Statistics and Probability 1st Quarter Notes Example 2

by Yanyan Talusan and Jessie Cruz How many 3 digit numbers can be formed from 1, 3, 5, 6, 8,
9 if repetition is allowed/not allowed?
à if repetition is allowed → 6 x 6 x 6 = 216
Probability à if repetition is not allowed → 6 x 5 x 4 = 120
- probability: likelihood or chance of a given event
happening Example 3
- outcome: all possible results of a trial or an experiment In how many ways can 4 girls and 3 boys be arranged in a
- experiment: any activity where the outcome is uncertain row of 7 chairs if genders are alternating/genders are
- tree diagram: a chart that organizes possible outcomes together?
for a process to make it easy to count à alternating - 4 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1 = 144
- sample space: all the possible results in a probability à genders together - 4!3!2! = 288
experiment (a set)
- event: a set of all outcomes in an experiment, all elements PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
in events come from the sample space, events are subsets
permutation combination
of the sample space (subset of sample space)
an arrangement of an arrangement of the objects
o ex. sample space: S = {BB, GG, BG, GB}
objects in a definite which does not involve the
events: E = both of the same sex = {BB, GG}
order order of the selection
A = different sex = {BG, GB}
*forming groups à combination
B = at least one of the pair is a boy = {BB, GB, BG}
- simple event: an event that consists of only one outcome
Example 1
o ex. D = both boys = {BB}, F = both girls = {GG}
There are 4 doors and 10 men who will leave the room.
- complement: all the other possible outcomes of an
How many ways can they leave?
experiment, signified by an apostrophe, the union of an
10 x 9 x 8 x 7 = 5040
event and its complement is the sample space
10P = 5040
o ex. E’ = A (complement of ‘both of the same sex’ is 4
‘different sex’)
Example 2
- mutually exclusive: denoting two events that cannot
From a deck of cards, 4 cards are drawn.
occur at the same time, intersection between mutually
à What is the probability that all 4 are aces?
exclusive events is the null set, A ∩ B = ⍉ = {} 1
*mutually inclusive is the opposite P(all 4 are aces) = 111
=
1111 111,111
- theoretical/empirical probability: the number of possible à What is the probability that all 4 are hearts?
ways an event can happen compared to all possible P(all 4 are hearts) = 1111 = 111
1111 111,111
outcomes
111 111 11111111111 111111 11 11 1 1(1)
o P (E) = = Example 3
111111 11 111 11111111 11 1(1)
o ex. 3 items in a True or False test. In how many ways can 5 people line up for a group picture
S = {TFT, TFF, TTT, TTF, FTT, if 2 people want to stand next to each other?
FTF, FFT, FFF} ABCDE
A (one True) = {TFF, FTF, FFT} 1 2 34
B (all false) = {FFF} à 4!2! = 48
B’ = {TFT, TFF, TTT, TTF, FTT, FTF, FFT}
A ∩ B = {} Example 4
P(B) = ⅛ A number padlock consists of a 4-digit code. How may
different permutations are there if 1 digit may only be used
FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE once?
10P4 = 5040
- when there are M ways to do one thing, and N ways to
do another, then there are M x N ways of doing both
Example 5
In a clubhouse there are 7 women and 5 men. A comm of 3
Example 1
women and 2 men is to be chosen. How many different
How many choices of lunch are possible if there are 5 kinds
possibilities are there?
of salad, 4 kinds of sandwiches, and 3 kinds of beverages?
7C3 = 35, 5 C2 = 10
n = total no. of combinations
35*10=350
n = 5 x 4 x 3 = 60 choices
 PROBABILITY OF SIMPLE EVENTS Example 3
22. 22222222222 222222 22 2(2) Chris rolled a fair die. What is the probability that the
P(E) = =
22.2222222222222 22 2(2) number that turns up is odd or divisible by 5?
C = odd ; D = divisible by 5 à not mutually exclusive
Example 1 n(C) = 3 à {1,3,5} ; n(D) = 1 à {5}
What is the probability of getting a jack from a deck? P(C∪D) = P(C) + P(D) – P(C∩D)
P(jack) = 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 2
22 22 P(C∪D) = + - = =
2 2 2 2 2

Example 2 Example 4
In tossing a die, what is the probability that it lands with a 5 In a geometry class, there are 15 freshmen and 20
face up? sophomores; 9 of the freshmen are females, while 5 of the
A = 5 face up ; n(A) = 1 ; n(S) = 6 sophomores are males. Find the probability that a student
P(A) = 2 chosen at random is either a sophomore or female.
2
male female total
Example 3 freshmen 6 9 15
A box contains 1 red ball, 2 white balls, and 3 blue balls. If sophomores 5 15 20
the experiment is to remove 1 ball at random from the box, total 11 24 35
what is the probability that it is blue? A = sophomore ; B = female
B = getting a blue ball ; n(B) = 3 ; n(S) = 6 n(A) = 20 ; n(B) = 24 ; n(A∩B) = 15 ; n(S) = 35
2 2 22 22 22 22
P(B) = = 2 P(A∪B) = + - =
22 22 22 22
2

Example 4 PROB. OF COMPOUND EVENTS (COMPLEMENT)

Let 2 dice be tossed once. Find the probability that the sum - independent event: an event whose outcome has
of the spots on the two top faces is 5. nothing to do with the outcome of the other event
F = sum is 5 = {(1,4),(4,1),(3,2),(2,3)} ; n(F) = 4 ; n(S) = 36 - dependent event: an event whose outcome is affected by
P(F) = 2 = 2
22 2 another event
MULTIPLICATION RULE
PROB. OF COMPOUND EVENTS (UNION) independent events dependent events
P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B) P (A and B) = P(A) x P(B|A)
- compound event: an event that includes 2 or more events
ADDITION RULE *P(B|A) is an example of conditional probability that means
mutually exclusive not mutually exclusive “probability of B given A”
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - *independent events can be mutually exclusive or not
P(A and B) mutually exclusive

Example 1 Example 1
From a deck of cards, a card is drawn. A coin is tossed and then a die is rolled. What is the
22 probability of getting a head followed by a 4?
P(heart) = =2
22 2 A = head ; B = 4
P(ace) = 2
= 2
2 2
22 22 P(A) = ; P(B) =
2 2
P(heart or ace) = +
2 2
-
2 22 = 2
2 2 2
2 22 22 =22 22 P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B) = x =
2 2 22

Example 2 Example 2
Two men are players in a car race. The probability that There are 7 green, 4 blue, and 9 red marbles in a box. A
2 2
player A wins is and the probability that player B wins is . marble is drawn at random, and after recording its color,
2 22
What is the probability that player A or B wins if the 2 events the marble is returned in the box. Another marble is then
are mutually exclusive? drawn. What is the probability that both marbles are red?
2
P(A) = ; P(B) =
2 *returned in the box à with replacement
2 22
2 2 2 A = red marble (first) ; B = red marble (second)
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) = + =
2 22 2 n(red marble) = 9 ; n(S) = 20
P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B) = 2 x 2 = 22
22 22 222 or 20.25%
*if there was replacement CLASSIFICATION OF A RANDOM VARIABLE
à P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B) = 3 x 3
=
33
or 18.95% Discrete Continuous
33 33 33
isolated points on a points also within interval,
Example 3 number line, countable measurable, assumes an
A pair of dice is rolled thrice. What is the probability of (you take on this first, then infinite number of possible
getting doubles in the three rolls? this second, etc.), can have values including the
A = doubles (first roll) ; B = doubles (second roll) ; decimals that were decimals between two
C = doubles (third roll) rounded off, could be counting numbers
n(doubles) = 6 à {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)} infinite
n(S) = 6 x 6 = 36 ex. exact winning time of ex. exact winning time of
*multiply since you’re getting pairs, so 6 possibilities for men’s 100m dash rounded men’s 100m dash, exact
first number and 6 possibilities for second number off, number of diamonds in mass, distance, exact time
P(A∩B∩C) = P(A) x P(B) x P(C) = 3 x 3 x 3 =
3 a poker hand, number of to finish a race, exact
33 33 33 333
doubles in a roll of two height of 100 students,
dice, recorded time of exact hours spent
Example 4
runners in a race, number answering a test
Suppose a football player has a 65% chance of making a
of ants born tomorrow
goal that he can keep each time he tries to make a goal.
*for continuous, even if you wanted to list down the
What is the probability that he makes a goal the first three
numbers from 0 to 5000, and you say 0.01 goes first then
times he tries but not on the fourth try?
0.02 goes second, you just skipped the infinite possible
A = goal (first try) ; B = goal (second try) ;
numbers between 0.01 and 0.02 (like 0.001) so it’s not
C = goal (third try) ; D = miss (fourth try)
countable
P(goal) = 65% = 33 ; P(miss) = 35% = 3
33 33
P(A∩B∩C∩D) = P(A) x P(B) x P(C) x P(D) = x
33 33
x
33 x 3
RANGE SPACE
33 33 33 33
=
33,333
or 9.61% - set of all possible values of a random variable (different
333,333
from sample space which is like domain and the set of
all possible outcomes in an experiment)
Example 5
- the value of a random variable X at a specific outcome xi
Gab has a candy box containing 9 chocolate candies and 12
is usually denoted as X (xi)
lollipops. If he chooses 2 of them at random, what is the
- ex. random variable Y = sum of the two numbers that
probability that he gets 2 lollipops?
appear when a pair of dice is thrown at random
A = 1st lollipop ; B = 2nd lollipop ; n(S) = 21
range space: {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
33
P(lollipop) = Y (1, 1) = 2 ; Y (3, 2) = 5 ; Y (1, 3) = 4
33 33 33
P(A∩B) = P(A) 33
x P(B) = x = or 31.43%
33 33 33 DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
- also known as probability mass function
Random Variable
- a table that gives a list of probability values with their
- denoted by a capital letter associated value in the range of a discrete random
- also called ‘stochastic variable’ variable
- a rule that assigns a numerical value or characteristic to - properties:
an outcome of an experiment o each probability value ranges from 0 to 1
- it’s a function because it maps one outcome to one (0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1)
numerical value (for each outcome there is only one o the sum of all individual probabilities in the
value assigned) distribution is equal to 1 (∑ P(X) = 1)
- ex. experiment - rolling a die 5 times
random variable X = number of times a 6 appears PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
possible values of X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
- displays the probabilities associated with all possible
- ex. experiment - flipping a coin three times
outcomes of an event
random variable Y = number of times tails appears
- every event has an equal chance of occurring (equal
possible values of Y = {0, 1, 2, 3}
intervals)
- x: possible values, y: probabilities
 EXAMPLES Z 0 1 2 3
Example 1
Consider the random event of tossing 4 coins and the P(Z) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
variable X is the number of heads that appear.
a) List down all the possible outcomes of the random event Probability Distribution of the
P(Z) number of tails after
tossing 3 coins

Z = number of tails
3
2
1
0

Z
0 1 2 3

Example 3
b) Determine the range space A pair of dice is thrown and the random variable Y is
X = number of heads that appear defined such that Y gives the sum of the 2 numbers that
X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} appear. Determine the following:
c) Construct the probability distribution of X and graph a) range space à Y = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} or {Y|Y
P(X=0) = 1/16 ∈ N, 2 ≤ Y ≤ 12}
P(X=1) = 4/16 b) Y (3, 2) = 5
P(X=2) = 6/16 c) Y (4, 6) = 10
P(X=3) = 4/16 d) Y (1, 3) = 4
P(X=4) = 1/16
Example 4
X 0 1 2 3 4 A jar contains 6 red and 2 blue chips. Select 4 chips, 1 at a
time, at random and without replacement from the jar.
P(X) 0.0625 0.25 0.375 0.25 0.0625 a) Enumerate all the possible outcomes of the experiment
b) Let X be the number of red chips in the sample (of 4 chips)
Probability Distribution of the and associate each outcome in (a) to a real number using X
P(X) number of heads after
tossing 4 coins outcomes (b)
.4 RRRB 3
.35
X = number RRBB 2
.3
of heads RRRR 4
.25
.2
RBRR 3
.15 RRBR 3
.1 BRBR 2
.05 BRRB 2
BRRR 3
X BBRR 2
0 1 2 3 4
RBBR 2
RBRB 2
Example 2 c) Determine the range space of X à X = {2, 3, 4}
Three coins are tossed and the random variable Z gives the d) Is X a discrete random variable? discrete - countable
number of tails. Determine the following: e) What is the probability of selecting 2 red chips out of the
a) Z (HHT) = 1 4 chips selected? àP(X=2) = 6/11 = 0.55
b) Z (TTH) = 2 f) What is the probability of selecting 3 red chips out of the
c) Z (HTH) = 1 4 chips selected? à P(X=3) = 4/11 = 0.36
d) Z (TTT) = 3 g) What is the probability of selecting 4 red chips out of the
e) range space à Z = {0, 1, 2, 3} 4 chips selected? à P(X=4) = 1/11 = 0.09
f) Construct the probability distribution of Z and graph h) Construct the probability distribution of X and graph
 X 2 3 4
a) range space à J = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
P(X) 0.55 0.36 0.09 b) Construct the probability distribution of J
P(J = 0) = 39C5 / 52C5 = 0.22
Probability Distribution of P(J = 1) = ( C )( C ) / C = 0.41
P(X) number of red chips after 13 1 39 4 52 5
P(J = 2) = (13 C2 )(39 C3 ) / 52 C5 = 0.27
selecting 4 chips
0.6 P(J = 3) = (13 C3 )(39 C2 ) / 52 C5 = 0.08
0.55

0.5 P(J = 4) = (13 C4 )(39 C1 ) / 52 C5 = 0.01

X = number of P(J = 5) =
0.4 0.36 13C / C = 0.0005
red chips 5 52 5
0.3
J 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.2
0.1 0.09
P(J) 0.22 0.41 0.27 0.08 0.01 0.0005
X
2 3 4

i) What is the probability of selecting at least 3 red chips Mean

from the 4 chips selected? (of a discrete probability distribution)
P(X ≥ 3)= P(X = 3) + P(X=4) - central value, average, expected or pay off value
P(X ≥ 3)= 1 - P(X = 2) - general behavior
P(X ≥ 3)= 0.45 - probabilities instead of frequencies
j) What is the probability of selecting at most 3 red chips - can be computed using the formula
from the 4 chips selected? 5
“summation of the products
P(X ≤ 3)= P(X = 3) + P(X=2) � ( � ) = � = 5 � �(� )
5 5
P(X ≤ 3)= 1 - P(X = 4) 555
of the random variable and its
P(X ≤ 3) = 0.91
corresponding
where X i is the ith outcome and probability”of the
P(X i ) is the probability
Example 5 ith outcome
A random variable X has the probability distribution as
follows: EXAMPLES
Example 1
X 1 2 3 4 5
The histogram shows the distribution of stops for red
P(X) 1/6 2/9 ?/18 2/9 1/9 traffic lights a commuter must pass through on her way to
work. Find the mean of the distribution.
a) What is P(X = 3)?
5 + 5 + 5+ 5= 5 5
+ + 5 + 5 55 X 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 5 5 5 55 55 55 55 = 55
1 - 55 = 5
P(X) 0.05 0.24 0.34 0.13 0.14 0.10
55 55
P(X = 3) = 5
Mean = (0)(0.05) + (1)(0.24) + (2)(0.34) + (3)(0.13) +
55
b) Construct the probability histogram of X (4)(0.14) + (5)(0.10)
μ = 0 + 0.24 + 0.68 + 0.39 + 0.56 + 0.50
Probability Distribution of X
P(X) μ = 2.37
On the average, a commuter passes through approximately
6/18 2 traffic lights on her way to work.
5/18
4/18
3/18
Example 2
2/18 Find the mean of the probability distribution involving the
1/18 random variable X that gives the number of heads that
appear after tossing four coins.
X
1 2 3 4 5 X 0 1 2 3 4

Example 6 P(X) 1/16 4/16 6/16 4/16 1/16

A poker hand is made of five chosen from a standard deck 5 5 5 5 5
Mean = (0)( ) + (1)( ) + (2)( ) + (3)( ) + (4)( )
of cards. Suppose a random variable J gives the number of 55 55 55 55 55
μ=0+ 5
+
55
+
55
+ 5
hearts in the hand. 55 55 55 55
μ=2 Example 6
On the average, 2 heads will appear after tossing 4 coins. A lottery that pays off P300,000,000 is made available for
(We can get 2 heads frequently after tossing 4 coins) 10,000,000 tickets. Each ticket costs P50. Suppose the
variable Z gives the net winnings from playing the lottery.
Example 3 What is the expected gain for joining the lottery with only
The probabilities that a printer produces 0, 1, 2, and 3 one ticket?
misprints are 42%, 28%, 18%, and 12%, respectively. Z = net winnings
Construct a probability distribution table and then compute
Z 299,999,950 -50
for the mean value of the random variable.
X 0 1 2 3 P(Z) 1/10,000,000 9,999,999/10,000,000

E(X) = (299,999,950)(
6 ) + (-50)( 6,666,666
P(X) 0.42 0.28 0.18 0.12 66,666,666 )
E(X) = -20 66,666,666
Mean = (0)(0.42) + (1)(0.28) + (2)(0.18) + (3)(0.12)
In the long run, you will lose an average of 20 pesos per
μ = 0 +0.28 + 0.36 + 0.36
ticket.
μ=1
A printer will produce an average of 1 misprint.
Example 7
A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards consisting
Example 4
of cards numbered 1 through 5. A player wins P100 if the
A coin is tossed and a die is rolled. The outcome of the coin
number on the card is even and loses P100 if the number
is recorded “1” when it shows a head and “0” when it show
on the card is odd. What is the expected value of his
a tail. The random variable R gives the sum of the outcomes
winnings?
of the coin and the die. Compute the average value of the
X = amount of gain or loss
random variable.
X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X 100 -100
P(R) 1/12 2/12 2/12 2/12 2/12 2/12 1/12
P(X) 2/5 3/5
6 6 6 6 6
Mean = (1)( ) + (2)( ) + (3)( ) + (4)( ) + (5)( )+ E(X) = (100)(2/5) + (-100)(3/5)
66 66 66 66 66
6 6
(6)( ) + (7)( ) E(X) = -20
66 66
μ= 6
+ 6
+ 6
+ 6 66 66 + 6 In the long run, the player is expected to lose an average of
+ +
66 66 66 66 66 66 66 20 pesos.
μ=4
On average, the sum of the outcomes of tossing a coin and
Example 8
rolling a die is 4.
Find the means of the following probability distributions.
a.
Example 5
Suppose you join a raffle event that will cost you a ticket X 2 4 6 8
worth P200 for a chance to win a grand prize of P10 000.
You know that there are 500 tickets sold for the event and P(X) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
you want to find out the amount of money that will pay you μ=5
off for buying one of the tickets. Same mean but the
X = pay off/winnings or losses b. probability distributions are
still different. It’s not enough
X 9800 -200 X 2 4 6 8 to know the mean, variance
P(X) 1/500 499/500 and standard deviation can
P(X) 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4
also be used to measure
E(X) = (9800)( 6
)+ (-200)( 666 ) μ=5 probability distributions.
666 666
E(X) = -180
Each of the 100 tickets is expected to have a loss of 180 *mean is a measure of central tendency, which describes
pesos in the long run. values at the middle of the data
*variance and standard deviation are measures of
variability, which determines how spread out the data is
 b.
Variance and Standard Deviation
(of a discrete probability distribution)
X 2 4 6 8
- measures of variability
P(X) 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4
- describe the spread of the values around the mean
variance standard deviation μ=5
7
First formula: �7 = ∑7777 (� −
7
�)7�(�7 )
�7 = 7 (�7 − �)7�(7� )
à the sum of the squares of the difference between X and
777
or the mean multiplied
� (� )
to its P(X)
7 � = 7� 7 (� − �)7
�7 = 7 �7 7�(7� ) − �7 (2-5)2(0.4) = 3.6
777 (4-5)2(0.1) = 0.1
(6-5)2(0.1) = 0.1
(8-5)2(0.4) = 3.6
EXAMPLES
�7 = 7.4
Example 1
� = √7.4 ≈ 2.72
Compute for the variance and standard deviation of the
The values of X lie within 2.24 standard deviation from μ = 5
following distributions:
a.
Second formula: �7 = ∑777
7
�7 7�(�
7
) − �7
X 2 4 6 8 à the sum of the squares of X multiplied to its P(X) is
subtracted by the square of the mean
P(X) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 ( �) 7 � ( � )
μ=5 (2)2(0.4) = 1.6
First formula: �7 = ∑777
7
(�7 − �)7�(7� ) 2
(4) (0.1) = 1.6
à the sum of the squares of the difference between X and (6)2(0.1) = 3.6
the mean multiplied to its P(X) (8)2(0.4) = 25.6
(� − �)7�(�)
*sum = 32.4
(2-5)2(0.25) = 2.25 = 32.4 – μ2
�7
(4-5)2(0.25) = 0.25 = 32.4 – 25
(6-5)2(0.25) = 0.25 = 7.4
(8-5)2(0.25) = 2.25 � = √7.4 ≈ 2.72
�7 =5 The values of X lie within 2.24 standard deviation from μ = 5
� = √5 ≈ 2.24
The average distance of X from μ = 5 is 2.24 à � = 2.72 (table b) is wider and more spread out than
� = 2.24 since the standard deviation is the average distance
Second formula: �7 = ∑777 7 � 7� (�7) − �7 of the values to the mean.
7
à the sum of the squares of X multiplied to its P(X) is
subtracted by the square of the mean Example 2
( �) 7 � ( � ) Draw a card from a standard deck of cards. The random
variable Y gives the number on the card or gives a 0 (zero) if
(2)2(0.25) =1
the card is a face card.
(4)2(0.25) =4
Y = number on the card
(6)2(0.25) =9
a. Construct a probability distribution table for all possible
(8)2(0.25) = 16 values of Y
*sum = 30
= 30 – μ2
Y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
�7
= 30 – 25 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P(Y)
=5
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
� = √5 ≈ 2.24
The average distance of X from μ = 5 is 2.24
b. Compute the mean of the distribution and interpret the
Normal Probability Distribution
value in its context
8 8 8 8 8 8 - probability distribution of most widely-used continuous
� = (0)( ) + (1)( ) + (2)( ) + (3)( ) + (4)( ) + (5)( ) +
8
88
8
88
8
88
8
88
8
88 88 random variables
(6)( ) + (7)( ) + (8)( ) + (9)( ) + (10)( ) = 4.23 - symmetrically distributed about its center (bell-shaped)
88 88 88 88 88
� = 4.23 à The average number on the card drawn from a - a.k.a Gaussian Distribution
standard deck of cards in the long run is approximately 4 - the mean, median, and mode coincide at its peak
- frequencies gradually
c. Compute the variance and standard deviation decrease at both ends
Second formula: �8 = ∑8888 �
8
8�(� ) − �8
8 of the curve
( �) 8 � ( � ) - represent 100% of the
(0)2 ( )
8
=0 cases that make up the
88
frequency distribution
2( ) =
8 8
(1) 8
88 88 *� à sample mean; � à population mean
2( ) =
8 8
(2)
88 88
2( )
8 = 8 Example 1
(3)
88 88 Suppose there are two hypothetical distributions of IQ
8 88
(4)2 ( ) = scores, one for males and one for females, both normally
88 88
8
(5) ( )
2 =
88 distributed (or nearly so) such that:
88 88
8 88
males females
(6)2( ) = 8 8
88 88 � = 100 � = 100
8 88
(7) ( )
2 = s = 20 s = 10
88 88
8 88
(8)2 ( ) = n = 1000 n = 1000
88 88
8 88
(9)2( ) =
88
8
88
888
a. IQ scores for a sample of males
(10) ( )
2 = à Males can be considered better than females in terms of
88 88

*sum =
888 looking at the ends of the graph (since the highest male
88
888 scored 150)
= – μ2
�8 88
888
= – (4.23)2
88
= 11.72
� = √11.72 ≈ 3.4

Example 3
A raffle offers one P20,000 cash prize, two P15,000 prizes,
and three P10,000 prizes. Also, five consolation prizes worth
P1,000 each are given away. The raffle has 800 tickets sold at
P200 each. Find the expected gain or loss if a person buys 1
ticket. b. IQ scores for a sample of females
X = expected gain or loss à Females can be considered better than males in terms of
consistency since the scores are more concentrated to the
X 19,800 14,800 9,800 800 -200 mean (consistent since the data is not that spread out)

P(X) 1/800 2/800 3/800 5/800 789/800

� = (19800)( 8
) + (14800) )( 8
) + (9800)( 8
) + (800)( 8

888 888 888 )

+ (-200)(888) = -93.75 888
888
� = -93.75 à The expected loss if a person buys a ticket in
the long run is P93.75
 �−� � − �9
Standard Normal Distribution �= =
� �
- normal distribution of the standard variable �
- total area under the normal curve is 1 EXAMPLES
- extends indefinitely in both directions, approaching but
Example 1
never touching the horizontal axis
A distribution has a standard deviation of � = 10. Find the z-
- has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1
score for each of the following locations in the distribution.
- mean divides the area in half, 0.5 on each side
*you may or may not use the formula
- nearly all the area is between �= −3.00 and �= 3.00
a. above the mean by 5 points
- properties:
o the distribution is symmetric about the mean (the
two halves are mirror images)

μ μ+5 μ+10
σ = 10
o area = 1 or 100%

z = 0.5 (SD)

0 0.5 1
1 standard dev
STANDARDIZATION from the mean

b. above the mean by 2 points

z = 0.2
- in a normal distribution, the average is the mean
0 0.2 1
- in a standard normal distribution, the average is 0 μ μ+2 μ+10
*numeric value (1,2,3,…) in the standard normal distribution
tells the distance between the score and the mean in terms of c. below the mean by 20 points
the number of standard deviation (1 SD, 2 SD, 3 SD,…)

Z-SCORES
z = -2
- specifies the precise location of each X value within a
distribution -2 -1 0
- sign tells the location of the score μ-20 μ-10 μ

o + means above the mean

d. below the mean by 15 points
o – means below the mean
- numerical value tells the distance between the score and
the mean in terms of the number of standard deviations
- the mean of the z-scores is always 0
z = -1.5
- the standard deviation of the z-scores is always 1
- the graph of the z-score distribution always has the
same shape as the original distribution of sample values -1.5 -1 0
μ-15 μ-10 μ
- the sum of the squared z-scores is always equal to the
number of z-score values
Example 2
- Z-scores above 0 represent sample values above the
For a distribution with a standard deviation of � = 20,
mean, while z-scores below 0 represent sample values
describe the location of each of the following z-scores in
below the mean
terms of its position relative to the mean. For example,
- formula:
z = +1.00 is a location that is 20 points above the mean.
a. z = +2.00
Example 4
A distribution of exam scores has a mean of � = 78. If your
X = � + 40 score is X = 70, which standard deviation would give you a
above the mean by 40 better grade: � = 4 or � = 8?
The standard deviation
points �=4 �=8
101010101 101010101
� = 8 would give a
0 1 2 � =0 = -2 z = 0 = -1 better grade since it is
μ μ+20 μ+40
10 10
closer to the mean
b. z = +0.50 *below mean: lower = better
*above mean: higher = better

X = � + 10 Probability of Continuous Random Variables

above the mean by 10
- for normal distributions, probabilities (proportions) are
points
areas under the standard normal curve which can be
0 0.5 1
μ μ+10 μ+20 found in the unit normal table/standard normal
cumulative probability table/z-table
c. z = –1.00
- area of whole graph = 1 or 100%
- shaded part is the area you are looking for (area =
probability)
X = � – 20
- the z-score is the borderline (if it’s to the left or right)
below the mean by 20
points
EXAMPLES
-1 0
μ-20 μ Example 1
d. z = –0.25 Find each of the following probabilities for a normal
distribution.
a. p(z > 1.25)
X=�–5
below the mean by 5
points p(z > 1.25) = 0.1056
-1 -0.25 0
μ-20 μ-5 μ
-1.25 0 1.25

Example 3
A population has a mean of � = 60 and a standard deviation 0.8944
p(z > 1.25) = 1 – 0.8944
of � = 12: = 0.1056
*without graphing, you can use the formula
0 1.25
a. For this population, find the z-score for each of the
following X values. b. p(z > 0.60)
101010101
i) X = 69 à � = 0 = 0.75
1010
101010101
ii) X = 54 à � = 0 = –0.50 p(z > 0.60) = 1 – 0.2743
1010
101010101
iii) X = 84 à � = 0 = 2.00 = 0.7257
1010 0.2743
*looking at the z-scores, X = 54 is the closest to the mean -0.60 0
since the z-score has the lowest numerical value (-0.50 is half
a standard deviation below the mean) c. p(z < 0.70)

b. For the same population, find the score (X value) that

corresponds to each of the following z-scores. p(z < 0.70) = 0.7580
1010101
i) z = 0.5 à 0.5 = 0 à X = 66
1010
1010101 0 0.70
ii) z = -0.25 à -0.25 = 0 àX= 57
1010
1010101
iii) z = 1.5 à 1.5 = 0 à X = 78
1010
d. p(z < -1.30) b. How many students have heights of 1.82 m or greater?
11.11111111.
� = 11 = 1.1
11.11
p(X > 1.82) = p(z > 1.1) = 0.1357 à 13.57%
p(z < -1.30) = 0.0968 13.57% of 100 students = 0.1357 x 100 = 13.57 ≈ 14 students

-1.30 0

e. p(-0.80 < z < 0.80)

p(-0.80 < z < 0.80) =

0.7881 – 0.2119 = 0.5762

-0.80 0 0.80

Example 2
The systolic blood pressure for a certain group of people
follows a normal distribution with μ = 120 and σ = 5. Find
the probability that a randomly selected person from the
group will have a systolic blood pressure:
a. above 135
111111111111
� = 11 =3
11
p(X > 135) = p(z > 3) = 0.0013

b. below 110
111111111111
� = 11 = –2
11
p(X < 110) = p(z < –2) = 0.0228

c. between 115 and 140

111111111111
� = 11 = –1
11
111111111111
� = 11 =4
11
p(115 < X < 140) = p(–1 < X < 4) = 1 – 0.1587 = 0.8413
*4 is not in the standard normal cumulative probability table,
meaning that it is the greatest area = 1

Example 3
The heights (in meters) of 100 Grade 11 students
follow a normal distribution with μ = 1.6 and σ = 0.2.
a. Which height corresponds to the 3rd quartile of the
distribution?
3rd quartile: 75% of the data is less than that number
p(z < 0.67) = 0.7486 (closest to 75%)
z = 0.67

111111.1
0.67 = 1

0.134 = X11.11
– 1.6
X = 1.734 meters
0 0.67