union.
Agreement (NAFTA • The bloc was founded on 26 May 2001 in
• an agreement signed by Canada, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and launched on 9
Mexico, and the July 2002 in South Africa.
• United States • The intention of the AU is to replace the
• The agreement came into force on Organisation of African Unity (OAU),
January 1, 1994, and superseded the established on 25 May 1963 in Addis
1988 Canada–United States Free Trade
Ababa by 32 signatory governments.
Agreement between the United States
• The most important decisions of the AU
and Canada.
are made by the Assembly of the African
• Passage of NAFTA resulted in the Union, a semi-annual meeting of the
elimination or reduction of barriers to heads of state and government of its
trade and investment between the U.S., member states.
Canada, and Mexico. • The AU's secretariat, the African Union
• The effects of the agreement regarding Commission, is based in Addis Ababa
issues such as employment, the
environment, and economic growth
• The African Union has just over 1 billion
have been the subject of political
people and an area of around 29 million
disputes.
km2 (11 million sq mi) and includes
• After U.S. President Donald Trump took
popular world landmarks, including the
office in January 2017, he sought to
Sahara and the Nile.
replace NAFTA with a new agreement,
• The primary languages spoken include
beginning negotiations with Canada and
English, French, Arabic, Swahili,
Mexico.
Portuguese, Spanish and the languages
• In September 2018, the United States,
of Africa. Within the African Union, there
Mexico, and Canada reached an
are official bodies such as the Peace and
agreement to replace NAFTA with the
Security Council and the Pan-African
United States–Mexico–Canada
Parliament.
Agreement (USMCA). NAFTA will remain
in force, pending the ratification of the
USMCA.
The North Atlantic Treaty
The African Union (AU) Organization
• •The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• The African Union (AU) is a continental
is an intergovernmental military alliance
union consisting of 55 member states
between 29 North American and
located on the continent of Africa, with
European countries.
exception of various territories of
• •The organization implements the North
European possessions located in Africa.
Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4
The AU was announced in the Sirte
April 1949.
Declaration in Sirte, Libya on 9

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NATO constitutes a system of collective
defence whereby its independent member
states agree to mutual defence in response to
an attack by any external party.
• NATO's Headquarters are located in Evere,
Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of
Allied Command Operations is near Mons,
Belgium.
Since its founding, the admission of new
member states has increased the alliance from
the original 12 countries to 29.
The combined military spending of all NATO
members constitutes over 70% of the global
total.
•Members have committed to reach or
maintain defense spending of at least 2% of
GDP by 2024.
Motto: "In Varietate Concordia" "United in
Diversity"
The European Union
•The European Union (EU) is a political and
economic union of 28 member states that are
located primarily in Europe.
• Its members have a combined area of
4,475,757 km2 (1,728,099 sq mi) and an
estimated total population of about 513
million.
The EU has developed an internal single market
through a standardise system of laws that
apply in all member states in those matters,
and only those matters, where members have
agreed to act as one.
EU policies aim to ensure the free movement
of people, goods, services and capital within
the internal market, enact legislation in justice
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and home affairs and maintain common
policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and
regional development.
• For travel within the Schengen Area, passport
controls have been abolished.
•A monetary union was established in 1999
and came into full force in 2002 and is
composed of 19 EU member states which use
the euro currency.
• The EU and European citizenship were
established when the Maastricht Treaty came
into force in 1993.
• The EU traces its origins to the European Coal
and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European
Economic Community (EEC), established,
respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and
1957 Treaty of Rome.
• The original members of what came to be
known as the European Communities were the
Inner Six: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, and West Germany.
•The Communities and their successors have
grown in size by the accession of new member
states and in power by the addition of policy
areas to their remit.
• The latest major amendment to the
constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of
Lisbon, came into force in 2009.
•United Kingdom signified its intention to leave
after a membership referendum in June 2016
and is negotiating its withdrawal.
• Containing 7.3% of the world population, the
EU in 2017 generated a nominal gross domestic
product (GDP) of 19.670 trillion US dollars,
constituting approximately 24.6% of global
nominal GDP.
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• Additionally, all 28 EU countries have a very

high Human Development Index, according to
the United Nations Development Programme.
• In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize.

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CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Chapter 8: global media cultures
Media: (Lule)
•“a means of conveying something, such
as a channel of communication”
Media(commentators) :Technologies of
mass communication:
Media(commentators)
•Technologies of mass communication:
•Print media (books, magazines)
•Broadcast media (TV, radio, film) •Digital
media (internet, mobile )
•nternet: email, internet sites, social media,
internet-based video and audio
McLuhan:
•Media simultaneously EXTEND and
AMPUTATE human senses
Extend.....
•Media allows us to reach more audiences
anytime, anywhere
Amputate/ dull.....
• Use of PAPER /WRITING has dulled
people’s capacity to remember (retentive
memory)
• Use of CELLPHONE has dulled people’s
awareness of their immediate
surroundings, more prone to multitasking

Role of Media
• Various forms of media
The Contemporary World
Part 4:A World of Ideas Global Integration of Various Forms of
technology were developed due to Media
economic, military, political,
and social need. Radio
• In turn, media technology has influenced • Radio was developed alongside the
and shaped human life telegraph and telephone in the late 1890's
through generations • Radio brought music and news in the
homes
Effect of media to society: • For most of the 20th century, radio was
•transmitter of culture, knowledge, values the only means of media that reached
(message different from medium) remote villages
•Marshal McLuhan: “the medium is the
message” USA- Radio was mainly supported by
•technologies reshape societies, media advertisers
shapes social behavior EUROPE- Radio was mainly supported by
the government
EFFECT OF TELEVISION
EFFECT OF SMARTPHONE • Radio was developed along side the
telegraph and telephone in the late 1890's.

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• The radio brought music and news in the
homes.
• For most of the 20th century, radio was
the only means of
media that reached remote villages.
• In the USA, the radio was mainly
supported by advertisers.
• In Europe, the radio was mainly
supported by the government.
Played a key role in may socio- political
campaigns and upheavals during the 20th
Century
• Became a Global Media
Television
Some argue that:
• The introduction of television was
the defining moment in globalization.
• The world became a global village
because of TV.
• With Cable TV, it became an even more
powerful medium catering
to a wide range of global interests-politics,
sports, entertainment, arts, history, travel,
nature, adventure, religion, food,
education.
Digital Media
• currently is the most significant media of
influence to globalization
• the computer, cellular phone and the
internet are the usual
representations of digital media
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• provides interactive communication
unlike
print a n d TV which provide one-way
communication
Economy
• E-Commerce is becoming a major form
of business.
• Amazon, Alibaba, and Lazada are some
examples of start-up companies which
began operations from home garages but
have grown into successful global e-
commerce platforms
• Micro, Small and Medium Entrepreneurs
(MSMEs) like farmers, fishermen, and start-
ups are now able to engage in
trade, and gain access to micro-financing
using their mobile phones.
• MSMEs are now integrated into the web
of global economy.
Politics
• Social media is able to spark collective
public opinion and action.
• During election campaigns, candidates
have used social media to appeal for
public VOTES
Education
• There is rapid exchange of knowledge
through Open Universities, Massive Open
Online Courses, and Webinars
• Search engines such as Google has
made it easy to search for information in
the internet.
• The internet is helping democratize the
access to affordable learning
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C u l t u r e ,F a s h i o n ,A r t s ,M u s i c
• There is now a wealth of exchange and
fusion of culture, fashion, arts and music
never experienced before.
• Digital media has allowed artists,
musicians, and designers to transcend
borders and gain global audience.
Migration
• Migration or relocation to other countries
is becoming less of a concern because
digital media enables migrants to be
connected with family and friends back
home in real time due to many modes of
digital media.
THE GLOBAL VILLAGE AND CULTURAL
IMPERIALISM
•McLuhan: television turned the world into
a GLOBAL VILLAGE---- as peoples all
around the world were glued to their TV
sets, viewing the same programs... (1960’s)
•Result: homogenization of culture: same
programs, stories---- same THINKING,
VALUES
• --incidentally, the dominant cultural
heavyweight during the time was USA--
US TV programs projecting American
values, lifestyles were broadcast all over
the world......
• Herbert Schiller (1976): the world is being
“Americanized”, global media has spread
American capitalist values like
consumerism
• John Tomlinson: cultural globalization is
“western cultural imperialism”, since it
promotes homogenized, westernized,
consumer culture
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CRITIQUES OF CULTURAL
IMPERIALISM
• The argument that the world is becoming
culturally homogenous with American
culture dominating is being challenged by
the following:
• Studies by IEN ANG(1985) on how people
in Netherlands watched “Dallas” led to the
conclusion that the audience are not
merely passive and resigned but that they
put “a lot of emotional energy” into the
process
• 1. Thus, audiences are ACTIVE
PARTICIPANTS in the meaning- making
process, who view “texts” through their
own cultural lenses
•Elihu Katz, TAMAR Liebes (1900): “texts”
are received differently by varied
interpretative communities because they
derived different meanings and pleasures
from these texts
•2. Global popular culture is not the
monopoly of western media; Asian cultures
are equally globalized:
•Therefore, globalization is not
unidirectional but dynamic
The social media
• Benefits...
• -- has enabled users to be consumers
and producers of information---
democratization of information
5. Negative....
6. -- segmentation--- splinternet,
cyberbalkanization– leading to close-
mindedness
7. -- leads to herd mentality, a cheap
instrument of government propaganda,
trolling, intimidation, misinformation(fake
news, alternative facts), hacking
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