絕版舊制 HKALE HKAL Solution Book of Pure Mathematics (Breakthrough) Book 2 - Calculus with Coordinate Geometry

I think, therefore I am.
RENE DESCARTES
SOLUTION GUIDE TO
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匚OORDINATE GEOMETRY
SOLUTION GUIDE TO
L.■ CALCULUS
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY
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Second Edition
C. M. YAU
w
Vision Publishing Co. Ltd.
Solution Writer
C. M. YAU
Editors
M. K. LOK
C. M. CHAN
Art Consultant & Cover Designer
DODO YAU
All right reserved. No part of this book may be photocopied or

reproduced in any form or by any means without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
©VISION PUBLISHING CO LTD 1993, 1999.
First edition April 1993

Reprint September 1994, February 1996
Second edition August 1999
Vision Publishing Co. Ltd

Flat 33, 5/F, Tower B, Cambridge Plaza,
Sheung Shui, N.T.
Hong Kong.
Tel: 2679 8119 Fax: 2679 4478

Web site: http://www.visionhk.com.hk
Printed by Ocean Printing Co. Ltd.
ISBN 962-407-133-0
ii
Ml 1
This book serves as a reference,

but not a panacea, to the students.
The solutions to all the problems in the book of
Calculus and Coordinate Geometry
are presented in students' approaches for
primitive trial attempt without step jumping.
Therefore, students are advised to tackle all problems
on their own effort and then compare with the
presentation shown in this book.
I wish that the students' ability in tackling problems
in different technique can be enriched.
The re-typed script version of this guide would be

easier to read and follow,
and would be benefiting both teachers and students. ■
YAU Che-ming
tv
V CONTENTS >
1 Intuitive Concepts of Limits, Continuity

and Differentiability
2 Methods of Differentiation 8
3 Indefinite Integrals 21
M The Definite Integrals 36
5 Higher Derivatives and Applications

of Differential Calculus
6 Geometric Applications of Definite Integrals 98
7 Limit of a Sequence 112
V
V CONTENTS >
Limit and Continuity of Functions 132
9 Theory of Differential and Integral Calculus ………139
10 Coordinate Systems 162
Pairs of Straight Lines. The Circle 173
Conic Sections 180
Theory o f General Conics 一・，90
Miscellaneous Exercises on Two-dimensional

Coordinate Geometry ，＞。
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Geometry 205
RE\ÎS10N TEST 1 ：亳分谷食费涉漆够罟密除啜确够婪晓够.缝够磐渤够够壕娜啄镣够裁镣够裁翁卷卷镣卷够翁蜂分黔221

母
RE^/1S10N TEST 2澎绻嗾澎轸镣溯够铮澎够镣澎磐詹治. • 轸够铮会够燹泌.詹盆够愈会够龄检够思辎.餐稳够理富够 229
vi
1. Intuitive Concepts of Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
■ EXERCISE 1.1 ' 3.

" i (a) |2x- 1| <4 Alternative:
I |2x-l|<4
1. I 4x2 - 4x + 1 < 16
-4<2x- 1 <4
[\x+l\ + \y-l\ = 5 …
… (1) i 4x2-4%-15<0
& ll^+l| = 4y-4 .....(2) -3 < 2x < 5
(2x + 3)(2x-5)<0
. 3/ ,5
Subst. (2) into (1), 1 i.e.
4>_4 + "l|=5 .....(3)
For y<l, j (b) k + 3| >2 Alternative:
x2 + 6% + 9 > 4 x + 3 > 2 or x 4- 3 < -2
from(3), 4y — 4 + (l—y) = 5 1
3y = 8 ； x>-l or x<-5
x2 + 6% + 5 > 0
y = §2 1 ； (x + 5)(x+ l)>0
i i.e. x < -5 or x > -1
/. no solution 1
For >2 1, ' (c) 0<|x-4| <3 Alternative:
from (3), 4y — 4 + y—l = 5 I i.e. x-4| < 3 but x^4 0<|x-4| <3
5y = 10 x2 -Sx+ 16 < 9 -3 < x - 4 < 3 and x A 4

y = 2 I 1 <x<7 and x^4
x2-8x + 7<0
Subst. into (2) again,
(x-l)(x-7)<0
|x+ 1| = 8-4 = 4 i
1 i.e. 1 < x < 7 but 尤 A4
x2 + 2x + 1 = 16
x2 + 2x- 15 =(x + 5)(x-3) = 0 ； (d)

2<|x-7|<9
x = or J 4<尤2_14"49《81
So, (%, y) = (3, 2) or (-5, 2)
:J
I
\x2 - 14% + 45 > 0
U2-14x-32<0
(b) |x-3| + |% + 5| 二 8
I
Consider x < -5 , I f(x-9)(x-5)>0
I
3-x-x-5 = 8 I [(x-16)(x + 2)<0
2x = -10 I
I i .e. -2 <x< 5 or 9 <x
x = -5 I
I Alternative:
Consider -5 < x < 3 ,
I
3-x + x + 5 = 8 I J x - 7 >2 or x - 7 v -2
I
0 = 0 I [-9<x-7<9
-5 < ^ < 3 I
I (x>9 or x<5
Consider x > 3 , I
[~2<x<16
I
x-3 + x + 5 = 8 I
2x = 6 I -2<x<5 or 9 < x < 16
I
x = 3 I
i «方 M2>4
So, -5 < x < 3 .
I
I %2 > 4
2. I
-4>0
I
\x\2k = (IxH)* = (x2)^ = x2k —> True I
(a) (x-2)(x + 2)>0
11
(b) \x\2k+ 1 = \x\2k • \x\ = x2k\x\ —> True 1 i.e. x<-2 or x> 2
1
1
(f) 2 < |x + 7| < 9 and 0 < |x + 2| < 8 Try roots ±1, 2, ... etc.
4 < x2 4- 14x + 49 < 81 and x2 + 4x + 4 < 64 (x-1)(x3-5x2 + 2x + 8)>0
but x^-2 (x- l)(x + l)(x2 - 6x + 8) > 0
x2 + 14x + 45 > 0 (x+ l)(x- l)(x-2)(x-4) >0
< 瘁+ 14s32v0 but x^-2 region A: x < —1

x2 + 4x - 60 < 0 region B: -1 <x< 1
region C: 1 < x < 2
'(x+ 9)(" 5) >0
region D: 2 < x < 4
< O + 16)(_x-2) v 0 but x^-2
region E: x>4
(x+ 10)(x-6)<0
For region A, =+ve
i.e. -10 < x < -9 or -5 < % < 2 but x^-2
For region B, 4-——
Alternative: For region C, + + ——

For region D, + + + -
-9 < x + 7 < 9
For region E, + + + + =+ve
2<x + l or x + 7 <-2
i.e. x in regions A, C, E
—8 < x + 2 < 8
i.e. x < -1 or 1 < x < 2 or x > 4
尤工一 2
Alternative:
—16 v 尤 v 2 x2 - 3x - 1 > 3 or x2 - 3x - 1 < -3
-5 < x or x < -9 x2-3x-4>0 or x2-3x + 2<0
-10 < x < 6 (x-4)(x+ l)>0 or (x- l)(x- 2) < 0
x。—2
x<-l or x>4 or 1 <x<2
-10 <x<-9 or —5vxv2 and x^-2
2 < < 3 Alternative: J|2sl|>y+1 ...(1)

(g)
1 1 2〈土 <3 b =氏+ 3| ...(2)
- > + >
FT
2 3
1 1
Subst. (2) into (1), |2x- 1| > |x + 3| + 1
- > X2 -
k + 2| < ：
4 9 |2x-l|-|x + 3|>l
k + 2| >； Consider x < -3 ,

x2 + 4x + 3 - < 0
1 — 2x + x + 3 > 1
x2 + 4x + 3^>0 -^<%+2： or x + 2 < — ^
4x2+ 16x+ 15<0
Consider -3 <x<^,
9x2 + 36x + 35 > 0
-5<x<-? 1 — 2x — (x + 3) > 1
(2x + 5)(2x + 3)<0 —3x > 3
'5 7
(3x + 5)(3x + 7)>0 x>-~ or x<-~ x v-l
—3 < x v — 1
• 5 > , 7 。 7
ie ~2<X<~3 or .，. -|<x<-^ or Consider x > ^ ,
2x - 1 - (x + 3) > 1
x> 5
x>5
(h) \x2 - 3x - 1| > 3
Combining the above results we get
Squaring both sides again,
x4 - 6x3 - 2x2 + 6x + 9x2 + 1 > 9 [x < -3 [-3 < x < -1 [x > 5
〈 or < or <
x4 - 6x3 + 7x2 + 6x - 8 > 0 [y = -x-3 [y = x + 3 [y = x + 3
2
5. EXERCISE 1,2
(a) y = |x|)
For x > 0 , y
By Theorem 2.1,
For x < 0 , y max {a + c, b + d}
=:[(Q + c) + (b + d) + |(Q + c) - (Z? + J)|]
(b) y = IM + |x- 1|
max {a, b} = ^[a + b + \a-b\]
For x < 0 ,
y = -x - (x- 1) max {c, d} = :[c + d + |c-圳]
=-2x4-1
By Theorem 1.1 (1),
For 0 <x< 1 ,
|(Q + C)_(0 +』)| = |(Q_b) + (cS|
y = x + (1 -x) = 1
< \a-b\ + \c- d\
For x>l,
y = x + x-1 = 2x-l So, max {a + c, b + d} < max {a, b} + max {c, d}.
(c) y = 2\x + 1| + |x| + |x - 1| - 3 (b) Put a = h, b = k, c = u-h, d = v-k

max {u, v} < max {h,k} + max {u- h,v-k}
max {u, v} - max {h, k} < max {|w-h\, \v-k\}
Put a = u, b = v, c = h-u, d = k-v

max {h, k} - max {u, v} < max {\h- u\, \k-v\}
So,
| max {u,v}~ max {h, k}\ < max {\u- h\, \v -
For x <
y = - 2(x+ l)-x-(x-l)-3 = -4x-4 2.
Set a = -1, b = -2, c = 3, d = 4
For -1 < % < 0 ,
max {a, b} + max {c, d} = - 1 + 4 = 3
y = 2(x4- 1) — x — (x — 1) — 3 =0
max {a, b, c, d} = 4
For 0 < x < 1 ,
y — 2(x + l) + x — (x — 1) — 3 2x So, max {a, b} + max {c, d} > max {a, b, c, d} is not
For x > 1 , always true.
y = 2(x+ l) + x + (x- 1)-3 =4x-2
{xp x2, xn}+ = max {0, xv x2, xn}

(d) y = | sinx|
For 0 < x < 7t, y = sinx

For n < x <2ti , y = -sinx ① {3,兀，72} + = max (0, 3,兀，72}=兀
1 (ii) (-7, 0,-l}+ = max {0, -7, 0,-1) = 0

y = h
For x > 0 , y =- (iii) {3,-2}+ = max {0,3,—2} = 3

X
(iv) {-1, -2,-3,-4} + =max {0, — 1, —2, —3, -4}

For x < 0 , y =--
x
=0
(f) y = |x|(|x| - 1)
(b) max {0, q } + max {0,0} > max {0, a, b}
For x > 0 ,
Without loss of generality,
y = x(x- 1)
a>b>0, a + b>a
For x < 0 ,
a>0, b<0, a + 0>a O.K. for all cases.
y - -x( - x - 1)
qvO, b<0, 0 + 0>0
=x(x + 1)
3
(d) lim /(x) = lim /(x)
xt0+ xt(t
y = (x + 1) sgn 尤
i.e. lim f(x) exists.

xtO
x+ 1 if x > 0
y = < 0 if x = 0
lim f(x) does not exist.
-x-1 if x< 0 xt0+
lim /(x) does not exist.

i(r
5.
i.e. lim f(x) does not exist.
xtO
[x] = integral part of x
(a) [1.2+ 2.9] = [4.1] = 4 A [1.2]+ [2.9] = 1+2 = 3 (f) lim /W = lim y(x)
x-»0-
i.e. [x + = [x] + [y] is not always true.
i.e. lim /(x) exists.
x-»0
(b) [2x2.9] = [5.8] = 5。2[2.9] = 2(2) = 4

i.e. [2x] = 2[x] is not always true.
r( x [x2+l x<0
(c) [1.2 x 2.9] = [3.48] = 3 / [1.2][2.9] = 1x2 = 2 fM=\X+l
x>0
i.e. [xy] = [x][y] is not always true.
lim /(x) = lim (x2 +1) = 02 + 1 1
(d) Let x = Xq + d where [x] = xQ,d = decimal part X->0~ X T 0-
lim /(x) = lim (x + 1) = 0+1 = 1 lim /(x)

So, 0< 1 . X T o+ X T o+ xtO-
i.e. Xq<x0 + d = x<Xq+ 1 So, lim /(x) exists.

x->0
or [x]<x< [x] + 1 is correct.
EXERCISE 1.4
| EXERCISE 1.3
Let the given function be /(x).
(a) lim /(x) does not exist. (a) lim log 10 X

x — 0+
x->0+
i.e. lim does not exist.

x-»0
(b) lim log io国
xt0+
(b) lim f(x) = lim /(%)

X T。+ X T 0一
xt 。-
lim log*
i.e. lim /(x) exists. i.e. lim log10|x| = —8

x-»0
x—>0
lim log I。％ = -8

(c) lim f(x) A lim f(x) x->0+
% — 0+ x-»0-
lim log 10x does not exist.
i.e. lim /(x) does not exist. x -> 0
x —> 0
4
耽［捉土］=四 x-2 + 2
lim tanx = +©o
- 2)
1 1 1
lim tanx = 一8 =lim ----- =-------- =------
X T 0 X -2 0-2 2
i.e. lim tanx = 8 6.

兀
X七
(Vx - Jx- 1 )d + Jx- 1)
lim Jx-1)= lim
X —> +8 X T +8 (&+」-一 \ )
(&) - (Jx - 1)
lim 10-x = 0 lim
X T +8 X —> +8 Jx + Jx-1
1
lim ----- 广一 =0
X T +8 』x +」x — 1
1
/(x) = 2X , x = non-zero real number
lim - = -oo 3-79-x2 ]. (3-J9r2)(3 +.9 2)

工
5X — 土----- = lim
lim —
xtO X2 xtO 芸(3 + 79-%2)
1
lim 2X = 0 9-9+计
lim
x-»0 x2(3 + 79 -x2)
lim —=4-00 1 1
_____________ 1
=lim
xtO+
X
x-»0 3 +』9-x2 — 3 + 79^0 6
1
lim 2X = 4-oo
xtO+
8.
1 』3 —x- Jx —]
lim =lim
So, lim 2X does not exist. x ―> 2 6-3x xt2 (6-3^)(73^+Vx^l)
xtO
(3—x) — (sl)
=lim
x—2 (6 一 3x)(73 -x + Jx-1)
I EXERCISE 1.5 lim

x—2
2[2-幻
3[2-%][73^%+
2 ______________
1 __ 1
3 . 73^2+vrn — 3
四T/
x3-3x + 2
lim
x —> 1 ("1)2
-lim 3—l)(sl)S + 2) (茨)3 —(%)3
-凹 1 (x-l)(x-l)
lim 英-％ = lim
x->a x —> a (盼 2_(%)2
=lim (x + 2) = 1 + 2 = 3
XT 1
(故-万)[(茨寸+ (%%) +(万)2]
lim
x->a (5%-旅)(■+ %)
1 (%矿+ %佑 + (%)2 _ 3% = 3 6/~

x+- X2+ 1 0+1
lim ------ lim
xtO x2-l 0^1
10.
lim
2+-+4 x—>a x-a
2x2 + 3x+l X xz 2+0+0 _ 2 Q)(xn l 2。+ ；1^3。2+ +q〃1)
lim =lim 3-0+0 = 3
(■X +工儿
3x2 -2x + 2 …3-2 + 4 =lim
X X2 X—Q (x-a)
=an~l + an~2a + an~3a2 + ... + = nan~x
x-1 lim (Jx+\)(Jx-\)

lim " =
XTl JX~ 1 XT1 (aA-1) /(x) = 3x3 - 2x2 + x + 4
=lim (Vx +1) = 1 + 1 = 2 =x[x(3x - 2) + 1] + 4
x ―> 1
(a) When 尤 T +°o , 3x - 2 +8 14.
.X
lim /(x) = +oo sin 6 Sin8 8x J_
X —> 4-00 o
lim lim
xtO tan 8 尤 xtO x tan8x 64
8 ，
(b) When x T 一8 ,
匕粉啊$ = *** = $
3尤一2 T-8 ； x(3x- 2) t 4-oo =lim —，lim . lim
x->0
= x[x(3x-2) + 1] T-8 8
/. lim /(x) = 一 8
X—>-oo
15.
・2
(c) from (a), (b), lim f(x) = 8 i・ sin ax v zSintZXx2 7 9 7 7
XT8
——
lim — lim (------- ) az = lzxaz = az
lO XZ io ax
12.
16.
lim " + = L
(a) Consider 尤 T 0+ ,
x* bQxm + bxxm-x + ... + 与
lim .”—三.….一. =lim —=^—

xto+ 71 - cosx x_o+ "2sin*
(i) f(x) = aoxni + i + a1xrn+ ... +am + i
/(x) = W+J W+•..+% +1

而_时+5一1+ +知
_ W+... +与 (b) Consider x ~^Q~ ,

X X2 xm + l
I
/(x)
lim
g(x)
«0 + - + -
(ii) m = n, L = lim ------ %---------- § = | EXERCISE 1.6

u X xm
1.
(iii) g(x) = boxn + 1+bixn+ ...+bn + i Let the given function be f(x).
/(x) = " + 叩〃一1+ •••+"

(a) lim f(x) =lim NOT CONT. at x =
g(x) 一 boxn + i + b}xn + ... +bn + l x-â+ x-â~
一 A*』
(b) lim /(x) =lim f(x) = f(a) CONT. at x = q

z?0 + — + ... + 上4 XTQ一
u x x"+i
(c) lim f(x) =+8, lim /(x) = -oo NOT CONT. at

xtq+ x->a~
x = a
(d) /is not defined at x = « . NOT CONT. at x = a
(e) lim /(x) = 8 NOT CONT. x = a

x—>a+
v sm8x v sin8x 「 o 1
lim —— lim 一. 。 = lim cos8x = 1 (f) lim y(x) = lim f(x) = f(a) CONT. at x = «
xto tan8x xtO sm8x xtO
x — 。+ x->d~
cos8x
6
(d) Not continuous at x = a => not differentiable there
fM = *^,f(±2) not defined
(e) The curve is not continuous x = a
i.e. /(x) is discontinuous at x = 2, -2 .
n not differentiable there
(b) E= = = mi (f) y'+(Q)Af'_(Q)=> not differentiable
i.e. /(x) is discontinuous at x = -1 . "sharp comer,, at x = « .
The curve is not continuous at x = a

f(x) = — while lim /(x) = 1 , lim /(%) = -1
X xt0+ xt(t not differentiable there
i.e. /(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
I (h) The curve is not continuous at x = a
f(x) = tan | I not differentiable there

(d)
/(x) is discontinuous at | = 土土学 ① f'+(Q)二 oo,厂_0) = oo
f \a) does not exist n not differentiable

or x = ±tc, ±37t, ±5tu, ...
二 (2n — 1 )tc, n 二 0, +1,...
1
fM = [x2 if 心
/(x) = 2X-1, /(l) undefined
\2x-i if x> 1
/(x) is discontinuous at x = 1 .
广 +(1) = lim
if < 1 h
(f) /W= 1
if |M > 1 [2(1+龙)-1]-[1]2 r 2h c
lim jo+
lim — = 2
/it0+ h h
lim f(x) =-1 lim /(x) = 1

XT(-1)+ K-l)- 广一⑴= lim
A->0+ h
f(x) is discontinuous at x = -1 .
12 — (1—/z)2
=lim =lim (2-A) = 2
fM = log10|x| , /(0) undefined jo+
h
/(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 . Asf'+(1)=广一 (1)二 2 (finite) therefore /*'(1) exists.
3.
J.L+ ¥ -! where
fM Consider, f \ (0) = lim，⑴ -[(°)
X + XT0+
(a/1 +X2-1)(71 + X2 + 1) 土一 °
lim
x-»0 X(a/1 + X2 + 1) r
=lim ----------
lim —
1
—r
5+ X XTO+X一 1
1 + X2 - 1
lim Next, consider,
xtO X(a/1 + X2 + 1)
0 广一（。）= lim f(x) — f(0)
=lim , - -=— - 0 XT（r
x-0
x—0 71 + x2 +1 a/1 + o +1
Set /(0) 0 lim /(x) . -1

x->0 lim lim 顽 1
XT。-
X xtO-
/(%) becomes continuous for all real x.
f'+(0) = —101 = f'_(0)
f'(0) does not exist.
EXERCISE 1.7
4.
2
_1
尸_ 0
Consider, lim 七存一灯乂 = lim =lim
lim x 3 = oo
(a) Smooth curve => differentiable XTO X-0 xtO x xtO
广 (0) does not exist.

(b) Smooth curve n differentiable
(c) => not differentiable
7
2. Methods of Differentiation
| EXERCISE 2.1 8.
IO'—IO-x =^log10(10--10-)
1. Ml 2
M(ln2x)=卜牛(2x) = ^- • 2 =- (v log 102 is a constant.

dx 2xdx 2x x
d「ln(10》-IO-，)
dx In 10
(change base from 10 to e)
冒 (xlnx) = x£(lnx) +lnx£(x)
(ICF-lO-x)
--------------- 洛
=x(^) + 1 (Inx) = 1 4- Inx

10x-10~x)dxy )
Let z = 10%, Inz xlnlO .

Idz
^[ex(l -x3)] = ex(-3x2) + ex(l -x3) zdx
In 10
=ex(l - 3x2 — x3) 10^ In 10
d ^[1Og10 10x-10-
2 %'
[10xlnl0-10-^lnl0-^(-x)]
10》一 io-》
_ 10、+ 10-x
_ iox- 10-%
ax
(3 =y
Iny 二 Gxln。)
9.
i.e.
£ln[ln(i + Z?计)] ---------------• g ln(& + bxn)
\dy r | /X、 a d /x-i In (a + bxn) dx
[tzln(-) + ax • - • 3-(-)]
ydx a x dx a 1 1
+ bxn)
畿= [a In©+ 5(躬] ln(« + bxn) a + bxn
nbxn~{
役=( 3"[。1崎 +。]=忠)"( 1 + 崂)・
(q + *")ln(a + bxn)
10.
6. Let z = 2X, Inz = jcln2n(片=ln2n£(2*)二 2xln2
[ex + e~x]^[ex - e~x] ~[ex - e~x]^[ex + e~x]
dVex-e-
£(2'1吩) 2 噫15 + 典2*，
dx 〈X + e-x (ex + e~x)2
[学 + g-x] [W + e—x] - [W - 厂勺[芋一厂勺说（需）+ 2炒2）1强、
(ex + e~x)2
(学+ 尸) 2 —(学一尸)2 _ 4 2工
(ex + e~x)2 (ex + e~x)2 + 2xlnx (change of base formula)
F +备
d_
dx Alternative:
W"= dx'd (^xln2In 2lnx

_ e *[■ + 2a] 需土 2.*2 +嚣= 2'（皓+矗）
2必/2
8
11. 17.
m 居== *ln(l+W-ln(lr)] y = e Iny = xx
ln[lny] xlnx
夺 In 人乒=l[Aln(l+x)-^-ln(l-x)]
dx N1 -x 2 dx dx £ln[lny] x ■ - + Inx
x
=：[ —g(l+X)_ —y-( 1 — X)]
2 1+ xdx 1 -xdx 1 d 1
而.云 ln> 1 + Inx
_ lr e
1 +. 1 ] _ 1
x1.x ydx
W
一小 U 一 e
1 + Inx
12. 车=对 (1 + lnx)ex

aJa2-x2 • Iny = Jo2 - x2lntz
y =
1 dy ina-^Ja2 - x2
二
18.
ydx dx
i 1 J z 7 -x\na xeX = y i.e. Iny = ex\nx
=In a— - —(az -xz) = ,
2ja2-x2 dx Ja2_x2
= ex- + ex]nx
ydx x
dy =_ -aâ2~x2x\na
dx Ja2-x2 dy _ êx (ex + _ ex(l + xlnx)^
dx { x ) x
13.
^-[ln(71 +x2 + 71-x2)]
19.
勺二]二「 Im ! = lnx-1
1 d (7i + x2 + 7i -x2)
dx Inx (Inx)2 (Inx)2
Jl + X2 + 71 -x2^x I
_______ i_______
20.
J1 + X2 + Jl -x2
_ /(" 1)3 +公
刑 1 + ")+ f 2)] ，一 + 3)(x + 4)
a/(x
n In,=如件涪
) 2 (x + 3)(x + 4)
=i[ln(x +1) + ln(x + 2)- ln(x + 3)-ln(x + 4)]

______________ X(J\ _ P _+ 了2)2____________________
(J\ + X2 + 71 -X2)(71 -X2 - Jl + X2) Ji + x2 • Jl-x2 Idy _ 1「1 1 1 1 ]
ydx 2Lx + 1 x+2 x+3 x+4
x(2-2jl-x4)= Jlr4 i
_ 1r 2% + 3 2x + 7 ]
-2x2 Jl -x4 x 71 -x4 =2L(x+ l)(x + 2) - (x + 3)(x + 4)J
_ 1 (2x + 3)(】2 + 7x + 12) - (2x + 7)(/ + 3x + 2)

14. =2 (x+ l)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4)一
xx = y, i.e. (ln%)x = Iny dy = 2x2+ 10x+ 11 /(x+ l)(x + 2)
,, dx = (x +l)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) + 3)(x + 4)
[-■ x + Inx]=[亭
x ydx
卓=对 (1 + Inx) 21.
ax
15.
i V
êax + e~ax)
x - y, i.e. \ny = -Inx
Idy =(]"lnx 集=^[aeax + ae~ax]
ydx _ X2
1 崂 =\âx + e~axA[eax - e~ax]
dy _ x(l-lnx)
dx~ x2
?=\[aeax - ae~ax]
dx 2
16.
dv â[eax - e~ax][eax + e~ax] = u%
— [eeX] = eeX^-ex = eeX - ex = eeX + x Vdx =
dx dx
9
22.
x-y + ex + y 2 Let 0 = sin (— |), — <0<
-y + ex + y)= 0
-| < 0
0
-^<0<0
1螳+ *嗟（"力=
0
/. cos 0 is non-negative
1荒+ "W+引 0
dy = l+ex + y
dx l-ex + y
-i i
23. Let 0 = cos (--), 0 < 0 < n
Let y sin 9 is non-negative for 0 < 9 <

Iny vlnw =Ji# =孕
Idy
斜“ + m “寨
ydx
vdu i dv
=一丁 + Inw-^-
udx dx
Let 9 = tan '(一后),一直 < 6v 壹
dy .vdu , ! dv、
求二火诙+ m
魅)
-73 <o
= 华+ /ln ”牛
ax ax
sin 0 is negative for - - < 0 < 0

EXERCISE 2.2 sin0 = -季
-】 63〜_ -112
Let 0 = cos 尽，a = C0S 13 where 0 < 0, a < K
一
16 . 5
Let e = cos I，0<e<7t
sin0 = 或 sina =13
2 R 2 7
cos20 = 2cos 9-1 = 2(|) -1 =
B>0
0, a are acute angles.
cos (9 + a) = cos 6 cos a - sin 0 sin a Let 0 = tan |< 0 <
=63 12_ 16 5_ 756 - 80 = 676 =4

=65 , 13-65 , 13 …_ 845 二 5
845 2tan。 _ 2(3)_ J_ _ 12
tan 20 =
l — ta* l-(?)2 I 5
一鸟 1]2
一
Let a = sin - , 9 = cos —,
.-1
where 一壹 <a《壹，0 < 0 < k
4 5 cos 0 > 0 for - ^ < 0 <

tana = - , tanO =—
sin 20 = 2 sin 0 cos 0

4 12>n
55i3>0
=2(机年寻=
4 A
tan(a + 0)=段心呢=土兰 48 + 15 = 63
1 - tanatanG i _4 5 36-20 — 16
3 ' 12
10
Let 0 = tan R — I EXERCISE 2.3
Na 2 2
2
cos 20 = 2 cos 0-1
Let 0 = sin § , a = cot-13 , 0<a<7C
季, 3>0

cos(0 + a) = cos 0 cos a - sin 0 sin a
=V20 3 a/5 1
5 71b 5 Vio
=6屈右=5际 =}_ =也 _____ (tana) (.2 一工2)+ -2 tan a_____
571b 一 5 71b 一孩一 2 Ja2 -x2 - (xtana)2 Ja2-x2 Ja1 - x2
______ ^tanoc______
11.
(a2 - x2)Ja2 - x2 sec2a
，，-1 '兀
兀 K , 一1/ 1 一 X、 71
-2<tan *>p<tan(E)<a
-i
-1 ( -1 1
tan (tan x) + tan tan ( ^-[sec-1(lnx)] = ------ ] . g
tan I"tanx-1 + tan
_i ( -1
dx lnx7(lnx)2-l dx
1 - tan (tan x)tan tan (
= ]
xlnxv(lnx)2 - 1
X(1 + X)+ 1 - X
11 -X-1—
-x
— 1 +x-x(l -x)
1 +x
工2+ 1 _ _ ] 1 • (1 - ax) - (q + x)(-tz)
1 1 +(£±£)2 (12X)2
1 +x2 - 11 - axJ
—1 —I,]—]
_ 1 lx + 冰 +「X
一 _ 1 + a2
—丸 v tan x + tan (------ ) v 71
'1 + ” (1 - ax)2 + (a + x)2 1 + a2x2 + a2 + x2
—1 —1 1 _ v- -rr 3 IT 1 +—2 _ ]
So, tan x + tan (----- ) = - or -—
V1 +x; 4 4 (1 + a2)(l + x2) 1 + x2
12.
sin-12x = sin-1% 73 + sin
2x = sin[sin-1XA/3 + sin-1%]
2x = sin (sin 一七月)cos (sin I]) + cos (sin 1XA/3)sin(sin-1x)；
2x = -x2 + 7(1 - 3x2)x

—l(l+x)—.(l—盼⑴
x = 0 or 2 = 73 Jl -x2 + Jl - 3x2 1_V 2
1+(滂) (l+x)2
x = 0 or 2 -』3 - 3左=」1 一 3并
(―1)(一1一工一1+。) = 2 = 1
x = 0 or 4 + (3 - 3x2) -4^/3 - 3.x2 = 1 - 3x2 (l+x)2 + (l-x)2 _ 2 + 2x2 _ 1+x2
% = 0 or 4」3 - 3瘁=6
x = 0 or 4(3-3x2) = 9
x = 0 or 3 = 12x2
n , 1
% = 0 or x = ±-
(1-2)+工2 = 1
i.e. x = 0 or ± |
[(l-x2) + x2]71-x2 Jl-X2
11
8.
sec r^=]
Jl - -2」
___________ 2.1 _」2

,X X,
y = I ea + e a
X X
dy 1 a 1T|
(1-、2) + 工2 Si -e --e =tan 45° = 1
dx 2\_a a
X JX? 一 ( \ _二2) 71 -X2
X _x
1 a a c
e -e = 2
xjl -x2 Jlx2 - 1
#[sin 1 Vsinx] = d r~.—

•五字 2土笋=1±72 = l + 72 (as">0)
e
dx Jl —(床矽
tzln(l + 72)
=顼if" as x
2^1 - sinx Jsinx 2 a [1 + a/2 + 1+2+2孩+1
y 2 1 + 72
71 + sinx 1 Aj-;
——. — =u”] + cscx
2jsinx 2
疽 +《(改一 1)二 a[2 - 2 + a/2]
Z— 1
10.
^2a
d_
dx C°S ")] So, the point is (aln(l + a/2), Jia).
—1 2似2〃-1(/〃+ 1)—Q— i)(2 心2〃 — i)
J—(沼)2 e+1 寸
y1 = — (satisfies point (1, 1))

-2nx2n ~1 [x2n + 1 - x2n + 1 ]
7(x2n + l)2 - (x2n - I)2 (x2n + 1) dy\ I _ 2工砰2(妹)_ 砰2@)| _ 2次 _ -2
—2〃以〃-1(2)= 2nx〃-i K|x=l ■ L=1 _ Q
西声(x2n+ 1)
_ ~ x2n+l
y2 = x2 - Inx3 (satisfies point (1, 1))
£[ sin (cos 1 Jl -x2)]
= [COS ( COS」1 -。2)] f ! 1 .—-===== As at point (1, 1),华、票=(1)(-1) = -1

Wi-(7n^)2
7i ~i—
x
=1
So, the curves cut at right angle.
12. x = a(t - sinf)

^[csc-1(sec2x)]
y = q(1 - cos。
-1
• 2 sec 2x tan 2% = -2
sec2x7sec22x- 1 =a -acost dy
dy dt sin£
dx =本 1 - cos/
二 asint di
13.
c • -1
春伽-盘］ =2(sin%)志 2 sin x
Equation of tangent:
Jl -x2
y -a(l - cosp sin"
x-a{tx _ sinf]) 1 一 cos/】
2 2
d_ 2 xsinf] _y(l - cosf]) sinf] — sin tr - cos tx + 2cos^ 一 1)
dx *3 xjx4 - 1
xsin^ _y(l - cos") o(f] sin" + 2cos『i - 2)
12
dx _1 2
2t dy y - (sin x)
dt dy _ dt _ 2 _ 1
n苏一* 一为一？
dy / c / • T、、， 1 2sin-1x
2 dt y = 2 • (sin X)x ^^一：一 = ,
dt
at point (4, 3) i.e. 3 = 2^ - 1, = 2 2 J■.…一 -x2 - 2(sin-1x)(了丁)

)71-x2 271-x2
Equation of tangent at (4, 3) is (1—3)
始萼 i.e. s2"2 = 0 2jl-x2 + 2xsin-1x

(If 2)3/2
Equation of normal at (4, 3) is

2 71 -x2 + 2xsin-1x 2xsin"x
W = A-2 i.e. 2x + y—11 =0 So, (1 - x2)yf/ - xy'
71 -X2 -x2
2
2 J \ - x1 _ 2
For normal meeting with the curve Jl -x2
2(Q) +⑵-1)-11 = 0
2? + 2r- 12 = 0
-1
t2 + t-6 =。-2)。+ 3)二 0 y = sin(p sin x)
i.e. t2 = -3 is the point of intersection required, y = p • 二 cos (p sin x)

Jl -x2
(as f] = 2 is the point (4, 3)).
" [sin(p sin-1x)] Jl -x2 - [cos(p sirT、)](了丁)
m 2”i-x2
yff p- （1一静）
| EXERCISE 2.5 -/72[sin(/?sin-1x)]71 -x2 + xpcos(/?sin-1x)

(l*)3/2
1・ So, (1 - %2)y〃一 + p2y

x = e20sin0
_ -p2[sin(T?sin~1.x)]71 -x2 + xj7cos(psin~1x)
x = 2e20sin0 + e2ecos0 7i -x2
x〃 - 4e20sin9 + 2e20cos0 + 2^2ecos0 + e20(-sinO) pxcos(psin x) , o . z • T 、
- -- ----- 产 …— —-+ pz sin (〃 sin x)
=3^20sin0 + 4e20cos0 71 - x2
So, xf - 4x' + 5% -/?2[sin(/7sin-1x)] 71 -x2 + p2[sin(/2sin~1x)]71 -x2
二 (3e20sin0 + 4e2ecos0) Ji -x2
-4(2e20sinO + e2ecos9) + 5e2esin0
=(3 - 8 + 5)e2esin9 + (4 - 4)e20cosO = 0

x = a(t - sinr)
2. y = a(t + sin。
办
y = esmxcos(sinx) -
不
y(0) = e°cos(sin0) = 1-1 = 1

打
石
= cosx(^smx)cos(sinA：) + esmx[-cosxsin(sin%)]
/(0) = l l-l + l[(-l)0] = 1 1 + cosr 1+0
1
1 - cos? 1^0
y〃 = ^[cosx(esinx)(cos(sinx) - sin(sinx))]
= -sinA：esmx(cos(sinx) - sin(sinx)) -sin/(l - cos。一(1 + cosr)(sinf) 一2 sinr
2 (1 - cos?)2 (1 - cosr)2
+ cos xesm%(cos(sinx) - sin(sinx))
+ cos jcesinx [- cos a: sin (sinx) 一 cosxcos(sinx)] 芯瓦

=扑/■dx _ (1 - cosf)2 X a(l - cost) I 兀
? = 2 lf=2
<(0) = -0- 1 -(1-0) + 1 - 1 -(1-0)
+ 1 • 1 ・((-l)(0)-l • 1) _ -2x1 ] = _2
=(1—0)2 • a(l-0) = ~a
= 0+1-1 = 0
13
lim 前11] 一 siny =lim cosx = cosy
x = 2 cos t - cos2r
— sy x—y
y = 2sin? - sin2r (Treat x as variable, y as constant)
= -2sinr + 2sin2l 8.
2cosr- 2cos2r lim x3e~2x lim [-form ]

X —> +8 X T+8
dy _ dy^dx _ cosr- cos2r lim [-form ]

X —> +8 oo
dx dt dt -sin? + sin2r
6x
4
didx
次)
lim
X T 4-00
[—form ]
OO
_ (- sin? + 2sin20(-sinz + sin2r) - (cost- cos2f)(-cosr + 2cos2r) lim i = 0

X — +8
(-sin? + sin2r)2
_ (sin2/-3sinrsin2r + 2sin22r) + (cos2?-3cosrcos2r + 2cos22r)
(-sinz + sin2z)2
lim xs[nx [ 0° form ]
_ 3 - 3sin"sin2r- 3costcos2r 3(1 - cos。 xt0+
(-sinr + sin2t)2 (-sinr + sin2z)2

Treat y = xsinx, Iny = sinxlnx
d2y dx
dx2 n dt
lim Iny = lim sinxlnx
2 X T。+ X T 0+
3(1 - cos。 -2 sint + 2sin2r| 兀 Inx

(-sin? + sin2r)2 =lim ~T~ [-form ]
oo
x->0+
sinx
3(1 - 0) 3
一 2(—1+0)3 - 2 sinx sinxx
lim lim -----
xtO+
-cosx xt0+
x - -------
cosx)
sin2%
(-1)0 0
EXERCISE 2.6
As x T 0+ ,y — 1
i.e. lim x sinx —]

xtO+
1 - cosx v sinx 「 cosx 1
lim =hm =lim
XT0 X2 xtO 2x x->0 2 2
10.
lim』sin. 1 i 1
sinx v COSX -1 _
lim
x -> n 7C — X
lim ——=
X —兀—1
1
3= XTO X 2 _
2
2 2 2
3.
sinx2 2xcosx2 0 sec x tan x
T
v secx-1
lim lim 0 lim -----X— lim
x->0 x xtO X —0 2
xtO 2x
,2 3
sec x tan x + sec x =1(0)2+13 = 1
i
lim
xtO 2 一 2 2
3 3 2
堂 3 0
lim 二—
5+ smx
lim
x->0+ sinx
lim
xtO+
cosx 2 T
=0
12.
.2
i. sin x lim (业《 sinx-,2
lim ―z- [lim
5. xtO Xl x-»0 xtO
sin〃jv 「 ncosnx n• 1 [lim苧]之

lim lim --------- =n I2 = 1
x-»0 sinx xtO COSX ~T~
x->0
lim
secx
tanx
v z 1 COSXx
lim (------- ——)=
兀 cosx sinx
r
lim -—
1
k sinx
h1
E *七
14
13.
2 c, o
sec x- 2tanx - lim (- - esc/) [ oo-oo form ]
lim o xtO X
1+ cos4x
2 ， =lim (i-—)
2 sec xtanx 一 2 x-»0 x sinx
=lim
-4sin4x sm 尤一 x
=lim [5 form ]
o xtO xsinx
1 - tanx - o
lim - 2~~~~ o cosx- 1 - fo]
lim o
7 2 cos xsin4x x->0 sinx + xcosx
2 ______ -smx______ -0
-sec x lim 0
=lim 2 x->0 cosx+ cosx-xsinx 2^0
2[-2 sinxcosxsin4x + 4cos xcos4x]
-(拨)2
-2 =1
一 2
20.
2[-2li0+4 -sin壹
v COSX 一 sinx 1
lim . lim
n sin2x 2cos2x 2cosk 2
7
14.
Inx
lim [-form ]
X oo
X —> +8
21.
tanx 一 x sec 2x-i1
=lim lim — = 0 lim ^x2cosx + 2xsinx form]
X —> +8 1 X —> +8 X xtO x2 sinx
2
2 sec xtanx
15. lim 2xcosx-x2 sinx + 2sinx + 2xcosx ‘0 form]
xtO
I - sinx 一COS尤 0
lim---------- lim —:— 0 2
兀 cosx k -sinx T 4g"2sini/sin,
2 sec xtanx 〔"。响]
lim
xtO
4 2 2
16. 2 sec x + 4 sec xtan x
lim
tanx - x r0
x ―> 0 4cosx-4xsinx + 2cosx-x cosx- 2xsinx
lim (LL)
「
lim ---------- I- form]
xtO tanx7 xto xtanx 0 2 1
2 1 4-0 + 2 3
sec x- I r0 r 】
=lim 2 - [5 form]
jctO xsec x + tanx
2 sec xtanx
2 22.
=lim 2~
~
x->0 2xsec xtanx + sec x + sec x
2 「 (-x)4
lim x4ex lim -—- lim —
XT+8 时
- form ]
[L 8
X —> 一8 XT
lim tan* = o
xtO xtanx + 1 4x3
lim [-form ]
X — 4-00
17. lim
X -» 4-00
x- tanx r 0 r i
lim —[o form]
xtO 24x
lim =lim - = 0
X—>4-00 K X —> +8 Cx
1
I 一 sec 2x
lim 5 form]
x-»0 3^2
-2 sec xtanx
2 23.
=lim [form ]
XT0 6x In sinx
lim x In sin 尤= lim [-form ]
x->0+ xtO+
1~ 8
-2 [ 2 sec 2 x tan 2x + sec 4x ] 音 [2(l)(0) + 14] i X
lim
xtO 6 3 COST
sinx v -X2cosx
=lim lim —:------
18. xtO+
-1 5+ sinx
cotx
lim -form ]
x-»0 cot2x 8
2 • 2。
-CSC X v sin 2x
。
=lim =lim ------z-
xtO -2 csc22x xt 2sin x
芸 )2 •(齐・ 2] =
=lim 11-2 = 2
xtO
15
24. 28.
，土 [ 1- form] lim (sinx)tanx [ 0° form ]
lim x->0
x-> 1
1 Put y = (sinx)tan%, Iny = tanxIn sinx

}~^x 1
Put y = Iny = Inx lim Iny = lim tanxIn sinx
xtO x->0
Inx [2 form] In sinx

lim Iny =lim =lim
XT 1 x —> 1 1 —X L 0 [-form ]
cotx 8
1
1
X -—cosx
=lim = -1
sinx
x —> 1 =lim lim 一 sin x cos x =0
x —> 0 —1 x tO
So, y -» gT 二[
sin2%
So, y T = 1
25.
29.
lim (ex + x)x [ 1°° form ] 2s 我-1+M
xtO 1.lim x2-x2 -x +
lim
x —> 1 XT 1 2x
Put y = (ex + x)x, Iny = ^ln(ex + x)
2-!-1+；
lim Iny = lim *')[ 9 form ]

xtO x->0 X 0
30.
(2x)5 (3q)5 [3 form ]
lim
3a 3a
So, y T 疽 x 七
2-5(2x)4
=lim
26. 3a i
O X
lim (cos-) [ 1°° form ] 3/7 4
X —> 4-00 X =2x5(2x*) 2x5(3q)4 = 810q4
2 x2
Put > = (cos-) , Iny = xlncos-
iIn cos2-
31.
n
lim Iny = lim —-―- [ form ] lim [--i] 8 _ 8 form ]
xtO Lln(l +x) xJ
x- ln(l + x) 0
=lim form ]
x~>0 xln(l+ x) 0
COS _ 人入 D
=lim ----------- ----------- = lim 2tan- = 0 1--^
X —> 4-00 【 x —> 4-00 X
1 +x
=lim
x ―> 0 in(山 F
So, y T g。= 1
1+x-l 「0 £ 1
=lim [Q form ]
x->0 (1 + x)ln(l + x) + x
27.
1 1 1
lim (cosx)%2 [ 1°° form ] =lim
xtO 2+0 2
x-»0
1
泼 1
Put v = (cosx) , Iny = —Incosx
i 32.
0
lim巫羿 -
lim Iny 0 lim (x2 - 1) tany [ 0 • oo form ]
x ―> 0 jctO XZ XT 1
工2 一 1 0
----- (-sinx) =lim ~Tkx
-lim
cosx _ 1血牛坦 r 0 r 】 L 0 form]
[Q form ] x —> 1 COty U
jctO 2x X—O 2x
2 1
-sec x 1 2x -4 1 _ _4
:lim lim lim (» X
xtO 2 - 2 2 7C T - 71
x ―> 1 z 兀、 nx XT 1
__ 1
(一 Qcsc —
J_
So, y —> c
Je
16
33. 37.
H +m 2 - 2x +
2 + 2x + x2~\ [§ form ]
lim [00-00 form ] lim ]2_|
三
xtO x—0
tanx - x j_「m(1 -「)(2 + 2"卜2)]

lim fo]
x2 tanx =lim x3\_ (1 + x)(2 -2x + x2)J
xtO jctO
sec 2si1
0
-
=lim
x->0 2xtanx + x2 sec2%
0 for ml Z_x3_x2 + 2A
lim iln G3-x2 + 2 )
xtO x5
2
「 2 sec xtanx lim ln(—，3_x2 + 2)m*r2+勿〔0 fom〕
=lim ------------------- 2------------------2------------------- 2----------
I。2tanx + 2xsec x + 2xsec x + 2x2sec xtanx x->0 X3 0
2 • I
sec xtanx
lim — c 2 9 2
x—O tanx + 2x sec x + x2 sec x tanx =lim
I x—0
2
_______ sec x_______
lim
x-»0 1 + . 2x— + x2 sec2x I = lim
sin x cos x
2 -3(X3 X2 + 2)(3X 2)(- 3x2 一 2x) 3(x3-x2 + 2)- (3x-2)(3x2-2x)
sec x 1 _ 1 =Rm (一》3 尸 + 2)2 一 33-" + 2)2
lim
x-»0 1+2[磊]+#sec2x 1+2+0 — 3 xtO 3
(一 3)(2) —(-2)(0) 3(2)-(-2)(0)
22 22
=----------------------------------------------------
-12
=----- 二
34. 3 12
1
lim [InCx + e)]* [ I00 form] 38.
xtO
lim (xtanx - sec %) [00-00 form ]

7U 2
Let y = [ln(x + e)]x ,
o
=ln[ln(x.B(0 form when x = 0) 2xsinx - 71 -
lim o
x 0 2cosx
] 1
lim Iny = lim 岫(* =临而项元 1 _ 2⑴+ 2（9（。）
jctO x->0 X xtO 1 — 11
— lllil 2sinx + 2xcosx
-2 sinx -2(1)
1 1 7
lim [ln(x + e)]x = e
x -» 0
39.
35. i. ”4 + JC -— X
lim - ---------- - ------
r 0 r i
[ - form ]
j_ xtO X 0
lim (sin%)lnx [ 0° form ]
x — 0+ jjm 2j4 + x 2」A-x _ 1
J_
Put y = (sinx)lnx , Iny = In sinx
40.
In sinx v cos x sin x r 0 r 】
lim Iny = lim -form ] lim ------------ [ - form J
x — 0+ xt0+
Inx 00
K兀Y 0
x% 2~%
1
-—cosx
lim
sinx lim (^^)cosx = 1 •1 = 1 v
.2
-sin x + cos x 1
=lim ------------------- = 1
2
1 xto+ sinx
xt0+ xq T
So, y T gl = e
』3 x - a/12 — x r 0 c 】
lim [q form ]
ex + sinx - 1 藉 form ]
x —> 3 2x- 3 J19 - 5x
lim
xtO ln(l + x) 3 -1 3 1 4
ex+ cosx e° + 1 1• 2x 2 —x 6 _ 8
lim 2 hm ---------rryj— ■2? = 69
x->0 1 ~1""■ XT3 2- 2+业
1 +Y TTo 2J19-5x 2(2)
17
42. | EXERCISE 2.7
i・ ex - e~x -2smx r 0 r
lim ---------- --------- [ - form 1
x->0 X3 0
0
]. ex + e~x-2cosx - m
lim -------- ri-------- 0 for £[ln(e2x + g2a)_ in(ex-fl + ea~x) + ftanjr2]
xtO 3xz
0
e* 一 L + 2 sinx -
lim
x->0 6x
0 for ml
ex + e~x + 2cosx 1+1+2 2
lim
x->0 6 -6- — 3
£[ln(lnx)] = 土 £1"= _1_ 1 1

Inx x xlnx
43.
r cosmx — cos〃x r 0 r T
lim ---------- z-------- [ - form 1
XT0 X2 0
- a -y
-m sinmx + nsinnx r 0 r n d_ x2ex2 2能濯+事"兽尸
xto 2x 0 dx
_ ]jm -w2cosmx + zz2coswx _ n2 - m2
一 E 2 = -2
]
£ [ In (x 4- + 营)]
x + J\ + 必
44.
lim ------[项 form ] 1
xt 。(sin/^x)2 。 71 + -X2
5.
A[^tanx2j = etanx2-^-(tanjc2) = 2xsec2x2etan%2
dX
45.
I 6.
Statement: P(n) : lim x(lnx)n = 0 for any positive
x — 0+ d . 1 + sinX] _ 1 一 sinx cosx(l — sin十)一(1 + sinx)(—cos.)
. dx 1 - sinx 1 + sinx (1 - sinx)2
integer n
cosx - cosxsinx + cosx + cosx sinx
(1) n = 1, lim xlnx = lim 牛 [- form ] (1 + sinx)(l - sinx)
xtO+ xtO+ - °°
2cosx 2cosx c
X
——=2secx
—
1 1 - sin x COS X
=lim 亡= lim -x = 0
xtO+ —- x — 0+
—
(2) Assume P(k) is true for some positive integers k. dx、 2 J4 - (x + a)2
i.e. lim x(lnx)* = 0
x->0+
(3) For n = k + 1 ,
lim 1
尤( 以+ 1 = 1血(1二)5 [项 form]
X T 0+ X T o+ 』 °
(k + l)-(lnx)^
=lim ------------------ 2(1 +"工 2)
X T 0+ —一-
=lim -(k + l)x(lnx)^
xtO+
=0 from (2) dx _J 2(1_静)3/2
By the principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for

x
any positive integer n. 田. yr京
7i-i +x2 - x1 a/x^ Ji - 工 2
18
10. — 3 3
when x = 0, y = «tan0cos 0 + asin 0
^[xf(sinx)] = /(sinx) + x( cosx)/ \ sinx)
2 3
=。 sin。cos 0 + a sin 0
2 2
=61 sin0(cos 0 + sin 0) = &sin。
-lr /----------
tan - + Injx2 + y2 = 0 when y = 0, x = tzcos30 + asin^
y ' tan0
Differentiate both sides with respect to x
]
=tzcos6(cos 0 + sin 0) =
2 2
。
gcos
+ = 0
i +(y Length of tangent between coordinate axes
dy =
y~XdJc , ___ 1_________ 1____ d ( 2^ 2、
y2
" 5 ・ 5 1—产~— • —/ • -y(X2 + V ) 0 =a/«2 sin 20 + cos 20
静+砂 y2 虎或2虎或dx
y-x穿工+婷 = a a is positive

―+―= 0
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 which is independent of 0 .
= 3- 对戋+ 3 +力=°
dy -x + y
lim (1+心)〃凄1+心尸〔0 form]
dx
xtO XZ 0
o
lim 〃”(] + mx)n-1 -秫〃 (1 + nx)m~l _
12. o
X XTO 2x
fM = e "cosj , f(0) = 1-1 = 1
Hm —])粗 2(] + fnx)"2 _ 〃2淅(女 _ ])(] +
x—O 2
1 ~a X 1.x' I
E = 一 e cos------ sin-e n(n - l)m2 - n2m(m - 1)
a a a a I
2
广(。)二号 11-。1 = -！
mn[m(n - 1) - h(w - 1)] _ mn(n - m)
2 = 2
So, f(0) +好'(0) = 1+。(-!)= 0.
16.
13. 1-2
/、 d r1 . i xcosx- sinx Let y = —| , Iny = xln—|
(a)五氐 sm] = ——
1 £
也)£[!血]瞟=£旧顽=冬 —
=x[ln(l-|)-ln(l-|)]
where 票= ^[x2] = 2x
—------------ --- 藉
=— form]
i.e. [g][kin汩二空=三，叶 sinx
」 (2x)x2 2*
ln(l--)-ln(l--)
lim Iny = lim --------- ^―.---------- --
14. ■X T 8 JC —> 8
X
2 2 2
K+ = a) —(1
1_2JxU x}
——H _2)
—
1_3女七】x)
家打扩照=。
=lim -------------- -—------------
l = -©3
3 3
P(a cos 0, a sin 0) on the curve 〔
Slope of tangent = 宰 = fasmOy _ _tan0

dx l«cos3eJ
Equation of tangent at P is
. 3八
3吁=,tane
x - acos 0
3 3
xtan0 + y = a tan 0 cos 9 + asin 0
19
17-
i
(a) 0<k<l
(b) k>l
lim kx - 1 = 4-oo ,
X T +8
ln = m S] = In(炉—1) —ln(k—l)
Let z = kx,
Inz = xlnk n 上半= Ink n ^-kx =砰 In*
zdx ax
「 ln&—1) —ln(Sl) . . oo „
lim ------------------- ------- - is m - torm.
X T +8 X 00
20
3. Indefinite Integrals
EXERCISE 3.1
Jx271 + x dx
如― 2盼+： J[(x2 + 2x+ 1) - (2x + 2) + 1 ] 71 + xdx

T^cdx
J [(% + I)2 - 2(x + 1) + 1 ] 71 + xdx
j~ldx+ JG) 岛=-专-抑 1-2M + C rc 5 f 3 r

j (x + iydx - 2J(x + iydx + J(x + iydx
7 5 3
2(X4- 1)2 4(x+ 1)2 t 2(x+ 1)2 丁厂
J 21 dx
「---- + c 3
3
2(^51)2[15(x+ l)2-42(x+ l) + 35] + C
-； + ：ln|2x—l| + C 3
2(^51)2(15x2-12x + 8) + C
「( 2sD + 2 女 8.
J 2x-l aX
~\dx + 2\^\ = -x+ln|2x-l| + C

f
J Jlx + 1
公= Mdx
旦
Jm+1 4, 女-
dx
f2x+ 1
4.
_g)2_ . + 头
霏 (2x+l),4.：(2x+l)； + C
f X2
I--------dx ---------- dx
J px-q PX-q
岸(px-q)+ 有 + 1 [：(2x + 1) — 4] + C
=j号心 - -------------- —dx
J Px — q
p2x+ l(2x-ll) + C
=却 PX-g + Jdx + SJ 第若
dx
—q
—点[方 2 _ gx] + 官工 + * m|px _ q] + c
W(4 + 3x)-?
=AS + fmlPE + C r xdx
J ”4 + 3x
_ '-,= =dx
J
”4 + 3x
W f」4 + 3 xdx — - I ]"一

dx—
5. 3J 3J
3 1
J―—dx 打 .；(4 + 3x)"§.2.；(4 + 3 对C
J ex + a cx + d
=\-dx+ f一 dx 信 (4 + 3x) — *] + C
Jc J ex + a
ax be - ad A i ,八
=3(3x-8)”4 + 3x + C
c c2
10.
Let u = x2 + 2x + 5 , du = (2x + 2)dx
Let u - x2 - 4 , du - Ixdx
\x + 2)dx ]
+ l)dx J巳故是J夺是 ln|〃| + C - iln|x2-4| + C
+ 2x + 5 ! + 2x + 5 %
i ___________
u7 + C = Jx2 + 2x + 5 + C
21
22.
Let u = ex, du = exdx 1 Let u = Inx, du - -dx
I x
f exdx f du ^\n\aex + b\ + C
-In I tz w + +C
J aex + b j au + b a ；J寿=JU = m国+ C = m|lnx| + C
I
12. i 23.
傍= ê~xdx = -e~x + C
I J峪公=2j 磐必=^(In2x)2 + C
13. 24.
Let u = Jx, du = -^-pdx Jesinxcosx6?x = Jesinx(Jsinx) = esinx + C
2jx
票= ^2eudx = 2e^ + C
14.
âxexdx 二 ^(ae)xdx = +C = 慌+ c
15.
ê2x-e~2x)dx = ê2x+ê~2x + C
26.
Jx(e%2 + 2)dx = J(xe%2 + 2x)dx = êx2d(x2) + x2
16.
= Jdx + J4e ~xdx 二 x-4e~x +c =^(ex2 + 2x2) + C
17. 27.
Let u 二 ex + 1 , du = exdx J(ex + l)2dx = J(e2x + 2ex + l)dx = ê2x + 2ex + x + C
|•半色 =禅=2/ + C = 2jex+l + C
JJe'+l 」Ju
28.
「 2 「12 1
I xcsc x2dx = I - esc x2d(x2>) = - - cotx2 + C
18.
J tan^<7x = = 21n| sec|| + C
29.
jexcotexdx = j^~-d(ex)
19.
Jcot3xdx = ；j3cot3xdx = ^ln|sin3x| + C =ln|sine*| + C (,/ d(sinex) = cosexd(ex))
30.
20. J(l+Jnx)^ = J(i + m_x)2d(]nx)
Let u = 1 + 2 sin% , du = 2cosxt/x
[滂『公是件是 ln|.| + C =i(l + lnx)3 + C (•.• d(lnx) = d(l + Inx))
J 1 + 2sinx 2J u 2
=In 11 + 2sinx| + C
31.
J^x( 1 - ex)ndx 1)
(〃。一
21.
Let u = 一 4工2, du = -Sxdx =J(l—W)"d(W) = —J(l—e')〃d(l -砰)
xe~4x2dx = -i êudu = ~\eu + C = ~ê~4x2+C T+ 17(1/i -^x) 1+C,

=〃— 花+ 八
22
32. i r 3 2
3 [1 一 3 cos2尤 + -(1 + cos4x) - (1 - sin 2x)cos2x]dx
f dx =f J(lnx) r<7(l + lnx) 8
J x(l + Inx)2 _ J(l + lnx)2 J (1 + Inx)2 =rfi^ + c =[: - 4cos2x + gcos4x + sin22xcos2x]<7x
33. =|[|x - 2sin2x + | sin4x + ? • ? sin32x] + C

,
3 o 2 o 3 2
tan xdx J tan x( sec2% - l)dx
如 u / • c , sin32x , 3 sin4x
J tan% sec2xdx 一 J tan xdx
5x-4 sin2x + ―-— + —-— +c
,2
弋 - ln|secx| + C 5.
r 5 3
sin 2xcos 2xdx
=jisin52x(l - sin22x)J(sin2x)
x +。_ (x + Z?) + (a-Z?) _ 1 a-b
-------------------=1-------- 7
x+b — x+b x+b ij(sin5,
52x- sin77,2x)<i( sin2x)
5 = J（l+空）3么
1 [ 2 sin 62x - | sin 82x] + C
2 o o
=|T] + 3(。-。) 3(a2)2 (a-h)3 一・6厂) ・8。

JL x+b (x + b)2 (x + b)3_ dx sin 2x sin 2x
~12--------- +C
=x + 3(Q2)ln|" — ^^ — g^ + C
J cos6% sin2xdx
EXERCISE 3.2 =J：(l + cos2jc)3^(1 - cos2x)Jx
= 土 j(l + 3cos2x + 3cos22x + cos32x)(l - cos2x)dx

J sin 2x cos xdx J^(sin3x + sinx)dx
=+ 2cos2x- 2cos32x- cos42x)Jx
-2cos3x- -cosx + C
o 2 =土 J[1 + 2cos2x-2(1 - sin22x)cos2x-1(1 + cos4x)2]Jx
2 11
+ 2 sin 2%cos2x- -cos4x- 7cos
2 4
J sinxsin3%Jx = J—：(cos4尤一 cos2x)dx
贷 J]： + 2sin22xcos2x- :cos4x- ；(1 + cos8x)]t/x
-? sin4x + | sin2x + C
8 4
= + 2sin22xcos2x - icos4x - :cos8尤]』_x
r 9 , r 8 , x+8sin^_sin4%_sin8xV c
cos xdx = cos xcosxax
3 o 7
r ? 4
I (1 - sin x) d(sinx)
J(1 - 4sin2x + 6 sin4%-4 sin6% + sin8x)J( sinjc) 6 ,

tan xdx
4 . 3 6 . 5 4 . 7 1 . 9 八
r 4 2
=sinx - - sin x + - sm x - - sin x + - sin x + C
=tan x(sec 工一 l)dx
r 4 2 , 2 ， 2 1、』
= tan xsec x- tan x(sec 尤一 l)ax
f . 6 , 「 r, 4 2 , 2 2 , 2 〔】
sin xdx = J^(l - cos2x)3Jjc = [tan % sec x - tan xsec x + (sec x - l)]dx
= ：J[1 - 3cos2x + 3cos2, 3,

，2x-cos°2x]d_x 15 13
-tan x - - tan x + tanx -x + C
23
8. EXERCISE 3.3
7
X
c -
ot 2
u = Inx n du = ^dx, dv = Jxdx => v =
3
^JxV^xdx Inx — • —dx
J3 x
二沔 Ini 一抨 + C
6
-1
-
X
-
1
-
1
2 m n
Isi XI2
+ c
一
一
6 2 4 2 co 2.
+c
1 6 1 2 u = x => du = dx
/X +
X /X 2 m
= - - c 1- - c k- n
si XI2
一
2 co 一
3 2 2 2
dv = (eax + e~ax)dx => v = -eax-\e~ax
a 2
+ e~ax)dx ^[eax- e~ax] - ij (eax - e~ax)dx
J csc^3xdx = J(cot23x+ 1)^ esc2 3 xdx Y 1

±(êax _ e-ax\ _ eax + e~ax\ + Q
a a2
=J(cot63x + 3 cot43x + 3 cot23x + l)csc23xt/%

3.
1 1 3 1 5a 3 1 1 q 厂
u = x => du = dx
=--• cot 3x - - • - cot 3x - - • - cot 3x- - cot3x + C
2 i
dv = (e2x - 1) dx =(凌工- 2elx 4- l)dx => v = -e4x - e2x + x
cot73x , 3cot53x , .3O ,八
1 1
危
=--I —-— + —-— —+ cot 3x + cot3x I + C 2
- e4X e2X - e2X +
(e 2X 4 4
X
- e4X Xe2X + X2 -
1 1
e4X + e2X
1
_ X2 +c
一
4 2 2
10. 16
fz 4 2 .2 ,
(sec x- esc X)dx
X
-
4
e4X
1
-
2
+X22 + c
fz 8 o 4 2 , 4 …
= (sec x-2sec xese x + esc x)ax
2 4、
1 u = x du = dx
8 c 4 sec x , sec x
—
sec x-2sec x—
,2
—+ — —
x 4
— \dx 1 , ( Q qw IqI.q
tan x tan I av = (sin3x- cos3x)tzx v = - - cos3x - - sin3a：
9 9 I
J(tan2x + I)3 sec2% J% - 1J-(1 + tan x) 2 , Jx(sin3x- cos3x)dx
---------~ sec xax
tan x
f「l + tan2x 2 "I , I = y (cos3x + sin3x) + ^J(cos3x + sm3x)dx
+ ------ — sec x ax
J L tan x 」
= 号 (cos3x + sin3x) + ：sin3x-&cos3jc + C

r 2 4
(1 + 3 tan x + 3 tan x + tan 6x)d( tanx)
I — (:— §)sin3x— (： + §) cos3x + C
-2 —^2- + 2 + tan2% |J(tanx)
tan x ) I
六 *六 I 5. a
+ |d( tanx) 1 u = ln(6zx + Z?) n du = ------ -dx
I ' ' ax + b
I dv = dx => v = x
7
tam+taiA + ：tan5"亨 + 盐 I
Jln(ax + b)dx = x\n(ax + b) -
3
A . 2 tan x
-4tanx------ ---- ； =Hn(” +幻-J(号矛)公
tan7% , 3tan5x , tan3% o , cot七,八

—^― + ―-— + --------- 3 tanx + cotx------ — + C =x\n(ax + b) - x +-ln\ax + b\ + C
I = (x + -)\n(ax + b)-x + C
i a
24
6. 1 ftan ^-dx
I J a
u = ln(x + 3) n du =
I -lx r x
I = xtan - -a \ —----- -dx
dv = (x + l)dx => v = ^x2 + x a J a2 + x2
! -1x r 万(2x)
|(x + l)ln(x + 3)dx
1 = xtan — —a —----- -dx
I a Ja2 + x2
+ 2x I _i
dx I = xtan 孑 - ；1ii(q2 + 营)+ c
+3
xz c、i / z,、 1 f(x + 3)2-4x-9 , I
=护 + 2)1顷 + 3)-刃-------- ^3------- *
1 10.
X + 3)-打+ M I
2 I .—1 1 1 T
1 w = sin x => dfw = ? -ax
i
=|(x + 2)ln(x + 3) - + 3x) + 2x- ^ln|x + 3| + C I dv = dx v = x
x2 + 2x-3
ln(x + 3) X2
4
X
+ - + c
2
i - T COSX 1
u = In smx => 血=—— dx
smx
4 2 2 1 3
dv = sec xdx = (tan x + 1) sec xdx => v = - tan x+ tanx
I “ 二尤 3 => 血= 3x2dx
f 4 ,. ,
sec xln smxdx I ]
I dv = e~2xdx v = ~2e~2x
=(In sinx)(^tan3x + tanx) - J(cotx)[^tan3x + tanx]dx
I ^x3e~2xdx
] 3 fl 2
=(In sinjc)(- tan x + tanx) - J (^tan x + l)dx
--^x3e~2x + ^x2e~2xdx u = x2 => du = 2xdx
13 1 1
=(In sin^)(-tan % + tan%) - - tanx + -x - x + C
1 dv = e~2xdx => v = ~\e~2x
(. ,tan%' . tanx lx ,万
—I tanx H—-— I In sinx — -------- —F C
I = - y e-2x - 4- ^xe~2xdx u = x du = dx
I ]
I dv = e~2xdx => v = - 2e~2x
u = x2 => du = 2xdx =~ê~2x - ^x2e~2x - ^xe~2x + f e~2xdx

1 2 4 4 4J
dv = axdx => v = ^― I
ma
1 = 一彳-( 4尤3 + 6x2 + 6x + 3) + C
^x2axdx I 8
i 12- 2
x2ax C2xax
Ina J Ina
u = x n du = dx u - (Inx)2 n 血= -InxJx
2 f
ma Inaj dv = axdx v = -^― I i
、 Ina I dv = xn~^dx n v = -xn
瘁々》 Vxax _ f ax I 〃
Ina Ina[ina J Ina J ^xn~l(\nx)2dx
=性 _ 2x冰 + 2 ax + c
Ina (lna)2 (Ina)3 I = — (Inx)2 - - [xn~1 \nxdx u = Inx => 血= -dx
n nJ x
=吒£-斋+
+C dv = xn~1dx n v =—
1 n
I
'=j(liix)2 _ W/inx + 司矽- /x
-1] dx 1 a j :二三](心一半+ §] + c
+ x25，x
u = tan - = du = ---------5 , - =
a 1 + C)2 a a2-----
dv = dx => v = x
25
13. ê2xsin2xdx = --― + J^2xcos2xJx
i
u = x3 du = 3x2dx I
e2xcos2x , e2xsin2x f or • n ,
dv = sin2xdx => v = -!cos2x I —+ —
=--------- — —- --------J ezx sm2xdx
Jx3 sin2xJx e2x(cos2x- sin2x) 厂

= 4------------+ C
^3 3 f I r e2x
二- —cos2x + -\x2cos2xdx u = x2 => du = 2xdx I J e2x(sin% + cosx)26?x = —(2 - cos2jc + sin2x) + C
z ZJ |
dv = cos2xi/x => v = - sin2x 1

2 I
r3 ar2 a r I 16.
= - — cos2x + —sin2x--\xsm2xdx I
2 4 2j Je2xcos23xtZx = !Jg2x(i + cos6x)dx
u = x = du = dx
I
dv = sin2xJx => v = -：cos2x
= —+ ^ I e2xcos6x<7x
v-3 3 v-2 3工 3 I*
= cos2x + — sin2x + — cos2x- - cos2xt/x I u = cos6x du = -6sin6xdx
2 4 4 4j I
=(sin2x)^- - (cos2x)^y ~^ + c I dv = e2xdx n v = ^2
i Je2xcos6x^x = + 3 Je2%sin6xJx
l
14. i =滂史+ 3]空羿一 3j>c°s6M』
u = cos| du = -: sin^dx I
X X I 10p-cos6x^ =竺尹+ 3° 气 n6、+ c，

， -2 , . -2 |
v =
I
0 W X 2 ，W x I pxcos6xJ% =次'(cos6：j3sin6i)+ c〃
Je ^cos^dx 一& COS3-3, e sin-dx I
i f^xcos23x^ =宇 + 少(cos6 匕：3sin6x) +。

• x
u - sin- n du = i cos^dx I J 4 40
i
X I =(10 + cos 6x + 3 sin6x) + C
—2
dv = e => v = -2e~2 i
I
『COS扣=
~2
-2e'COS3-3
X 2 -2e，sin§ + ：Je "os^dx] i 17.
u = sin(lnx) n du = ：cos(lnx)dx
l
X
^cos^dx -le2 | + 4psinx + r ； dv = dx n v = x
I
xsin(lnx)
* 2 COS己di
6e 2
3cos§) + C
= xsin(lnx) 一 [xcos(lnx) + Jsin(lnx)^]
i
i
15. 1 2 sin(lnx)d% = x[sin(lnx) - cos(lnx)] + Cr
i
Je2x(sinx+ cosx)2dx = Je2x(l + 2sinxcosx)6?x 1
J sin(lnjc)Jx = ^[sin(lnx) - cos(lnx)] + C
=Je2x(i + sin2x)dx i
=J e2xdx + J e2x sin 2xdx

EXERCISE 3.4
I
=+ Je2xsin2x(7x 1
1.
I put x = 3sin0 n dx = 3cos0J0
u - e2x du = 2e2xdx 1
dv = sin2xJx => v = - co^2x

I
I
f-^ = = he = e + c = sin'^ + c
J M _x2 J 3 cos 0 J 3
26
put x = 3 sec0 => dx = 3 sec6tan0J0 ；since 3—_2 =(件(顼
j*3 secOtan&O | sec0t/0

J 3tan0
' =[, dx = puts； = :sin。n dx = ?
=In | sec 0 + tan0| + C' :2 2 2
ln|7sec20 - 1
+ sec0| + C ；=po = sin-1[2(x-^)] + C
=In C' = ln\x + Jx2 - 9| + C

=sin-1(2x-3) + C
1 1
1 _ 4_______4_ ・ 1 _ 1「1 1】
since since —z— ----- t =宥[—t------- -]
9x2-4 — 3x-2 3x + 2 — 6x + 5 4 x — 5 x — 1
dx
i -
1
-
4
dx f dx _ 1 f dx 1 f dx
1
-
mIX- + c
2 J 瘁—6尤 + 5 4J x — 5 4J x — 1 4
9x2-4 3X 3x + 2
IX
2
10.
put X = 4tan0 n dx = 4 sec 06?0
since 2x-x2- 10 = -[32 + (x- I)2]
'3dx f!2sec29Je -lr 2
J 42sec20 tan -+C put x-1 = 3tan0 => dx 3 sec 0J0
x2+ 16
f dx j* 一dx 1 + -1zx- 1、，八
=-‘tan (—) + C
j2x-x2-10
J32 + (x-l)2
'cos&O 1 dx
(x = sin0 = dx = cos0J0)
a2 + sin20 a2 + x2
1 —1 、 1 . T/Sin。、万 1-]-2尤2 = | /| ] - [a/2(X + i)]

=-tan - + C = -tan (----- ) + C
a a a a
put A^(x +1) = sine n Jldx = J^cosO JO

6. 4 o
dx 2 + x-x2 = (^)2-(x-i)2 f dx _ r_______ 空__________ r jo

since Li-O
+ x-x2
, 1 3 •。 3
put x- - = -sm0 => dx = -cosO6?0 =*"(¥)+ C
-1
= J<7O = 0 + C = sin 厂( • —'2x — 1 ,厂<
+ C = sin —------ F C
12.
+ 4x + 2 = (x 4- 2)2 — (^/2)^
dx =f ....
+ 4_x + 2 J J(X + 2)2 —(孩)2
=J sec 0^0
put x + 2 = a/2scc0 n dx = 72sec0tanOJ0
=In | sec 0 4- tan0| + '
=In | sec 0 + J sec 希一 1|

+ C1
x万+
+2 2
=In -1 +c
In |jv + 2 + a/x' + 4尤 + 2〔 + C
27
13. 18.
put % 二 5 sin0 n dx = 5 cos 0^0
j - Idx = ij7x2 - 22dx
[725 -x2, _ (*5cos0(5cos0j0) 二 J cot20tZ0
J x2 = J -(5 sin"—
=l[^7x2-4-^ln|x + 7x2-4|] + C (Formula 6.9)
二 J(csc20 - l)t/0 =-cot0 - 0 + C
X
- - Ini +
4 IX
_1 y
14.
—A
725 - x2 • T],厂
- ------------ sin -+C
x 5
19.
=： J4x2 + 9 + ? In+』4x2 + 9〔 + C put x = ^3 tan0 n dx = sec29<i0
f dx = f 右 sec 2 址 =Xf
J xj?> + X2 J ^tanO(A/3 sec0) TsJ
15.
csc0t/9
In | esc 0 - cotO| + C
二 3； 1)J] _ (- _ ])2 + ： sin +C (Formula 6.7)

In -73' +c
二 + ^sin-1(x- 1) + C
16. 20.
u = x => du = dx put x = sin 9 dx = a cos 9<70
f dx [冬孥= lfsec20t/0
dv = sin ^xdx => v = xsin ^x + Jl -x2 •1(次_工2)3/2 J fl3 COS 0 "J
(integration by parts)
EtanO + C
l X
x + -
2 71 -sin-1%]. + C . 21.
(Formula 6.7) put x = 2sin0 =dx = 2cosOt/0
n
l X
x + - + c
4 si 4
yr X2 J* J4 _ x2dx |8sin30(2cos0)(2cos9^6)
32』sin30cos20J0
7.
2 -32j(l 一 cos20) cos20^( cos 0)
put x = 4tan0 = dx = 4 sec 0J6
f dx = i fcos2eje 12 15
- 32[: cos 9 - | cos 0] + C
J (16+ '2)2 J (16)2 sec 0 64J
=TZg [(1 + cos20)tZ0 =点。+ 忐sin20 + C

iZoJ IZO ZJO 32
[号
—sin 9 cos 0 + C 4x3(4-瘁-20(7^)3 + c
oU
1 T* 1 4 x 「
廊#.茁§
3
=128 3+ 8 + 3x2' (4-x2)2 + C
15
1 4 Tjc , x 、厂
=128Un 4 + 32(16 + ?) + C
28
22. 27.
2
I . 1
put x = 2tan0 n dx = 2 sec QdB put x =- n dx = -\dt
t2
2
dx _ f 2 sec _ 1 sec 0 I
74 + x2 J 4tan20(2sec0) tan20 ；阡d
H(sinO) I J X4
sin20
4
=|(-l)(sine)-1 + C = -彳:+ c
23. I 28.
2 I I = J(x + a)(x + b)ndx
put x- 1 = 3 tan 9 dx = 3 sec
7 I
dx r dx 3 sec l
-2x+ 10)3/2 J[(x-l)2 + 32]3/2 2°、3/2
(3 sec 0) i (a) 〃。一 1,一2 put x+b = t dx = dt
I I = J(^ - Z? + a)tndt = J[?n + 1 + (a - b)tn]dt
COS 6 6/0
sinO + C = - , "I +C ' 二也二+(".匚空+ c

I n+2 、 7 n+1
」3 Jx2 - lx + 10 I
I (b) 〃 = -1
I [= 广(「幻力=g+(Q —力)住
put x-1 = 2sin0 => dx = 2cos0t/0
xdx xdx f 1 + 2sin0/c s、
A 的) =(x + b) + (a - b)ln\x + b\ +
二]云^( 2*0
+ 2x — x 2 _(S1)2 i = x + (a-b)ln\x + b\ + C
I
(1 +2sin0)J0 0-2(cosO) + C
1 (c) n = -2
. -1x - 1 r
-J3 + 2x-x2 + sin :/ =产护^ =阡(。 2)推
克一+ C
I = lnk + 〃+ (i—幻(一去)+ C
25.
put x = secO n dx = sec6tanOJ0 ' =ln\x + b\- +C
I x+b
dx I
； 29.
_「 seel tan_ f sec0 _ f 1 _ f dQ
J (1 + sec0)tan0 J 1 + secO — J 1 + cos0 一 L 2e 1 put x + a = B n dx = dQ
2 cos - I
I f sinxJx
I J tan(x + a)
f sin(0 - a)dQ f sinOcosa - cosGsina
； an9 =]------------- 鄙------------- 曲
IT n COS20 . ~|
I =1 cos6cos。----- :~ sin。dO
I JL sin 9 J
f . fl-sin20
I = cos a cos0<79 - sma ——
26. I J J sin0
put x + 4 = secO dx = sec0tan0JO I = sin 0 cos a - sin a [-J sin 06/0 +
x+5
dx 2。 . 20
成x +4)2一1
/.cos x + sin -
1 = [ sin 0 cos <2 - cos Osina] - sina --------------
=J5*篇 etan 纳=j(secO+sec20)JO I J 2 sin cos |
i e . o
=J sec9<70 + J sec20 J0 = ln|sec0 + tan0| + tan0 + C
；= sin(0-Q)_ 半孝 J兰|如
=ln|% + 4 4- + 3)(x + 5)| + + 3)(x + 5) + C i % 2
9 9 \ = sin(0 -ti) - sin(7[In|sin- ln|cos||] + C

(•.• tan 9 = sec 0-1 = (sec0 + l)(secO - 1))
29
. 9 'OR
sm-
sinxsin a In +C I (*) = -2r+ ln|L±l| + C
0
cos-
= sinxsin a ln|tan(^y^)| + C i = —2 ln|(L±l^| + C

i N x \ t2-i\
30. In
x + b = t2 , c ,
put n dx = 2tat
x + a = t2 -b + a i , ； 33.
where 0 < a < b < x
1 f 一 1+.
1 +x2
=[J」-:也.2tdt = 2、Jt2_(b — a)dt
—t J? — (b - a) _(/? — Q)ln|z+」- (b - q)| + C 1 + z2

(Formula 6.9) 21nx 二 ln(l -12) - ln(l + t2)
=tjt2 + a-b + (a-b) \n\t + Jt2 + a-t\ + C
2
=Jx + b Jx + a + (i - b) In | Jx + b + Jx + a\ + C Hence, -dx dt
x
—2tdt
dx
31. (1t2)1/2(1+$2)3/2
Put x + 2 = t2 => dx - 2tdt
dx J -2tdt ，2)3/2
__' (1—，2)l/2(l+
l+t2^ll + t2
]r dt
2川4一 6衫+ 12
=一* sin ^ + C (Formula 6.1)

=2停一 2卢 + 12勇)+ C
1 . T
=一郭 +C
3 1 8
— 2(x + 2)2+12(x + 2)2 + —+C
U + 2)2-
34.
= (x3-4x2+ 32X+ 128) +C
5jx + 2 x = 1 dx = dt =
32. ^2x — In(f — 1) = t—]《4尤=^4In\ =(._ ])2
Put t 弓=土 = 1 +1
X X je4x ^1 + e2xdx
=> 2tdt = =dx = 一 (# 一 1)2 火

xz
1）力
4 1、
农=胛- 1)•八吕
1 - r3 \dt
=司名* = _2j(l+$)df
据砰+ 1）；一服2x+i）j + c
=—2z — In t- 1 + C
t-+ 1
4
=-2 Jl^-ln|(^l£| + C 抄 2x+1)[&2x_ 条
+c
4
21
=-2 忡-hi
-1 +c e2x+iy(4e2x-3) + C
30
3
-
4
=：ln| ("3)6 | +c
8 |(x+l)(x + 5)5|
Jj 计刍办 -J 品 I
i 8.
=^ln|x2 + 9| -^tan +C
r x4dx _ r x4 ,
I J x2-3x + 2 = J (x-l)(x-2)aX
=:」 3工2 _ 9 一 * m|入 + Jx2 - 3| + C f (x + 6z)2t/x = [ (x + a)2 ,

J2x3_q2_q2x - Jx(2x + Q)(SG)S
- 1 4
J
-+ + ^~ dx
f(2x-5)Jx _ 1 f 6x , 5 f dx x 2x + a x-a
J 3x2 — 2 一 J 京克女 rjQ
=一 In |M + ?ln|2x + o| + ?ln|i — d + C
o 3
如F-谟借| + c -j.]n|(X-6Z)8(2x + 6[)| * C

6 r6
|ln|3x2 - 2| —
— In V3x — a/2 I * c 10.
3 2a/6 J3x + Ji |
xdx _1 f -2x + 6^^ dx f __________

2J声芯二云
+ 6x-x2 J 736-(x-3)2
=+ x- \n\x\ + x-1 + ^x~2 + ln|x- 1| + C
^27 + 6x - x2 + 3 sin (勺 +C
o
万+ ' +况+ — + m
r2 1 1
X
+c
f (3x-2)6/x = f_l —18% — 6 i f 3dx
J 1 - 6x-9x2 6 1^6x-9x2 — J 2-(3"1)2
— !ln|l—6_x —9叫_ 二』 1 3E +《| +( 1 、 1

x2-x+ 2 _x2-x + 2_2 t 2+
6 2a/2 I 3x + 1-72 | , , — ‘ ，一，.一 — . —.一， _— —1 -
| 1 | 2
------------- —|—-------------
X3 -4x2 + 4x x(x-2)2 X (x- 2)2 2x 2(x- 2) (x —2)2
一 £ln|l—6x —9猝| + 引| 2±土丰| + c —x + 2 , =hn|x| + hn|x-2|--^r + C
6 4 | 3x+l+72 | ———dx
4x2 + 4x L L X—£
6.
8四
r 1 _1 U 1
-2)2(x + 2)2
1
=J
(-2) • ij^x-x2 + 11 sin 1 2 , -4 , 4
---- 1------ T i dx
+C X x-W ' (x32p + 7T2 +
—^ln|x| - |ln|x - 2| - |(x - 2)-1 - |ln|x + 2| + 4- 2)-1 + C

二 -473x-x2+ llsin-1(^y^) + C
4 |(x-2)(x + 2)| 4 x-2 x+2

-__ 1 3 _5 -|
f xdx 4 , ~8 ,
J(x+ l)(x + 3)(x + 5) H------- - dx
x+ 1 x+3 x+5
~ir
13. EXERCISE 3.6
r(2x2-x)t/x _ f_____ 2-2 一工____________
J x4 + x2-2 二 J仃 +2)3+1)3—1 严
r 1 1 .x \-t2 1 2dt
=J 土 .Jx+t dx
2
一 e + e
put t = tan- => cosx = -------, dx =
2 1 + t2 1 + t2
2dt
dx 1
J2COSX+
—! In |尤-• 11 - ? In k + 113 + ? In |尤2 + 2| + ^ , —= tan —p + C

6 6 6 3 72
2^2.'-1 X
lln|(x-l)(x2 + 2)| H— tan 页+ c
(X+l)3 4(—ln| 后—r| + ln|73 + d) + C
73
73 + tan；
f (x-l)tZx = j 至 + 任 + 后 dx
iln a/3 _ tan —
+C
J x(x2 - 6x + 13) J x x2 - 6x + 13
=~BlnW + 13J% + T?L-6x+ 13 l-t2 , 2dt

I put t = tan | cosx 5 ，心 E
=-命山 +法 ln|x2-6x+13|+削(—* + 22 2dt

dx J号) 1 +〃 (1一£2)2
=f(l +z2)(3-3z 阳
2-5-5r2)
J 3 - 5 secx
=-£1巾1+&1小2 —6x+13|+ 昏：tan '号)+ C
2(1-R)dt = f (t2-l)dt
蓦叫十 f E"号)+ C (1 +，2)(一2 - 8产)—J(l+))(i+4 产)
2 5
3 3
dt
1 + t2 1+4/2
15.
put y = ex => dy = exdx => dx = -^dy = ^dy =^tan-1r- - itan-1(2z) + C
f M = f x 5 T
3~6tan (2tan|) + C
抄
J e2x + ex -2 J y2 + y -2
=Jy(y—1)3 + 2)^
r dx dx re esc 2xdx
j
r-i
=3 + T.y
1 1 J 3 + sin2%
J… CSC X
J 3 csc2x + 1
J y y-1 y+2 /
-d(cotx) 日 (cotx)
2
=—?ln|y| + ：|y — 1| + ：ln|y+ 2| + C 3 cot x + 4 ,2
cot
=hn(^ + 2) + |ln|^-l| -hn^ + C

o 3 2 +C
=gln(ex + 2) + ^ln|ex-l|-f+ C
16.
J。4 一 cos X 2。J \a2 _|_ cos x a2 _ cos X)

put t = tan | 2dt . 2t _ 1-r2
dx -—； sinx ;----- z, COSX = -------
2 1 +12 1 + t2 1 +t2
•.• d(cos x) = -2 sin%cosxJx = sin2Mx
一
2dt
. sin2x 故 _ 1 F Cd(a2 + cos2x) rJ(Q2 - cos2%)' ] dx 1 + t+
L +着 2 序 Jl + Q +2dt
2/+ 1 一产
a4 - cos4% 2a2\_ J a2 + COS2X J a2 _ COS2X . 1 + sinx + cosx
ln|1 + tanf| + c
32
_ 2dt
i
i
I EXERCISE 3.7
put t = tan | dx —-------
1 +t2
2dt
dx r+? In = J sinnxdx = j sin 〃t_x sinxdx = ^-sinnlxd( cosa:)
sinx + cosx 2t 1顼
TT7 TT?
i = 一 sin” —Ijccosx + Jcos%[(〃一 l)sin〃 —Zjrcosx]』]
=「％— r 2dt
J 2r + 1 - r2 j2-(r-l)2 = —sin” — Lcosx + (n - 1)Jsinn-2x(l - sin2x)Jx
1 1
I n_x
3 dt i = -sin xcosx + (n- 1)1 n_2- (n- 1)1 n
72-(z-l) 72 + (z-l)
・n-\
=上[- In 场-0-l)| + lnM + (f-1)|] + C sin xcosx
i So, In = + —In -2 (心 2)
n n n
i
・3 3 .4
i sin xcosx + - / sin xcosx
tan； -1 + 72
力
I And /4 二 4
+c 4 5
tan - 1 - 72
2 .
T sin xcosx , 2 T T sinxcosx , 1 T
I While /3 =-------- 5— + g, I2 =-------- 5+ 矿0
/] = JsinMx = -cosx + C
dx r dx i f 23 I Io = J sin°xJx 二 ^dx = x + C
=2j SeC ~2dx
1 + cos3x
l 13 3 3
1 2, 1. 3x , I So, /4 = - - sin xcosx - - sinxcos% + -x + Cx
-2 • 3tany + C ~ 3tany + c I
I , 1 . 4 4 . 2 8 ，厂
I5 = --sm xcosx— 侵sin xcosx- — cosx + C2
I
:2■
dx _ f dx
2+ cos23x J 2 + —=— In = JcoCxdx = Jcot^ ^Ccsc2%- l)dx
sec 3x
I f /-2 2 , f n-2 A
I = cot xcsc xdx- cot xax
=-|cotn 2jfj(cotx)-jcotn 2xdx
I ,n- 1
1 心 2)
I
3.
i
1 In = cosxdx = xn sinx-J(sinx)njcn-
=xn sinx - n^xn~r sinxdx
+ + + x 一刀 2at
put t = tan- => dx =-------
2 1 + t2
1 = xnsinx + nxn~i cosx-n(n- l)In_2
2dt l
r dx _ r 1 + ?2 _ r 2dt _ r dt
J 2 + sinx J 2 + 2t J 2 + 2z2 + 2r ] t2 + t+\ Or, In + n(n - l)In_2 = xnsin% + nxn~1 cosx
I
I So, I5 + 5(4)Z3 = x5 sinx + 5x4cosx
+C I 13 + 3(2)7] = x3 sinx + 3x2cosx and
I /1 = jxcosx^ = xsinx —Jsinxdx = xsinx+cosx + C
i.e. I5 = x5sinx + S/cosx-20^3 sini-60^2 cosx

I + 120xsinx + 120cosx + C
33
‘3 =(8 一事 + 三] +3
In = ^xnex dx = ^xn~l(xex )dx
- 11 In|x + 2 4- Jx2 + 4x + 3| + C3
= ~xdex (,/ = 2xex2)

dx
=^[xn~xex - (n - l)xn-2Jx]
'n J (x2 + 2ax + b2)n
n-1 1 . -
七__号忡一 2冒
Differentiate the term —―】 by product rule
n-1 1
x e n-lr
~2 J
_______ 1_________(1 -n)(x + a)(2x + 2a)
(x2 + 2ax + b2)n~x (x2 + 2ax + b2)n~~
_ (-2 + 2ax + Z?2)一(〃一 l)2(x + a)2
_ f xndx (x2 + lax + b2)n
J Jpx2 + 2qx + r =32 + 25 + [2)[ 1 一 2(" — 1)] + 2(〃 1)(萨- /2)
(x2 + 2 ax + b2)n
Differentiate the term xnJpx2 + 2qr + r,
= -(2〃-3) | 2(sl)(萨-次)
nxn~x Jpx2 + 2qx + r + x：(2px + 2q) (x2 + 2ax + b2)n~1 (x2 + 2ax + b2)n
2 Jpx2 + 2qx + r
= 一( 2〃 —3) | 2/-1)(。2_技
_ (p + pn)xn + l + {q + 2qn)xn + rnxn~l (x2 + 2ax + 人2)〃 -1 (%2 + 2ax + b2)n
Jpx2 + 2qx + r
On integration for both sides, (n > 2)
=P(〃+ 1)/ w" = + 0(2〃+ 1) / 对=
^Jpx2 + 2qx + r ^px2 + 2qx + r 2(〃-1)由_技/〃二日 * 二 2" +(2〃-3)4
jqH — 1
+ rn--j ：. 一一
Jpx2 + 2qx + r
So, on integration for both sides, (n > 1)
p(n + l)In+1 + q(2n + l)/n + mln_x = xnJpx2 + 2qx + r
Hence, /3 = f x dx __ 「= 1,^ = 2,尸=3

J Jx2 + 4x + 3
By suitable substitution, a2 〃一 1 2q2(1 _〃)(工2 + 口2)〃-1
3上 + 10/2 + 6/i = x2Jx2 + 4x + 3 + —1—[—空—

2q2(1 一〃)J(X2 +。2)〃-1
2/2 + 6/] + 3/。= xjx2 + 4x + 3
2。2(〃_1)](工2 + ：2)〃一1 +(2〃 — 3 )/〃一 1]
f dx
and /0
J JCx + 2)2— 1
=ln|x + 2 + Jx2 + 4% + 3| + C (b) For I = L 产*3

J(2x2-4x+10)2
：(2x + 4)dx
2dx put 2x2 -4x + 10 = 2[(x- I)2 + 4], x- 1 = t
+ 4x + 3 + 4x + 3
1 ==j 茶品"
=Mj房伊+2J湍^
So, 2Z2 = xjx? + 4_x + 3 - 3/° - '[Jx2 + 4% + 3 一 27。]
2/2 = (x - 6)』必 + 4工 + 3 + 91n|x + 2 + Jx? + 4尤 + 3〔 + Cx =¥q2 + 4)t+2[j^(£ + J^)]

3马=x27^2 + 4x + 3 - 10Z2 - 6/j 1 1 - X-
-5 + 2(sl) +- n -
一
4 2 ta 2
8(x2 —2" 5)
=x2 Jx2 + 4x + 3 - 5(x - 6) Jx2 + 4x + 3
2x-7 +，an I号)+ C
-6jx2 + 4x + 3 - 33 ln|x + 2 + Jx2 + 4x + 3| + C2 8(x2-2x + 5)
34
Imn = J tanmxsec\Jx
(a) Imn = J tanm - 2%( sec2% - 1) secnxdx
f n r m-2 2 , f m-2 n ,
= sec 尤［tan xsec xdx\- tan xsec xax
1 A m-l n
- ------- tan % sec x
m-l
-^-yjtanm- ^(sec^ - 1xsecxtanx)Jx-/m_2 n
1 . m-l n n T T
—----- tan x sec x---------- I —I ,
m-l m-l m^n m- z,n
. m-1 n 1
« j _ tan xsec x m-l
0，5 = n + m-1 n+
(for m + n^l)
R 4 3 ,
(b) tan x sec xax
,33 o
tan xsec x 3 /
4 + 3-1 — 4 + 3- 1’2, 3
3
j _ tan x sec x 1 1
2,3 = 2 + 3-1 一2 + 3-1'。,3
J sec ^xdx = JsecM(tanx)

1(),3
sec % tan % 一 J tanxsecxtanxJx
=secxtanx-Z0 3 + /° i
2 2
(•.・ tan x = sec x — 1 )
= | secxdx = In I sec x + tanx| + C
/。, 1
So, /0 3 = isecxtanjc + iln|secx + tanx| + Cl
(Example 9.3)
tan% tanx 3 1 ,
sec x + — secxtanx
~6 8~, lo
+ Mln I secx + tanxl + C9

io 匕
35
4. The Definite Integrals
EXERCISE 4.1 1 n ・
J x3dx = lim £ (R •.
=lim £於.§
(a) 一; < tan % for any real x
i= 1
-1
f(x) = tan x is bounded on (一8, +8). =lim 3 4 [藉比之
n -> oo L
i=1
(b) 0 < x2 < 4 for -1 < x < 2
H m
+ 1
f(x) = x2 is bounded on [-1, 2]. - - -
4
—
4
n—>00
7C
(c) tan% is increasing on [0, a] for 0 < tz < -.
(b) e~x is continuous on [0, I] •
0 < tanx < tana
J
i.e. f(x) = tanx is bounded on [0, a]. dx exists.
Divide the interval [0, 1] into n equal subintervals by

(d) < 1 for any real x .
, 4 八 12 n—
points 0 <------ < 1 .
n n n
f(x) = 2 cos (% + is bounded on (一8,+8).
In subintervals [亍』， take & =守
(e) | sinx| < 1 for any real x, but x2 is unbounded on

real line.
/. /(x) = x2 sinx is unbounded on (一 8,+8).
(f) x—>+8 , ln(l + x) t+8
/(%) = ln(l + x) is unbounded on (0,+8).
(g) 0< ~ < 1 for positive x
/. /(x) is bounded on (0, +°o)

=lim (U Hospital rule)
n —> +8 C
=-1
(h) — approaches to -8 when x t 1+ .
lim o = 1 - e~l
「• fM = is unbounded on (1, +8).
L —X
xm is continuous on [a, b].
以
xmdx exists.
(a) x3 is continuous on [0, 1]
Divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals
x3dx exists.
Jo [a, ah], [ah, ah2], ...[ahn~i, ahn] where h = R
Na
Divide [0, 1] into n equal subintervals -],
n n (•.• b> a , h> 1)
i = 1,2,...,〃 Take § = ahl~x in subintervals [ahl~l, ah1],
Take & in -] as -. i — 1. 2,...

1 n n n
36
{(ah1 ~ i)m[ahi - ah1 ~r]}
i= 1 J； tan Mx = 0
n 4
=2 [。"+ 1(/'一1)"+1以—1)]
i= 1
n n k n
=am + l(h-l) Z (时+ 1)'一1 f 4 tan4xJx = f 4 tan2x(tan2xJx) = f4 tan2x( sec2% - l)Jx
i= 1 Jo Jo Jo
匹兀兀
「L 34 f4 2 , 1 「+ .4
\ 7 网+ l —] 二 [-tan x] - tan xdx = - - [tanx-x]0
3 o J° j
Y-(T)+ 。弓-；
2 2
X(A) = max {(ah1 -ah^1) : i = 1,2,..., n} (•.• tan x = sec x - 1 )
=max {ahl~x{h -1) : i = 1,2, ...,n}
人(△) ~' 0 => h —> 1

f , —1 j r . -I】]f X J
1 .•. 0 for 〃 = 1,2, ...) tan xdx - [xtan xjn- ------ xtzx
(•..〉 /?=参。 Jo 。J° 1 +、2
=1(堂)_0_[抑1+舟|]：
「 h-1 ]. 1 1
hm -—:_- = hm ------- — = --------- 7 1 1
兀
h-î hm + x hî (m + l)hm m+ 1 - - - 2 In 2 + o = 71- m2
-
一
4 4 2
6.
.71
=(b
v
m+i-am + i)7 五
lim ,
ti时+ 1一1 sin4xcos2%(7x Ho [sin (6』)+ sin(2x)] Jx
o
nr lr 1 < 1 ci
(•.• h = Ju — 1 as 〃 — +8 ) =-[—7 cos 6x — - cos 2xJ
2 o 2 i
_ bm+l-am+i lr 1 1.1
2L-6-2 + 6 +3 =0
m+ 1
7C
J： sinxsm2xdx ! f2 [cos(x) - cos(3x)]<7x
| EXERCISE 4.2 2J匹
6 6
7t
1 1 2
-[sinx- -sin3x]n
n n 2 3 6
f2 sin xdx = \2 sinx( sin x)dx
1「1 1 1 1] _ 7
Jo Jo 2[1 + 3~2 + 3] = 12
n n
f 2 . 2 7 f 2 .,
=- sinxcos xdx + smxdx
Jo J。 8.
「兀
7t <*
13 2 12 I = sinmx sinnxdx m, n not necessarily integers
=[-cos x - cosx]q = 0 + 0 - - + 1 =- J-兀
(a) m = n,
r兀 2
I = sin mxdx
「淄土 (Q>0) J-兀
J。Ja2 + x2 i r71
=- (1 - cos 2mx)dx
兀
=If a 2xdx
习 0 Jx2 + a2 1 1 兀
=-[x- — sin2mx]
2 2m 一兀
=[Ja2 + x2]^ = Jia2 - - 1)

=:[兀一! sin2m7t + 兀 + 土 sin (—2农兀)]= 兀
37
(b) m# n , 13.
「兀 2 i「兀
sinmx sin nxdx xcos xdx = - x[l + cos2x]tZx
Jo 2J°
. 7C 1 1 c 兀 1 [x(2sm2x)]
1 If71 sin2xJ%
71o--J^
[cos(m-n)x 一 cos(m + +J
-7U
1 rsin(m-n)x sin(m + 兀
1i
2 ---------------
oL m-n m+n 一兀 4 + -l
- 7C2
^ o
_
o
2
l
_ sin("?-〃)兀 sin(〃？〃)(兀) sin(m + n)it
m-n m-n m+n r
应
1l 1 1
应
- _
4 + -< - - -
+ sin(〃 +《)(一兀)
—
4 _
2 4 4
m+n
=0
14.
7C
9. I 3xtan 2xdx = [3x(sec x- l)dx
匹
Jo Jo
f2 . 2 2 ,
sin xcos xax
[*]:+ ][xtanx]。- J tanxdx >
n 匹
1 f2 1 1
就 (l — cos4g = i[x-isin4x]o2
-V3 - 0 + [ In| cosx| ]q
=撼-。-。+。】=尚
兀兀2
•i dx I* exjx
Jo e2x+l put ex = u exdx = du
0 ex + e~x
f e du r, —1〔e nl _ 1 f 1 (1+x2)2-2(1+x2)+1
= TTT = [tan u]. 4j0 E 心
J ] “2 + 1 1
.—1 , , —1 71
=tan e - tan 1 = tan e--
4
-1 1
-x + tan x]
o
1 1
兀
1
- 3 A + 0 + 0-0] = i
一
-
4
xsm^xdx = [x(-^cos3x)]3 + \ cos3x6/x 16 4 o
Jo 3 °
16.
=—^cos兀+ 0 + ；[；sin3 幻;=^ + 0+0 = k n
f4 4 , f4 2 , 2 八
sec xax = sec x(sec xax)
Jo Jo
兀
12. =
r4 2
(tan x + l)d(tanx)
n n
f 2xsin2xJx = f 2x[l - cos2x]t/x
J。 2J。 1 3 4 i 4
=[| tan x + tanx]Q = + 1 - 0 - 0 =-
=M护]:-；*(抑2试-¥"山2液
17.
f (x + 2) 7^2 + 4x + 5dx = " [Jx2 + 4x + 5(2x + 4)]t/x
=¥-弟°一° + '沁⑵] J Jo 2J。
=^(x2 + 4x + 5)ô
==丞 +【
16 2| 4 4 f _ 16 4 =*10)：_(5)』=^(2710-75)
38
18. 23.
1 1 4n r In 2 .In 2
2 rJ r / E】n2 r
j2
Jo
xdx
(x+ l)(x2 + 4) 0
-5
x+ 1
| 5X + 5
x2 + 4
dx Jo
xef~xdx = [x(-e-x)]0 +
J(0
e~xdx
=(ln2)(-e-^2)-0-[e~x]Q2
•2 dx 1
司 EK+ 航浩Y,
0 +4 -(ln2)G)+ ：是 (l — ln2)
=-bn3 + 0 + r^-ln|x2 + 4| + ? . ；tan

□ L】u j z zjo ^-2x, x < 0
m3 2
+
兀一
m8 ll
5 - + ll
e - 4
e
f{x)dx where f(x) < ix, 0 < X < 2
5
-1
* + 仍[血 8 - ln4 - 21n3]=祁兀 +
崂）; 、2x - 3, 2 < x
r° r2 ] »4
= (~2x)dx+ -xdx+ (2% - 3)dx
J—1 Jo 2 J2
19.
=[―入 2]?1 + [：入 2]：+[工2_3 幻;
f1 xdx f1 xdx =「「 -2 3
Jo x2 + 5x + 6 — Jo (x + 2)(x + 3) - Jo L7+2 ?+3J
=0+1 + 1-0+16-12-4 + 6 = 8
=[-21n|x + 2| +31n|x + 3|]o

25.
=—21n3 + 31n4 + 21n2 —31n3 「 2k
43.22 ]256 |sinxcosx\dx
=In ln243 Jo
32-33
7t 5tc
=「 ( cosx-sin/)dx + [兀4 (sinxcosx)dx
20. Jo "
4
Fl .2兀
ex + dx (cosxsinx)dx
Jl ex-l 5tc
T
=[ex][+ f -f~：dx = (e2-e)+ f 必？一；) n 5n
1 J l ex- 1 J j ex- 1 [(sinx + cosx)]q + [(—cosxsinx)]； + [(sinx + cosx)]5^

T
=e2-e + [ln|ex - 1|]^ 佶+ ¥°
1+&+苛
+3+%
=e2-e + ln(^2 - l)-ln(e-l)
=e2-e + ln(e + 1) A_ i + ±
J2
+1 + A
J2
21.
26.
,e dx
1 x + xlnx
f2 du
J° 1 + " Put u = Inx n du
dx
x 京-y =
Jo
[xeXxdx+ f2xex~ X dx
Jo 」
'1
=[ln(l + m)]q = ln(l +2)-ln(l +0) = In 3 「 1 - %, 1 r, 1 l-x , r x- 1 2 f，2ex~Xdx
=[~xe ]0 + e ax + [xe J1 -
J(0 」]
22. —1 —以]—
x]0 + 2e-l-[Zjc—气
]2
f4 xdx 「司 2 + 我)-；
Jl 7274^ " Ji X -2 + e + 2e-l-(e-l) = 2e -2 = 2(e - 1)
1.4 i f4 4dx
=彳 J】(2 + 4x)Jx - - , 27.
Jl "2 + 4x
r 271
L I xsinx -K
/W = ||sm2x| < x < 0兀
0 52
1 1
- •2(2 + 4x)，]
一
4 4 2 4
n
1 - 1 3 1 「 0 「兀 2 「
8 A2 xsinxdx + \sin2x\dx = x sinxdx + 4 [ 2 sin2Mx
-4 y
24 P+" J-兀 Jo -7C J(0
=^718-|718-^76 + |76 or。 _i ；
[x(-cosx)]_兀+ cosxdx + [4(—cos2x)]

J-兀 2 °
0 + K +[sinx]®-2[-1-1]=兀+ 4
39
28. 32. yt
.2 | 1|、2 l、T| = X— l,x2 1 •n
(x + |x- 1|) dx where [x]dx
J。 |x-l| = 1-x, x<l o
「 1 「 2
= (x + 1 -x)2dx + (% + x - l)2dx = sum of areas of n rectangles
Jo Ji
=lx0+lxl + lx2+...
.2
[忌+ J (4尤2-4x4- l)dx + 1 x(n- 1)
=1+2 + ... + (〃一 1)
=1 + [泰 3 - 2x2 + x] j n{n 一 1)
~~2~~
=1 +俘- 8 + 2 —： + 2—1] = 5；
33.
/• a a ,a
29. (x- [x])dx = xdx- [x]dx
Jo Jo Jo
「2 , V 、 \1-1X2 |x| < 1
fMdx where /(%)= < .., ='[汩 d* + J[][幻 d』
J—2 〔2 - 2|x| \x\ > 1
f —1 .1 ,2
=J (2-2\x\)dx + j (2-2x2)dx + j (2-2\x\)dx 是-回蚪-『[睥 (byQ.32)
2 2 J[a]
r —i 「1 p2
=J (2 + 2x)dx + J (2 - 2x2)dx + J (2 - 2x)dx
2 2 J[a]
=[2x + x2]_2 + [2x - ^x3] i + [2x - x2]j
(... [x] = [a] for [a]<x<a)
=(-2+1+4 —4) + (2-§ + 2-§ + (4-4-2+1)
=-l+4-^-l = | =[a] -2a[a] +a +[a]

3 3 _ 2
-(―- [a])? + [q]
30. _ 2
,2 ,1 r2 ]
f(x)dx = ln(l + x)dx + e ~xdx
J。 Jo
=[幻 11(1+1)]卜「仕衣_以一']； | EXERCISE 4.3

JQ [十]
1.
52-「[1-土欧-尸 + 1
put x = 4sin9,柴=4cos0 > 0 VO g (0,壹)
=ln2 - [x- ln(l + x)]q- e-1 + 1 x = 2=>0 = ^, x = 4=>0 = ^
二 In2-l + ln2-e-1 + l
=In 4 一 e-1 「巫三女= P4cose4cos06/e

J2 x J 匹 4sm0
31.
Jl,l<x<2
[x]= < 6 6
[0,0<x< 1
7t
=4[In|esc0 - cot0| 4- cos。]；
[(x + [x])dx
Jo
= f
Jo
xdx + f (x + l)dx
Ji
4 In 4ln(2+ 右 )-2切
40
2.
弓牙=一*°力＞°
put "2, ^ = 2t Vr>0 put x
工二 0=>£ = 0, x=l nr=l x = 1 =>f=l, x = 3=>f = ^

1 xdx _ f 1 2t3dt
Jo 1 + Jo 1 +，
r3 dx
二「 2(1 +£)3 —6(1 +r)2 + 6(l +£)-2冶 J 1 xjx2 + 5x + 1
J。 1 +£
_ 户 -汐=f1 dt
-J [2(1 +『)2 _ 6(1 +。+ 6 - 力圮…4^771
9 1 / ; dt = [ln|(r + ；) +必+ 5ii

=[|(1 +O3-3(l + 02 + 6r-21n|l + z|]o
1
3
、
//j5 2 21
)-4
I 2
=?(23) - 3(2)2 + 6- 21n2-? + 3 + 0- 21nl
=ln(l + ： +刀)— ln(； + ： + ：) = ln^|^
=y-12 + 6-21n2 + 3-? = 21n2
3.
X = t2,^ = 2t>0 Vr>0 put x = 6zsec0,戋=«sec0tan0 > 0 V0 g (。,壹)
When x = 0 => t = 0, x = 1 => Z = 1 x = a => 0 = 0, % = 2& n?
e^dx = f *(2t)dt
o Jo
=2< [Zer]o~ J ”力｝ (integration by parts)

=「 “削％secOtanOd。
J。a4sec 0
=2(e —e+ 1) = 2
9
sin 0cosOt/0
dt
t = ex+l , dx =
=l£3sin2eJ(sinO)=罪 si*]；=弟
空= n J_>o \/t>\
dt ex t-1 ~
When x = 0 => t = 2, x = m3 => f = 4
8.
put x = 4tan0,戋=4sec20 > 0 V0 g (0,壹)
==「仃/ 2_厂1/2)流 x = 0=>6 = 0, x = 4^>9 = 7

4
J2 1 J2
=由 3/2_ 2,1/2]； = ?(2-72) r4 dx = N 4sec2e6?e

Jo (16 + x2)2 ~ Jo(I6sec26)2
5. = ljjcos29^ = A|J(1 + cos2eW

put x + 1 = t2, % = 2t>0 V(r > 0)
1 1
兀
x = 0=>t=l, x = 2=>t = ^3 - /7C4 + = +2

一
-
一
2 5
128 12
C2 dx = r2 dx _ r 2tdt
Jo Jx + 1 + +1)3 Jo + 1(1 + x + 1) Ji "+1)
r 11 -i q73
』赤=如
+ 0 dt 1 2 e dQ
—tan — , —r~ 2 sec 2 2^ di ―>0SR
2 dQ
=2[tan-173-tan-1l] = 2[卜勺=? 0,。= ；=>£= 1
When 0 = 0 =>
41
2 13.
f2 dQ _
Jo 1 + 2 sin 9 =a + b -t, % = -1 < 0 X/t
Jo i+2・ = put X
1+t2
x = a t = b, x =b => t = a
fb a -b
f(x)dx = - f(a + b- t)dt = f(a + b- t)dt
Ja Ja
r+2-73 n1
2-
M| r + 2 + R o 」
(Formula 6.5 in Chapter 3)
= f(a + b- x)dx
Jq
5「(3顼2 + *)]
dx
73 L(3 +73)(2-73)J put X =IG di = 1 >0
二 -^ln(2 + 73) x = a => t = a- c, x = b n t = b-c

a/3 3-a/3 » b -c
And J fMdx = j f(t + c)dt
a-c
10.
b—c
✓Jy
put x = r-6z, — = 1 > 0 Vr g R =1 f(x + c)dx
a-c
x = 0 n t = a, x = b - a => t = b (by changing the name of the variable, t — x)
.b _ a rb
J f{x + a)dx =Jf
- f(t)dt = | f(x)dx 14.
q Jq
put x = a tan 0,戋=asec20 > 0 V0 e (0,壹)
(by change of variable, t x)
x = O=>0 = O, x = =
,dx fa -3』」 _ f 4 a’tan'。_ 1 f 4 sjn30^g

put x = a-1,— =-1 <0 Vzg R J° (q2 + 工2)5/2 Jo a5sec50 "J。
x = 0^t = a, x = a=^>t = 0
=-(-sin29)J(cos6)
p ci 「 0o ,a
n
=-f4[-(l-cos2e)]t/(cos9)
= f(a-x)dx 如 0
Jo 7C
(by change of variable, t —> x)
=-[-COsO + : cos %
So, f x(l -x)ndx for n -1, -2
Jo ■«[_^ + 3x2V2+1-3]- 8-5旗
ri 12a
- (1 -x)[l - (1 -x)]ndx for f(x) = x(l -x)n
Jo
ri ri
15.
= (1 - x)xndx = (xn - xn+i)dx
Jo put x-2 = t, 华= 1 > 0 Vr G R
dt
=r 1 xn + 1______ 砂+ 2]i = _____ ______ !_ = ] x = 2 n t = 0, % = 3=>r=l
n+ 1 n+2 J0 n+ 1 n+2 (n + 1)(h + 2)
[(x-2)nxdx =f tn(t + 2)dt = r[(广
1 +1 + 2tn)dt
12. J2 Jo J。
t dx
put. mx = t, ,x = -- £ =[-l-^ + 2+ 2 旅+ 11] 1 = -L-
i
+-
2
m 〃+2 n+ 1 J0 n + 2 n+1
dx _ 〃 + 1 + 2(〃 + 2) _ 3〃 + 5
:. —has the same sign Vr
at
g R n2 + 3n + 2 i“2 + 3〃 + 2
x = a t = ma, x = b => t = mb
16.
»mb ]广 mb • mb
f f(mx)dx = f f(x)dx Let = x2 , = 2x n 马=> 0 V? > 0
A ma dx dt 2」t
(by changing the name of the variable, t T x) When x = a=>t = a2, x = 0^t = 0
42
=J
<• a r a2 3 1
(b) f sin\cos2%Jx where f(x) = sin\cos2jc
£x3/(x2)^ 。
Jo
1 r«2 1 f«2 /(tt-x) = sinw(7t - x) cos2(7t - x)

项 O tf(t)dt =或 xf(x)dx
= sin \ cos2% = /(x)
17. c
So,
f . n 2 , n f2 . n
sin xcos xax = 2
2 ,
sm xcos xdx
dx Jo Jo
Let u = 2T - x , — = -1 < 0 X/u
du
When x = IT -b=> u = b,x = T=>u = T 19.
" CT dx
fMdx = f(2T-u)(-l)du Let u = b - x, — = -1 < 0 Vw
du
J2T-b 】b
When x = 0=>u = b,x = b=>u = 0
= \ f{u}du ...(*)
JT .0
f(b-u)g(u)(-l)du
(•.• f(2T-u) = b
b c2T-b rT "
f{x)dx = f(x)dx+ f(x)dx+ f(x)dx = f(b-u)g(u)du
a Ja J2T-b JT Jo
广 2T — b .b ,b
=J f(x)dx + I f(x)dx + I f(x)dx
T T from (*)
fb c2T-b
=2
JT
f(x)dx+
Ja
f(x)dx
L S3
18. 2 f f(x)g(x)dx = f f(x)g(x)dx+ f(x)g(x)dxf
✓7 x J。 J。 J。
put x = 2a-t, — = -1 < 0 Vr g R
rb "
x — ci —/ t — a, x — 2 ci —Z — 0 =I fMg(x)dx+ [ f(x)g(b — x)dx
Jo Jo
广 2a .a * 2a
f(x)dx = f(x)dx+ f(x)dx
J。 J。 Ja =[[fM(g(x) + g(b-x))]dx
Jo
fa f0
二 \ fMdx+ [-f(2a-t)]dt I ,b 入 pb
J。 Ja •,- [ f(x)g(x)dx = f(x)dx
Jo ZJo
=f f(x)dx + f f(2a - t)dt
Jo Jo 4 4
(b) sin9cos 0 = sin(兀一 0) cos (tc - 0)
=f0 f(x)dx +Jof
」
f(2a-x)dx
V0 G [0, k]
0 +(71- 0) = 7C V0 G [0, 7t]
If f(2a-x) = -/(x), then
f f(x)dx = f f{x)dx - f(x)dx = 0 f Osin0cos40J0 = ? I* sin0cos40t/0

J0 J。 Jo 0 2J0
I- 5八r兀
If f(2a-x) = f(x), then _ 一兀 COS 0 _ Tt
=万 o = 5
」
f f(x)dx = f f(x)dx + f f(x)dx = 2 f f(x)dx

J。」 0 Jo
(a) I sin\cos3X6?x where f(x) = sin\cos3% EXERCISE 4.4

Jo
/(7t -x) = sinn(7t - x) cos 3(tc - x)

(a) Let f(x) = x + 2x3 .
= -sin \ cos3% = -/(x)
/(-x) = 一 x + 2(t)3 = -(x + 2x3) = -/(%)
f71 - « 3 , 八
i.e. sin xcos xdx = 0 y = x + 2x3 is an odd function.
Jo
43
(b) Let f(x) = (x- 3)(x- 2)(x- l)(x+ l)(x + 2)(x + 3). Vx p(x) = f(x)g(x) = [-/(-x)][-g(-x)]
f (-对 =f (-尤)• g(T)

=(-x-3)(-x-2)(-x-l)(-x+ l)(-x + 2)(-x + 3) =P(T)
=(-1)3[("3)3 + 2)Cx+1)] fMg(x) is even.
•(-l)3[(x-l)(x-2)(x-3)]
(C) f(x) is odd, /. f(x) = Vx
=(%- 3)(^- 2)(x- 1)(^ + l)(x + 2)(x + 3)
gM is even, /. g(x) = g(—x) Vx
=fM
Vx h(x) = fMg(x) = -/(-x)g(-x) = -h(x)
y =(尤一3)(x-2)(尤一 l)(x + l)(x + 2)(x + 3)
fMg(x) is odd.
is an even function.
(c) Let /(x)=工2〃-1 sinx + 3 . (d) g(x) is even, /. g(x) = g(-x) Vx
f(T)= (t)2〃-isin(T)+ 3
Vx 了 (g(-x)) = /(g(x))
y(g(%)) is even.
=(—1)(—l)]2iisinx + 3
=%2〃-isinx + 3 二 /(x)
/(x) is odd.
》=尤 2〃 —isinx + 3 is an even function.
-fM = f(-x) Vx
g(x) is odd.
(d) Let /(x) = ln|x| .
~gM = g(-x) Vx
f(-x) = ln|-x| = In |M = /W
Vx f(g(—x)) = f(—g(W) = —f(g(W)
y = In 国 is an even function.
f(g(x)) is odd.
-1
(e) Let f(x) = tan 尤.
3.
/(-x) = tan-1(-x) = -tan-1% = -/(x) x3dx
J-2
EP set '⑴=茶京
y = tan I is an odd function.
f(_x\ -
H
(-盼3
-次+顷
-X3 rz 、
(f) Let /(x) = xcos(ex + e~x). i.e. odd fen

/(-x) = -xcos(e-x + e~^) !
f2 x3dx 八
=-xcos(ex + e~x) = -f(x) J_2 林=°
y = xcos(ex + e~x) is an odd function.
2. K si" 2 dx set
fM
sinx
J-a3 + cos x - ~
(a) /(x) and g(x) are both even. 3 + cos x
「• fM = f(-x), g(x) = g(-x) Vxg R •..(*) f(T)

sin(-x) -sinx r(、
2 --------- 2- = ~fM
3 + cos (-x) 3 + cos x
Vx h(x) = f(x) + g(x) = f(-x) + g(-x) (from (*))
i.e. odd fen
=/i(-x)
*a sinxdx 八
f(x) + g(x) is even. i.e. La = 0
Vx p(x) = f(x)g(x) = </(—')• g(T)(from (*))
=P(-x)
f(x)g(x) is even. n
tan3xdx set f(x) = tan3%
~4
(b) f(x) and g(x) are both odd.
3 3
••• fM = -f(-x), g(x) = -g(-x) Vx . . . (**) /(-x) = tan (-%) = -tan x = -/(x)
i.e. odd fen
Vx h(x) = f(x) + g(x) = - f(-x) - g(-x)
n
(from (**)) i.e. J4^ tan3xJx = 0
=-[f(~x) + g(-x)] = -h(-x)
/(x) + g(i) is odd.
44
I Set g(x) = %3cosx,
4 1 1
[x3(25 - x2)2dx set /(%) = x3(25 - x2)2 g(T)= (-x)3cos(-x) = -x3 COSX = -g(x)
■ 1 1
1 x3cosx is odd. ...(1)
f(~x) = (-x)3(25 -(-x)2)2 = -x3(25 -x2)2 = -/(x)
h(x) = cosx, /z(-x) = cos(-x) = cos%
odd fen
cosx is even. ...(2)
r4 \
n n
i.e. x3(25-x2)dx = 0 J4 X4 + X3 + X + 1 J：* 4- 1) COSXDX
J-4 cosxdx =
x+ 1
-4 4
(/ ... 1,兀//兀、
-l<--<x< 5)
7. k n
J^x3 cosxdx + J：c cosxdx
set fM = Ja2-x2, f{-x) = /(x)
even fen "4 ~4
K
put x = tzsinO, dx = acosOt/0 =2j 4 cosxdx (from(l), (2))
J(0
X = O^0 = O, X = <2=>0 = ^
K
n
Ja2 - x2dx = 2 f Ja1 - x2dx = 2 If 2«cos0 acos0J0
=2[ sinx]Q 二 72
-a Jo J(。
11.
n 匹
'J2(l + cos29)J0 = «2[e + ^sin29]^ I fM is odd, /. -/(x) = /(-x) Vx

；Put X = 0 , we get -/(0) = f (一°) = f (0)
=«2[^ + 0-0-0]=亨；2/(0) = 0 . Hence, f (0) = 0 .
I g(x) = constant + powers of x
8. => g(。)= constant

4 I g(0) = 0 as g(x) is odd.
set /(x) = cos x, /(-x) = /(x) I
i.e. even fen I constant = 0
f271 4 , 「冗 2 4 r• 2tc 2 2
J-2兀
cos xdx 2 |
0
cos xdx = 2
J(0
cos xcos xdx 12・
(a) x = a + t, = 1
.271
(1 + cos2x)(1 + cos2、)dx
o When x- a-b = t = -b , x = a + b => t = b
i r 2兀 2 a+b •b p
-
ZJo
[1 + 2cos2x + cos 2x]dx fMdx =
-
J -b
f
f(a + t)dt
a-b
♦ 2 71 ] " ro
[1 + 2 cos 2% + -(1 + cos4尤)]dx f(a + t)dt + f(a + t)dt
0 2 」 o J-b
13 ]
z[zx + sin2x + - sin4x]
2兀 3k dt 1
Let t = -u, ~r = -1
2 Z o 0 ~2
du
When t = —b => u = b , t = 0 => u = 0 .
ro po
Set f(x) = sin(ex - e~x), \ f(Q + t)dt (-1) f(a - u)du
J-b h
f(-x) = sin。-*-e-(-*)) = sin[-(ex - e~x)] fb
= f(a - u)du
=-sin(ex - e~x) = -/(x) Jo
sin(ex - e~x) is odd. +b cb b
=J
f sin(ex - e~x)dx = 0
J-1
r -b
fMdx
rb
f(a + t)dt + |
=[f(a + x) + f(a-x)]dx
0
f(a - u)du
Jo
10. Put a = 0 , we get
c . r,、 X4 + X3 + X + i
Set f(x) = ----------- :------ cosx
J \ , x+1 = Io [fM + f(-x)]dx .
=(x3 + l)cosx for x^-1 .
45
(b) If /(x) is even, /(x) = f(-x). I (d) y = cos 苧(YES)
From (a),
i smallest period = 8
I
f fMdx = f [fM + f(-x)]dx
J-b J。 (e) y = |sinx| + |cosx| (YES)
=C[fM + fM]dx = 2\bfMdx
smallest period =
Jo Jo I
I
If f(x) is odd, /(x) = -/(-x).
I (f) y = (YES)
I
From (a), i smallest period = n
i
I f(x)dx = f [f(x)+f(-x)]dx I
J-b 」 o I (g) y = sin(nTtx)
rb 「b i n\ positive integer (YES)
=| [fM-f(x)]dx = Odx = 0 I 2
Jo Jo I smallest period =-
i
13. ；(h) y = x-U] (YES)
(a) Let f(x) be an odd function, and F(x) be a primitive
i smallest period = 1
of f(x). Then I
jf(x)dx = F(x) + C where C is a constant. ；(i) y = '[幻 (NO)
I
n j/(-x)J(-x) = F(-x) + C 1 15.
I /(x) = f(x + mil), g(x) = g(x + rm) Vx
n -j[-f(x)]dx = F(-x) + C
f(x + mnn) + g(x + mnit) = f[x + zi(mTC)] + g[A； +
i = fM + g(x)
n jf(x)dx = F(-x) + C
i
I f(x + mnit)g(x + mmt) = /[x 4-n(m7t)]g[x + m(MK)]
=> F(x) = F(-x) ； =fMg(x)
F(x) is an even function.
/. /(x) + g(^) and f(x)g(x) are periodic.
I
(b) Let g(x) be an even function and G(x) be the primitive
1 16.
of g(x) such that G(x) has no non-zero constant term, i
I Let g(x) is a periodic function with period T.
then
\ ie g(x+ T) = g(x) Vxg R
^g(x)dx = G(x)
i f(g(x + T)) = /(g(x))
=> Jg(T)d(T)= G(t) i /(g(x)) is also periodic.

I
n -jg(x)dx = G(-x) 1 17.
n -G(x) = G(-x)
One of the primitive functions is an odd function.
14.
2
(a) y = sin x (YES) [L 2), f (x)=卜-』-卜-1-
For x g
smallest period =兀
[2,3),/(x) = T = \X~2~2\
For x g
(b) y = sinx2 (NO)
[n, n + 1), f (x) = |x- 2”； ' = -
For x e
(c) y = sinx + ：sin2x (YES)
xg [n,n+l), /. [x] = n
smallest period = that of (y = sinx) = lit :./(x)=卜-[%]-』Vx g R
46
18.
(e) f，tan—"x (No, because | tan-1x| < ?)
(a) f\x + T) = lim 顼
Jo 2
/ito n
=lim f[("/i) + T]T3) 7C
7i-»O h
(f) I 2 secxdx
=lim £(*尸⑴=f\x) Jo
JO h J 7
(Yes, because secx is unbounded when x T
7
(b) /(x) = cos x V% g R
dx 1
Vjt G R, /(X + 7C)= cos (x +
2
兀)
(g)
Jq 2x2 -5x + 2 'Yes，2工2 _ 5工 + 2 (2x- l)(x- 2)”
=[-cosx]2 = COS2% unbounded when x 一：)
/. f is periodic.
fb j
(h) —-------- - (No, x2-x + 1 ^0 Vx g R
F(x) =「f(t)dt =「cos 20 =「1 土骅混 Ja —X+ 1
Jo Jo Jo 2
—--------- is continuous on [a, b])
11 x 1 1 xz-x + 1
=[^f + ’sinZflo = -x +-sin2x
F(x) is not periodic.
(•.• as is not periodic and |sin2x is periodic)

lim [—] = = + lim - = 2 + 0 = 2
a —> —8 X U —1 a —> —8 Cl
19.
/(x) = | sinx + cosx| =
1 ? b
The smallest period of
+ K- is 71 .
xe~x2dx =便[-产、 ]0
4 0
1
The smallest period of /(x) is 兀.
2
P nn j•兀
f(x)dx = n f(x)dx (Theorem 5.2(3))
Jo Jo
I
3k -
=Jin J 4 sin(x + 了)公一 J3兀 sin(x + .)d_x
j_l(X +dx
2)3/2
3兀
些«[— cos(x + §]； +[cos(x + .)]=] = 2 Jin =一 2 观品源+ 2(-1+2尸=。+ 2(1) = 2
I EXERCISE 4.5 •8 石
= i j* 8 dX tai/i(夸 j
ib
0 W + 25
I
。不 Io
1.
=新 lim tai/】(争一 0]= Tt
c°° dx
(a) J — (Yes, because of infinite interval) zu L。t 8 □ 」 20
「a
(b) e~xdx (Yes, because of infinite interval)
J —00
lim 「=+ lim f "dx
。— 一 8 Jq 1 + X b —> +8 J( .1 + x2
x x
(c) ------ -dx (No, ------ - is continuous on [a, b]) 「 r -1 nc v r, -1 p
Ja 1 1 + x1 lim [tan x\ + lim [tan x\
a — 一8 b —» +8
2 -1 -1 -1 -1
(d) f 当 tan c - lim tan a + lim tan b - tan c
a —» 一8 b —> +8
J ] 1 -x2
(Yes, because —二 is unbounded when _x T 1 +) -3E =71
1 -x2
47
7" f00 dx 13.
匚次+何
X f°° dx
乒上 8芸+ (；)2 f°° dx 二 f°°(l 1 )Jx= lim r
[f b
J] x(l +x) J] 1 b —> +8
—-= Ini - In： = In2

1 dx 1 Z? 1 1
乒 lim
pT
j;—」 b t +8
—--In -—
lim In -—
1 +b 1+1
1心 lim [A]
lim =4
a->0+ a — 0+
15.
8. 3
xdx lim f —dx = lim [ J 2 - 1 — V8
1 , 1刀 OT1+ L
put x = dx = - -ât a QT1 +
x = 1 n t = 1, >8 f—0
16.
Ca dx
J 1(X - I)? (。> 1)
=sin 'G)—° ° * =lim

CT1 +
[-土]
a
c -土)
so diverges.
•00 b 17.
e~xdx = lim [-e-x]0 = -lim e~b + e° = - 0 + 1 = 1
0 b—8 bT8
f°° dx
J_l^ + 2 lim [1顷+ 2)]幻 =lim ln(Z7 + 2)-lnl
b —» +8 b —> +8
10. lim ln(Z? + 2)-0 lim ln(Z? + 2) so diverges
b —> +8 b —» +8
r00 . b f00
e^xsinxdx = lim [e-x(-cosx)]0- (cosx)e^xdx
JQ bT8 JQ
=lim [一 gTcosx* - lim [L sin迁一 f e~xsinxdx 18.

bT— bt8 JQ
f 1 dx 〃
-dx + lim [♦ 一1dx
So,
JQ
「8 ] b
e~xsinxdx = lim ^r-[e~xcosx + e-xsinx]0
b —> +00 L
Lt lim
KT
I
-p —0+LQc x
lim [ln|Mi + lim [In|x|]：

--i [ lim {e~bcosb + e~b sin/?} - - 0]=: 10- a->0+
L b —»+8 2
=lim ln|Z?| lim Ina
。-
一
0t q->0+
lim Ina diverges.

put x = isinO, dx = tzcos0tZ0 a — 0+
f 1 dx
J 一G diverges.
19.
]nxdx = [x1iix]q - f x - -dx = lim [xlnx]^ - [x]q 71 n
0 J。 * ot0+ f4 .. lim [-cosx]^ =—
—+ lim cos。
smxdx
J —00 a —» 一8 "2 。—> 一8
=1 In(1) - lim alna -1+0 = - 1 - lim 牛
Q —>。+ Q T 0+ -
X lim cos a diverges.
a T -8
=—1 — lim -y = —1—0 = -1 f4 sinxdx diverges.

Q — °+------ -
X2 J —00
48
20. 2.
[b dx "1)
a<b, J。(DE [对( 1 -xydx = -| C xnd
Jo 3Jo
.1 3
(a) If a> 1 , then there is no ill-pt in (a, b) [-沁 l—x)3/2]： + §J 心"- 1(1 一 x^dx
2 2 0
so, i = mg — Rw — i)]
0 - 0 + yj 1(] 一学 J Xn(l - xydx
(b) li a<l <b , then at x = 1, (x- 1) 3 is not well- 2n7 2nT

y7n-i-y7n
defined
2n
So, I is improper integral. I 3 t _ / 2n \ j
1 工 2o"_l =(2、+ 3〃.T
"dx _「 rc dx , r (b dx 1 +T
(4T3)Z1 = 4)(2T3)Z0 二亲 J°
=lim :[(I—1)2/3]；+ lim |[(x-l)2/3]^ 【2
Z dTl+ 2
如扣-心: 亲［。+京=斋
2 2
lim (x- I)3 and lim (x- I)3 exist.
CT「 dTl +
"dx
••• J。"ges. 1 3
/〃 f xn(a2 - x2)^dx
Jo
3 a 3
21. 二［一；计- 1（。2_入2） -1)X〃 -2(q2 一 x2^dx
x = sin20 , 0 < 9 < ^ ,
i i
when x = 0 => 0 = 0,x = 1 => 0 = ^, =0 - 0 + ^-^-â2xn~2(a2 - x2^dx - x2^dx
dx = 2&5
S =号。 2J
3 n
n- 1 o
二二/ 2 京" 2/〃-2
-^—dx = lim [
1 n- 1 〃—2
If —「 JO 1 H-----
J。"黑|2sin0cos 待
lim Z4 =（打^炉灼：(W)Q4/o = Ja2-x2dx
-侦
、b a2 .
+ — sin
lim f sin0(2sin0)t/0 ¥
a Io
o
_ a4 0 + f-5-0-0 Tta6
=¥
n =12
=「 2 sin 2。曲 [2(l-cos2e)J0
Jo Jo
n
_sin20-.2 K f 7C
— V------ T--- = epx sinqxdx
L 2 J0 2 p,q Jo
ge"sin纭];-ij epxqsinq ixcosxdx
| EXERCISE 4.6
0-0 -~[^-ePx sin" Leos%]"
P P 0
+ 兰 J [ePx(q - l)sinq~2xcos2x - ePxsinqx]dx

i r1
In = xnexdx = [xnex]Q- (nxn~iex)dx = e - nln_x
」o Jo
p2
ePxsinq 2xdx - f ePx{q - 1) sin^Jx
I3 = e-3I2 = e —3(e — 2/])
=-2e + 61 = -2e + 6(e - Io) = 4e - 6 f exdx ePxsinqxdx^
Jo
=4e — 6(e — 1) = 6 - 2e q(q f, 00-1), 苗P，q
p2 p,q-2 p2 P，q
49
j Fi . . ad)] - q(q-i)/ (ii) (2 - 1)(q2 _ 砂)" 2 _ (4 _ 3)q"] + (2 - 2)〃o = 0
0,q|_i + p2 p2」-p2 'p，q-2
(。2 _ b2)n = au} = a[ —— 毕— —
t 「/2 + g + q(q_l)] = Q(q—1)/ Jq a + bcosx
P，g|_ p2 J p2 Lp,q~2
., .x ■, 2dt 1-t2
(p2 + q2)Ip,q = q(q-l)Ip,qq put t = tan - , ax = ----- -, cosx =--------
2 1 + t2 1 +12
For positive even q, X = 0 = t = 0 , XT 兀 =t T 8
j = = q(0 — i) (q-2)(q-3, 2dt
P2 一 p2 + q2 p,q-2 - p2 + g2 p2 +_ 2)2 P，q-4 = r°°_TT7_ = f°° 2dt
a "2 Jo a + bl^f Jo a + at2 + b-bt2
= 他 -1)0-2)...l [
1 + t2
p(p2 + 4)(p2 + 6)...(p2 + g2)P，°
=2■广心
r兀 1 i兀 i “2 a2 - Z?2J0 (a + b) + (a- b)t2
while /n n = ePxdx = -ePx\ = -[^K- 1]
Jo P \o P
So I = gJl)
'W — p(p2 + 4)(p2 + 6)...(p2 + g2)
5. _
P
sin—
(a + Z?cosx)n-1
_______ 奕_______ 「匹
(。2_萨)3疽 2
-01 = ______ ___
UJ (q2_ 2)3/2 》
(a)
dp
dx
_ (cosx)(a + Z?cosx)n-1 + (sinx)(n - l)：sinx(a + bcosx)n~2
(a + AcOSX)2〃-2 ・ m- 1
sm x
P = —^T
_ (cosx)(q + bcosx) + (sinx)(〃一 l)Z?sinx COS X
(a + Z?cosx)n
dp
2 dx
_ (cosx)(a + Acosx) + (1 - cos 又)』(〃一1)
(a + bcosx)n / .、・ m-2 n-\ / ・ m-\ 、/ . 、 n-2 / ・、
(m - 1) sin xcosxcos x - (sm x)(n - l)cos x(-sinx)
_ Z?COSX(a + bcosx) + )2(〃一 1)(1 一 cos2x) (COSX)2〃-2
b(a + bcosx)n (m- 1) sin"-2xcos2x + (〃一
_ (• + bcosx)2 一 a(cz + bcosx) + (〃 - l)t>2 一力2(〃一 Deos% n

COS X
b(a + bcosx)n
On integration for both sides, giving
_ (q + Z?cosx)2 - a(a + bcosx) + (n- 1)Z?2 一("一 l)(Z?2cos2%)
.m-\ . . m-2 . . m
b(a + Z?cosx)n sin x fz 1、 sin x . , fz sm x .
—7TT = Um-XY-^-dx+Un-iY—dx
COS X J COS X J COS X
(a + bcosx)2 - a(a + bcosx) + (〃一 1用一(〃一 1)(« + Z?cosx)2
_ ___________________________ + (〃一 1).2 + 2(〃一 l)abcosx_____________
1m,n - 1)/w-2,n-2- O, 〃 2 2)
b(a +》cosx)〃 "1L COS X」
一(〃一 2)(« + Z?cosx)2 - a(a + bcosx) + 2(〃 - l)a(o + bcosx)

_ __________ — 2(■- 1)-2 + (" 一 1)-2 + (〃一 1)、2___________
« • 6 (6-iy4,2-^r
b(a + bcosx)n f 4 sin x , 1
(b) J 一 dx
J0 COS X 4^1 Leos X-iQ
=(a + bcosx)2[(〃一 2)] + 0 + bcosx)(2” 一 3)。+ ® —次)(〃 — i)
b(a + bcosx)n =即 4,2项
_ 一(n — 2)(, + Z?cosx)2 + (2〃一 3)a(a + bcosc) + (" - 1)(」2 一技
b(a + bcosx)n 7C
.3 - i4-
1 sin x
-g(4T)/2,0-
心 fK dx — cosxjo
(b) u = -—
— ------- -- a>b
n Jo (。+ bcosx)"
—1 [3/2,0-!]
(i) On integration for both sides of (a) giving
r sin% y*1 n
L(fl + 8cosx)〃- 1」0 12 o = J4 sin2xJx = i [4(1 - cos2x)Jx
Jo
-(n-2) Q、a (n- l)(b2-a2)
=里L"〃- 2 +(2〃-3”“〃_i+ ―%-------- un
lr 1 . c J 1「兀 1] _兀 1
0 = (n - l)(a2 - b2)un - (2n - 3)aun_l + (n - 2)un_2 =^[x--sm2x]Q 2L4-2J = 8 ~4
50
，6,4 = 4〔5 •(-3/2,o + ?)-!] =- J 2 cos nxdx - 2 J sinnxcotxdx
=y[- 15/2,o + 2] =- sinnx + -I + -cosnxcotx

n n n n n
二申一 15(上)+ 2] =+ 三 (cos 心 cotx - sin 〃工)
_ 一1「—15丸,23】_ 5ti 23
3 1- 8 4 J 8 12 n
*2 cos3x J 0<Q〈壹
(b) 【3 = —厂dx
—
a sin x
n
-.2
cosxcotx -sinx]fl
For p WO,
=J(x2 + a)pdx K 匹
2 COSX J r 1 】2 1
—-z-dx = [—:—] = — 1 —:—
0 sin x sinjc a sin a
=x(x2 + a)P - Jx6?[(x2 + a)P]
j a , 3 , c「 [ cos a ,
=x (x2 + q)p - ^2x2p(x2 + a)P -1 dx ' sma \_
— :—+ sma
Zo = - 3 4- -— + 2-1 —
sin a J
=x(x2 + a)p _ 2pJ(]2 + a)pdx + 2pja(x2 + a)p~idx 2 2
_ 一3 sinu + 3 — 2 sin一一 2 cos q + 2 sin a
sin a
Ip = x(x2 + a)P- 2plp + 2palp _ t _ 3 - 5 sin。一 2cos2。
sin。
(2p+l)/p-2po/p_i = x(x2 + a)P
K
For p = 0 , f 2 cos3x J
I .—rdx
Zq = Jlt/x = x + C sin x
L.H.S. = [2(0) + 1](% + C) - 2(0)^/，! =x+C i while ^cos^xdx = lim [- 1 + J—] = +8
J。sin x 10+ sin。
R.H.S. = x(x2 + a)0 = x
i.e. I】 diverges.
= £ 仃 +。 dx2)3/2 K
「 2 COS 3 X
Hence —
—^-dx is improper and diverges,
sin x
[2(—；) + l]/ 1 — 2(—弘2】3 x(x2 4- a2)'
~2 ~2 |o
1 lim j- * -0 1 r 1 1
=/
_3 -XT8 Jx2 + a2
~2
I(m, n) = f2 cosm0 sinnO6?0
Jo
n
(a) /(m, n) =「 cos^一％[sin%d(sin0)]
cosnx^ 〃: positive integer Jo
sin x K
J-cosnxJ(cotx) r 1 . n + ln m- Ip.-.2 w? - 1 r /n-2n . n + 2A

— sin
=[— 0cos 0] +----- cos 9 sin
L〃+ 1 J0 M+1J
= -cos nx cotx - Jn sin nx cot xdx =0-0 + 汶/(秫- 2,〃 + 2)
or nJ sinnxcotxJx = - - cosnxcotx
I(m, n)=(二-2, ■ + 2) m>2
and In + 2
J sin x n 7C
(b) /(1,〃)=「cos8sin"0d0 =「 sin"&(sin0)

f cos nx cos 2x - sin nx sin2x ,
=J--------- * J。
K
Jo
c
「「 osmj T,1 c ・ 2 、 2sinnxsinxcosx 1 r . n + K-.2 =£[1-。]=冬
一 (1 -2sin x)- dx ^TT[sin 0]o
.2
J L sin 尤 sin x
~ir
K n I* 2a I------------ .2a .-------------------
(C)
/(0, 〃)=「sin”。曲=f '一 sin" cos0) (c) Iq = J2ax- x2dx J混一(q 一乂)2dx
」o J(o Jo Jo
n 2a
云寻+ §si「
[一 cosOsin”— 1。]： + (n - 1) f 'sin" 2。cos2。
J(0 0
7C (Formula 6.7 in Chapter 2)
0-0 + (n-l)j2 sin〃-20(l- si*)的 Tta2
~T
n n
(〃一 1) j 2 sin〃- 2。的 _(〃 _ 1)J 2 $诅切 0
2(2〃+ 1)!/ Tta2 (2〃 + 1)!兀时+ 2
；(d) In =
2n(« + 2)!n! T (n + 2)ln\2n
(n - 1)/(0, n-2)-(n-1)/(0, n)
/(°，〃)= -2)=(守)/(0,〃 _ 2) 11.

[十〃一1 rl
non-negative integer n
(d) 1(6,4)=(叙(4,6)=(沁,8)
① =[2J1 + +2]；
=I • J(0, 1。)= —(0, 1。) J。a/I+. + U
=2jl + x + x2 - 2
淑(。, 8)= 希々（ 0,6）
/(0,10)=
t°dt
2J dt +
9_ 7 5 3 1〃八八、 Jo + t + t2 Jo Jl+t + t2
10 8 6 4 21 3, 2 )
2/](x) +/。(工)=2jl+x + x2- 2
7C 7C
_ n
dx = =2 /Q) + i/0(x) = 71 + x + x2 - 1
0
1 9 7 5 3 1 Tt _ 3兀
So, /(6, 4) 21 , To 8
二 6 4 2 2 ' 512 (ii) f(t) = tnJl +t + t2 Differentiation
1
2(2q —疔2
3 枷)= 混〃T Jl+t + t2 + 竺.严+ 1
2 Jl+t + t2
〃技-1(1 +$ + 产)+ tn+l + 2^

„ , 1 1
-2 [胡(2q_])2] + (2a-xf(n + ^)x 2 J\ +，+ Q a/1 +t+
ntn~x + (〃 + ：)$" + (〃+ 1)护 +1

〃 1 I
2（2。一工）2［京+（2白一尤）（〃 + ：）］
X J1 + t +
_ 1 1 1 Upon integration on both sides,

n— 2 2 1 ________ x
X (2a-x) [- 2x + (2a-x)n + a] 1 [tnJl+t + t2]0
__ 1 1
n 1 1
X 2(2q-jc)2[(2〃+ i)q_(〃 + 2)i] 1 = nln_1(x) + (n + z)/n(x) + (n + 1)1n + Q)
| 乙
1
-1(2qx - x2)^[(2n + l)i - (〃 + 2)%] ； (〃 + 1)/〃+ Q) + (〃 + ?)/〃(]) + nln _iW
1 2a
F*2"2-
|0 = (2〃+1)q/〃_i — (〃 + 2)/〃二 XnJl + X + X1
= 2n + 2a^n~l 版 ”= 1,2, ...

i (b) 3/3(x) + 我⑴ + 2/](尤)=x271 + x + x2
2〃 +1 「2〃 - 1 T i 2/2(1) + g/Q) + /q(x) = xjl + x + x2

(b)妇 ----- aV-------- 9]
n+2 〃+1 n~z
(2〃+1)(2“一 l)(2〃一3)...l nr and /Q) +：/o(x) = + x + x2 - 1
一标 + 2)(〃+1)(“)...3
2(2〃+l)(2〃—l)...l
(n + 2)! ‘。
2(2“+ 1)[2〃](2〃—1)[2〃 —2]...2・ 1。叮0 %1)=:静-侦1)-|(右-1 项 o(l))]
(n + 2)![2n][2n-2]...2
2(2“+ I)!。)= (2-+1)!次 / =芋+温/。( 1)
2〃 (〃 +2)!〃!’。— 2〃t(〃 + 2)!〃!’°
52
3
- 73
4 + -
4 (o
0 [("1)2+12]3 2(3) • 23
00 dx _________
6L2-2j0
[(x+1)2 + I2]2 2 2 22」 ~48
=点 21 Z0(l)-673 + 2] dx 1 ] 7
24|_2j° 2 • 1 • 2J 96
x2 + 2x + 2
5兀11
「灌上=新t3dt 21/。(1)一6右+ 2] 64 ~48
J。"1 +，+ 产 *
/。⑴二「亍—= dt f1 dt
0 Jo CT? Jo
FFI | EXERCISE 4.7
=[lnp + 捉 Jl + f + 叩：
put x = a-t, dx = -dt

|。+扣=】牛
Ing + 同— In |
x = 0^ t = a, x = a=^t = 0
pa 0
「
•1 r3 Jr £[211” 号1) — 6右+ 2] f(x)dx = - f{a - t)dt = f(a - t)dt = f(a- x)dx
i.e. Jo Ja Jo 」o
o Jl +1 + )2
So, fMdx = f [fM + fâ-x^dx

Jo Jo
1 _ 1 r(x2 + a2) -x2~\
(x2 + a2)n a2|_ (工2 + q2)〃 J [fMdx = - [ [f(x) + f(a-x)]dx
Jo ZJ。
Put f(x) = ln(l + tanx)

+。2)〃-1 (X2 + a2y
( tan? - tanx
1 一 tanx>.
ln(l + 1 + tan/
a L Ji (x2 + a2)n -I
m（滂版）
= W"- 「¥ i * ,萨洽公]
n n
1 「
1 X(x2 + q2)-〃+1i+8
「
J。
ln(l + tanx)dx = :「
2Jq
[ln(l + tanx) + ln( ~~|— —)}dx
1 + tanx
=科/〃 TP] L
匹匹
1 f 4 T c」 ln2r T 兀1 C
=2 J ln2dx = -^-[x]0 = g ln2
2"
___ J___ dx\]
(n-l)(x2 + a2r-1
2.
=4/ ________ 1_____________ I n
冰[七- 1 2 (〃— 1)(次+1)〃一 1 2(〃— 1) 〃 In = I 4 sccnxdx
Jo
2n-3 ;___________ 1_________ n n

_ 2。2(“一 1)= - 1 一 2次(〃一 1)(1 +/)〃-1
/3 = Jsec^xdx = J4 secx^(tanx)
fh) C f+°° dx -广 dx n k
W ⑴ Jo x2 + 2x + 2 - Jo (x+l)2+l2 =[tanxsecx] q- | secxtan xdx
Jo
-1 b n
=lim [tan (x + l)]n
b — +8 U =1 • 72-0- f4(sec3x- secx)<7x 二 ^2-1^ +1x
兀丸兀
=------- =—
2 4 4 I3 =：(改+ /i)
53
r je I (a) f(x) = f{x + 2T) for all x, any positive T.
I(2 + cos。)"
Put x = y - 2T, dx = dy
cos&8 2 + COS 6 — 2 TQ _ J QT
(a) (2+cos6)« 6 =与-1一2。 x = a => y = a + 2T, x = b n y = b + 2T
(2 + cos。)"
rb " + 2T
(b)
cos2&0 = f(2 + cos6)2 - 4(2 + cos。)+ 4 曲 I fMdx = f f(y-2T)dy
(2 +cos。)" J (2 +cos。)” Ja Ja + 2T
Cb + 2T " + 2T
=4/〃一 4/〃_i +/〃 —2 = f(x-2T)dx = I f(x)dx
Ja+2T Ja+2T
z x T f sin20 + cos20 f(x — 2T) = /[(x-2T) + 2T] = /(%)

(c) = J(2 + coser Je
CT f(-T) + a
(ii) fMdx = f(x)dx + [f(x)dx
_ r sin2eje + r cos2e J _T J _T J-T + a
J (2 + cos0)n J (2 + cos0)n
「r + a rT
= j(x)dx + f(x)dx (by (a)(1))
=J(/i：£?ine4(2+c；se)"T) JT J-T + a
,T + a
+ 4/„-4Zn_1+Z„_2 (by(b))
=JI —T + a f(x)dx
1 r sin0______ f cos 6 ^q~I
"一 11_(2 + cos。)"-1 J (2 + cos9)n-1 J (b) g(x) = g(—x) for all x, put x = -y
+ 4/n-4/n-l +/n-2 r0 ro
g(x) cos mxdx = g(-y)cos(-my)(-dy)
_______ sin。_____________________ ([ 2/ ) J-7t J兀
(n - 1)(2 + cos0)n~1 « - 1V 〃一 2 n- 1
r兀 r兀
g(y)cosmydy = g(x) cos mxdx
+ 4/〃-4/〃_i+/〃_2 伽 (a)) Jo Jo
= sin— | 2(3-2")/
r兀
(« - 1)(2 + cos0)n-1 n-1 n~ 1 g(x) cos mxdx
J-兀
n
= g(x) cos mxdx + g(x)cosmxdx
1 「 - sin。 J-兀 L，0
3(^T) L(2 + cosO)〃-1 一（〃一 2）匕_2 ・n
=[g(x) cosmxdx + g(x) cos mxdx f
+ 2(2〃-3)/〃_J Jo J( o
r兀
=2 g(x) cos mxdx
Jo
pUt ' =「 an?,曲=浩,cos.=序
(d)
hM =卜 - &
_ f 2dt for x g [0,兀]
_ J2(l + r2) + (l-r2)
h(x) = h(x + 兀) for all real x
f 2dt |tan & + c
=3® 1* 岫
+C
2n
ri- de
(e) I2
Jq (2 + cosO)2
竺空 2k-
1 【*]；- [(2-2)犒 + [2(4 —3)待 (ii) since 7z(x) = h(x + 7t) = h(x + 2ti),
3(2-1)
cosmx = cos[m(x + 2k)]
「-吏一1 ' put a = T,T = k in (a) (ii).

=! ^-：—
— 0 - 0 + 2 . = tan (二 tan§) - 0 「兀+兀
3 2 + (项 73 提 3J r兀
h(x) cos mxdx h(x) cos mxdx
J-兀 J—71 + 兀
驾[芋-焉•日吊ST) 「 2k
h(x)cosmxdx
Jo
54
And since /z(x) = h{-x) if Ttt — 4k , k — 1, 2,,
:.in (b) 1 rmi i
cosmTU = 1, cos— = 1
「兀 2
h(x) cosmxdx = 2
r兀
h(x)cosmxdx .2 71
Jo 1-2+1)= 0
h(x) cos mxdx
0
h(x) cos mxdx
r
if m = 4k-2 , k 二 1,2, ...,
K cosmic =
1
1,
mTt
cos— = -1
1
兀
， -
n
f2
Jo 2
- x) cosmxdx + Ln (x~ ^)cosmxdx
' 2
2 8
J h(x) cosmxdx = =(1+2+1)=
where [xcosmxdx = — sinmx - — f sinmxdx
J m mj
Hence,
sinmx + ~^：cosmx + C
x •
一
m mz 0 if m is odd
「兀 2
So, (0 if m is multiple of four
h(x) cosmxdx =
7T Jo
f2 , 兀.mn ,1
_1_ mn 八 1 otherwise
x cosmxax = —sm— +痴海苴-0-添 m2
Jo 2m 2 m2
r
J?2 x cosmxdx
兀
/(m, n) = J (x + 1)秫(尤一
cl 兀.mn 1 mil
0 + -^cosmic - — sm—------- cos —
i 1 1
(si)〃E+i)%i
m2 2m 2 m2 2
[冷
• It
h(x) cos mxdx
o
兀
■~Yi 3+ 1)2"_ ])" + ]*
「
71 . mn 1 , 1 mil]
9(,2 cosmxax -2m 力「丸
— SinT"^ + ^C°STj 1
o L2m =0-0- (x+l)m-i(jc—l)"(x+l—2)dx
「
+品
1 cosms弟
兀.rmt 1 cosrmC\
sm项—泌引
-m .1
(x+ l)w(x- l)nJx
~ n+ 1
K
cosmxdx +浩 .1
2. n (x+ l)〃-i(x— l)ndx
2
n -1
2
=涂问心］「 71 sm
「 .
[瑟
0
P 1
[_m2
k . mil}
+ -^cosmK - — sin —
2m 2 J
-A[sinm^ So, I(m, n)
2m
——I(m - 1, n)
2 (F)
2 mn
一秋项
*/(仞一项
Tt • mil tc • mil , 1 , 1 _
=—sin—- — sin—- + — + — cosm7t Hence,
2m 2 2m 2 m2- m2-
n • mil 兀• mn 2 m7t 2m 2(所一 1) 2(m — 2) 2 r/c 、
-—sm —- + — sin —------- - cos — I(m, n) -- ------- • ...--------- z/(0, n)
2m 2 2m 2 m2 2 m+n+ 1 m+n m + n-1 n+2
1 , 1 2 mn /(0,n) = j1 (x-l)ndx
=—+ cos mTt----- cos —
mz mz 2
So,
i 1 1 击- 2)“】
J h(x) cosmxdx = -^(cosm7t - 2 cos + 1)
Now, if m = 2k — 1 , k = 1, 2,, /(m, 〃)= 2------------------------

((m)!
… 也・(+1)!
“ + l)! MT)”""]
L
「
1 rmt n /_i \n + 2 . mini ryrn + 〃 + i

cosmir = -1, cos— = 0 (T) (w + n+ I)!2
r2 兀 2 (_i \n ^!n! Qm + n + 1
J h(x) cosmxdx = —(- 1-0+1) = 0 7 (m + Az+1)!
55
(b) Substitute x = 彳一。，.•. dx = -dQ = gT)+ F^]：
K
when…疽°
丸一
- 0 - o
2 - 1(1_工)&一1心
4 -^1「以一
n COS(5-26)
*4 (cos2x)n f°______________
2 (-1)曲
__?(cosx)2n + 2 X J； [cos(5-6)]2n + 2 (1 + 房j )/(以,&) = /(ot, P - 1)
4
n I(a, P)=洁吉/(a,|3—l)
=p_______ sin〃2。
伽+ 2』 ° I
° (.cos。+ *sin。
ri
匹
(ii) xa-i(i-x)P-ijx = /(a, P) = /(p,a)
=2n+ 1 f ____ sin 20_____ 迥 Jo
Jo (sin0 + cos0)2n + 2 by change of variable,
/(" = ^^/(P，a-1)
=2〃 + l「 sin〃2x 公
Jg (sinx + cosx)zn + 2
but Z(p,a-1) = /(a-l,p).
So, /(a,p) =
F sin"2x .乂 _ 1 p cos% 故 IX ~r p — 1
J° (cosx + sinx)2〃 + 2 2"+1Jm(cosx)2〃 + 2 X

4
(c) put y = xm, dy = mxm~idx
1 z 2 . 2、〃
1 f 4 (cos x- sin x),
=E j 2、〃 2 血 x = 0=>y = 0,x=l =>y=l
匕 J-彳(cos X) COS X
「以 T(l—W)&—1必 =
Tt
= -^-7 f (1 - tan2x)nsec2%^x Jo Jo 蚌
my m
2«+ 1 J_n v 7
~4 [,1 a— 1 _ m-1
=-[y 苛(1 -y)^~ldy
n
=导AJ，(tanx—l)〃(tanx + l)〃d(tanx)
1 p 1 q —]
~4 =护一
=器「(- l)W+l)"a (t = tan%)

.i Q 一 i
=—J xm (1 -x}^~xdx
=------ —------ 2" + 〃 + 1 = 2〉旦四已 (by (a))
2〃+i (〃 +〃+1)! (2〃+l)!
=-z(-,p)
m m
pl 7.
Z(a, p)= 炉- 1(1一尤)&-1办 a>l,p>l
Jo (a) fm n(x) = [ cosm0 sinn0J0
' Jo
(a) put x = 1 -t, dx = -dt
d r m 1
x = 0=>r=l, x=l => r = 0 —[-cos xcosnx]
fi ro
xa~1(l-x)^-1dx = (1一。以-1"-1(一也) m-\ m
= mcos xsinxcosm+ 〃cos xsmnx
Jo Ji
,1 pl = -mcosm 1xsin(n - l)x + (m + n)cosmxsinnx
= ”-l(lT)a-顷= x)以一/I
Jo J。
Upon integration on both sides,
i.e. Z(a, P) = Z(P，a)
(m + n) f cosmxsinnxdx -mi cosm~lxsin(n- l)xdx
Jo Jo
r1
(b) (i) /(a, p) = xa~1(l-x^~2(l-x)dx
Jo = [~cosmxcosnx]^
「 1 »i
= xa-1(l -x)^~2dx- xa(l -x)^~2dx
Jo Jo
= -cos xcosnx + 1 m,n>l
=I(a,& — 1)+「好件牛
Jo P-1 :.C = 1
56
(b) When m, n being odd, 7T
'cos 2° sin30J0
一 cos"兀 COS"兀 + 1 = (一 1)(一1严(一 1) + 1
0
=-1 + 1 = 0 7C TC-i
2,
When m, n being even,
Jo
2 I z cos0sin20t/0-[cosz0cos30]
5
一 cos”兀cos〃兀 + 1 二 (-l)(-l)w(+l) + 1
n (by (a))
二— 1+1=0 2 ^2cos20sin0J0 - ^[0 - 1]
0 55
So，/m,〃(兀)=日兀)for rn,n>l
r-4 1 3n，2 1 7
m m—1 r / x _ [T*3C°S 0]O + 5 ~ 15 + 5
一 m + n m + n-2Jm-2,〃 — 2L J ~ 15
n
Consider the cases: So, sin20sin306?0 =：一』=一
(i) m = 0
rK i 7i
fm nW = I sinêJO = [--cosnO]
J。〃 u
① J x2k+ie~x2dx = J ^x2k[(-2x)e~x2dx]
=-(1-1) = 0
n
=[-\x2ke~x2] + ：「 (2k)x2k-xe-x2dx
(ii) 〃 = 0 fm,nW = J：(cos%)0 的=0 2 0 2Jq
=当土 0 + ]印-1厂％
2 Jo
(iii) m > n > 0 , m, n are both odd or both even.
So, [ x2k+ Xe~x2dx = =~ + Z: f x2k~ê~x2dx
+ = f cosw-n + 19sinet/0
J。 2ea J。
Jo
v2k o v2k — 1 lr 丫2上一 2

(11) hm — = lim ---------- = lim ----- —
ex
x-»+©o xt+8 2xex xt+8 gx
]. 以 S1)]2S4
=lim ------------------=...
X T +8 £x
(•.• n>0 m-n is even)
=lim g"" = 0
(iv) n > m > 0 , m, « are both odd or both even. x -> +8 gx
fl” 秫+ 1(兀)=cos0sin(n-m+ l)06?0

' Jo 「 [xe-^]dx = _如气=!里(一学 + 3 萼
(b)
1 r兀
=-[sin(n - m + 2)0 + sin(n - m)9] JO
2」0
(c) For n = 0 .
_ 1 r cos("-m + 2)。+ cos(. - m)。]71
2L n-m + 2 n-m J0 =就5)=如节萼
=b— (1-1) + —(1-1)] = 0

2 n-m + 2y 7 n-my
Assume f x2n +1 e~x dx converges for some
(•.• n-m is even)
Jo
k n integers k.
[2sin2esin3et/0 = [2(1 - cos20)sin30J0
Jo Jo For n = k + 1 ,
「炒 +1) + 1.% = Rm「尤2妇3厂膈

=f^sin30t/9- cos20sin3
Jo Jo
Q->8 J Q
r 「一/(小)」—[、卜 2k+l * 1
=lim ------- z— + (k + 1) x e dx
I,sin30= -y[cos30]q = -y [0 — 1 ]=: a* L J。 J
JQ J 3 3
2(*+ 1) /• 00 nt , i _ 2
0
sin20 sin306/0 = \ - fy 3(5)
3 ‘ 2
lim —■—j— = 0 by (a) (ii) and
G — 8 / Jo x e~x dx
converges (induction hypothesis)
57
...
r00 ]2(k+1)+lg-x
_工 2
赤 converges. T(n) : F〃(t) = cos [ncos t]
(i) n = 0,
By principle of mathematical induction
Fo(O = i(a° + p°) = 1 = cos[0cos-1r]
f°° x 2n + l e -]2 dx r +.
Jo converges for any non-negative
i.e. T(0) is true
integer n. (ii) n = I,"")=：(必 + 伊)= t
(d) Let In = Cx2n+ie-x2dx. r -1 1

t = COS [ COS t]
J。
i.e. T(l) is true
,〃二 j()入"亳一'*= [- +〃/〃-1 = nIn-l
(iii) Assume T(k), T(k- 1) true for some +ve
integers k
=〃("一 l)/〃_2 = 〃(凡 T)(" —2)/〃_3 = n!/0 (iv) n = k+ 1
「8 2 _] 2 OO ]
Fk+i(t) = 2叫m3)
Iq = xe~x dx - [ —e~x ] = - i.e. converges.
Jq Z02
_1 -1
=2fcos伙cos t] - cos[(fc- l)cos t]
7 1 ,
••• In = 2n! -1
Put \\f = COS t, t = COS\|/
Fk+1(t) = 2cos\|/cos印一 cos(S l)w

9.
=cos w cos 印一 sin w sin 印
a, P real roots of x2 一 2tx + 1 = 0, |z| < 1
=cos(w + *w) = cos[(Z: + l)cos-1z]
Fn(t) = + for n = 0, 1, 2,...
i.e. T(k+ 1) is true.
(a)七+ 3) = *a〃 + i 1) +伊+

By principle of mathematical induction, T(n) true
for all n > 0 .
=i[(an + P/1)(a + p)-aPn-anP] Hence
•= :[a" + 6〃][a + [3] -!(ag)(a〃-1 + pn-1) r兀
An," = J Fw(COS0)Fn(COSe)Je
=*a〃 + &")(2 !(l)(oc〃-】 + &〃 )

。- t
J。
= cosmOcosnO J0
旦+ 3)= 2 涉Q)-旦一i=) J。
Put S(〃): Fn(t) is a polynomial in t, degree n with 1 r兀

=-[cos(m + n)Q + cos(m - n)0]^9
2」0
leading coefficient 2〃 -1 .
_ 1[ sin(?n + .)9 * sin(zn — .)0〕兀
(i) 〃二 1,F](。= *必 + 伊)= t, 2L m+n m-n J0
degree 1, coeff. = 1 = 21-1 = 2° For m^n, Im n = ^[0-0] = 0
(ii) 〃 = 2,
七( 1) = ：(a2 + &2)= i[(a + p)2-2ap] For m = n = 0,
n = \r兀 1 • I』。=[Tt-O] = 7C
=2移一1 , ' Jo
degree 2, coeff. = 2 = 22-1 = 21
For m = 〃 > 0 ,
(iii) Assume S(k) and S(k- 1) are true for some
1 r兀
。，〃 =Ho [COS2M+ 1]如
+veintegers k>2 .
(iv) Fk+\(t) = FtFk(t)-Fk_i(t)
驾[我 sin2展]；+抑*萼
=2®t*+i + ...
i.e. poly in t, degree k + 1 , coeff. = 2(*+1)-1 So,

‘0 if m^n
S(k+1) is true.
「 T^(cosO)七(cosO)HO = <兀迁秫= 〃 = 0
By principle of mathematical induction, S(〃)true
兀w m = n>0
-if
for all integers n > 1 .
58
10. I (b) (i) put x = ^-y,dx = -dy
兀一
t real number 0 < r < 4
I Tt 兀
I x - t )； = 2-t X = 2~l y = t
I 兀
(a)① put x = Tt-y,dx = -dy
J In sinxdx = In sin(§ _ y) (-dy)
x = n y = ^, x = n-2t n y =
2t 2，
「 i r 壹-'
: ="5
r
In sinxdx = 兀 ]n[ sin(兀一,)](_』》)
2 2
K 7t I
「 lnsinydy= f2 In sinxdx I (ii) Assume
i — ―
I r2-r f2
lim In sinxdx = lim In cosxdx = A oo
t •-> 0 J ' t -> 0 J ,
(ii) In sin 01/0

In (a) (iii),
n
• IT — 2t 2A = lim j*'In sin尤女一 gin2
「 In sin 9 <79 + [
In sin 6 JO
ht J7C； J2t 2
2
K Tt 7F
=P In sin +「 In sin0J0 (by (a)(i)) =lim In sinxdxIn 2
—o J t 2
7C =A-^ln2 [as —0]

=2 I*' InsinOt/O
A = *2
put 0 = 2x, dQ - 2dx
x = t=^Q = 2t,x = 壹-」 n 0 = 7t — 2/
/• 7t — 2t -1
And In sin 2 = -In sin 0 <70
ht久
i rk-2?
=； InsinG^G
ZJ2t
n
=G)(2)「insin&。
n
=I 2 In sinxdx
(iii) As In sin2x = ln(2sinxcosx)

=ln2 + In sinx + In cosx ,
therefore
J
[In 2 + Insinx + lncosx]t/%
匹 5
=|2 lnsin2xdx = | 2 In sinxdx (by (a)(ii))
J2t
(In sinx + In cosx)dx
=f In sinxdx - - 2f) ln2

J2t 2
59
5. Higher Derivatives and Applications of Differential Calculus
| EXERCISE 5.1
I y = xe~x = (-l)n(x - n)e~x
1・
I (i) n = 1, = le~x - xe~x = - l)e~x
(a) /(x) = elx , f '(x) = 2e2x , f "(x) = 22e2x
I
Guess = 2ne2x 1 (ii) Assume 裳= (-l)^(x - k)e~x , then for n = k + 1
I dxk
(i) n = 1, f'(x) = 2e2x = 21 - e2x
i = (一 1)*厂，一(—1)*(] 一幻 e-x
(ii) Assume 俨)(x) = 2ke2x for some integers k, I dxk+l
then f(*+i)(x) = = ^2ke2x 1 = (一 1)*+1[入一上一1]厂x
I = (一 1)*+1[]一攸+ I)]。*
=2k . 2e2x = 2k+1e2x
By principle of mathematical induction,
:. By principle of mathematical induction,
1 — = (-l)n(x-n)e-x for n = 1,2, ...
f(n)— 2ne^x. I dxn
I
(b) /(x) = cosx, f \x) = sinx = cos(x + ：), ；5.

口 i ] dy . . d2y 1 1!
I For n = 1 , y = xlnx，芋=1 + In a: , —=-=—
f 〃(对 = cosx = cos(x + 7t) y dx dx2 x x
Guess f(n)x = cos(x +号) 1 The proposition holds for n = 1 .

I
I Assume the proposition holds for n = k .
(i) n = 1 , f，(x) = sinx = cos(x + ；)
For n = k + 1 ,
(ii) Assume f (幻(x) = cos (% + 竽)， then
:小拦京
I M(*+1)+ U
空[我小皓]
=dxk+l dx
y(k+i)(x)= -sin(x + y) = cos(x + y +
I = . [xk + (k+ l)x^ln^]
I dxk+l
= cos(. + (k 二1)兀)
By principle of mathematical induction ,

\ = £rn* +("+
l
妇
/*(")(-) = cos(x +等)Vn = 1,2, ... 1 = (A; + 1) • — (induction hypothesis)

I x
I _ (5)!
I ~
I
y = x3 \nx I By principle of mathematical induction,
I +1 n\
卓 = 3工21以 + 工 3 . J. - 3x2{nx + x2 I n + iy = 女 holds for any positive integer.
ax x
成 y I
―= 6xlnx + 3x + 2x = 6x\nx + 5x
dx2 1 6.
i -i
裳= 61nx + 6 + 5 = 61nx +11 I y = tan x x>0
dx5
S = 6(*)萼，祭=6任)
I (a) (i) 2i=-
= 1+x ■~—
1 + tany
= cos2y
I 2 2
(ii) yff = 2cos〉(一siny)cos y = -cos ysin2y
d〃y = 6(-1)〃-4(S)! = 6(-1)〃(〃-4)!由幺 4
1 (iii) yfff = [2cosysinysin2y — 2cos2ycos2y] cosf
dxn xn~3 xn~3
3
1 = -2cos ycos3y
To rewrite (i), (ii), (iii) for similar pattern
_ 】 1 lr 1 1
> =k =乩 UTE〕； (i) = cosysin(y + §)
dny _ nl (-1)〃 _ nl (-1)〃

I (ii) y〃 = cos2ysin2(y+ 言)
dx^1 ~ 2' (x-l)n + 1 _ 2 ' (x+ l)〃+i
=(_1)〃町 ______
2|_3-1)" + 1 3+1)〃 + 1」
(iii) yfff = 2 cos I sin 3 (y + 三)
60
(b) Guess y(〃)= (〃一 1)! cos〃ysin〃(y + ；) 2 . 1 + cos2x .
(d) y = cos xsmx = ----- - ----- sinx
(i) n = 1 is true by (a) =i[sinx + i(sin3x- sinx)]
(ii) Assume y(*)= (k 一 1)! cossin心 +壹)，then

=|(sin3x + sin%)
,(k + l)=伙侬一 1)! cos"—b(-siny)sin*(y + 壹)
3〃土 (sin“) + 土 (sirix)] , where u

3i
+ k(k - 1)! cos"ycosk(y + ^)] cos2y
1
竺
-
=k! cos** iycos[(* + 1)"对] 4 T) 2 (Example 1.1)
=[侬 + 1) — 1]! cos** bsin(k + l)(y + 壹) y = eaxcosbx
单 =a eax cos bx-b eax sin bx

By principle of mathematical induction, ax
》(")= (〃_ 1)! cos"ysin〃(y + §) true for n = 1, 2,... =eax{a cos bx-b sinZ?x)
=Ja2 + b2eaxcos(bx + tan ?

_1] -11
(c) Put tan 注壹 i.e. q-tan -
n
dny (q2 + b2)^ eax cos [bx + n tan
y(〃) 1 「 T[ dxn
i.e. =(〃一 1)!---------- sin〃兀一tan
x
(1 +X2)2
=(一 —-__ sin"〃tan -1!
1)"T ("一 1)!—
| EXERCISE 5.2
(1+K
y = abx (a) y = x2ex

io
华=b(lna)abx y(10) = £ Cj0(X2)(r)(^)(10-r)
ax
r=0
裳
dx1
=b2(\na)2abx =营次 + i0(2x)e* + C；°(2e*)
性=bn^na)nabx =(x2 + 20x + 90)ex
(b)
dxn
y = x3 sin 2%
(b) y = Jx+ 1 =(尤+ 1)2 ,(4) = 0 + C；(]3)(3)(sin2x)⑴ + C；*)⑵(sin2x)⑵

1
+ C：(%3)⑴(sin2x)⑶ + C，(x3)(o)(sin2x)⑷
3 = 4(3-2 - l)(2cos2x) + 6(6x)(-4sin2x)

d2y =3I”
麻
. 3
成)3+1)
、/
+ 4(3x2)(-8cos2x) + l(x3)(16sin2x)
5
=16[(x3 - 9x)sin2x + (3 - 6x2)cos2x]
S =(!)(：)(号)("i)2
y = (x+ 1)2」尤_ 1
dny _ / n„-i 1 •3•5• • (2〃-3)
dxn ~ k J E
y(3) = O + C；[(l+ 1灼⑵(7^1)⑴
2«(x+ 1) 2
+ C；[("1)2]⑴(序I)⑵
(c) y = sin5xsin2x = i(cos3x- cos7x)
+ 曲(" 1)2](。)(底!)⑶
隼=:[3(-sin3i) - 7(-sin7x)]
_1
=3(2)修(sl)P] + 3[2("l)]
=*3cos(3 尤+ m)— 7cos(7x + ；)]
_5
器= i[9(-sin(3x + ^))-7(-sin(7x + ^))] + l・("l)2[g(sl)P]
=i[32cos(3x + k) - 72cos(7x + tc)] 24(]-1)2-12("1)3-l) + 3(x+1)2

8(s 1户2
g = ：[3〃cos(3、+号)-7〃cos(7_x +号)] 二 3(5事一 I4x+ 13)
一 -8(」_ 1)5/2-
61
(d) y = exVnx \ (b) y = x2ax
y(4)二曲旅⑷⑴对⑼+驾^勺⑶⑴对⑴ ： y(〃)= 0 + 0+ ... +C；(x2)(2)(qX)(〃- 2)
2)(mx)(2)+ c")⑴(皓)⑶
+ "仃)⑴(。时〃一 1)+ Co(X2)(())(^)(n)
+ 时 '
+ Co(^)(O)(lnx)(4) ； ="("*」)2(lnQ)〃 —之次 + 〃(2x)(1hq)“ —
= 次 1!11 + 4e. + 6厌"一兰) + l(x2)(ln<2)nax
=«x(lna)n-2[n(n - 1) + 2nxlna + x2(lna)2]

+ 4e'(2 尤-3) + lex(-6x-4)
=ax a)n ~ 2 [(x In a + n)2 - n]
x(. ,4 6,8 6A *1
:©
y = x3lnx (n > 4)
y(〃) = 0 + 0+...+ C©3)⑶(1")(〃-3)

(e) y = x3ln(2x + 1)
y ⑷=0 + C；(x3)(3)[in(2x+1)]⑴ ； + C；*)⑵(1宜)("-2) * c：*)⑴(in%)(〃-1)
+ C；*)⑵[ln(2x+ 1)]⑵ :
+ Co(x3)(O)(ln%)(n)
I
+ C：(、3)⑴[ln(2x+ 1)]⑶ I 二〃 1)(〃-2)(6)[(-1) 〃一4(〃 — 4)!]
4-Co(^)(O)[ln(2x+l)](4) ；
=*6)(土) + 6(6x)[^^] ；
+ 〃(3x2)[(T/*2)!]
+ 4(3、2)M] + E[击] ；
+ 1(珅[㈠门"一刊
=48(2-+ 1)3— 144x(2++ 1)2+ 192x2(2x+ 1) —96x3
(2x+ 1)4 |
=(-l)w(n-4)! •
=96-3 + 192-2 + 144-+ 48 1
~ (2x+l)4 - n{n - l)(n - 2) - 3n(« - l)(n - 3) -
=48(x+ l)(2-2 + 2x+ 1) I + 3〃(〃 _ 2)(〃 _ 3) _ (〃 - 1)(〃 — 2)(〃 _ 3)
- (2x+ I)4 1 xn~3
I
I =6(-1)〃 (〃-4)!
(f) y = x3cosx 1
I
y(50) = 0 + 0+ ... + ⑶(COSX)(47) I
I (d) y = (Inx)2 (n > 2)
+ C；°*)(2)(c°S“48)+ WV)(D(COSX)(49) ；
如 =f C；(ln"(lnx)d)
+ 宜(引(°)(*"°) :
r=0
=(19600)(6)(sin%) + (1225)(6x)(cosx) =Co(lnx)(O)(lnx)(n) + C^(lnx)(n)(lnx)(0)
+ (50)(3x2)(-sinx) + (l)(x3)(-cosx) ； n-\
+ 2 C；(心)(lnx)(D
=-x3cosx- 150x2sinx + 7350% cosx + 117600 sinx I
r= 1
二 2叫(一1)〃-1气尹]
(a) y = xeax
+
n- 1
£ 如一
l
1广¥][((])〃 _ r _ 1 (〃 - 尸-])!
姬= 0 + 0+...+ C；(x)⑴("却"一 i)
r= 1
+ Co(x)(O)(^x)(n) _ 2(_l)s(〃 — 1)!1耻工〃了(—1)〃《(〃一 —1)!(—1)!
- = + Z
=nan - Xeax + anxeax = an~x eaxâx + n) •= 1
62
(e) > =芸点= (x2+ l)(x+ I)"3
(X + 1 J
i y = xn Inx
W)= 0 + 0+ ... +。；(营+ 1)(2)©+ 1)一3](〃一 2)
i 票=nxn~x In% + ^n(|)=对T(〃lnx+1)
+ Ci(x2+l)(1)[(x+l)-3](n-1)
躬=(乃一 l)x〃-2(〃lnx + 1) + x〃T(?)
+。抨+ 1)(°)[("1)-3](〃)
I = xn-2[(n- l)nlnx + 2n- 1]
-2(3 +〃 —2—1)!；
二丝户⑵ (_X+ 1)3+ 〃-2
:H 会 -(2〃一1)跌 + 心
I
-(-1)S(3+ 〃-1-1)!： I = xn[n(n - l)lnx + 2m - 1] - (2n - l)xn[nlnx + 1]
+ n(2x) 1 + n2xn Inx
(x+ l)3 + "-l I
I = xw[(lnx)(n2 -n- 2n2 + n + n2) + 2n - 1 - 2n + 1] = 0
«1)〃(3+ 〃-1)9 I
+ (x2+ 1) i Hence, taking further pth derivative for both sides,
(X+ 1)3 + 〃
:也扩)偌广+ E⑴儒厂)+ g哗广2)
(x + I)2 -"("项 1)- n{n + 1 )x(x + 1)

；-(2〃—1)]碧(以。蛛)3)+ «(盘 1)(祭)3一1)] + 〃2" = 0
+ (工 2+1)* + 2)(〃+1)
=(―1)nn\ .
~'(-+ 1)〃 + 3- I
'x2y(p + 2) + p(2x)y(P+ 1)+ P* D(2)V(P)
一 (2〃一 l)[xy(P+1)+ p(l)y(P)]+〃2)(〃)= 0

-(X + 1)2(〃2 一〃)一 2(〃2 + 〃)(工2 + X)-
+(X2 + 1)(次 + 3〃 + 2) 1 2^p + 2y . /o 勺 ,1 \ dP+iy
I 尤」---- 7^ + (2〃一 2〃 + 1 ------r
23+ 1)〃 + 3 dxP+2 ' F 7 dxP+1
I + (p2 _ p _ 2〃p + p + 〃2)y(p) = 0

2温一 4心 + 2〃 + 2 + 2/-
(一1)%!
""2(x+ 1)〃 + 3 ! x2£S +(2p - 2〃 + 1 )x韵 + (p - 〃)2 舄=0
(X - ")2 + 〃 + 1 I
(一 1)5!
(X+ 1)〃 + 3 ；5.
1 Iny = n[\n(x- a) + ln(x - Z?)]

I
I 也= _n_ + n
y = [(1 -x)ex] p p: constant I ydx x-a x-b
y' = (—p)[(li[(T)e*] I (x - a)(x - Z?)^ = n(2x -a- b)y

l
= (*)=傍
(x _ a)(x _ + (2x - a — b)% = n(2x - a - b)^ + 2ny
(1 -x)yf - pxy = 0
(x _ Q)(_x —幻冥 _ (〃 _ l)(2x _ q -们戋 _ = 0
Alternative:
Iny = -pln[(l -x)ex]二-p[ln(l -x) + x] And thus differentiate the expression n times.
:(x - a)(x 一 b玲法 + n(2x 一 a 一 b)%A n(n - ')柴
.，• '•亨=-pl^- + 1]
y dx 1 —x
i -(sl)(2so —幻基1).2.穹一2〃窍=0
/ _ px
! dx[+n dxn dxn
y 1 -x
/. (1 -x)yf - pxy - 0 I (x-a)(x-b)^^ + (2x-a 一 b)华一 n(n+ ))n = 0
Taking 〃th derivative for both sides, I

Co(l-x)(O)y(W * 1)+ C；( 1 - %)⑴ J”) 1 6.
i
I y = x2cosx
— pCg)(。)舟一/<(、)⑴舟-1)= 0
I 卓 = 2xcosx - x1 sinx
(1 一 x)y(〃 + 1)一〃 J”)_ p%J”)_ J〃_ 1)= 0 :X_ 2COSX 2 舸x 2,血牛
(i-x)J" + i)_(〃 + px)J”)-〃py'"T)= o I dx2
63
By direct substitution, (ii) Put x = 0 ,
并柴 -4x若+ S + 6)y f(〃 + 2)(o)= -n(n+ l)/n)(0)
If n is even, /(n + 2)(0)

= 2x2cosx - 4x3 sinx - x4cos% - 8x2cosx + 4x3 sin%
=(—1)2〃 (〃+ 1)(〃—1)(〃 —2)f(〃-4)(0)
+ (x2 + 6)x2cosx
=0 + 0 + 0 = 0
Alternative:
〃+2
For x。0 , =(-l)F+l)!f(0)
W = cosx =0
xz
/(n)(0) = 0 if 〃 is even.
胃—蝉+竺= —cosx
XZ X3 X4
If n is odd, /n + 2)(0)
y⑵ _ 4/2 + (6 + 如 _ 0
〃+1
X2 X3 X4
=(-1) 2 (〃 + 1)〃(〃一 1)(〃一2)...2，⑴(0)
*2 君 - 4* 祭 + (*2 + 6)y = 0
〃+1
=(-1) 2 (n+ 1)! - 1
For x = 0 , clearly true. 〃一 1
go) = (-l)^(n-l)!
Differentiate both sides of x2 一 4xg + (x2 + 6)y = 0
n times with respect to x, we get 8.

亍㈡ + 2C# 岩 + - 4x 竺-4C；孚 (a) Differentiate both sides of y(x2 + 1) = ex with respect
dxn + 2 1 dxn+i 2dxn dxn+1 1 dxn to x (〃 + 2) times.
+静+ 6)告+ 2［以次+ 2。2履^ = 0 y(〃 + 2)*+l) + c； + 2y(〃+1)(^2+1)⑴
=x2£S + 2 、(〃-2)^ + C 2 + 〃2 — 5〃 + 6*
x
+ C； + 2y(〃)(x2 + 1)(2) - ex
(1 + x2)y^n + 2)+ 2(〃 + 2)xy^n +1)

c dn~xy z i\d〃-2y
4- 2nx-—
— +〃(〃一 —土 - 0
1) —
dxn~x 勺对-2 + (〃 + 2)(〃 + l)y〃 = ex
When x = 0, Put x = 0 ,
(w2_5„ + 6)g + „(M_l)g^ = 0 y(〃 + 2) + (〃 + 1)(〃 + 2)y(〃)= 1
y(" + 2) = l — ("+l)(" + 2)y(〃)

n(H-2)(W-3)g + n(n-l)g^ = 0
(b) For n = 0 ,
L.H.S. = /°)(0) = 1
(a)小=古 (-1)。sin?
R.H.S. = 0!小疽=1 = L.H.S.
(u — u)!
OR f\x)(l+x2) = 1
The proposition holds for m = 0.
(1 +x2)f'\x) + 2xf\x) = 0
For n = 1 ,
(b) (i) Differentiate (1 + x2)f ,z(x) + 2xf '(-^) = 0
n times with respect to x.
(1 + _2)y(l) + 2xy(。)= ex
(1 +工 2)/(〃 + 2)(对+ C：(1 +x2)(l)f(〃+l)(x)
L.H.S. = y ⑴(0) = e° = 1
+ C；(l + x2)(2)/(n)(x) + 2xf^n + l\x)
(-l)°sin 壹(_1)顷兀
+ 2C；f(〃)(x) = 0 R.H.S.= (1-0)! * (1-1)!
(1 +x2)f(〃 + 2)(x)+2(〃+ 1 )”(〃 + %) =1 = L.H.S.

+ n(n + l)/(n)(x) = 0 The proposition holds for n = 0 and n = 1 .
64
Assume it holds forn = k. 10.
For n = k + 2 , ⑴ /(1-x) = (l-x)m[l-(l-x)]w
并+ 2)(0)= 1 一侬+ 1)侬+ 2)y(幻(0) =(1 - x)mxm = /(x) Vx G R
1—(S1)(S2冶！
k (―l)「sin!(r+1)兀
£ —正去一
⑴)f'(D = Cf(lf)
r=0 广⑴= 土 f(x)=寿(If)
I
k (-l)r + 2sin^(r + 2+ 1)k
I
1 + (S2)!Z 2
伙+ 2 —(r + 2)]!
r=0
k + 2(_i)rsin?(r+ 1)兀 =-广( 1)
1+(S2)!£ 2
r=2
(S2 — 尸)! For n = 1 , the proposition holds.
Assume it holds for n = k .
(-l)Osin? (―1)项房(1 + 1)丸
®2)!e^ + (S2)! For n = k + 1 ,
侬+1)!
* + 2(_i/sin!(r+ 1)兀
2)! £ (k + 2-r)l
N+i)(lr)=
土严（I）
上（T"）⑴
+ 攸 +
r=2
* + 2(_i)rsin?(r+ 1)丸
(S2)!£
r=0
2
侬+ 2 —r)!
（T）*⑷⑴由
By principle of mathematical induction, it holds for
dx 1 1 1 、
any non-negative integer. • • ---------- = ---------- = — = —1 )
-J(l-x) d(lf) -1 )
dx
(b) (i) Note that /(%) is a polynomial with integral

coefficient of degree 2m
莹=~1Xe~X2 = ~2Xy (The least power of x is m.)
If 〃 > 2m ,
华 + 2xy = 0
dx f(〃)(x) = 0 Vxg R
Differentiate both sides (n + 1) times, /(«)(0) = 0
繇+ 2哇舟+ 2(〃+1)张二0 /(n)(0) is divisible by n\
If m<n< 2m ,
f(")(%) is a polynomial of degree 2m - n with

(b) If 曳控成)=完=e~x2f(x) = yf, then
CL Ji Cl JC constant term Cn\ for some constant C
Jn + 1 c
品(T) = 口 + 〃 + 以”〃 :.f(〃)(0) = Cnl
:. is divisible by n\
=y"f + 5 + M''
If 1 <n<m ,
By direct substitution into (a), f(")(x) is a polynomial of degree 2m - n
[/y + 2yfff + yf,z] + 2x[y'f + yff] + 2(n+l )yf = 0 with zero constant term. (•.• The least power
yff/ + (2yf + 2xy)f' + (y〃 + 2xyf + 2(〃 + 1 )y)f = 0 term is xm , ~—xm 主 0 for w < m )
dxn
yfz，+ y7' + (- 2xyf -2y + 2xy' + 2(n + l)y)f = 0
:._/(")(0) = 0 (all terms contain powers of )
(y + 2xy = 0 )
f(〃)(0) is divisible by n\
yf〃 + y'f' + 2相=o
e-x2f - _ 2xe~x2fz + 2ne~x2f = 0 (ii) By (a), _/(")(Ir) = (-l)V(n)W
g_2xg + 2n/ = 0 处 )(0) = (-l)V^(D
/*(")( 1) is also an integer divisible by n\
65
11. I (c) /(x) = tan-1% => f z(x) = ] ： 2〉。6 R+
(a) g(x) = f(x)ebx
/(x) = tan-1x is strictly increasing on R+ .
g(〃)(x)= 2 (；)"3)(*时〃一‘)
i
r=0
； 2.
1 (a) /(x) = x-ex => f '(-X)= 1 -ex<0 Vx g [0, +°o)
I
i f，(x) = 0 when x = 0 only
f(x) = x-ex is strictly decreasing on [0,+8).

(b) f(x) = eax
i (Corollary 4.4)
i
I 2
i (b) f(x) = cotxnf'(x) = -esc x < 0 Vx g (0,兀)
n 咛〃)=广相 f (：)/时 /. /(x) = cot尤 is strictly decreasing on (0,兀).

i
_r = 0 i (c) fM = 土
n (a + by =成 C)/"
； =E =亩锋" Sc[0,+8)
r=0
i
I f'(x) = 0 when x = 0 only.
12.
I i
Given (x2 + l)y^2^ + xy(1)-m2y = 0 I /. /(x) = —- is strictly decreasing on [0,+8).
Differentiate both sides n times,
(]2 + 1) y(〃 + 2)+ 〃(2Qy(〃 + 1)+ ； 3.

I /(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 9x + 16
(n + 1) (n) 2 (〃) 八 J、'
+ xy + ny -my =0 I , n o
' ■ ' i 广⑴= 3工2一12% + 9 = 3(入2一4"3) = 3(尤-3)(工-1)
(『+ l)y(〃 + 2)+ (2〃 + l)xy("+1)+ (〃2_秫2)、(〃)= 0 I
I
(m+1) (m+1) | X X< 1 1 1 <X< 3 3 X>3
Put n = m in the identity, put g = j = y I
z 9 — (m + 2) M — (2初+1) 八 I f，(X) + 0 一 0 +
(x2 + l)y + (2m + l)xy = 0 . I I I I
J"I = g，(x) _ (2m + l)x
jm+l) g(l) J2 + 1 f(x) is strictly increasing on (- 8, 1 ] or [3, +°o) and is
strictly decreasing on [1,3].
And by integrating both sides of identity
4.
JS> =「岩电
fM = x|x|
ln|g(x)| = -(2m + l)^ln|x2 + 1| + C，
For x > 0 , f(x) = x2 => f = 2x>0
2m+1
g(x)= 0(左+1)一一 = —
For x = 0, /'(x) = lim * 二g = 0
(并+ 1) 2
ff (x) = lim = 0
io-
For x < 0 , f(x) = -x2

I EXERCISE 5.3 f\x) = 2尤 >0
一
i.e. /(x) is strictly increasing on R.
(a) /(x) = ex f \x) = ex >0 Vx g R

/(x) = ex is strictly increasing on R. I For x > 0 , consider
I
； f(x) = taiT\x_ (尤一旨)
(b) f(x)=盅=广3) = ：>0 Vxg R+
/(x) = Inx is strictly increasing on R+ . /(0) = 0-(0-0) = 0
66
E =古-心=吕+、 2 =叶 1*]
\ Consider /(0) = (1 一？)cos0 + 0 sinO
=-^>0
1 +X2
I f '(0) = -Ocos。+ "1 一 (一 sin。) + sin。+ Ocos。
i.e. /(x) strictly increasing for x > 0
(•.• {x:/,« = 0} = {0}) I 02
_1 r3
I = — sin0 > 0 for 0 < 0 < 7t
/(x) >/(0) => tan x>x~ — I
I So, /(0) is strictly increasing as 0 g (0,兀).
( x3 X5A _1 I
Consider g(x) = I x - y + y I - tan x
:8.
g(0) = 0 + 0 + 0-0 = 0 Consider f(x) = e~x - 1 + x
I /(0) = e° - 1 + 0 = 0
I
I f\x) = -e~x+l
\ 广 (x)20 V%>0
i.e. g(x) strictly increasing for x > 0 ；f\x)<0 Vx<0
(•.• {x：g©) = 0} = {0})

/(x) is increasing for x > 0 ,
v-3 y5 __1
g(x)>g(0) x-y + y>tan X i /«>/(0) V^>0
e~x-l+x>0 Vx>0
I
7C I /(x) is decreasing for x < 0 ,
(a) Consider /(x) = sinx + tanx - 2x for x e [0,-)
；/«>/(0) Vx<0
2
f \x) = cosx + sec x-2 I e~x-l+x>0 V^<0
3 1 c 2
I
_ cos x + I - 2 cos x i i.e. e~x-l + x>0 Vx e R.
_ 2 I
COS X
2 :9-
_ (cosx - 1)(cos x- cosx - 1)
_ 2 ' \eX~1 for 号 0
COS X
_ (cosx- l)[cosx(cosx-1)-1] 〔 1 for x = 0

_ 2
COS X
:For 岸 0,广⑴=球、-*-1)=
> o Vxg (0, 9
I
(•.• 0 < COSX < 1 Vx G (0, )
I with g(x)二 xex -ex + 1 , g(0)二 0-1 + 1 = 0
7C I g，(尤)=ex + xex - ex = xex

/. /(x) is strictly decreasing on [0,-)
；For x> 0, g\x) > 0, g(x) >g(0) = 0
(f '(x) = 0 when x = 0 only for x in [0,直))
I For x V 0, g'(x) V 0 , g(x) 2 g(0) = 0 , g(x) monotonic.
f⑴ >f(0) So, g(x) > 0 for all x,
sin% + tanx > 2x 1 f '(x) > 0 for all x except x = 0 .

I
1 While lim 竺三= lim ? = e。= 1
(b) Consider f(x) = (1 + x)ln(l + x) - tan-1% I x—0 X xtO 1
f'(x) = 1 + ln(] +.) = + ln(l +x)>0 i.e. /(x) is continuous at x = 1 , i.e. continuous.
1 +XZ 1 + X2
I Hence /(%) is monotonic increasing for all real x.
for x > 0 I
i.e. /(x) is strictly increasing for % > 0 ；10.

with /(0) = lnl-0 = 0-0 = 0 (a) Consider /(x) = 1 - a - (xa - ax)
So, /(x)>/(0) = 0 i f'O) = -axa-1 + a 二 a(l-xaT)
_1
i.e. (1 + x)ln(l + x) > tan x i If x > 1 ,
. -1 0<a< 1 ,
ln(l+x)> 尝亍 for x > 0 (•.• 1 +x>0)
i 0 < xa -1 < 1
67
广 (x) = a(l-xa-1)>0 (b) 勺 2 0 for i = 1,2, n
f(x) = 1 - a - (xa - ax) is increasing on q <。] +。 2+ for i = 1,2,...,〃
[1, +°°) . /(«•) < + a2+ ... + tzn) for i = 1,2, ...,n by (a)
/(x) >/(l)^l-a>x 以一 ax for x > 1 a： a} + a? + ... + an 万 -
If 0 < x < 1 ,
nrS+Q]+Q2+...+a〃版，=1,2,
0<a< 1 ,
y
n n
y 。
U] + 2 +・・・+
xa~i>l J 1 + a： — 1 + a】+ 心 + .•• +

=1 z=l
f\x) = oc(l—尤以一1)<0 。]+。2 +・.・+
f(x) = 1 - a - (xa - ax) is decreasing on

1 +。] +印+・・・+
n--------------------------
(0,1].
1 Cl i CIq 。
Q] + 2 +..・+
〃|_1 + 灼
——+ ... +
+—
1 + a2 1 。
+ Q] + 2 + …+ %
/(^) > /(I) => 1 - a > xa- ax for 0 < x < 1
i.e. 1 - a > xa - ax Vx > 0
| EXERCISE 5.4
(b) From xa - ax < 1 - a
Putting jc = I，a = p and p + q = 1 1.

= 2x , = 2(1 +.2)—2x(2x) = 2(1-繇)
(•.• p,q>0 0 vp, q v 1 ) (a) ' 1+Q ' (1 + X2)2 (1 + X2)2
〃 _ (-4x)( 1 + X2)2 - 2( 1 -X2)[4x( 1 + x2)]

)= (17^)4
aPbqi - pab~x < q For y' = Q i.e. 1 - x2 = 0, x = ±1
aPbq <qb + pa A…1, "J2(0)(4x2)

-1 <0
(2)4
At …1, >〃 _ 4(2)2+ 2(0)( 企 2) 1 >0
(2)4
fM =孚 W(x) 二 § — = ^(1-lnx) x = -1, ymin = -1

So,
X = 1，*iax = 1
Let g(x) = \nx , g\x) = i > 0 Vx > 0
1 _2
(b) y = x[x—\, y' = (x-l)3 + ^(x-l) 3
g(x) = Inx is strictly increasing function for x > 0
_2 _2 _5
Inx > Ine = 1 Vx > e
y〃 = ：("1)宥+ ：(sl)宥 _刑(—1)乙
广 (x)《0 Vx > e
For y' = 0 i.e. (x - 1)= -普 i.e. x = |
/(x) is strictly decreasing on [e, 4-°°)
(,.• f，(x) = 0 when x = e only, Corollary 4.1)
and r = |fe]>0
For b> a>e,
_(")d
InZ? In
—j— < —
。 [ i
b a
alnb < blna i.e. At x = I，ymin = |(|- 1) = ：(土 ==难
lnba < \nab => ab > ba

2
(•/ g(x) = Inx is increasing) (c) y = 3(x-4)3 — 2
_1 _4
12. y，= 23 — 4) 3,》〃 =-?(x-4) 3
(a) f(、)= £=i一上

Set y' = 0 i.e. (not found)
国)=击>° 3。 for jc 2 4, y' > 0 , for x v 4, y' v 0
y attains minimum at x = 4 .
2
/(x) = - is strictly increasing for x > 0 .
Ymin = 3(0)3-2 = -2
68
1 2 =(IM
(d) y = (2x - af (x - af (g)
x
1 _1 _2 2 引 2(!)心-(lnx)2(l) _ 21ns(lnx)2
y，= ；(2x-q)'(x-q) + ^(2x-a) _
X2
2 2x - a + x - a _ 2 3x - 2a x2[|-|Inx] - [21nx-(Inx)2](2x)
312 =3
-（工一。）3（2工一。）§- -（尤一。）
1
3（2工一。）3-
2
V
Set = 0, x = y For y' = 0 i.e. 21nx = (lnx)2
Inx = 0 x = 1
a a , ,2a or 2 = Inx i.e. x = e2

X X = 2 2<X<T
=l(2-0)-(0-0)(2)>()
So, at x 1, y
/
+ undefined +
2a
At x = e2, y 帽一护 13）＜0
^<x<a
X x = a x> a
x=T
i.e. At x = tymin
y
/ 0 一 undefined + T=0
zn \2
(Notethat x-a<0 for %< ^ ) At X 二矣 >max = = 4厂 2
... . . 2a
y attains maximum at x = —
(h) y = ex sinx
minimum at x = a yf = exsinx + excosx = gX(sinx + cosx)

>max = I 3 =学)， ymin = 0(尤=。) y,f = "sinx + e* cos x + "cos x —exsinx = 2excosx
For y' = 0 i.e. sin% 二 -cosx, tanx = -1

(e) y _ 3--)(：-工)_ -人 2 +(— + 幻工一沥 x = 2〃兀一堂or 2〃兀+ ：兀，
,a + b ab where 〃 = 0, ±1, ±2,...

=一 1----------- T
X X2
While at x = 2〃兀一堂，y〃>0, ymin =号/〃兀 4 .
f a+b 2ab lab - (tz + b)x
y = 咨=-------------
at x = 2〃兀 +哥， y〃v0, ymax =季；〃兀+ 〒
Set y' = 0 , we get % = (b > a > 0)
n lab lab 、 lab ① y = tan-1% - ^ln(l + x2)

X x<0 x = 0 0 v 尤 < —r x = ----- t x >------
a+b a+b a+b
1 X = 1—X
y =
/ - undefined + 0 - 1 + X2 1 +x2 1 + X2
(l+x2)(l) — (lf)(2x) x2 — 2x-1
y (1 + X2)2 (1 + X2)2
y attains maximum at x = and no
y a+b
For y =0 i.e. 1 - x = 0, x = 1
minimum.
(Note that y is undefined at x = 0 .) While y‘ =
(l + l)2
<o
=(b-ay =¥-加
/ max 4ab i.e. at 尤 =hVmax
(f) y = xe~x 、
(j) y = IM (x-4)
y' = e~x - xe~x = e~x(l - x)
,=J[心-4)]，= 2x-4 x > 0,
y〃 = (-l)e-x- (1 -x)e~x = e~x[x-2] y _ [[-x(x-^Y = -2%+ 4
x < 0.
For >' = 0 , i.e. l-x = 0,x=l
While y〃 = e-1(l-2)<0 2 x>0

y' ,and y —- 0 —= 2 .
So, X = 1, 'max = e~X • -2 x<0
69
At X = 2, Vmin = 2(2 - 4) = 一 4 n
I \ aKk,
When x = R- J
/+(0) = lim 业兰= -4
I k= 1
x — 0+ X
I 〃
)/_(0) = lim — 4)= 4 1 f，(x) = X 2(]— %)
xt(t x 1 k= 1
I
y is not differentiable at x = 0 . I n ]
I = 2 £ [另(。1 +。 2+ ... +。〃)-喝= 0
I k= 1
X x<0 0<x<2 1 Hence result follows,
i
/
+ I
-
i 4・
/(x) = ax^ + bx2 + cx + d
y attains maximum at x = 0 .
1 f \x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
Vmax ~ 0
l f "(x) = 6ax + 2b
I For stationary value of f ©), f 〃⑴=0, x =

I
/(x) = 2*尤3 + 3(1 一 2幻尤2 一 12、+ i
I For stationary value of /(x), f\x) = 0 , same x value
k is non-zero constant.
I i.e. 3。(祟『 + 2Z?(弟)+ c = 0
I 3a 3q
(a) 广 (x) = 6 奴2 + 6(1-2k) x - 12
孵 + 3 贝-幻+ (3q)c = 0
=6[kx2 + (1 - 2k)x-2] = 6(kx + l)(x- 2)
i 2b2 = 3ac
For stationary values, f，(x) = 0
-1 c
+B
i.e. x = — or 2.
£ B
y / - + -X
2
(b) If 1 is a stationary value, i.e. 1 = /(-i)
Dn
y 3A
4
X -
4
+3(1 -2幻(『)一 12(£) + 1 = 1
一 2k+ 3灯 1 一 2幻 + 12砂=0 1 (4, 12) will be stationary point, i.e. x =

i 3 = 12
k = 0 or-2 + 3-6k+ 12k = 0 i.e. k = -\ i
6
1 12 潺+ 28
'So, \ A = 12,B = 3 •
Or, 1 = /(2) so that
i 。二差+ §
2机 8) + 3(1-2幻(4)一12(2)+1 = 1
I
16k + 12-24k-24 = 0 I And, = 0 => x = 4 only yff —号
k = ~l I .
I ie >min - 12
I
(c) At k = f\x) = (6-x)(x-2)

； 6.
\ /(x) = 9(4 - 3x2)(fl - i -x) a>0
f”(x) = (6-x)-(x-2) = 8-2x
I
/7-J) = 36)= 8-12 = -4<0 1 f，(x) = 9(-6jc)(q-i-x)-9(4-3x2)
I a
i.e. /(-^) = 1 is a maximum value. i = 9[9x2-6(a- i)x-4]
I
； f〃(x) = 9[18尤一6(。一!)]
3.
n
fM = £ (x-%)2 i For f'(x) = 0 , 9x2 - 6(« - -)x - 4 = 0
I a
k= 1 I i 2 i ?
n n [—6(。--)] -4x9x (-4) = 36[(q --) + 4]
1 a a
f，(x) = Z 2(x-(2k), f"(x) = Z 2 = 2〃>o
I f，(x) = 0 has two distinct real roots p, q (p > q).
k= 1 k= 1
70
f '(x) = 9(x - p)(x - q) = 9x2-6(<2-^)^-4 = 0 => x = 4x3 => x =。, 土!
X x<q x = q q<x p -i < i v - ： ~^<x<0 0c<! :<x< 1

X
f©) + 0 - 0 +
+ - + -
/. (p, f(p)) is a minimum point and (^, /(^)) is a i

maximum point. Therefore,
Note that p, q are roots of f '(x) = 0 , we get I
I greatest at x
p+q = ... (1) I
□ a |
\ x = 0, y = 1
minimum at < i.e. y = 0 is the least value
PQ = . . . (2) i [x = l,y = 0
f(0)-f(P) l
(b) y = |x2-3x + 2| [-10, 10]
=9[(4 —3q2)(Q_「q)_(4_3p2)(Q_； —p)] I
x2-3x + 2 = (x- l)(x-2)
=9[(4 —3q2)G(p + q) — q) — (4 — 3p2)G3 + q) — p)] ； Hence we have
(from ⑴)； x2-3x + 2 -10<x<l
二 ?[(4 —3q2)(3p + q)_(4 —3〃2)(p + 3q)] ； y = -(x2 -3x + 2) 1 <x<2

x2 -3x + 2 2 < % < 10
=?[4(3p + 0-p-30)+ 3(p23 + 3q)_q2(3p + q))] ,
and
=:[8(p*) + 3(p3 — q3 + 3pq(p — q))] ' 2x-3 -10 <x<l

》'=〈- 2尤 + 3 1 <x<2 = = 3
=9(P「Q)[8 + 3(p2 + + q2)] i
2x- 3 2 < % < 10
=^^[8 + 3((p + 0)2 + 2pq)] ； yf is undefined when x = 1, 2

l y = 0 for x = 1 or 2
=18pq + 3((p + q)2 + 2pq)] (from (2)) I
y = |扣-!)| = | when* =:
97 |
=万 (P-0)((P + 0)2-4pq) I
y = 132 at % = -10
=号 (p — q)， ! y = 72 at x = +10
greatest 132, least 0
i------- ------------- I
p-q = "(p + q)2 —4pq |
=- ?)+?=知 + !)J，">。) ： (c) y = x2 - 4x + 6 [-3, 10]
yf - lx - 4, yf, = 2 > 0
i 3 I
••• f(p)-f(0)= 4(E) I Set y' = 0 , i.e. x = 2 for minimum value
I y = 4-8 + 6 = 2
I
I and greatest at ends
I EXERCISE 5.5 ；
i
y = 9+12 + 6 = 27
y = 100 -40 + 6 = 66 at x = 10
at x = -3 and
1. __________ : So, greatest 66, least 2
(a) y = 7(1 -^2)(1 +2x2) on [-1, 1] ；

(d) y = 2、[-1,5]
When x = ±1 , y = 0 I
monotonic increasing function as
=(-2x)(l+2、2)+ 4x(lr2) ；
y' = 2xln2 > 0
27(1 -x2)(l +2x2) I
at end, greatest = 25 = 32
x-4x3
=—I
least = 2-1 = 0.5
J(1 _.2)(] + 2」2) I
71
5.
(a) f(x) = x~eex n f '(x) = -ex~e~lex + x~eex (a) g(x) = xlnx 一尤 + 1 n g'(x) = 1 4- Inx - 1 = Inx
=x~e-1ex(- e + x) g (尤)=0 => x = 1
f '(x) = 0 => x = e , f z(x) > 0 for x > e ; g”(x) = ( > 0 Vjc > 0
f '(x) < 0 for 0 < % < e

/. g(x) attains its least value at x = 1 .
f(e) = e~e • ee = 1
The least value is g(l) = 1 In 1 - 1 + 1 = 0 .
Least value of /(x) is 1.
(b) By (a), g(x) > g(l) Vx> 0 and x^l
(b) /(%) attains global minimum at x = e (x > 0) => Inx > * x 1 . . . (*)
.・.M)>/(e) VX>0
1 X
1 => V
hM = (l + i)
疽*〉
lnh(x) = xln(l + ：)
3.
h\x) i , 1、 x2
(a) /(x) = xk-kx + k-l hM = ln(1+；) + m^J
=> f，(x) = kxk~x - k = k(xk~1 - 1) h\x) ] 1、 1

W = m(l+>商
厂(x) = 0 = x = 1
ff\x) = k(k-l)xS2 = 0 Vx > 0 , 0 < ^ < 1 For x > 0 , h(x) > 0
By (*), we have
... /(x) attains greatest value at x = 1 .
ln(l+•xl)>^L_
11 +-— 1
—I
= x+1
-J- 1
The greatest value of /(x) is 0. X

h\x) > 0
(b) a,b>0 1 x
/. /z(x) = (1 + -) is strictly increasing.
脆
b
R+
k /(X)= ^XP 4- i - X => / '(X)= XP~1 -1
/(|)</(1) n (；) -k(p + k-l<0
n akbx~k - ka + kb - b <0 f 〃(对=(p- l)]P-2
f'(X)= 0 = X = 1
=> akbx~k < ka + (1 - k)b
p, q> 0 s.t. ■!- + - = 1
4. p q
p,q>l
If 0 < x < 1 and p> 1 , then
/. f “(x) > 0 Vx > 0
let /(x) = xp + (1 -x)P
f(x) attains absolute minimum at x = 1 .
了'(x) = pxP-l-p(l-x)P~l
Vx>0
3) = p(p—l)V-2 + p3—1)(1—i)p-2> 。
-xP + -- x>- + -- l = 0
p q p q
For minimum value,
广3) = 0, xP~x = (l-x)P~i,x =: :.-xP + ->x
p q
The equality holds if and only if x = 1 .
Unique minimum at x = and no maximum value
i.e. greatest value at ends x = 0, 1

I (a) Let /(x) = ex~l - x = f，(x) = ex -1 - 1
So, /(i)</(x)</(l) = /(0) = 1
； f z(x) = 0 => ex~x - 1 = x = 1
(扩+ (扩 W + (lr)P£l f〃⑴=e"i>0 Vx
2 I /. /(x) attains its least value at x = 1 .

^<xP + (l-x)P<l
； f(x)2f(l) Vx
我 5 + (l—gl l => ex~x -x>e°-l

l
I = ex~i>x
72
(b) Let x = % , i = 1, 2, ...,〃， by (a), we have ?>1
A 5
ai i By (b) (ii), G(*)2G(1)

厂 i
e 2 j , i = 1, 2, ...,n
a；。]+。2 + ・・• + q +。2 + ,• • + Qj

n _1 n
n n
i= 1 i= 1 Q] +。2 +・・・+% Z] + a2 + ... + an

=> >
▽ ai n n
AA
ei = l >- => g(5)>g(r)
An
G n
en~n>q)
A>G EXERCISE 5.6
/(X)= (1 + X)k- 1 -kx , f '(X)= k(l + X)^- 1 - k Let equation of base: y = k

f'(x) = 0 n (1 + x)k~1 = 1 => x = 0 I Area of triangle ABC
I 1
f〃(x)=招-1)(1+可-2>o Vx>-1 I A =扑-幻 (AC)
I
f(x) attains absolute minimum at x = 0 . I where AC = 2xc and
Vx>-1
b2x^ + a2k2 = a2b2
/W>/(0) = 0 Vx>-1
孔= lJb2-k2
n
a{+ a2+ ... + an
(b) ①
g(l) 一 n £ %. = 〃g(l) I ________ 3 1
n
i= 1 1 A = (b-k)^Jb2-k2 =壮—幻2仙 + 幻之
n 2% 1 1 3 _1
=---- n dA = 第一条k w（b+必+抄—k）\b+幻—q
g⑴
=i dk —
n-n = 0 3 1
a (b-k)2-3(b-k)2(b + k)
b 1
(ii) a ■ > 0 , i = 1,2,...,〃 2(Z?+幻之
1 >-l
g(l) 一
a
b
（宫）*顶一 4幻
亨扁E）
(1 +yiY-l-yit>0 by (a)
i.e. — --------
[g( i)r 1 - y.r
” > 0
I
i
dÂ
~di? (b +幻2
01
n
④ -〃 T £ 乂 20 b(b + 2k) Ib + k
b+k (。+幻2 &b-k
I= 1 i= 1
容燃- by(b)① 於一 °
For b = k or b = —2k
[g ⑴]'
g(r)2g(l) Vr>l 1 b
k = b or k = ~2
(iii) Consider the positive numbers, While at * = n a=o

r r r
"1 , “2，• • ,，
and the function
j -b
k f
斜。 —b
1 So, Amax will be reached when equation of base is = y .
< rt , rt , , rt、7
fl I +。2 + …+)
G(r)= for r > 0
n
73
For 嘤= 0 n ? = 1 n 0 = 2兀
Let height of T = h av 271
Area of T = ^h(AB) = h(OB) or 6兀0 + 2兀2 - 0
302- 12710+ 4ti2 = 0

OB =
i sm0
where < n 12k ± 7144k2-48k2 . 2 r-.
6 = ----------- 2(3)----------- =(2±g
h = OB tan 0 = —^7-
、 cos 9
=(2-^76)tc or (2 + ：7^)兀(rejected)
Area = A =品)(晶=荔
[since 0 = (2 + ；化)兀 >2兀]

刍= 2r2[(-2)(sin20)-2]cos2e =二 4 尸2笋0
sin220
For 0 = 0 or 4兀，备 is undefined.
册A _ _4 2「-2sin28(sin222) - cos20(4cos20sin2H)~|
dN \_ sin420 」
While 9 = 2k, V = 0 by substitution

_ 8广2「sin 20 + 2cos 2。~| 0 = 0, V = 0 by substitution
L sin320 」
0 = (2 - â/6)k , V > 0 by substitution

For 祭= 0 i.e. cos 20 = 0
0 = 4k > 2tc ... it is invalid.
So sin20 = 71 - cos220 = 1
dV = R3 o 「3—2—12兀0 + 4 兀2]
如- 6 2丸)|_ 2以4昶—。2 J
(•.• 0 < 0 < 90° , otherwise sum of Zs of AABC > 180° )
・
E
dÂ
再
q Orl+On
=80亍]>0
n
r3 q [0- (2 + â/6)ti][0-(2-^V6)k]
2 2 2丸 2tc74tc0 - 02
Thus for area (min), cos 20 = 0 = 2 cos 0 - 1 ,
for 0 < 0 < (2 - ?76)7T
亨 >0
(For 0 = 0° or 90° ,
AABC both cases are invalid.)

is undefined, but for an isosceles
务＞。
For (2 - ^76)k < 0 < 2tc
Let 0 be the angle required.

V = capacity of cone, r = base radius of the cone
V attains maximum at 0 = (2— :幅)兀.
V = i(7tr2)/z
I
where 2兀,=2兀7?(气尹)i.e. r =矶 1一&)
and h2 + r2 = R2 or h = Jr2 - r2 Let h: required height

R: base radius of the cone
h = rJFW V: volume of cone
V = #71 人 2)/l
s。, V =扣 2(i_&)2r =与 (1 一打面 0*
where Ja2 - R2 + a = h
器气(河一 (焉裁
R2 = - (/z - a)2 + a2
= ¥(」&)[ -(4tt0-02) + 71(1-#)(4 丸-20)^1 i.e. V = ^-h2 + 2ha)h = ^2h2a-h3)

271 2
兀 ”4兀。一。2
麝= *3人2 + 4曲)
■27C2 + |02-67c9-
d2V 兀/ q ,刀、
诙= §(- 6/1 + 4。)
jc74k0-62
74
At — = 0 => -3/z2 + 4ha = 0
Volume of cone = ^(7ir2)/z = V
h = 0 or h =
where r2 = S2 - h2
*. j 兀。、nn d2V 4 7 4。d2V 一 4兀’八
用”=°，涂=丁>° h=r^ = ~a<()
i.e. V = |(52-/z2)/? = |(S2/i-/z3)
4q
So, for local absolute maximum V, h = —
s=
d2V兀/ 八
Equation of L: 旅七(一 6心。
j+* = 1 (p,q are x, y -intercept of L) A•如八• 1 S 只成七八

At瓦=。牌11 =玉and旅<0
by substitution, = 1
s
So, for max. V, h =—
Area of triangle, A = ^pq
A =加龄)= Pi
i[p-a 弗+ Q+ 8.
(a) For any real numbers a, b ，广
dA _ a1 ~|
也「] _
dp 兀(p-o)2_|
<=> a2 + b2- lab > 0

d2A
=b =a2 + b2 + 2ab - 4ab > 0
dp2
dA n 1 q2 0 (a + b)2 > 4ab i.e. (^-^)2 > ab

—=0 i.e. 1
dp (P-q)2
(p - a)2 = a2 i.e. p = 2a or p = 0 The equality holds if and only if a-b = 0 .
Atp = 0号" i.e. a = b

< 0 but A = 0
•瑟.
A顷= 2q,眷1囹>0 (b) Area of Triangle = c sin A
A attains min
=constant
While p = 2a, q =竺/ = 2b
r " 2a-a " _ 2 x Area of Triangle
sin A
dA
When P ="'矛 is undefined but q = 0 A = 0 =constant
i.e. Equation is 会 + 赤 = 1 /j + L 2
From (a), be < (^~) with equality if and only if
or bx + ay - lab = 0 b = c
i.e. b + c while reaching its minimum is equivalent
6.
while equality holds.
Let (q, b) on curve x2 = 2y i.e. equivalent to % = c”
i.e. a2 = 2b and
So (i) AB = AC % = c" and
L = distance from (a, b) to (4, 1)
(ii) AB + AC % + c" is minimum
L2 = (q —4)2 + (。—1)2 =愆一4)2 + "§一 1]
are equivalent.
2 璟=2(。一4) + 2书-1) =。3一8 And by cosine rule,

a2 = b2 + c2- 2bccosA with be = k
2乙刍+ 2（粉次 = g + c2_2&sA
b =-
c
For 器= 0 i.e. = 0,a = 2 衅= * + 2c
de c5
While 2乙褒+ 2(0) = 3(2)2 i>e> 驱 >0
僧 =6侑) + 2>0
da1 da1
For minimum L, a = 2, b = 2 i.e. (2, 2).
75
For minimum value of q, i.e. minimum of a2 (d) y = e~x2, yf — -2xe~x2
”("2)- 0 i.e. c4 二 k2, c2 = k y〃 = - 2e~x2 + 4x2e~x2 = 2e-x\2x2 - 1)

For convexity,
and b -=c i.e. b = c y〃2 0 , 2x2- 1 > 0 , x> J： or x<-
c c
So, (i) AB = AC "b = c" and

i.e. conve +8 or
(iii) BC is minimum
are equivalent.
For concavity, y〃V0, 2x2 - l<0, - J^<x< J：
Therefore (i), (ii), (iii) are equivalent statements.
i.e. concave 的］
EXERCISE 5.7
yff changes sign as x increases through ± -
_i.
y = 3x2 - x3 , y' = 6x - 3x2 , y〃 = 6-6x are points of inflexion.
For convexity, y,r > 0 i.e. l>x i.e. (一 8, 1 ]
+ 8)
For concavity, yff i.e. 1 <x i.e. [1,
y = 71 +x2 , W
As y〃 changes sign as x increases through 1, TTP
(1, 2) is a point of inflexion. Jl+x2-x
_____________ —J—>o
y
(1 + X2) (1 + x2)3/2
_ a3 / _ q3(o _ 2x) _ -2x—3
(b) ' a2 + x2 ' (cz2 + x2)2 (a2 + x2)2 i.e. Strictly convex on (—8, 4-00)
No point of inflexion
〃 _ -2a3[(a2 + x2)2-x(4x)(a2 + x2)]
y 一 (次 + *)4
(f)
-2q3(q2 3^2)
兀
(a2 + x2)3
—Q
For convexity, y〃2 0, a2 < 3x2, x> or
i.e. on or
For concavity, y" <0 , a2 > 3x2 => 芳

<X 0)
yf = sin(lnx) + x(^)cos(lnx) = sin(lnx) + cos(lnx)
As changes sign as % increases through 土号
y〃 = Jcos(lnx)-hin(lnx) -
are points of inflexion. x
For convexity, y〃 > 0 cos (Inx) > sin(Inx)

5 2 1 tan(lnx) < 1 i.e. tan(lnx) could be -ve .
.3 , .53 〃 10 ~3
y = x+x , y =1+衬，y = -^x
〃兀一壹 v Inx < — + = 0, ±1, ±2,...
For convexity, y" 2。，x 3 > 0 on (0, +8) / (〃_：)丸(〃 + ；)兀]
convex on e ,e
but region of convexity = [0, +8)
_i
For concavity, yff < 0
For concavity, yu <0 , x 3 < 0 on (一 8, 0)
nn + ^< \nx <nn + ^, n = 0, ±1, ±2,...
but region of concavity = (一 8, 0]
「(n + |)7T (〃 + ：)兀、
changes sign as x increases through O.
concave on e ,e
(0, 0) is a point of inflexion.
76
〃 (" + ：)兀 Eliminating a, we get
y〃 changes sign as % increases through e I (F)2 _ 厂 3 _ -2
1 丁一干一亍
(E)兀
I 2e
and e .
I 3
I The equation of locus: y = --x2 .
I
I
i 3.
are points of inflexion, n = 0, ±1, ±2,... 1 i i
| 2 ~2
I y = Ax + Bx
(g) y = y (尤 >0) I 1 3 3 5
I , A ~2 B ~2 „ -A _2 3B _2
yf = xx(l + Inx) ；y ~2*X ，》二 Tx
y〃 = %x( 1 + Inx)2 + x2 • | For point of inflexion = 0

I at point (4, 6) i.e. x = 4 such that
=xx[(l + In%)2 + > 0 Vx > 0 1 3 _5
I -4 3/? 2
i f(4) + 号 (4) =0n-4A + 36 = 0
/. y is strictly convex on (0, +©o).
I
No point of inflexion on (0, +8). i 1 _1
i by subst. A(4)2 + B(4) 2 = 6=>4A + B = 12
(h) v = |lnx| So, 48 = 0 + 12 = 12
For x>l,y = Inx I B = 3
I 9
For 0 < x < 1 , y = -Inx i A 4 (12-3) -
1 and A = -~~-~- 4
l 4
For x>l,yff = <0
For 0 < x < 1 , y" = i > 0 :4.

X2
I )= Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx
convex on (0, 1 ] , concave on [1, +8). I
I yf = 3 Ax2 + 2Bx + C
y,f changes sign as x increases through 1.
y" = 6Ax + IB
/. (1, 0) is a point of inflexion.
By substitution point (1,；)
i
i g = A+B+ C .......... (1)
y = x2\n(ax) (a > 0)
yf = 2_xln(ox) + 工2汆 = 2xln(«x) + x I 1-1 = 3A + 2B + C .......... (2)

<0 = 6A + 2B .......... (3)
y〃 = 21n(Qi) + 2x(东)+ 1 = 21n(ox) + 3 :(2) - (1), we get -y = 2A + B ............(4)
For point of inflexion, yff - 0 I

[(3) - 2(4), we get j = 2A i.e. A = y
(yH exists Vx > 0 q >0)
21n(«x) =-3 Subst. into (3), B = -3A = -10
/ 2、
(QJC) =e~3
I Subst. into (2), C = - 1 - 3A-2B = 9
3
1 ~2
x =-e
a
1 -x / x2-2x-l
_\2 / y = w)=(1+四2
Infe 2 -3 _3
hence y = 奇e
〃 _ (2x - 2)(1 + x2)2 - (x2 - 2x - 1) [4x( 1 + x2)]
)_ (1+x2)4
i.e. the point of inflexion is
=-2(.+ 1)(工2一4工+ 1)
_ (1+x2)3
The parametric equations of the locus of the point of
3 For points of inflexion, y" = 0
1 ~2
X -e (x+ l)(x2-4^+ 1) = 0
inflexion are < a
Y x = -1 or x = .二，=2 ± a/3
2a2
~17~
、,〃 _ -2(x+1)[x-(2 + 73)][x-(2-73)] 1 (b) Let /(x)=工3 一 9^2 + 23尤一 15
)~ (T7^)3
/(6 - %) = (6 - %)3 - 9(6 -X)2 + 23(6 - %) - 15
y〃 changes sign as x increases through -1, 2 ± 切.
| = -(x + 3)(6-x)2+ 138-23x- 15
By substitution points of inflexion are ；二-%3 + 9x2 - 108 + 138 - 23% - 15
x = -1, y = E4 = 1 Le，(-1’ 1)
=-x3 + 9x2 - 23% + 15
1 = -fM
1
1 C is symmetrical about the point P .
二足耕 8-点) 1
:&
-8 + 473-8^3 + 12 1-73 I d)2
ZZ ---------------------------- —--------- ■ — 2
16 4 y = e
i.e.(2 + 媚,] 巫) 4 (a) Let the point of contact on the curve be ", e ?)
I (e)2
r - 9_ /a v = 1 _ (2-75) _ - ] + 右 ■ , , 、一 2
i y = -^x-a)e
一，一 1 +(2-V3)2 一 8-473 1
1 Equation of tangent at the point is
— 64-16(3)3 + 40 (sa)2 (e)2
I ----- 2" ----- 2~
1 y_e = _(t — a)e (x — t)
_ -8 + 473 + 12 _ 1 + 73
= 16 一 4 1
1 Since it passes through the origin
i.e.『2—切，斗①| 1 by substituting (0, 0) i.e.
I (t-a)2 (sa)2
2 2
1 0-e = t(t-a)e
—1 = t(t — a)
/(x) = ax1 + bx + c
1 t2 -at + 1 = 0
1
f〃(x) = 2q>0
x-coordinate of P, Q satisfies the quadratic equation
/(x) is strictly convex on (一8, 8).
； (tz)2 — 4>0
Consider i/(x3) + 斜^^) > f仲 + j-
1 q > 2 (as q > 0 )
1
i 2
1
(•.• 3 + 3 = 1 and /(x) is strictly convex) I (x-a)2 (x-a)2
1 (b) y,f = - e 2 4- (%-6z)2e 2
=―3J
For point of inflexion, yff = 0
On the other hand, I d)2
1 e 2 [- 1 + (x-tz)2] = 0
豚心+斜专)< Mu项如A] 1
I (x-a)2 = 1
x = a+1
(•.• ： + ! = 1 and f(x) is strictly convex)
I
1 For points P, Q, set f(t) = t2 -at + 1 and t2
_ /(%!)+/(X2)+/(X3)
1
= 3 1 (t1 < f2) be two distinct real roots of f(t) = 0 , then
. f(Xi)+f(X2)+E)> +X2 + X3) ； f(h)=，(必)=0 and
1 f(Q-l) = (a - I)2 - a(a -1) + 1
7. 1 = a2-2a + 1 - a2 + a + 1 = 2-a<0
1
(a) y =入3 一 9尤2 + 23工一 15 1 f(a +1) = (q + 1)2 一 q(g + 1) + 1
y，二 3x2-18x + 23 1 = a2 + 2a + 1 - a2 - a + 1 = a + 2>0

1
y" = 6x - 18 1 the graph of f(t) is a parabola
y〃>0 S>3, y〃<0 Vx<3 t[ V Q — 1 V
・•. (3, 0) is point of inflexion. I i.e. only one point of inflexion between P, Q.
78
9.
For convex function f(j) on an interval /, 1
…居以〉°)
〈加 1)+的2)1
for any I. lim y = 00 i.e. x = a is vertical asymptote.
x a
Similar situation is for strictly convex function.
Set y = px + q and
(a) f(t) = tn n> 1

厂(t) = ntn~l 1
f”(t) = 〃(〃-1)护-2>0 for t>0
i.e. strictly convex so put tx = a, t2 = b
—-—> (^-) for a>0, b>0, a^b, n> 1
(b) * E) = => 0
i.e. strictly convex so put = a, t2 = b
ea + eb
。~2~+ b r
—-—> e for a Ab So, y = x + a is oblique asymptote.
(c) f(t) = flnf t>0

E = lnr + 1 = In? + 1 1 y = x + Jx2 - a2
I r 「[x2- (x2 - a2)~| n z ‘八、

E = }>0 lim y = lim ------= 0 (•.• x<0)
XT-8 XT-8 L x-人2一。2」
i.e. strictly convex so put tx = a, t2 = b I i.e. y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

1
------- - ------- >(p-)ln(p—) for a>0,b>0,a^b 1 Set y = ax+ b and
1 _____
I v x + Jx2 - a2
a\na + b\nb > (a + Z?)ln(^-^) a = lim — —- ----
X —> +8 X
=2 (•.• x>0)
I EXERCISE 5.8 1 b = lim [x + Jx2 - a2 - 2x] = lim「= 0

1 xt+8 x-^+00 \_x+ Jx2 一次」
1
1. 1 So, y = 2x is oblique asymptote.
x2 - 6x + 8 x2 - 6x + 8
y =----------- =----------------
'x2-4x + 3 (x-3)(sl)
lim y = °°, lim y = ©o

xt3 x —> 1
i.e. x = 3, x = 1 are two vertical asymptotes.
]6+ 8
1---------- 1----- z
lim y = lim — —―y = 1

x —> 00x T 8 ] —十，
X X2
i.e. y = 1 is horizontal asymptote.
i.e. x = 1, x = -1 are vertical asymptotes.

y = ； is oblique asymptote.
lim = 0
XT8 X2 - 1
for x = 0 , y is not defined.
i.e. y = 0 is horizontal asymptote.
79
、，_ X2-6x + 3 _ z 6
Check: lim y = lim xln '-x-3 一 I)-村
jctO x-»0 x->0
_2 By Corollary 10.3, y = x-3 is an oblique asymptote of

=lim (?) i 妇 lim
x
0 、，_ x2 - 6x + 3
5 2* + §) x->0 ex2 + 1 y = 7^3,
v v x2 - 6% + 3
(y = 0 not asymptote!) lim y = —=8
lim --------- -—
xt3 xt3 X-3
x = 3 is vertical asymptote of y = *
y = xe
i
lim y = lim xex

10.
—一
lim y
xtO+ x — 0+ xtO+ -
2x3 - x2 -3x- 1 c A x-3
y =
=2slF
1
lim ex (U Hospital Rule) By Corollary 10.3, y = 2x-l is an oblique asymptote of

xtO+
2x3-x2-3x-l
+8 y =-------- ------------
xz-2
X = 0 is a vertical asymptote of y = xe r 2x3 -x2- 3x- 1

hm -------- j--------
XT 土孩 X -2
Set y 二 px + q
x = +J1 is a vertical asymptote of y =之疽二弓-；七」,
1
p = lim ex = 1
X —> 8
lim x(e^ - 1 尤 3 _ ,3 - c3 Q , 0)
q = lim xe - x
X —> 8 X—8 k
y3 = x3 - c3
i
i
]. Z-1 Set y = ax + b that
lim —-— =lim『=1
X —> 8 1 X —> oo 1
hl
=lim fl - 竺
a = lim
■X — 8 JC T 8
y = x + 1 is an oblique asymptote of y =xe・
1 -
b = lim -x =lim 《3)3
X —> oo X—8
=lim > =0
lim y = oo XT8
xtO
x = 0 is a vertical asymptote
e-x2 1 So, y = x is oblique asymptote.
lim y = lim — —；=0
—=lim —
JC —> 8 XT 8 X X—>8 XCX
12.
i.e. y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote
y2(x2 +1) = x2(x2 - 1)
The curve is symmetric about the coordinate axes, we only
-1
have to consider positive values of x and y.
y = xcot %
-1 lim卓
4一1 cot X
lim x cot x = lim —-— lim i
X —> +8 X — +8 i X T +8 X T 4-00 1 +
X2
y = 1 is horizontal asymptote.
Set y = ax + b that
-1
XCOt X v -i
a = lim --------- =hm cot X = 71
X T 一8 X X 一8
-1
-1 i• COt X — Tt
b = lim [xcot X - Ttx] lim ------ ------- i i
X — 一8 X-^-oo 上
i So, y = x is an oblique asymptote.
So, y = + 1 is oblique asymptote. ； By symmetry, y = -x is another oblique asymptote.
80
13・ For y' = 0 i.e. x = -1 and x = 3
x = -1 is a vertical asymptote of y = For x = 1 , y' doesn't exist but y is not defined at
b = 1 x = 1 .
y = 1 - x is an oblique asymptote of y = — at X = —1，>〃<°，Vmax = °
A2
4一 1 = 3, y〃 > 0 ,》min =万= 8
lim =-1
XT8 x(x+ 1)
4 (iv) The sketch of curve is roughly as
~2~a
n lim ^― =-1
XT8 J +1
X
=> a 1
二
14.
%3+y3 =3xy
= 旦+丑 =W
x3 _
xy2 xy2 xy2 (b) y = — 3x + 2 (x — 1 )(x — 2)
(E =3
n ①
x = 1, x = 2 vertical asymptotes
y x 一 y
= 二3
_ y (ii)
* 々 7x- 6
=x + 3 + —-----------
x2 - 3x + 2 x2 - 3x + 2
y = x + 3 oblique asymptote
a = lim y
XT8 X
7x-6
0
(iii) y 二
，+ 3 +(工_ l)(x — 2)
a2
a3 + 1 = 0 %+3+m+ 土
n a = -1 ,_ .
)-1
1 8
0-1)2一(—2)2
In addition, x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 -xy + y2)
y〃 = -2(%-l)-3 + 16(x-2)~3
3xy
x+y
x2-xy + y2 n - 1 (x —2)2 + 80—1)2
口 / 一
睥
b = lim (y-Qx) lim (% + y) = lim
秒
3
For y
'
= 0 i.e. 1 二——— L,
(x- l)2(x-2)2
XT8 XT8 X —> oo x1 -xy + y2
(x—1)2(* —2)2 二 -(x-2)2 + 8(x-l)2
3M
3(-1) x4 一 6x3 + 6x2 = 0
1+1 +1
x = 0 or 工 2 一 6x + 6 = 0
The equation of the oblique asymptote is x = 3 ± ^3
x+y+ 1 = 0. y' doesn't exist at x = 1, 2 but y is not defined at
x = 1,2
At x = 3 - a/3, yr, < 0

| EXERCISE 5.9
(3 -媚，- 6 媚)maximum point
At x = 3 + 媚, y,r > 0
(3 + 73, 6^3) minimum point

(i) x = 1 vertical asymptote
(iv)
(ii) y = " + !)= x+ 3 + (Corollary 10.3)
X— 1 X— 1
i.e. y = x + 3 oblique asymptote
部、、,，_
(111))—
2(x+l)(x—l)—(x+1)2(1) _ (x+l)(x-3)
— (sl)2
〃— 8
y =
81
3-3)2 At x = -1, y〃 > 0
(c) y = 4(x-l)
2
(-1, -) minimum point
(i) x = 1 vertical asymptote
At x = -5 , yf doesn't exist but y is not
(ii) '4(x-l) =M
4
+x-1 工
1 defined at x = - '
-- - X
4 -oblique asymptote
(iv) The sketch of curve is roughly as

(iii) y =如- 5 + £]
E"" >〃 = 2(“史
For yf = 0, (x-1)2 = 4, x = -1 or 3
yf doesn't exist at x = 1 but y is not defined at

x = 1
At x = -l,y〃<0 /•/ 、
2) = E
x+a (b > 0) (which is differentiable Vx g R)
(-1, -2) maximum point
At x = 3, y〃 > 0 (静 + 切一 (x + /)(2x) _ 一静一 2a— + b
i (a)广⑴=
(X2 + 幻2 (工2 +幻2
(3, 0) minimum point

At relative extreme at x = ±1
yH > 0 as x> i
广⑴= 0
yH < 0 as x<l
. —l—2i + b = 0
but y is not continuous at x = 1 . i.e. > => a = 0, b = 1
一 1 + 2q + Z? = 0
y has no point of inflexion.
(iv) The sketch of curve is roughly as

；(b) fM = W /，W =
； f 〃(X)=(-2—)(静+ 1)2一(1 一工2)(4工)(工2+ 1)

(x2+ I)4
_ 2-3 一 6-
_ (x2+ I)3
At x=l, f〃⑴V0
(1, i) maximum point
2 At x = -1, f〃(x)>0
(i) lim —
lim y = x->oo
X->8
— ~- = 0
|+^_|__L
(-1, - )minimum point
X X2
i.e. y = 0 horizontal asymptote For■ f 〃(x) = 0, 2x3 - 6x = 0
(ii) For x2 + 5x + 1 =0 => x = 专 vertical x = 0 or ±V3
G)= 2x(x 一焰)(x + 后)

asymptotes
(x2+ l)3
(ii。 / _ 2(>2 + 5- + i)一 2x(2t + 5) _ - 2-2 + 2
(x2 + 5x + I)2 (x2 + 5x + I)2
X x < —a/3 —a/3 v x v 0 0 < x < a/3 x > 73
y 〃 =4 入3_12工一20
-------------------
(X2 + 5x + 1)3 f“(x) - + 一 +
For y' = 0,尤=±1
As /(x) is continuous on R.
At x = 1, y" < 0
2 ,一争) are points of
(1, -) maximum point (0, 0),
inflexion
82
(c) lim /(x) = lim x = 0 ① v 、 _ — 12 8
1 (b)
XT8 XT8 + 1 八/ X+ 1 (X+1)2
y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote. r // \ 1 12 16
(d) The sketch of curve is roughly as f ⑴-(x+l)3~(x+l)4
For 广⑴= 0, 12*))； & = 1
%3 + 3x2 - 9x + 5 = 0
(x + 5)(x2 一 2x+l) = 0nx = -5, 1
At x = -5, f 〃(x) < 0

(-5, -13?) local max. pt.
与（E
fM =
At x = 1, f z,(x) = 0
x = 2 is vertical asymptote
x2 , o , 4 X —1 < X < 1 x> 1
y x—2 x—2 + +
E
y = x + 2 is oblique asymptote
- +
(b) f (x) = x + 2 + —
x _乙
[Note: fG) =⑴=浩^ ]
f'M = 1 -吉，"⑴=土 /. (1, 0) is neither maximum nor minimum point but

For 了 '(x) = 0, 4 = (x - 2)2, x = 0 or x = 4 it is a point of inflexion.
At x = 0,广©) = -1
(0, 0) maximum point
(11) f 十
(X-5)Cx+1)2 = 3-1)3
At x = 4, = 1
x3 - 3x2 - - 5 = x3 - 3x2 + 3x- 1
-4 = 12x i.e. x = -^
At x = 2 ,
i.e. (y, -5?) intersection pt. of graph with
f '(x) doesn't exist and /(2) is also undefined.
oblique asymptote.
(c) E)=去 is
f 〃(力>0 Vx>2, f〃3) vO Vx<2
However, /(x) is discontinuous at x = 2 .

> = f (对 does not have point of inflexion.
(d) The sketch of graph is
I & 2+3
:= M
+ 3) — x
I (a) lim [/(%)-%]= lim
. X —> +8 X — +8
(]2 + 3)2 (工4 + 工2)

lim _ ___ _ ______ _ ____
XT+8 7x2+ 1[7(X2 + 3)2 + Jx^+ x2]
f(x\ = ST.
K)_ 0+1)2 (…1) 5x2 + 9
lim / ----------------- /
XT+8 Jx2 + 1 [(X2 + 3) + + x2]
(a) x = -1 is a vertical asymptote since lim /(%) = 8
X T —1 5.9
\ c . 12x + 4 x+?
八 7 fix) = x-5 +----------
(x+l)2 lim ____ 0 ____
i.e. y = x-5 is oblique asymptote
S3
At x = 0,f f\x) < 0
x3-x
(b)广⑴ (0, 0) maximum point
章+i) (计+ 1)3/2
3 1 At x = 4, "(x) < 0
(3】_ 1)(^2 + 1寸 _(》3 _ x)(|)(2x)(X2 + I)2
(4, 32厂4)maximum point
f”(x)
(券+ 1)3
At x = l,/,,(x)>0
5x2-l
(W+ 1)5/2 (1, -e-1) minimum point
For f \x) = 0 i.e. x3 = x x = 0, ±1 For f〃⑴=0,
At x = 0, /,,(x)<0 x3 - 8x2 + 14x-4 = 0
/(x) attains its maximum value 3 and (0, 3) is a
(x-2)(x2-6x + 2) = 0
maximum point
x = 2 or x = 6±年-& = 3 土方
At x = ±1, "(x)>0
f(x) attains its minimum value 2 Ji and (±1, 2^2)

f”(x) = (^-2)[x-(3 + 77)][x-(3-T7)]^
are minimum points
X x<3- 3— v v2 2 < x < 3 + 77 x>3 +

(c) From (a), y = x is oblique asymptote
And /(-x) = /(x) f〃(x) — + - +
i.e. /(x) is symmetrical about j^-axis.
(3 - fl, /(3 - 77)), (3 + 由, f (3 + 77)),
So, the sketch of graph is
(2, 0) are points of inflexion.
[Note that is point of inflexion.]
1 2 1
；fM = F —(/_1)3
1 ? I
/(x) = x2(x -2)e~v*x
1 (a)① f(-x) = (-x)3-[(-x)2-l]3
(i) x-intercept: x = 0, x = 2 1
1 ? 1
1 = x3-(x2-l)3 = f(x)
(ii) y-intercept: y = 0
i.e. f(x) is even
(iii)
x -> +8
、
lim 2(s2)L = lim
x — +8 ex
= lim
xt+8 ex And x2>x2-1
v 6x-4 「 6 八 1 I 1
=hm ------- = lim — = 0 I (X2)3>(X2- I)3
XT+8 eX XT+8 时
I
i.e. y = 0 is horizontal asymptote 1 2 1
I X3 >(X2 - I)3
(iv) f 7-X)= (3x2 - 4x)e~x - (x3 - 2x2)e~x 1 2 1
f(x) = - (x2 - if > 0 for all real values of x

=(-jt3 + 5x2 - 4x)e~x
1
f〃(x) = (- 3x2 + 10% - 4)e~x -(-x3 + 5x2 - 4x)e~x
1 2 1
=(x3 - 8x2 + 14x - 4)e~x (ii) lim f(x) = lim - (x2 - 1)^~|
' XT8 X—8 L
For f\x) = 0,
I = lim _____________ H — ______________
-x3 4- 5x2 - 4x = 0 I — xw [工4/3 + 户3(工2一1)1/3 + (工2_ 1)2/3]
x(x2 -5x + 4) = 0 1 = 0
x = 0, x = 4, x = 1
84
(b) (i) For y = *(x) , 〃 is even.
y' = *+Q)
2 •(、2_1)2/3_时3]
3 x1/3(x2_1)2/3 J at x 壬 0, 1, — 1 二 (-1)〃+1(〃+1)!「
2
1 + 1 1
[_(1-1)〃 + 2 (x + l)n + 2J
(〃 + 1)!「(x_ ])〃 + 2 + (x + l)" + 2]

2 |_(X + 1尸 + 2 +(X- 1)" + 2_|
.+八+也
72 ~2 y〃 = y〃+2(对
(iii) _ (. + 2)!「3- l)〃 + 3 + (x+ l)〃 + 3]
_ 23+ 1)如 + 3(-一 l)" + 3
X x<-l -1<X 〈号号 <%<0 While % -» ±1, y t 8, x = +1 vertical

asymptotes
f，(x) + + - lim y = 0, y = 0 horizontal asymptote
XT8
< 二 0
0<x<^ i.e. (x-l)n + 2 + (x+l)n + 2 = 0 (as n is even)
X y <^< 1 X>1
no real solution and when x = ±1 , y is undefined
f©) + - - no point of extremum

>〃 =0 (x—1)〃 + 3 +(x+i)" + 3 = 0
x- 1 = -(x+ 1)
i
x = 0
y〃 changes sign as % increases through O.
are maximum points, (0, 1) is point of inflexion (0, 0).
minimum point.
(ii) For y = yn(x) n is odd
,=("+l)!「(X— l)" + 2 + (x+l)〃 + 2]

> _2-l(%+i)n+2(x-i)n+2 J
〃 = (〃 + 2)!「(x—l)〃 + 3 + (x+l)〃 + 3]
For = 0
(X-l)n + 2 + (X+ l)" + 2 = 0
x — 1 = —(x + 1)
ynM where n>2 x = 0

(。, 一(〃!)) maximum point
i i
For y〃 = 0 (x- l)n + 3 + (% + l)n + 3 = 0
3)£1 八 + £ + 义
has no real solutions and hence it has no pt. of
For n>2 inflexion.
And x = +1 vertical asymptotes
O I 1 (—1)%! | 1 (—1)〃〃！
2(x- l)n+1 沁 + l)"+i y = 0 horizontal asymptote
(-1)%! __I__ + ___L The sketches of y are roughly as below

ynM = 2— .(x-i)n + 1 3+1)
For x =0
七（°）二 t^[(-l)-(«+l) + (l)-(n+l)]
0 n is even
*（°）
-n\ n is odd
answer for (i) answer for (ii)
85
工(。2 + 9) _ 工(工2 + 1) + 8x _ 8x
广(1) = lim
x —> 1 x-1
(a) f(x)= x2 + 1 x2 + 1 X x2 + 1
-2
E .1 4.8[(x2+1)-x(2x)] =lim ^(x2 - x)3 (L‘Hospital Rule)

• 1 + - x —■> 1
:1 + 8(12)= x4_6]2 +9 =任2— 3)2 1

----------------- =oo
2
(x2 + I)2 (x2 + I)2 \x2+ 1J 3(x2-x)3
>• 0 for x ±73 -2
lim (x2 - x) does not exist.

X >1
X x v - a/3 X = -J3 -73 < x < 73 x = «/3 x > 73 f'(l) does not exist.
f'(x) + 0 + 0 +
-2
C does not have turning point. (b) f，(x) = 3)3(2 工_3尤2)

"(X)
(b) f 〃(对=2仔司•签-+」炉盼一仃-
(/+ 1)4
3)(2x) _5 _4
；后(入2_尤3)- 3x2)2 + (2 - 6x)(x2-x3)'

16 尤(工2 —3)
_5
(x2+ I)5
232/) [y(2x- 3x2)2 + (1 - 3x)(x2 -x3)]
x < —a/3 —-a/3 v x < 0 0 < x < 73 x > 73

-2 工2
9(x2-x3)5/3
f〃(x) - + - +
①
(±7§, ±3 媚),(0, 0) are points of inflexion.
f©)>0
_2
(x2-x3) §>0 V"0, 1
计 + 1。0 Vx e R 2
<^> 0<x<-
C does not have any vertical asymptotes.
2
(d) [Note that /(x) = x+ ::】in (a)] (ii) f'M<o (jc> - or x< 0 ) and x^l
"(W>0
So y = x is an oblique asymptote of C .
(iii) x2-x3 < 0 x> 1
Moreover, /(-x) = -/(x), i.e. /(%) is an odd
function y-intercept = x-intercept = 0.
(iv) 广'(x)v0 x2 - x 3 > 0
工2(1 -x) > 0

0<x< 1 or x < 0
村心勺=/(W)
From (b)①(ii) (iii) (iv)

0
2
X<0 0<x<- <x< 1 x> 1
10.
(a) 〃(0) = lim 与沼 E - + - -
xtO X-U
-2 3) - 一 - +
=lim |(x2 - x) 3
(EHospital Rule)
xtO J
(0, 0) is minimum point.

r 1
=lim ------------- = 8
x->0 ±
3(x2-x)3 is maximum point.
-2
lim (x2 - x) does not exist. (1, 0) is inflexional point.

xtO
f z(0) does not exist.
86
lim 芟巨= Um 3O = -1
(d) •/
X -» oo X X—>8 A/ X
[腺
(工2 工3) +工3
f 3 + X] = lim (x2_%3)2/3_x(x2_x3)i/3 + x2
lim
X —> 8
r 1 1
(l_l)2/3_(l_l)1/3+l 3
the oblique asymptote is y = -尤 + ；.
(e)
points of inflexion are (0,0)
11.
(d) /(x) = xe~x2 is well defined Vx g R.
(a)① E =e~x2(l-2x2)
there is no vertical asymptote.
=0 n x = ±季
Let y = ax + b be an oblique asymptote.
r /(x) [. xe~x2 ]. 1 n
a = lim 'LL~L = lim ------ =lim = 0
(ii) =e-x2[-4x + (l-2x2)(-2x)] X —> 8 X X —> 8 X x—8 exz
=e_%2(4x3 - 6x) = xe~x2(4x2 - 6) b = lim [/(%) - ax] =lim xe~x2 lim当
XT8 XT8 X—8
= 0=>x = 0orx =
lim = 0
x—8 2xex
y = 0 is the only asymptote.
(b)① f ©)>0n l—2x2>on 手 <x< 季
(ii) 广⑴ <。 5 2 2<05>

一、辛。 2<-争
(iii) "(对> 0 5(4尤2 —6)>0 (f) Subst. x = x'cos45° - y'sin45° x-y

72
x>0 j%<0
y = x'sin45° + y'cos45°
x + yf
4工2_6 >0 01 [4x2-6<0
顽
into y - xe~x2, we get
x>0 x<0 项V —矿)2
x + yf -(尤'- yf)e
渣一学°r ~F<X<T /. The coordinate axes are rotated through 45 ° in
anti-clockwise direction.
季 or ^<x<0 The graph is sketched below
(iv) 广©) v 0 5(4x2— 6) vO
x>0 jx < 0
4x2 - 6 < 0 °r〔 4x2 — 6 >0
n Ovxv 季 or x <
87
| EXERCISE 5.10 i (b) Set 岬= 0.
! dt
i -288(3-40 = 648(4-0
By similar triangles, = 4(4r —3) = 9(4-r)
20 = 60
r = cm 60 穿= 72[-4(3-40-9(4-0] = 72(—48 + 25)
Let V be the volume of the | V * 30

= 72 x 25 > 0
solution in conical filter.
dv _ j_ri _ Tix2 dx s2 attains minimum at 1 =法

48 h = 1.92 h
~di =方苗丸顷)\ = ~9~' di
芬 L = /呼孺=-25。“<-膈 ~ 1 h 55 min
Volume of solution in cylinder = k(15)2/z
*[71(15)2。] - 250兀 where x = 30 cm
dh 250 10 / 100 /
^- = 225 = y cm/sec = — mm/sec
2.
By Pythagoras9 theorem,
(9 + X)2 = (5.4)2+ y2
At% = 1.8, (10.8)2 = (5.4)2+ y2
y = 787.48 = 5.4 媚
2*9垮=2瑶 (b) Let m denote the slope of the ladder.
m =-
(10.8 垮=(5.4)73(2.7) x
dy dx
片 = 1.3573 m/sec 二 135 a/3 cm/sec dm = xdl~ydt
~di ~ -
3（奇）-4（»
dm 25
一元 per sec
~dt 32
(a) (i) Let t denote the time (in hrs). M = 3, y = 4
Let r be the thickness of the ice.
1 (a) Volume of the ice,
52 = (18-24r)2 + (72-1802
i V=? 兀[(「+ 4)3 —43]
；华= 4兀(,+ 4)2半
— 2s 瓦=—288 (3 — 4f) — 648 (4 — f) 1 dt 、 J dt
四| = -•- 288(-1)-648x3 = km/h : T° = 4兀(2 + 4 璀 I.

dt\t=l 2/(18-24)2 + (72— 18)2 782
]38 : =知 =2 =忠泓"
They are approaching at a rate of —= km/h.
I
HD ds\ = -288(3-4x3) - 648(4-3) I
dt\t = 3 2 7(18 - 24 x3)2 +(72- 18X3)2 I (b) Surface area, S = 4it(r + 4)2
； % = "4)茶
=y a/10 km/h
They are separating at a rate of y a/10 km/h. ； =8兀(2+ 4).(一金)=-y cm2/sec
88
小2萼=2「•丰一4.8
d. △ 2 de
—tan 0 = sec 0 •—
dt dt The required rate = £(兀尸一 s) = 4.8 ms-1
茶 sec。= secOtanOg
9.
= 0 , the result is true obviously.
Assume^
L o
。 0,
(a) s
dt
二卢一 6户 + 12Q 一 10/+ 3
罢=4/3-18r2 + 24r-10 = 2(r- l)2(2r-5)
dt
o 令= 12Q— 36/+ 24 = 1202 —3r +2)
茶 tan 6 1 = 2 :备 sec 8 7C j 7C c 1
sec 7 : tan 7 =2:1
o o =12。—1)(—2)
O
齐 tan 6
LU 沁| e n
6
t 0<r< 1 1 <f<2 2<t<l 1 2
茶 sin。= cos 崂 ds
dt
- - - +
= 0 , the result is true obviously. d2s + - + +
dt2
a
Assume 莉，
/. 1 < r < 2 or f > 2.5 for the speed is increasing.
i 0 < r < 1 or 2 < f < 2.5 for the speed is
加旭
d .八 sec 希 |
le = |
:—smB
” dt le = | :COS0
19 = |
I
decreasing.
(b) 券 changes sign at t = 2.5 .

8 : 1
Jtan0 8 茶 sin。 L the direction of motion changes at t = 2.5 sec.

K
3 i
(c) When t = 2.5 , s = -1.6875 ,
I when r = 3 , s = 0 , when r = 0,5 = 3 .
S2 i
x2+152
1 total distance = 1.6875 x 2 + 3
2崂 2芸 i
15 1 = 6.375 = m
I 8
-35x4 7352- 152^ e
t = 3
dx -14
dl =
a/W
m/sec
15
tan0
x 0
2-adQ I -1.6875 3
-15dx I
sec 0— = -^r-r
dt x2 dt I
6
rad/sec
； 10.
dt ~ 必 352^7107
35V10
I ds
I (a) When the particle comes to momentary rest, — = 0
I
8. ；穹 =3移— 24f + 36
s = r(20)
r 12 5 /. - St + 12 = 0
When x = - , tan0 = | sec 0 =-
1 f = 2 or f = 6
r = x + rtan0 l
I At r = 2 , 5 = 34 ;
dx L 2Qt/0 — dQ -12
0 = —+ r sec 0-7- => -r At f = 6, s = 2
dt dt dt 77
89
(b)箫=(S2)(S6) i | EXERCISE 5.11
i
纭 vO3v，<6 :L
1 /(x) = (x2 - l)n n : +ve integer
—> 0 Z < 2 or f > 6
I (a) /(x) = (x2-l)w
/. The motion of direction changes at Z = 2 and
I f '(x) = 2nx(x2 - l)n-1
t = 6. ； n (x2- 1)/7^) = 2nxf(x)
At Z = 0,5 = 2 , 1 (]2 _ 1 )f 〃⑴-2xf\x) = 2nxf ©) + 2nf(x)

I
f = 2, s = 34, I (x2 - 1)/ f\x} - 2(n - 1 )xf - 2nf(x) = 0
f = 6, s = 2, I
/ = 7 , 5 = 9 . (b) For non-negative integer k, using Leibniz's formula on

I differentiation on both sides of (a)
9
；(W 一 1)舟+ 2)⑴+心"+ 1)⑴+业^2)俨)成)
I
z...... I — 2(〃一 l)xf(*+i)(x) — 2*(〃一 1),(幻(X)- 2nf^k\x) = 0
t = 2 f = 0 0
\ (%2- l)/(^ + 2)(x) -2(n-k- l)xf^k+i\x)
34 - 2 *
+ [k{k -\)-2kn + 2k-2n]/W(x) = 0
I (x2- 1)/^ + 2)(x)_2(n~~k— l)xfk + i)Cx)

I
distance travelled = 2 x (34 - 2) + (9 - 2) I — (*+ 1)(2〃一 (幻 Cx) = 0
=71 m I
I 2・
(c) (i) From (b), s attains maximum at / = 2 , minimum Ii (a) y = eax sinbx 〈
膈 0
at £ = 6 . I "
I Put S(〃):彩=(tz2 + b2êaxsin(Z?x + m(|))
where cos(b =2 , a sin(b 二 ,―
1
i
(i) yf = aeaxsinbx + beax cos bx

l i
祭= (a2 + b2êaxsin(bx +(|))
(ii)另=3⑵—8) = 6Q —4)
癸 >。 Vz > 4 , i.
e. 5(1) is true.
(ii) Assume S(k) is true for +ve integer k

癸 vO Vr<4
k r
(iii) ； *+< = [(。 2 + 力 2)电。0!1(* + 上(|))]
£ = 0,券=12, when £ = 2.6,窍=0.
k
=(a2 + b2^[aeaxsm^bx + k^)
(iii) * = 3⑵-8)
+ beax cos(bx + 问))]
it is a straight line k+l

=(a2 + b2) 2 eaxsin(bx + (k+ 1)(|))
with slope and
Q-intercept at -24. where cos(b = f a , sin(b = ,》
(d) (i) 2 < r < 4 or f > 6 i.e. S(k +1) is true deductively.
(ii) 0<t<2 or 4 < r < 6
(iv) By principle of mathematical induction, 5(n) true
for any positive integer n
90
(b) Using Leibniz's rule for y = eax sinbx differentiate
f(x) = xx on [1, +00]
both sides n times, so that
ln/(x)=牛
y(〃)= £ C^(eax)^n~k\sinbx)^
k=0 rw = 1 —Inx
n /U) 一 X2
=£ Cân~keaxbk sin(bx + 1
k=o f ©)= 诲
From (a), by comparison

f > 0 i.e. 1 - Inx > 0 1 > Inx
« * n
(a2 + Z?2)2sin(Z?x + n^) = £ Cân~kbksin(bx + i.e. f\x)>0 on [l,e)
k=0 f'(x)v0 i.e. 1 v Inx i.e. f \x) < 0 on (e,+8)
Hence /(x) attains its absolute maximum at x = e ,

1
max. = e .
(a) /(x) = for x> 1
J、' Inx 1
As 2 < e < 3 , so for the sequence { n } the greatest term is

⑴ E=*=M either when n = 2 or n = 3 .
(Inx)2 (Inx)2
1 1 1 1
=#ln 炉一 (1北一圮皓=2-Inx While E 抠3 = %, so 33>22
(Inx)4 x(lnx)3 1
i.e. greatest term is 3，= % .
For f，(x) = 0 Inx = 1, x = e
while f f/(x) > 0 i.e. (e, e) is a minimum pt. 5.
For positive numbers av a2, •••,«„ (〃 2 2)
(ii) f'(x)>0 Vx > e , f <0 for 1 <x<e .
ax + a2 + ... + a x +x
f(x)=------ ——for x > 0
—
:. There is only one minimum point for x > 1 . nâia2...an_ix
/. (e, f(e)) is an absolute minimum point of 1 \-n
the graph of f(x). xn-(M + X)-X 〃 1-^L±^x~l
广⑴=--------------- — = — n—
/(x) >/(e) = e Vx> 1 E 或
g(x)=也 x>l,b>l
(b) where M = + a2+ ••• + i
bx
1
g,(W = a 渺-幻(夕)
k = n(aia2...an_i)n
for g'(x) > 0

M_ * M______ * j_
bxb~x -xb]nb > 0 i.e. xc也 nx2 n2x2 nx n2x
\nb I
i.e. g(x) is increasing on (1，名]，similarly kx1
g(x) is decreasing on [着,+8)
_+知+ …+ an-\
From (a), 刍 2e for Z? > 1 X = :
H- 1
InZ?
while f ,z(x) > 0 (or by sign test)
So, for 1 <a —
。 Set S(〃): An^Gn where
CL\ + Uq + ..・ + Q” —
i.e. ba > ab An = -1----- ------------ (n > 2)
n
Gn = Jala2--an
91
① (7^1 - a/^2)- 0 Similarly, f < 0 for all xc [0, |] or [亨，兀]
n = 2 case
。]+ N2 (the remaining region)
=> 号2序 i.e.

/»z x • • r 7C TC \ / 7C 5 7U
f(x) increasing on [-,-),(-,—]
fM decreasing on [0,印，[等，兀]
i.e. S(2) is true.
(ii) Assume S(k- 1) is true for some positive integers

k>3. 广⑴= 0 尤 = % ? from sign test
I (iii) For
i.e. KN 1
_ 7t (|, a/3) relative minimum pt.
S—i At x =6
From previous result, （等，项）
_ 5k
x =~6 relative maximum pt.
g)H(Asi).. minimum value
Q] +。2 + …+
>
+知+ ... +Qsi + (A」1)
1 (iv) The sketch of graph is
k ak- lak k J。]《2 . . • % _ ]( _ ])
兀 A
(Sl)(D + (Asi) COS- = 0
"(Gsi)J(Gj) x =壹 is vertical
>
g-i)
asymptote
1
i.e. Ak > Gk (a) y = (1 + x2)e~x2
i.e. S(k) is true deductively.

① y' = 2xe~x2-2x(l +x2)e~x2 = -2x3e~x2
(iii) By the principle of mathematical induction, S(n) is true y〃 = -6x2e~x2 + 4x4e~x2 = 2x2e~x2(2x2 - 3)
for n > 2 .
For y' = 0 % = 0
and y〃 = 0 but y' changes sign from +ve to
-ve across x = 0 ,
/(x) = 2secx- tanx 0<x<n,
i.e. (0, 1) is a local maximum point.
(i) /(x) > 0 is equivalent to 2secx > tanx
2 、sinx 》〃 = 0 n x = 0, % = 土 J：.
i.e.---- >----- And
cosx cosx (ii)
If cosx > 0 , then sinx < 2 is true. As y〃 changes sign as x increases through
If cosx < 0 , then sinx > 2 is false. /3
x = ±
2 secx > tanx for 0 < x <
L 3、
5 5 ~2
are points of inflexion
2 sec 尤 < tanx for < x < 7t
2 lim (1 + x2)e~x2 = lim ' 二 lim 2

(ii) f= 2 secx tanx- sec x (iii)
x—8 工
X— 8 。*
T8 %->8 2xex
2
f'(x)20 i.e. 2secxtanj; > sec x =lim 二= 0
X->8 砰
2
2 sec x tan x - sec x > 0
i.e. y = 0 horizontal asymptote.
2
sec x(2sin^ - 1) > 0
The curve is roughly sketched as
2 sinx - 1 > 0
sinx>l
x G
[壹，沁 or蜀]
92
(b) y =(1 +：)3/ valid for x > 0
fM = xT + 土
|(l+X)V-(l+X)21x~2 ⑶E = 1品
①八---------- ------- —
E)=志
1
5
=(l+x)2(2sl)
2舟/2 For f\x) = 0,4 = 3 + 2)2,、= -4,0
For 》'= 0 At x = -4, /,,(x)<0
2x - 1 = 0, x = (x = -1 rejected) (-4, -7) maximum point

At x = 0, ff\x) > 0
x>^,y'>0
While > (^, ^73) minimum point
x<|,y,<0 (b) x = -2 is vertical asymptote
Set y = ax + b so that
1
(l+x)1/2(2x-l) =(1+探 -冬) a = lim = lim [1 - - 4- —= 1
(ii) x—8 X XT8 X + 2)
2^372
b = lim [x - 1 + -x] = -1
1 -3 -5 -1 、 x —> oo +Z
'〃 =(1+叭?/ + ：/) + (翁)*1+梦
I y = x- 1 is oblique asymptote
」
=(l+X)2](i+w"*^ + 2s 1] (c) The sketch of graph is
7^
3
--—— >0 Vx>0
4(1 + x)1,2x5/2
There is no other turning point y. So the curve is always

convex.
(iii) x = 0 vertical asymptote

Set .y = ax + b so that
r (1+X) f(x) = x3 - 3%2 + 4

a = lim
X —> +8
3 3 [0 when x<2
(1 w(x)= 2
X —> +8 P/2
(a) f \x) = 3x2 - 6x f f\x) = 6x-6

b = lim 工)3-必 (1+ For f z(x) = 0n3x(x-2) = 0, x = 0, 2
一也工/心+酒+广]
=lim 3.2 + 3X+ 1 = = 3 At x = 0, f 〃(x) = -6

~ xt+8 /1/2[(1+4)3/2 + 京/2] ~ 1+1 ~ 2
(0, 4) maximum point
3
y = x + - is oblique asymptote At x = 2,f 〃(x) = 6
(iv) The sketch of graph is For f "(x) = 0 6(x - 1) = 0, x = 1

f ”(x) changes sign as x increases through 1.
・•. (1, 2) is point of inflexion.
(b) h(x) = /(x-2)w(x)

The graph of f(x-2) is obtained by shifting that of
/(x) towards the right by 2 units.
93
Also "(x) eliminates all graph for x<2 . So, the For x = - 1 + 2^/2 ,
sketch of h(x) is shown. (一 1 + 27^)3 + 7(—1+2龙)2
13+ 16 龙
(-1+2龙-1)
So (- 1 - 2^/2, 16龙- 13) maximum point
(-1 + 2^/2, 16^2 + 13) minimum point
For - 1 + 2>x/2 > x > 0 , f z(^) < 0 .
For - 1 - 2a/2 < x < 0 , f，(x) < 0 .
(0, 0) is neither max nor min.

/(x)=小气 7)for all x^l
J 、 ' x-1
(a) For x > 0 , x = 1 vertical asymptote
、 x2(x + 7) x3 + lx2
For f 〃 (x) = 0 for case
y (3/+14盼(—1)-(疽 7/)(1)
+
2、3 _ 6尤2 + 6x + 14 = 0
'()- (x-1)2
_ 2-3 + 4—2 一 I4x 2(x+ l)(x2-4x + 7) = 0
=~~(SIX—■ •X = —1 and x2 - 4x + 7 > 0 for all x.
¥、- (6x2 + 8x - 14)(x - 1 )2 - (2x3 + 4x2 - 14x)2(x - 1) I f “(x) changes sign as x increases through -1 .
⑴= (Tup 1
(-1, 3) is a point of inflexion.
2x3 - 6x2 + 6x + 14
= (x-1)3 |
For 0 < x < 1 ,
For x < 0 ,
f 〃3、_ 2(x+l)(x2-4x + 7) n
f <u
-x2(x + 7) _ - x3 - 7x2
X— 1 X— 1
m - (_3濯_ 14x)(― ])_(f 3_7工2)(1) For -1 < x < 0 ,
J()_一~~~—(x-1)2
「，，( 丫、_ -2(x + 1)(^2 _ 4_x + 7)
，｛x) - (Tup 割
-2x3-4x2+ 14x
-(x-1)2-
/. (0, 0) is another point of inflexion.
-2x3 + 6x2-6x- 14
f”(x)=
(sl)3 i (e)
The sketch of graph is
w 危3一6工2 + 6" 14 for x 壬 0, 1
X . 3-1)3 .
(b) f '(x) = 0, 2^3 + 4^2 _ 14尤-o
x = 0 or x2 + 2x-7 = 0
x = z2±^+28 = _1±2a/2
At x = 0 rejected for f 〃(x) definition.
At % = -l—2/x/^,x = -l+2Sby sign test

For x = -1-272, f 〃⑴ v0 ； 11
2(0)(l-0) =0
= -1+2^2, /,,(x)>0 I (a) /(0)
2(0) + 1
For x = -1 - , I g(0) = sin'[端]=0 /(0)二 g(0)
=-(-1-2 旗)3 — 7(-1-2 孩矽 |
一 (-1-272-1) I 2x(1-x) n
2x+ 1 2(l—x)
=(1 +2 披)2(2^-6) f'(0) lim lim 2
xtO x xtO 2x + 1
-2(1+ 些) |
1 2(1 +]2)—4^2
二 (9 + 472)(2^-6)(a/2-1) 1 g©)
(1 + X2)2
~ -2(2-1)
=(-38-672)(^-!)=_13 + 16^ I
-2 I g'(0) = 2 f'(0) = g'(0)
94
(b)⑴ If x < 0 and x y (ii) By (b) (i), h'(x) changes sign at x
k'(x) = f，(x)
(2x + 1)(1 - 2x) - 2(1-工2)]

=2 . (2" 1)2 J
2[1-4/-2x + 2/]
(2x+ 1)2
_ 2(-2-2一 2" 1)
(2x+ 1)2
(iii) Vertical asymptote: x = y
-1 + -1 一
2瘁-2x+ 1 = -2 x - -1
~~2 2 For x< 0 and —
-2x2 - 2x + 1 > 0 3
,z、 2x(1 - x) , 3 2
心==一尤+「拿1
0
3
y = ~x + 2 is an oblique asymptote of/z (%)
—2入2 — 2x + 1 v 0
for x < 0 .
-1 + 73 -1-73
A x>— —-—
—or x<--------
2
Since x < 0 and x^ —,
:. when - ；切 < x < y , y < x < 0 ,
/i,(x)>0.
when x < - "旅,h\x) < 0

I
If 0 < x < 1 ,
h'(x) = g©)
2(1 +x2)— 4x
(1 +*2)2
12.
] 2(1-工2)
2 -I
(a) 广 (x) = 2x(x+1尸+ 孚 (x+1尸 for x>0
As
=碧”心>。
n
厂⑴二；岩3 forx<0 and"—1
f 〃(对
1 _2
When -1 < x < 1 , 1 - x2 > 0 . ? (x+ l)3(8x + 3)-(4x2 + 3x) - |(x+ 1) 3
When |x| > 1 , 1 - x2 < 0 . =3------- ^715^------ f(

0<x< 1
=沽* 5 + 3)-中]
h\x) > 0 for 0 < x < 1
Concluding the above results, 总矽 (20x2+ 30" 9)forx>0

k'(x) > 0 for - " < a: < y or y < x < 1
厂'⑴=亦挣( 20* + 30% + 9)
-1-媚
h\x) < 0 for x <
2 for x < 0 and x^-1
95
2
(b) A(0) = lim f (盼-f(0) =lim x(x + 1)' =0 Z X r, /八、 ]. x2/3(2x- 1)-0
x->0+ x-0 x->0+
(a) f +(0) = hm ——
xto+ X-U
川)
2 -1
lim「一尤(入 +1)'] = 0 =lim x3 (2x- 1) = -8
(0) = lim
xtO一
x-0 xt(f x — 0+
户 +（o）= r_（o）= o f '(0) does not exist.
广(0) = 0 2 -1
2(4x +3) (b) f，(x) = 3 (2尤一 1) = + ^(2x - 1)]

r+(o)= Hm lim =2
V q n+ X 一 U xt0+
3(x+l)i/3
=2(；" for
二-2
七°）=理性件
-2(4x + 3)
lim
xt(t 3(x+l)i/3 9 5Q*-2/3(5“ i)
r+（o）丰 f〃一（o）
f〃(x)= W----------- 七---
f 〃(0) does not exist. 2(10x + 1) r , n
=, 9延 for 3
A（-i）=吧料" lim
XT-1+ (X + 1)
(c) 广⑴= 0 5 = ?,f〃G)>o
f '(-I) does not exist.
(c)
/(x) attains a minimum at x
:g日
•/ f z(0) does not exist.
Using sign test, we get
X x<-l y<x<0 x>0
I
f'M + 一 + + X %<0 0<x<
/(x) attains maximum at x = -1 , minimum at
X =冬.
E） + -
f(x) attains maximum at x = 0
f 〃(x) = 0 n 20x2 + 30x + 9 = 0
(0, 0) is an inflexional point
a _ - 30 ± 7900 - 720 _ -15±3a/5
* 一 40 一 20
Also by (b), f 〃(0) does not exist. X X<T5 To<x<° x>0
-15-375
f〃(x) - + +
X * 20 %盘 <、<T
〔祢一如而汤尸 s point of inflexion.
f〃(x) - +
2
-1<、<一15 + 3 月 -匕 3右<*o (d) lim 1) = 8
X 1 <X 20 x>0 X —> 8
no horizontal asymptote.
+ - +
Obviously there is no vertical asymptote
The graph of f(x) has inflexional points at x = 0 , ]• x2/3(2x-l)

—--------- -=8
lim —
XT8 X
=-15±375
:. there is no oblique asymptote.
96
14. Clearly there is no horizontal and vertical asymptote.
For oblique asymptote, we let y = ax + b .
lim fM
X
短3 +工2—1
lim
JC —> 8 X
lim
XT8 Ji+m= 1
b = lim [/(x) - ax]
X —> oo
=lim [ + x2 -x-1 - x]
=lim 'R
5 =酬如也 …i+M"l I ]・人—入—1
X坚(x3 + X2 - X - 1)2/3 + X(X3 + X2-X - 1)"3 + X2
f 7-1) does not exist.
1
3券 + 2]-1 3
(b)广⑴ for x A 1, —1
3(X3 + X2 -X - 1)2〃
I The oblique asymptote is y = 入 +： .

(c) f\x) = 0=^>3x2 + 2x-l = 0
=> x = or x = -1
(f)
(i) 3x2 + 2x-l>0=>x<-l or x > and x^l
(ii) 3%2 + 2x 一 1 v 0 n-1 < 尤 < ；
(d) By (c), (-1, 0) is a maximum point,
(?, 一；也) is a minimum point.
For x = 1 , f '(1) does not exist but f \x) > 0 for all
x > i and * 1 .
(1, 0) is neither maximum nor minimum point.
For x。1,一1
f 〃⑴
2 _1
(x3 + x2-x - 1)^(6% + 2) - ^(3x2 + 2x- 1 )2(^3 + %2-x - 1)'
=----------------------------------------------------------------------- 4----------------------------------------
3(x3 + x2-x-l)3
_ 3(-3 + 工2 一工一 1)(6" 2) - 2(3对 + 2x- 1)2
_ 5
9(x3 + x2-x -
-8x2—16jc-8
_ 5
9(x3 + x2-x- 1)3
8 (x+ I)2 8 1
=-9 5 - -9 4 5
[(X+l)2(X—l)]3 ("1)3(“ 1)3
for x > 1 , f 〃(x) < 0 ;

for x v 1 and x ■ —] , "(x) > 0 .
/. (1, 0) is a point of inflexion.
97
6. Geometric Applications of Definite Integrals
| EXERCISE 6.1
1 Like (L): sy = 2
I
I Parabola (P): y2 = 2x + 4 .
Area = (yi -y2)dx 人：(叫，以).
Jo
=[2(ex-e~x)dx
(a) y2 = 2x + 4
2
2母 2,"
=[ex + e~x]0 = e2 + e~2-2 sq. units
Slope ofL = 1
•
i.e. 1 = 11 => y4 = 1
—
以 A
Curve: 2y2 = 3-x x -(1，4) _ 3

知 _ ~T~ ~
2
Straight line: x + 2y + 1 = 0
i.e. A is (-5,1)
For points of intersection, A and B
2" = 3-(-l-2y)
(b) For points B(xb, yB) and C(xc, yc) where x = y + 2
2/-2^-4 = 0n2(y-2)(y+1)= 0
and y2 = 2()+ 2) + 4
>4 = -1 => 心= 1 A(1，T)
y2 一 2)- 4 = 0
Xe = 2 知= —5 B(—5, 2)
(y + 2)(y — 4) = 0
The area shaded
Put yB = -2 and thus 电= 0
r2
=| [(3-2/)-(- l-2y)]dy So, yc = 4 and xc = 4 + 2 = 6
「2 2 i.e. point B is (0, -2) and point Cis (6, 4)

=J ^ (- 2y2 + 2y + 4)dy = [y/+ / + 4)；]^
0 -2
=9 sq. units 6 4
△ = area of triangle ABC =:
3
互 1
0
By symmetry, area △ = l[0 + 6 + 3 + 12 + 6 + 0] = y
sq. units
=2匚*辛加=凯”）后机
△'
area of parabolic sector BA C
=建修或+即飞］"） -4
=¥侈 sin 堂 T "（导） =口考+ "4g
g + 4y] =18 sq. units

=［汕（壹一 sin _。（人j ＞）』2bh — sq. units
=[专+
27
yj A T _ 3
Hence, = 18 = 4
5.
98
Area = J |sinx + ：sin2』dx (iii)
「b i
= (sinx + 5 sin2x)dx
」 0 2
(•.• sin% + i sin2% = sinx( 1 - cosx) > 0 for x e [0, b])
1 b Area of moon shape (by symmetry)

-[-cosx - -cos2x]q
• 2jb^2
=-cosZ? - 7Cos2Z? +1 + 1 2 (yi-V2)必
0
4 4
where yi =-』4(b - 1) - ¥ + b , y2 =
z5 j cos 28、 •.
(——cos u------- —) sq. units
2jb^2
「兀. 1 . 1 2
Area 2 = (sinx + - sin2x) Jx = [-cosx- tCOs2x] 0
」0 2 4
2［虹苔莺标k — 2(S)品 M」\2jb^2
。
=+1 -1 + 1 + | 二 2 sq. units
15
As Area 】=— Area 2
5 , cos2》 15 、, c 15 -7^2(2)-2(Z?-1) sin'1

4-C°sZ?--T- = 16X2 = Y
cos2Z? + 4cosZ? = 5 - y = y 27^r2[2Z?-?(Z?-2)-2]-4(Z?- l)sin-1J|5|

2 _5
2cos b-1 + 4cosZ?二—
U(2b-1)7D4(b—l)si「J|W
2 sq. units
4cos b + 8cos。+ 3 = 0
(2cosZ? + 3)(2cosZ? + 1) = 0 When b = 2, A = B i.e. Area = 0
cosZ?二 y (rejected) or cosb = 一； =^> Z?=苧 When b = 3 , by substitution
Area = #5) VI 一 4(2) sin Ji = (y - 2tc) sq. units
(i) x1 - 4y
7・
x2 + (y-b)2 4- 4(1 - b) = 0 y2 = x(s；)2
Substitution gives
1 ___________
4y + (>— 幻 2 + 4(1—幻=0 Area of loop = 2 J' ^)2dx
y2 + (4-2g +由—仙+ 4) = 0
[y-S2)]2 = 0 1 5 3
=2』*(f+ ；)心= 2卜 # + ：(泸 L
i.e. y = b -2
While x = 土屈=+2jb^2
i.e. points of intersection are
5(27^2, b - 2), A(-2jb^2, b-2), b>2 4珍—白土 =晶 ‘I血，
(ii) For x2 = 4y 2x = 4 笑
i.e.宇| =习 =干宓彰
dx\A,B 2|a,3
For x2 + (y-Z2)2 + 4(l-Z?) = 0
n 2x + 2(y 一幻笑=0
i.e.宇 | =.二土 | =干 Jb — 2
dx\A,B y~b\A,B
_ 16 Q，2x 81 81 _ 25
So the curves are tangent to each other at the points A, B.
99
r0 12.
Similarly, Area Q = (x3 - 9x)dx = 14 i
J—2 i _x = 0 n r = ±^2
芬.
i
AreaR = J |x3 - 9x\dx = 1 Because of symmetry, we have to calculate the area of the
portion below 尤-axis.
Area between x = -2 and x = k be A = 2S, taking
r旗 c d
positive sum 3 Area = -2 [(r2 - 2)^-(2r)]^
For k<-3 i.e. 一( 28—学)=[(x3-9x)dx Jq dt
4 h
-4jr。
72 (八2)出=-4]
rz「
3 2,]。
-87 = -81-H+18F
U - 18砂-6 = 0
k2 = 18 ± 7^82 + 24 = 9 + (... ^2>0) =y sq. units
k = -^9 + 787 (•.• k<-3) Alternative:
For -3 < A; < 0 , but P + Q = 20.25 < 28 = P r° r J2

2 ydx = 2 2t(2tdt)
no real k solution J—2 J。
pk
For 0v*<3, -(28 - 14) =
Jo
(x3 -9x)dx =2 f 4t2dt = 8「§], = sq. units
Jo L3」o 3
-56 = *4—18 砂
U—18砂+ 56 = 0 13.
(砂一 4)(砂一 14) = 0 y = 0 n t3 -t = 0 => ^ = Oorz = +l
k = ±2 or k = ±V14
Because of symmetry,
0vkv3
「o
k = 2 Area = —2 J (Q — t)(2t)dt
For k>3 , but P + Q + R = 40.5 > 28 = P

no real k solution.
Therefore, possible k are -加 + z/87, 2
•+
8 sq. units
=—
9.
》=b (i>o) 14.
「8 1 k
[x = aQ — Osin。
Area shaded = e~axdx = lim [- -e~ax]
JO kt8 Q 0 Curve (Q:〈 where a> b>0
[y = a - Z?cosO
=lim「- -e~ak + Z]=』sq. units
k -> 8 L Q 6Z_] Q « 2na
Area shaded = [y - (« - b)]dx
Jo
10. ,2 k
y = -A-； lim y = 0 = (Z? - Z?cos0)(6z - Z?cos0)tZ0
Jo
i.e. x-axis is an asymptote (when x = 0,j = a-b => 0 = 0;

Curve is symmetrical about y-axis x = 2jta , y = a-b = 0 = 2k )
Area required = 2 [ 8 dx = 16
J。并 + 4 Jo x2 + 4
f =b
r 2兀 2
[Z?cos 0 - (a + Z?)cos0 + a]dQ
J。
「1 一项8 r2n h
=16 -tan - = 4兀 sq. units =b [^(cos20 + 1) - (a + Z?)cos6 + a]dQ
L2 2 Io Jo 2
h h 2兀
=b[^ sin20 + |0 - (a + Z?) sin0 4- <20]q
r1 A
Area = [2at - —(at2)]dt
J。 dt =b[0 + bit-0+ 27ta-0]
=(2a + b)bTt sq. units
4a2
」
f
0
t2dt = 4q2 「§]
L3」o
=华
3
sq. units
100
15. (ii) Because of symmetry, we only consider Z = 0 to
I
2
K
\x = at a>0
Curve < where
[y = <7(1 - cost) 0<t<2it
「2兀a
7C
4 r 21 2 2 I
Area -J \ab cos t + ab sin t\dt
Area shaded = ydx
Jo
r 2k
兀
二 tz(l - cost)adt
Jo
/when x = 0 n £ = 0 =Ttab sq. units

\ x = 2na n t = 2兀
=a2[t - sin席" 3at _ 3at2

(b)① x 奇，)=e
=2兀。2 Sq units
工3 + ,3 _ âxy
(3at V ( 3成2) 3at 3at2
x =osin26
m IttpJ 1 +t3 1 +t3
Curve〈 where a,b>0 怜［1+户一（1+Q）］二。

3 =/?COS0
i.e. curve is symmetrical about y-axis. [not circles] 3 at 3at2 .

x = 口 V = E 叮。 Parameter
fb fo
Area of each loop = 2J xdy = 2J 兀 asin29 (-Z?sin0)dQ equations of the curve x3 + y3 - 3axy = 0 .
ro
=(-ab) sin0 sin20 J0 3at2 3at , dy ,
(ii) TT? =tx , -7 = t— + x
2
y = 1773 dt dt
7C
=Aab P sin20cos0<79
Area是「I我-戒g
Tt
1 32 4 dx\
二 4ab[-sin 0]q 二 -ab sq. units dt
y = xt)
17.
x = cos0 0 0 2 2 9 a2?
{
where %2 + y2 二 cos 0 + sin 0 = 1 dt
y - sinO (1 + r3)2
「2兀亨 lim F1 1
Using is incorrect L t -> +00 L (1+卢).
Jo
Since 尤'( 0) = -sin0 changes sign once in the interval ~T
[0, 2tc].
So, it could be improved by taking two parts with no sign 19.

change Curve (four-leaved rose): r - a sin20 (a > 0)
The curve is symmetrical about 0 =

18.
(a)① Area=H：^_y^W Hence the required area of one loop
n
=tz2[4sin22et/9
2
=i f \2a2t2 - 4a2t2\dt Jo
2Ji
匹 5
=j,2 费=怵
1
尹 2J4(1-cos40)J0 =护[0 一扑114仞；
1 9 r 7C 八八 TC 。？ •
、
r\
7a1 =-a2[- -0-0 + 0] = — sq. units
二 —sq. units 2 4 o
101
20. And required area (By symmetry)
3k
Parabola r = a sec2^ (a > 0) \ r~2
=2 x - r2t/0 - area of inner loop x 2
2」0
By symmetry,
n
(since due to overlapping area)
Area shaded = 2(^)J^r2<70 2 3丸
「 . 320 -\~2
a 2 1 rc/0M . • 20 , Sin T 3 . 40
=3* ^[5(-)] -4siny + + 48111-^
=|,^2sec
Jo 2 -2慌俘*)]
=sec + tan 二 3q2[芸 0 + 0 + 0 —0]—学俘—：刁
=a2^ sec 脂 0 + Q2『2tan 豚 tang)

= 京( 5兀+18媚)sq. units
iRtan?+ ("*)]：
23.
=q2[2 ⑴ + (?)(l)3-0-0] Curve: r = 1 + 2cos0, 0 < 9 < 2tc
Area of inner loop (By symmetry)

8a2 ..
二 —sq. units
2xk
21. 2
[1 + 4cos0 + 4cos曲
Curve:尸=£ (a > 0)
i r缶_ [1+4 cos 0 + 2(1 + cos 20)]

Area shaded, A = - \ r2d^
=的=¥国；
=[39 + 4sin0+ sin20]^
=3兀_0-O_2兀_4(季)_"孝)
-a2( 1 1 ) _ y 八
- 1底-矽、屈-矽-扣12)
i.e. A X (尸]一尸 2)
22. 24.
30
The two curves intersect at:
Curve: r = asin (a > 0)
5 sin0 = 2+ sinO
Area of inner loop (By symmetry)
• A 1
n sin 9 =-
=2(?)J；费
7t 5 7T
6 = 6 or T
=。 2『sin ?的 Because of symmetry,

J。 3
7T
「 • 329 AreaP = 2 x i [6(5sin0)2je
_
—冰(
2/Q\ 1 「"、】>1 • 20 , sm T , 3
3) j^[5(-)] - 4 sin — H----- ------ ---
. 49 2」o
25产=还』0
[refer to Ex.3.2 (No. 4)] Jo 2
=36/2「禁_4sin?+ ：sin ^ + |sin^-0~|
L9o 3 J 5 4 5 25「Q_迦奕f
L2 4 Jo
兀 3 r£\
3a2(5
.
=sq. units 2571 25a/3
12
102
n
；Arc length = J Jl + (^)2dx
Area Q = 2〃J：(2+ sin0)2d0
6
\
匹
J；（4+ 4 sin。+上号座）的
6
7C
=j [护 + 扣2]dx
[40-4cose + --^—]5
rj Q A n , 0 sin20-]2
rl 3 1 _1 2 8 1 1,1 】 17 •,
[6% -2% ]1 = 6~4-6 + 2 = 12 UmtS
_ 3兀上17^3
= 万+ W
required area = Area P + Area Q Curve: 9ay2 = x(3a - x)2
=- 73) sq. units II Arc length of loop = 2』 Jl + (戋 R
dx
EXERCISE 6.2
where y =
lx(3a - x)2
9a
佥P"』 3
1
I dy 3 2' 1
1 ~dx ~2% 2ja
Parabola y2 = 4ax (a > 0)
3a
I So, arc length = 2 f 一 -2 + x\dx
1+・| —
1 + (窄 )2必 where y = ±j4ax, 纭 = ±
x 0 4a\x
—
— (x = (2tan20 3 。二.中火二碓广("们必
x = O=>0 = O, x = a=>0 =4
1 + (?)必 put 二 2
_ 7C 0 2ja JclJq
「冬迎 2Qtan&ec2&0 4=[|(^)3 + ajx]a = 4后ct units (•. X =(右矽)
Ja 5 0
J。Jo tan 0
匹 7C _________
'sec% 曲=2a |* ^ 7 tan20 + 1J( tan 0)
o 」o I Curve: 21 ay2 = 4(x - 2a)3
n
1 1 4 I Parabola: y2 = 4ax (a > 0)
2<i[-tan0sec0 + -ln|tan0 + sec0|]Q
27q(4gx) 4(s2q)3
a[Jl + ln(l + a/2)] units
x3 - 6ax2 - 15a2x - 8a3 0
(x - 8«)(x2 + 2ax + a2) 0
y : In(secx) (x - 8<a)(x + a)2 0

dy 1 + , x = -a (rejected), x =
----- sec x tan % = tanx
dx secx
n __________ 兀
Arc length Jl + tan2%Jx f 6

secxdx
,
I Arc length required = 2
2a
dx
~4 4
；where y = JJ(s2q)2, dy
n 二
—c2 a)\2
dx
[ln|secx + tanx|]6K
-4 :J1+£(s2q)火
In切-InQ-l) = ln-^-
72- 1 3-.8a
2
2#3"法
x 1
+ ；)
2
2a
,dy_ _
6y + 6号
dx
ax
4x3 r
Q 1
3
2 ? 1
3-,
2
4a C + ?) -(： + ：) 4。(3后- 1) units
Curve: 6xy = x4 + 3 where
dy _ 4x3- 6y =事一1 3 y 、 3 37 、
dx ~ ，
6x 一 2x2
103
9.
i
-1 I Use polar coordinates, let Q = t, r = at, thus r = .
y = sin (ex) => x = In(siny)
dx cosy , :. The length of the curve
n -r = = coty
ay siny
;=广*的
the required arc length = J： Jl + (coty)2dy
I -37T .--------------
6
I = [ Ja2Q2 + a2dQ
I 」0
7C
=J； esc ydy I p 3兀 i--------

I = a\ 71 + M
6 i
Tt
1 = «[|71 + 02 + bn|0 + 71 + 02|]^
=[ln|cscy _ coty|]；
I z z 0
6
=ln|l-0|-ln|2-73| 二；[3兀」9兀2 + 1 + ln(3兀 +」 9兀2 + 1)] units
In
10.
x = at2 => 华= lat; y = 2at n 宇= 2。
=ln(2 + 73) units dt , 7 dt
'a J(2at)2 + (2a)2dt

Arc length
o
Suppose there is with < r3 < t2 such that (y = 2a2 => t = a, y = 0 => 1 = 0)
dx
号 > 0 for all t e (上，氏)
la
at 1 J
dx
and 房 V。 for all t e 2a[^Jl + t2 + : ln\t +
then arc length

a[aja2 + 1 + ln(a + Ja2 +1)] units
=f
dt + dt
11.
- 4
厂 dt x =
2
y = t2 - 2Inf - 2ft - -
f
dx
Hence it is no need to take care the sign of — in (rp z2)
Arc length 孔寿力
Similar situation is for 卓
dt
16 + 4移+ §_祯
8.
. dx - <• 3 9 3
x = t - sin? => — = 1 - cost
= (2t + -)dt = [r2 + 21nr]i
Ji t
y = 1 - cost =卓= sinr
' dt -9 + 21n3 - 1 - 0 = (8 + 21n3) units
Arc length = f 7(1 - cosr)2 + sin2tdt

Jo 12.
dx =e°(sinO + cos 9) > 0
x = eesin0 JO
r 2兀 2
= (2 - 2 cos0 dt y = e0cos0 dy
Jo e0(cosO - sinO)
dQ
"兀 i ，i
2 sin||Jr
o Arc length required dQ
.271 I
=2I 0
sin；出
2 = PeQ7(sin0 + cos0)2 + (cos0- sin0)2<70
Jo
t 2k
=4[-COS2]0 Tt Tt
=j2peQdQ = ^[ee]o units
=4[-(-l)-(-l)] = 8 units
104
13.
=q(1 - cost)
x = a{t- sin。
y = q(1 - cost) =asint
=Arc length of curve from point，= 0 to point t = n

put t = sec0 , dt = secOtanOt/0
f a J sin2f + (1 - cost)2 dt = ajl f Jl - cos tdt
J。 Jo 1|]% + 2q"广:：sec 如性。
a/2
=2。旗[Ink + 履二
」 sec J； tan 9
= 剧+ 2 逐匚[藉
f兀
二 2a[-2C0S^]Q - 2q[0 + 2] = 4q units
=2a后 +2拘-&]：〉如
14.
Cardioid r = a(l - cos0) 2gm修+气)+ 2心
Complete length = J JI jl-

-2+ 73 In units
= a[ 7(1 - cos9)2 + sin20^0
J。
厂 ,2兀 --------------- Q 2兀
二 ajl J\ 一 cos&O = 2q[-2cos京
Jn 2 0 16.
=2[4。] = Sa units 1 dr _ sin0
Curve r =-----------
1 + COS0 de (1 + cos0)2
15. Arc length required

2
Cissoid r = 2a tanO sin0 (tz > 0)
✓7 y 0
户 ] 11十血2。一
i.e, — = 2o[sec OsinO + tan0cos0] J_匹 1 + cosO” (1 + COS0)2

2
=2a sin0( sec 0+1) n _3
=榻「兀（l + COS。）初0
~2
Arc length required
tan?
=2a j4 7(tan9sin9)2+ sin20(sec20+ l)2t/e
2 ]
sin0 7tan26 + 4 2
=2sec? • (dtan?) = |
2J一匹 2 2
f Ju1 + Id"
2J_]
sec 0 + 1 + 2sec QdQ 2 1
n ______________ =[^Ju2 + 1 + ^ln|w + 7«2 + 1|]]

= 2 q「sin 0 7sec40 + 3 sec20 J0
Jo =:旗 + ：ln(l + 孩)+ - 1)
71 _________
=2a I,tan97sec29 + 3t/0
Jo
=2据技亟3尊也如
0 cos 0
= 2a [ r ^dx put x = cos9 , dx = -sinOJO =[72 + ln(l + z72)] units

J 72 x2
2
105
17.
Spiral r = aekQ 貉
Volume required (by difference)
=akekQ
yx = b + Ja2-x2
Arc length required

2t 2 兀
ra
Jo (方
2
_、
2
2)必 where <
y2 = b- Ja2 -x2
=2nf - x2dx
=
r 2兀 .----------
ajl+ k2ekQdQ I Jo
Jo =f Jo2 - x2dx = 8/?兀「；」。2_工2 + 刍 sin
units Jo L2 2 Q」o
二 8b兀修• 0 + 号(号)一 0 - o] = 2it2a2b cu. units

18.
Curve 9 =：(尸 + ') dQ _ 1 1-i
万=2
Arc length required Volume required (about y-axis)

^h-b
=兀 x^dy
dr
吧寿+人一哥］
鸠, 2+1虹=l[9 + ln3_l_0]
2「- 人3 + 3b2h
- 阳 + 3h2b - 3柘2 +
入3]
="[-------------------------- 莎-------------------------- J
(2 + ：ln3) units
(3Z? - h)h2a2Tt
二 ---------- \------- cu. units
3b2
EXERCISE 6.3
4. 12
Curve y2 = x(x --)
3 Volume required (about x-axis)

Curve y2 = (a2 - x) i i
=y2dx = 7tJ\^x2 + ~ ^x^dx
Volume about x-axis =
a2 p a2 3
Vx = 71;y2dx = it (a2 一％) dx i
=补"+，护加=兀[捉+ & — "]：
1
J。 Jo
=兀弓(。 2_尤)4]：=加8兀
=兀[佥 + 遍—会]=兀〔^^] = 972 cu・ units
Volume about y-axis = V2
* a3 ' 2.2
5.
a2-y3\ dy
Jo
V2 = 2 k:x2dy = 2 k
Jo Curve: y =
=2 兀J 。
a4 + y^ - 2a2y^\dy
人人、
7■
兀卜 4y + ；y3_?Q2y3]o
5
=2
兀
=2 [q7 _|_ _ ?q7] - 兀
1 8 16 7
r VM
丸
e - lf H - -- Q
Fo 4 35
64
a - --
35
106
[symmetric about y-axis]
皿+司二 (1 +旗折=1 + 2" + 2旗，
Volume required (about line y = a}
=2兀J。片 _。 ) -(y-a)2^dx ijlx = 1 + 2y2 i.e. x =,〔

2j2
The required volume is then
J_ 2
=2兀广祁+e a +2)— q2 + q2" + /)" J_ ±

=y J^(4/-4/+ 1)^ =学[护-护+ W；
o J q o J i 0
24 o [芸次 -%(/+e “) + q2" + /)”
=2兀]芸q2—粕)/ +专(我 +"_成％
| EXERCISE 6.4
2吨3^102一捉 * + 2一捉；一卜1 + 1]
|_ 10 o Zoo
i 1.
33 23]八 3 •,
77 一亏 In 2 兀。' cu. units Curve: xy = 9
lo O )
Line: x + y = 10
(io-y)y = 9
,a
Volume = k y2dx y2 - lOy + 9 = 0
o
3-9)(y-1)= o
二 tcJ兀 Z?2sin2O^J0 (when x = a, Q = O,x = O,Q = ^)
by symmetry, they intersect when x = 1 and x = 9 .
2
Volume required (about y-axis)
/• 0 d
--兀 J 兀 «Z?2sin Osin0t/0 =2k[9x[(10-x)--]Jx
2
J1 X
n
=兀沥『 2 sin'。』。 r9
=2兀J (IQx -x2 -9)dx
i 9
二 2ti[5x2 一 -x3 - 9幻]
=2 兀[405 -243-81 -5 + ^ + 9]=晋兀 cu. units
=琴at>2 cu units 2.
p , 1 (y = 4 - (x- 3)2
Parabolas: <
ly = 2 + (s3)2
Volume required (about y-axis)

Curve: Jx + Jy = 1
r4
[symmetric about line x = y] =2兀 x[(4 - (x - 3)2) - (2 + (x - 3)2)]^x
First rotate the coordinate axes through 45 ° . /• 4

=2兀尤 [2 —2(尤一3)2]女
/ x , y X J2
x = —+—
J2 Ji 3 r4
y'=三+乏
y J2 J2 也 + =2兀J x[2 一 2工2 + 12% 一 18]dx
r4
=2兀 [-2x3 + 12x2 - \6x]dx
By substitution and replace x by x, y' by y J2
i 4
=2k[- -x4 + 4x3 - 8x2]2
二 2兀[- 128 + 256- 128+ 8-32 + 32]

=16兀 cu. units
107
=2。3『兀：(1 + cos20)t/O + 2fl3| (-cos20) J( cosO)
=16ax ~2 ~2
Parabolas:
J2 =4qx
=2q3[? + ：sin26一!cos'。]匹
件
Volume required = A(x)dx
Jo
=2次「与 + 'in兀一!cos g + 争一!sin(—兀)+ 0]
where A(x) = ^(/z)(/z)(sin60°) = |_4 4 3 2 4 4 J
=兀 "3 cu. units

and h = y2-y^ = J16ax - Jâx
二 ^Jax- ijax - ijax
So, volume = J dx
I EXERCISE 6.5
I
=(âx)dx =贝[护]:
Parabola: y2 = 4-x
Surface area required

cu. units
=2吐'侦+的诚
The volume required = 2 A(y)dy

Jo
=^4y2 + Idx = 7tJ 717 - Axdx
(by symmetry) where A(y) = i%2tan0
「 3-.4
=：(尸2_y2)tan°
=7C(-J)(|) (17 —4x)2 = |(17V17-1) sq. units
prj
So, volume required = 2 - tan9(r2 - y2)dy
Jo Z
i r 2
tan9[r2y--y3]o Curve: 9ay2 = x(x-3a)
(symmetric about x-axis)
2 2
tan0[-r3] = -r3tanO cu. units
_ &(x-3a)
5.
y = 0 n x2 = lax X佥[阵k]
= x(x - 2a) = 0
Surface area
x = 0 or x = 2a
• 2a
Volume required = A(x)dx
Jo(
where A(x) = 2yh = 2yx = 2x^2ax-x2
So, volume = 2
r 2q i-----------
xj2ax - x2dx x-a = a sin 6
Joo
, 2q I---------------------
dx = (2COS0J0
=2I o
n
xja1 - (x-a)2dx put x = 0 => 0 _n
~2 |(x- 3tz)|(x + a)dx =法 J (-x2 + 2ax + 3a2)dx
=2]兀。(1 + sinOgcosOocosO』。 x = 2。=> e =；

= £［一：工 3 +。尤2 + 3。2尤］：“
~2
n
=2a3j^(cos20 + sin0cos20)6Z0 二[一 9。3 + 9。3 + 9。3] = 3。2兀 sq. units
3a
~2
108
j ___ p Z7l -
二 2帼兀q2 (1-cos9)26Z0
Circle: x2 + y2 = r2 I Jo
y = Jr2 - x2 I 3
；=(2 sin g) dQ = 87ta2J sin 齐 0
dy _ —x
dx - x2 I
；=施可。 "1 — cos ?)(—2)d(cos?)
Surface area
2补""+(笑「办
:=-16^rcos§-icos3?r
I L 2 3 2」o
=2 兀J Jr2 - x2 Jl
x2
；=_16 兀。2[_1一#_i)3—i+；(i)3]
I
兀
=2 :J Jr^dx = 2r(r - h)7i sq. units =苧兀。之 sq. units
:&
Curve: x = cos 2^ I Arch of epicycloid: 0<0< tt
x 二 cos2y
X = y cosO - ^cos30
华= -2sin2y
dy ：sin30
y = y sinO 一
Surface area
n
。
dx _
=2 J；WJ1+兀 )2
(东)端
je z=sin 9 + y sin30
2 71
:「(
n ___________
cos2y) Jl + 4sin22ydy
、。■dy .=y COS0 - y COS30
d
Jo
o z o
一
一
一
2兀 -71 + ^z2dz put z = sin2y

一
ft
1 r- ? ? "I
Jo 2 l 9q2 sin 0 + sin 30-2sin0sin30

丸一
- z =
1
4 1 4 + cos20 + cos230 - 2cos0cos3O
n
=7tJo4」 l + (2z)2d(2z) I
I an2
1- 」
I =号 [1 —COS20]
=壹[夸」 1+4 濯+抑 2[ +」 1+4[2|]： I

* and sin 30 = sin(20 + 0) = 3 sin 9 - 4sin30
=壹 [7T^ +抑 2 + 竹|— 0 —：ln7I]
I IM = V > o ,戋 > o for。<。V 壹
=§[2的+ ln(2+ 灼] sq. units I c r

I Surface area
；= 2(2兀心侦粉+ (照遂
, [x = a(O-sine)
Arch of cycloid: < 0<0<2k 1 K ______________________
[y = q(1- cos0) I = 4兀 J ]苧 sinO — ； sin3e| 1 — cos20)』0
戋="(1 — cos。)
专= GW) i 匹
I = 6tz27t f213 sinO - sin30| sin06/0
I Jo
|y| = y for 0 < x < 2 兀
* = 6a27cJ^ |4sin30| sin0<70
Surface area
I 5
I = 24口2兀 j，si/odO
I Jo
=2k I* q(1 一 cos0)7[«(1 - cos6)]2 + [a sin 9]2
I = 24次兀[(4;j)n x 直] (refer textbookp. 130)
Jo
"兀 _______________
=2na2 (1 - cos 0) a/271 - cos0 J0 I 2_「3 x 1 9次丸2

, =24。」兀[— x -] = —— sq. units
Jo I 4x2 2 2 r
109
7. 2.
r - 2«cos9 Because of symmetry, we only consider 0 < Z <
r2 = 2«rcos0
Volume
x2 + y2 = lax
(x-tz)2 + y2 = a2 Ti f2 [cos6Z(3 sin21cost)]dt

\yf = y
By translation of < , r n2 7 2
x - x-a 3兀[cos tsin t]dt
Jo
the equation is (x')2 + (y')2 = a2 I* 1
37i (1 - u2)û2du , where u =
3k f (“2 一 3“4 + 3“6 一 “8)血

Jo
Surface area
4/1331、 16k
3k(--- + ---)=思 cu. units
~~^dX
兀。2
4
8.
Surface area
I*
Jo
=2k |e0 sin01 Je2Q + e2edQ •a 1
2兀 (2x+l)2dx
o
=f e2Gsin0J0 (•.• sin0 > 0 for 0 < 0 <
Jo
兀)
3 a
2(2x+l)2
n
3 八
J e20sin0J9 = [-cos0 - c2Q]q + 2j e20cos0J0 o
2tt
=°2兀一 i + 2〔[sin0 . 2j"e2°sin0d。
T + 1)^-1 sq. units
e20sin9(i0 = e211 - 1
Jo
5I
Because of symmetry, we only consider 0 < r < ^ ,
f e20sin9J9 =叶- 1 x = acos3t, % = -3acos2xsint < 0 for 0 < / < ^ ,

Jo 5
surface area = 2^TC(e27C - 1) y = asin3t, 卓 = 3a sin21cost
' dt
Curved surface area
2 x 2兀『[|isin" 7(-3«cos2/sinr)2 + (3«sin2rcosr)2]^

| EXERCISE 6.6
K _______________________
1. 4兀。f ' [sin*(3osinfcosr) Jcos?，+ sin%]出

y = In(cosx) n 孚= -tanx Jo
n
Tt _____ Una2 f2 sin%cosrd£
Arc length =「
Jo
+ tan2xdx
Jo
n
= f 4 secxdx (•.• secx > 0 for
o <
- <- K
- 12 兀。2 sin i2
4 Io
Jo
12 2 兀。
———sq. units
=[ln|secjc + tanx|]g = In(^2 4- 1) units
110
(b) When the tangent is perpendicular to x-axis,
y = tz(sinO - 0cos9), cos 0 - sin 0 二 0
华 =^(cosO - cosO + 9sin0) = a0sin0 = tan0 = 1 (cos 0^0, since。； is not a root
uu
y = 0 n sin 0 = 0 cos 0 = tan 9 = 9 => 0 = 0 of cosO - sin 9 = 0 )
y = tz => sin 0 - OcosG = 1 => 0 =
Area
n
f
Jo [«(cos0 + 0sin0)tz9sin0] J0 (i) Area of \OQB = ÔB ■ OQsin.
5
(cos0 + Osin0)0sin0t/O
0
-n
a2 「 OsinO cosOdO + f292sin20t/0
Jo J(0
n
fh2-92cos2e
a2 29sin20J6 + I ----------- - ------------ uv
Jo 2
0
7C
n n
2
20sin20t/O + p0^^0_ ire2sin20'
2 2 2 lo
0
1 [20sin2OÔ
+ 2,
J。 sq. units
7l3
a2 2Osin20t/0 + -
TC
0 (ii) arc length =「 + e2Qd^
Jo
Tt
5
f2 COS 26 ,丸 3
Jo—
-0 cos 20-j2
a2 2―]0 +
的+而
兀3
匹
-0cos2On2 rsin2e7
a2 5“] + r------ 1 + —
2 Jo L 4 Jo 48
12 + 兀2)sq. units
(a) Relationship between rectangular coordinate and polar

coordinate is given by
y = rsinO
x = rcosO
y = e0sin0
x =决 cos。
dy
dy _ dQ_ _ 决 (cos。+ sin。) cos 9 + sin0
dx dx 决(一 sin。+ cos。) cosO - sin0
dQ
111
7. Limit of a Sequence
EXERCISE 7.1
-1
1 12
n ± ••
si sm
% -1
2
-1
3
x3
1 QeN>W)
-1
4 6 Ve > 0 , take N
- si
•X4 4
<£ X/n> N
- 1 + 1) 1
(b) Xi ------------------- x1 = mx
{xn} converges to zero.
m(m-2+ 1)^2 = m(m- 1)^.2
x2
(b) Ve > 0 , take N = [^] + 1
m(m - l)(m-3 + l)^3 _ m{m - l)(m - 2)^.3
x3 ■X-
3! 6
••• SN, K-0| = |^-0|<i<e
一 1)(淅 _ 2)(农 _ 4 + 1)^4
4!
/. {x〃} converges to 0.
m(m - l)(m - 2)(m 一 3)/
(c) Clearly the even term of {xn} = nl cannot converge to

1 zero as n increases.
X1 y
乙
—L_
i2 +
1 =— 1
------
1 +1 2 {xn} does not converge to 0.
k= 1
2
y
乙
1
22 + k 4TT + 4T2 6
11
30 By theorem 1.3, lim
(d)
k= 1
3 The even term of {xn} converges to 1.
土 +上+亩= 1 181
乙 32 + k 660
k= 1 {xn} does not converge to 0.
4
-X_
y 42 16TI + T6T2 + i673 + i6T4
乙 +k (e) V8 > 0 , take N = [：] + 1 , >N
k= 1
12617 If n is even, \xn - 0| = |0 - 0| = 0 < E .
58140
If 〃 is odd, |xn-0| = R - o| < § < £ .
(d) Xi a, x2 = b
{xn} converges to 0.
7 a + Z?
a+b 无+与 "+丁 _。+ 3。
乙一， X4 2 ―2 — 4
(f) VoO
|xn-0| = 1^1 <^<e Vn>[^] + 1 (by (e))
(e) X1 ；=1
{xn} converges to 0.
x2 1
1
X3 2 (g) For even n , xn = [1 + (—1)〃]〃 = 2n which does not
3 converge to 0.
、4
2 {xn} does not converge to 0.
112
By theorem 1.3, lim "一扬 =1 , Suppose lim yn exists, say L.
〃一> 8
〃一> 8
If L = 1 , then take £0 = ^|Z- 1| > 0 .
lim xn = 1
MT8
lim yn = lim (xn - 1) = 0 (by theorem 1.1) lim xn exists

〃T8 〃T8 〃T8
BN s.t. X/n>N , \xn - /| < £0 .
For any n, take an even number n0 > max (2N, n)

4.
(a) Ve>0
|Xn - °l \an\ =1〃V£ = 〃〉譬
log a i :. lim yn^L

I 〃一> 8
(•.• log a <0as0<ovl) |
If L 1 , then take £0 = 一 1| .
Take N = max {1,肾^} (•/ may be negative, i
log。」 log。 For any n, take an odd number nQ> n .
depends on the magnitude of e) i
S。= 11 - L| > e0
N2 譬 i
log。 | lim yn^L
Ve>0, |%n-0| <8 \/n>N ；
:. lim yn does not exist.
〃 —8
{xn} converges to 0. I
i /. {yn} is not convergent.
i
(b) •/ a>l 1
I
an increases without bound. i
| EXERCISE 7.2
{xn} is not convergent.
I
1.
(c) Ve>0 (a) Put xn 二 -n2 with 闻二 n2
K-0| = 1(—1)%〃 —o| ；
So when 〃 — 8,工〃 8 but of alternating signs
=an ；
i.e. lim xn = but lim xn
< 8 \/n> N where N = max {1,顼匪} i nT8 〃t8
log <2
(by (a))；
(b) Put xn = (T)〃〃 with |xn| 二 n
/. {xn} converges to 0. Again similar as (a),
i when 〃 T 8, t 8 but of alternating signs
(d) By theorem 1.3, lim ^/a = 1 i.e. lim xn = but lim x〃。一8
〃 —» 8 〃一> 8 〃一> 8
I
lim [q 板一 1] = 0 (by theorem 1.1) i
2.
"T8 V ) |
Take xn = (一 2)〃
{x〃} converges to 0. I
I Then {x〃} oscillates between positive number and negative
I
I number.
5. 1 {xn} neither diverges to +8 nor 一8 .
i
lim xn = I |
"—> 8
I 3.
Ve > 0 3N g N s.t. - Z| < £ \fn> N i
For |x| < 1 ,
I
为=与+ 1听2 3 i 1-
lim xn = 0 (Theorem 1.2)
〃T8
V8>0 ；
If x = 1 , lim xn = 1 . —<>------------ ------------
\yn~l\ =氏+1 — 4 for ； n->°° —1 1 X
If x = -1 , diverges
< £ \/n > max {3, N} I
i
{》〃} converges to I. I For |x| > 1 , lim xn = (Theorem 2.1)
113
1 (c) lim (〃2 + 汤)= oo
(a) False (counter-example as xn = n,yn = -n i.e. I 〃T8
... Hm log 1999 _ 0 (Theorem 2.3)
lim xn = lim yn = 00 but lim (xn + *) = 0) 18 "2+汤
〃一> 8 〃—8 n —> OO
I
(b) True (xn, yn have same sign as 〃 T 8 ) ；(d) xn =(M+ 1)!-m!
1 =n!(n+l-l) = n(n!)
(c) True (xn dominates yn in xn ± yn as 〃 T 8) 1
1 lim = 8
n -> 00
I
I
(d) True (kxn only manifies xn as 〃 t 8 )
1 (e) lim (〃+ p) = 8
J 〃一> 8
(e) True (xnyn follows xn, yn as n — g) lim (n+ p)k = 8 (Theorem 2.4)
I 〃T8
I 1
1 => lim x = lim -------- q = 0 (Theorem 2.3)
(f) True (0 • 8 is an indeterminate form) (n + p)K
(g) True (xnyn follows yn as n — —, — also follows

Xn
yn as 〃一> 8 and lim xn = Z A 0 )
| EXERCISE 7.3
n—8
1
1 1.
5. I 8
I (a) {一 1, 1, 一 1, 1, ...}三{(一 1)〃}〃 = 1 is a bounded
(a) lim Tn = 00
〃一> 8
sequence as xn<2 but is a divergent sequence.
〃T8 〃T8
lim xn = lim 10-109/n = — (Theorem 2.2) 1
1
1 ( y cn if n is odd
'0) = 1 .
(b) For odd n , xn = Oxn! = 0<M X/M > 0 I [ 2 4 。 J [- if n is even
{xn} does not diverge to —. 1
1 is an unbounded sequence as “ T 8 for odd n but it
does not tend to infinity for even n (i.e. oscillating

(c) lim - = 0, lim n1 - 00 1 values).
〃一> 8 " 〃一> 8
1
lim (1 - - 4- 〃2)- oo 1 2.
〃一> 8 It 1
1 (a) {xn} is bounded, 3K>0 s.t. |xn| < K
(d) lim (0.1)〃 +1 = 0 as 0.1 < 1 X/n = 1,2,...

〃T8
1 lim yn = +8 , VM > 0 3N g N s.t.
lim 吊?;i = 00 (Theorem 2.3) n —» 00
〃 t 8 (U・ JL )
yn>M + K \fn>N
1 VM>0,
(e) |sinn| < 1 1
1 xn + yn>-K + (M + K) X/n>N
/. lim xn does not diverge to 8 .
=M \/n>N
；二观"〃 + *)= +8
(a) lim 〃！ = 8 i
3 1 (b) Take xn = (一1)〃，yn = 1

lim — = 0 (Theorem 2.3)
i8 Jn! Then lim yn = 1 , \x\ < 1
nT— 1 1
I
1 f 0 if « is odd
(b) lim (0.9)" = 1 (Theorem 1.3) 1 But % + .
n —> 00 1 [2 if n is even
I
lim xn = lim —J = 1^0 1 where {xn + yn} does not converge.
n —> 00 n —» 00 -
(0.9)〃
114
(c) (i) |sinn| < 1 , lim Jn = +8 I (c) For the case {xnyn} and lim xn^0 and xn^0 \/n
〃 —> 8 〃一> 8
I
lim {Jn + sinn) = +8 [by (a)] I Let Cn = xnyn (n = 1,2, ...)
Zl T 8 |
C
(ii) |(-1)W|<1, lim 〃2 = +8 1 then — = yn . If {Cn} is convergent, then {yn}
〃 —8 Xn
lim [(-l)n + n2] = +8 [by (a)] must be convergent which contradicts the assumption.
n—8
i.e. {xnyn} divergent
(iii) |tan-1n| < , |cos(n!)| < 1 I
|tan-1n + cos(n!)| < 1 + ' (d)

For the case {—} and lim xn^0 ,尤〃。0 ,
* "T8
(Triangle inequality) \/n
_1 I
(tan n + cos(〃!)} is bounded sequence, so
Let Cn = — (n = 1, 2,...)
it does not diverge to infinity. I
I
3. 1 then —=—.
i Xn yn
{“} bounded above is equivalent to have a fixed positive |
If {Cn} is convergent, then (—)
number k such that xn<k \/n = 1, 2,... y*
thus -xn > -k Vn = 1,2, ... i.e. {*} must be convergent which contradicts the
Or equivalently saying that {-xn} is bounded below. i assumption.

The vice versa proof is obvious x
i.e. (—} divergent
*
| EXERCISE 7.4 \ 3-
1・
'(a)
:
E（l+ 捉土+ •••+£）
lim (1) + lim - + lim + ... 4- lim =
Set xn = (一 1)〃 l n —> oo yi —> oo M yi ―> oo M 1 n —> 8 ZM
i.e. {xn} = {一 1, 1, 一 1, 1, ...} divergent I = 1+ 0+ ...+0=1 is wrong

Set * = ；
Since there are 〃 + 2 terms inside the bracket. As n
varies, the number of terms inside the bracket is not
i.e. {>”} = {1,一1, 1,-1, ...} divergent
fixed but varies as n increases.
So 与* =(-1)2" +1 ；
1. e. {xnyn} = {一 1, 一 1, 一 1, ...} convergent I i 〃 i挡y 呼〃

I (b) lim (1 + -) = [lim (1 + -)] = 1”* = 1
i
〃 —8 n m —»oo yi
2. i It is wrong.
Given {xn} convergent, {*} divergent Again since there are n terms inside the bracket. As n
varies, the number of terms inside the bracket is not
(a) For the case {xn + yn}
fixed but varies as n increases.
Let Cn = xn + yn (n = 1, 2, ...) I
I
then Cn-xn = yn. If {Cn} is convergent, i lim (sin* +【)= lim (sin*) + lim -
then {>〃} must be convergent, which contradicts the

It is wrong.
assumption. I
Since { sin 号} is not convergent, then we cannot
i.e. {xn + yn} divergent
I apply theorem 5.1.
(b) Similar as (a), for the case {xn-yn} I
Let cn = xn~yn (〃=1,2,...) ； 4.

then Cn-xn = -yn . If {Cn} is convergent, then 3+ 1 + 1
3 + 2日_了+乒
3〃3 + 2n2 一〃 + 1
i (a) lim lim ------- z—
{一*} i.e. {*} must be convergent, which I 2n3 一 3疽 + 2 2--+ 2
"n
contradicts the assumption.
3+0-0+0 =3
i.e. {xn-yn} divergent I 2-0 + 0 一 2
115
Suppose lim xn
J 〃T8
1 + — + ... + —
2 2n
(b) lim lim 2
=(lim xn)(lim xn) = I2
G
n —＞ 8 1+捉…+土 71 — 8 0 = lim xn
〃一＞ 8 〃T8 S 、J
『门
lim xn exists)
n —＞＜»
0
1 n+1 3
1-(|)
_4 ■ ' , —3 _ —3
1-0 lim xn 0
lim 1 n+1 T 〃一＞ 8
〃一＞ 8 1-0 2 2
i-Q) 2 2
If lim xn 0, lim xn = 0 .
M —» 8 MT8
职 [sin(〃!)]耳 ■ (b) Let xn = -1 \/n 1,2, ...
「 2
lim xn 1
〃一＞ 8
But { sin(〃!)}；= ] is bounded, then But lim xn = -1 Ji .

〃一＞ 8
爵|［如（〃!）］吕|《吕
72-1
lim n~1 = 0
＞ 8 n' + 1 For n = 1 ,
R.H.S. = 2(1) —1 + (—1)1 = 0 L.H.S.
lim [sin(n!)] n~ = 0
〃t8 n +1
The proposition holds for n 1 .
Assume it holds forn = k
For lim \ -+ + ... +• 2/+ 1 For n = k + 1 ,
(d)
I” L1 • 2 2 - 3 〃(〃+ 1)」 n2-l
2%+i = ^k-2ak
1 1 办 =4S[2k—1 + (-1)勺
As ——— =----------- 7 , then
n{n + 1) n n+ 1
2k+ 1 + (-l)k+i
白+ 上 +•••+〃(〃+ l)
2以 + 1)_ 1 +(—l*+i
(拦) +G-9+-+G -冬)

The proposition holds for any positive integer.
-i_ !_ - "
〃+1 n+1 (b)
n 2
2n3 + n
Therefore limit lim lim - = 0 ,
〃一＞ 8 〃3 + 〃2 一〃一 i
〃 —8 "
2+5 lim 或= o
I
lim n n n 〃一＞ 8 n
n —＞ oo 1+】1 1
1+厂/-乒把）=
lim 1
〃一＞ 8
2?坚 /(n)
(e) Assuming lim 2f(〃)=

nT8
1
For lim 5 +・.・+
So lim 以*.明. ... . 272) 〃一＞ 8
iii _L As 0＜
lim f22-24-28 - ... -22n
n —» oo
＜ l + l+...+l 〃+ 1 1 +1
=2刎（捉投+ n2 n2 n2 n n2
2”,
(n + 1) terms
!【i-（护、 And lim +4 =0+0=0

〃 —8
lim
lim 1-(；)”
2… 21 = 2 By squeezing principle,
2
lim —T H------ -—- + , . . + 二 0.

8 _n2 (n + I)2
116
(c) For lim
1+湖+竺y竺业〃T8
For n > 2 , we have

o<-----------
n
<_____
n
1 [1+1+1 <
-展+寸 2竺也
+ 〃4 + 〃 4
0 <------------ ----------- < — —

—-—
1+湖 + 〃(〃；海(〃-睥
lim -J— = 0 1 (by (b))

>8 〃一 1
n
lim ---------- 上——-—=0 by squeezing principle.
181+nh+^nh2 and lim (IJ/n)3 =lim (lim rl[ri) = 1
〃一> 8 〃一> 8 n —> oo
(1 +/i)〃 = 1 + nh + n(n~ h2 + + ... + C^hn By squeezing principle, lim =1

(b) 〃T8
for n > 2
10.
>l+nh + L)/?2 for n > 2 Let be a positive integer.
n_______
_H_ <----------- Starting 4n2 - 1 < 4n2
0<
(1 + h)n 1 + 湖 + 状口 - 1)
(2n+l)(2n-l)<(2n)(2n)
n 2〃-1 , 1
lim 0 [by (a)]
〃一> 8 1+湖+咛^2 (2〃)(2〃)<2〃+l
I、？/”—1
lim = 0 <2^TI
2〃一 1
Therefore for n 1, 2, 3, ... by substitution

(a) For any x > 0 and positive integer n and
n =1，捉
multiply together get
n 2*
When n = 1 case, (1 + x) > 0 (obvious) 1 3 2n- 1
2 .4
When n> 1 case, by binomial theorem
n - 3 "V
一 '
1
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + 也亍鸟2+...+对〉也 Jin + 1
(b) Putting x = Vn-1 in (a) and assuming that the
(b) Assuming if lim xn +oo, then lim Jjcn = +8.

sequence { ^fn}n = 1 is convergent, 〃T8 nT8
〃 = (%)?丝户(死一 1)2 So, taking reciprocal of xn , we have an equivalent
assumption that if lim — = 0, then lim ~^= = 0 .

2 > (n-l)p-l"| Xn 18 Jxn
Take x” = 2n + 1 , therefore lim / 】 =0 .
目搭* i8+ 1
While by squeezing principle that
While lim
18 ”〃一 1
+ 1 = 0+ 1 = 1
。〈挡•• 2〃 - 1 <
2〃
1
J2n+1
0 < lim (； ..• < lim -=L= = 0

By squeezing principle, lim nn = 1 . 〃一> 8 Z 2〃 i8 丁2〃 + 1
• i• /1 3 2m —lx 八
117
EXERCISE 7.5 (d) Xn = COS —
n2mt
1. Consider two subsequences of〈 cos

Given lim xn
〃一> 8 l。0 where I is a finite real number
= {1}
lim 与+1 7
So lim 山〃T8 _ L _ [
MT8 lim xn = 7 = • {执} = {巧/ + 1} 二 (一?
〃 —8
lim xM = 1 , lim = 0
kT8 nk I* nl
2.
A divergent sequence {xn} is divergent.
1 1 _i 1 i 1 (_n« +1 -2
'2' ' 3' ' 4'…'* 7 ' 〃+ 1'…
:⑴ For n = 0 ,
which contains a convergent subsequence
R.H.S. -p°) = 0 = L.H.S.
111 _J_
r y 49…，并？… For n = 1 ,
R.H.S. a 】一伊)=专
1
[(a + "_4ag]2i
(a)
nn
Xn = COS^- =±[(—1)2 —4(—1)『=1 = L.H.S. a>p)
Consider one subsequence of ( cos 号}. The proposition holds for n = 0 and n = 1 .
Suppose the proposition holds for n = k-1 and
{与 J = {x2, x4, x6, ...}
n — k.
={cos71, cos2k, cos3k, ...) For n = k + 1 ,
{%} = {—
ak+\ = ak-\~ak
{%} is divergent. 童（必- 1_阡1）_±（必一附
{x〃} is divergent.
-j=[ak~1 -必- 1 - 附]
(b)
% P are roots of x2 + x - 1 .
Consider one subsequence of } a2 = 1 - a, P2 = 1 -p
{尤〃 J = {x2, x4, x6, ...} = {2, 4, 6, ...} oc*+1 =a*T-a*, g* + i =俨- 1一俨
Clearly is divergent. =士 (a* + i_ 阱 +i)

ak+\
{xn} is divergent.
By principle of mathematical induction, the
proposition holds for any non-negative integer.
2
(C)
n .匕〃兀
xn = ----- sm —
n n +1 4 -1-75 -1-1
①
I (b) P= -2-<—2~
2
• mt
Consider two subsequences of sm — 2(a〃 +1 一 "i)
4 an + 1 _ pn+1
1
(ii) • 〃一附- ~a"-&〃-
={X4, Xg, • • • } = {。, 0,。,...}
= {工2，尤6,110,414,…}
2 6 10 14
y r TT, i?… (?)〃"〃 • ocp = -1 )
lim 尤叫= 0, lim xni = 1 (-lf + 1(l)2n+1-P
{xn} is divergent. (一 1)"・(『—1
118
P<-1
For n = l,y1 = l>0
o > b > -1
y2~yi = i + £-i = ：>°
ie |J|<1
「• ，2>V1
i 2n i 2n + 1
lim (司) =lim (□) = 0 The proposition holds for n = 1 .
M—>8 P MT8 P
Assume the proposition holds for n = k , (A: > 1).
For n = k + 1 ,
y,
*+1 = 1 + r+^>0 as *>0
(a) For n = 1 ,
* + 2-**l = 1+歆;-(1+高)
_____ 3 1
•X］二 ^2 > 0 , x2 - a/2 = 2’ > 2’ = X］
= 无 +1小
The proposition is true for n = 1 . (1 +光+ 1)(1 +光)
Suppose the proposition holds for n = k>2 > 0
xk+l =
The proposition holds for any positive integer.
xk>0 2xk > 0 yn>0 for all positive integers n and {y〃}：= x is
strictly increasing.
So, +J>0.
2 2 y 〃-1
Consider xk+i-xk = 2xk-2xk_i = 2(xk-xk_r) i +1 <1+1=2
yn 1+为_1
_ Zg-xsi)
{«
xk+\~xk - ~ K- is bounded above.
xk+i+xk
> 0 as(%j^+i>0)
{'〃}；= 1 is strictly increasing (by (a)) and
/. By the principle of mathematical induction, the
proposition holds for all positive integers n. bounded above (by (b)).
lim yn exists, say, I.
(b) xn+i = 2xn Vne N

• .*
• y = 1+ l+M
— Vne N
x〃 x〃 + i By taking limit on both sides,
I = l+上 n = 0
xn + i>xn 1 4- I
2 ,J 1 + 75 1-75
------> 1 '=^ Xn | <2 Vh g l\l => I = —m or —
xn+l 2 2
And also 尤］= J2<2 y〃>0 Vm
j _ 1 + V5
:.xn < 2 Vm g N
1-
(c) {xn} is increasing and bounded above,
lim xn exists, say, I. Given a0 n xn + yn>lJ^Jn
=> / = 0 or / = 2
:ie = * + iE + i = *6 N
... ... > 尤〃 > i > ... > 工2 > 尤］> 0 i
I Also = b> a = xx
1 = 2
yn^xn 6 N
119
So xn +1 = xnyn n (专= 7- 1 (二与>。 V") * + 2 - *+l = Jak+lxk+l ~ Jakxk
k 7 人〃
一 ak+\xk+\~ akxk
i.e. xn + i>xn {xn} is monotonic increasing. Jak+lXk+l + Jakxk
And yn+i-yn =
=%+1( 」+1F + xM+1F
Jak +1^+1 + JakXk
i.e. yn+i^yn {yn} is monotoic decreasing. >0

So, combining two results, as {an} is increasing sequence of positive number
and xk+i> xk (induction hypothesis)
i.e. {“} is bounded above by b By principle of mathematical induction,

proposition holds for any positive integer.
{》〃} is bounded below by a
{x〃} and {yn} are strictly increasing.
i.e. {xn} and {*} are both convergent
(ii) For 〃 = 1 , xr = ~2<ai,yl = y <«i

Say lim xn - I, lim yn = m that
〃一> 8 〃T8
The proposition holds for n = 1 .
l ― JI tn Suppose the proposition holds for some integers k
I + m > = P = l皿 i.e. I = m or / = 0 (A: > 1), for n = k + 1 ,
m =
xk+i =如+ *)< 如+ %)
xn>a>0
=ak<ak + i (•.• {an} is increasing.)
I = lim xn>a>0
〃一> 8 *+1 = Jakxk < Jakak
I = 0 is rejected!
=ak<ak+i (•.• {an} is increasing.)
I = m
By the principle of mathematical induction, the
lim xn = lim yn
proposition holds for all positive integers n .
8. I (b)⑴ {an} is convergent and it is an increasing
(a) (i) For n = 1 , sequence,

an 7 = X1
{x〃}, {》〃} are strictly increasing sequences
X2 > 尤1
(by (a) (i)) and bounded above.
>2 =应 i =其=备>3 = y】 ••• {"},{*} are convergent.
(ii) Let lim xn = a, lim = P .

〃一> 8 n —> oo
Taking limits on both sides of
The proposition is true for n = 1 .
xn = and
Assume the proposition holds forn = k (A: > 1).
* = Jan-lxn-l，
For n = * + 1 ,
X + 2-W+1 = *%+1+*+1)一!(气 + *) We get
a =如 + p), P = 7/a
=*%+l
=> 2a = 1+ 7Za
{an} is increasing and => Z2-4a/ + 4a2 = la
*+1 一* >0 (inductionhypothesis) =/2-5aZ + 4a2 = 0
••• xk + 2>xk+l
=> (/-a)(/-4a) = 0
/. Z = a or / = 4a
120
From P = Jia, For statement: S(n)
OC = Z
a= ^-(xi-x2),n> 1
or
p = I I
x2 + Xr
By n = 1 ,与 - X] = “2 ' - xi
put a = -, p =- into a = */ + P) WT…)
_ 31
4 2(Z + 2) 一 4 which is not admissible. i.e. S(l) is true.
a=P=Z Assuming xk + 2-xk = -^2) f°r k>l, then
9. xk+l+2~ xk+l = xk + 3~xk+l
(a) a>b Xk + 2 + Xk+ 1 v _ xk + 2~ Xk+ I

2 xk+l - 2
a + ab> b + ab
a(l+b)>b(l+a)
but 2xk + 2 =与+1+与
击〉自 (0 〉。,论。)
i.e. xk + 2~xk+l = xk~xk + 2
Xk + 3~Xk+l = *T)(X + 2-*)

So
=%^(X1-X2)
①
(b) Xn+l~Xn thus S(k + 1) is true deductively.
1 』Inn ++ 2-k
n+1 By principle of mathematical induction, S(〃)true for
y 1 -k yi J_ / n-k
k = 1 2k,\ln + 1 - k
Z
乙 2k
n>\.
k= 1
y 1 T- I Hence the sequence -1 }；= ] contains the odd

「“ + n~k 1
'2k 「+ 2 - k N t + 1 - k」
k= 1 terms in (xn} such that
. 1 /〃 + 1 -(■ + 1)
0) X2n+l~X2n-l =或:i'iFvO
，, 2”+1". + 2-(〃+1)
> 0 (by (a), a = n + 1 - k,b = n-k) i.e. x2n +1 v x2n _ i = strictly decreasing.
{]〃}；= i is strictly increasing.

And the sequence {x2n}°^=i contains the even terms in
{xn} such that

Xn = 耙吝
(ii)
x2n + 2~ x2n
k= 1
n x2n + 2>x2n => strictly increasing.
k= 1
l (b) For the proof of x2m < x2n +〔 Vm, n>X
9 1 -- V 1
Consider the following three cases:
2〃 ① Let m = n, then
2x2m = x2m-\+x2m-2<x2m-\+ x2m S 3))
Ml is increasing ((b) (i)) and bounded
x2m<x2m-l = x2n-l
above.
(ii) Let m<n , then by (a) again
is convergent.
x2m<x2n<x2n-l (by (b)①)
10. X2m <X2n-\
Given a sequence {xn} such that (iii) Let m>n , then also by (a)
(1)尤1>%2>。and x2n-l>x2m-l>x2m S (b)①)
(2) xn + 2 = "〃 + ；+ for n = 1, 2,... x2m <X2n-l
Thus proved.
121
(c) By (a) and (b), i.e. x2<x4... <x2m<x2n_l <x{
For each positive integer n , we have
{x2n _ i }；=i is decreasing and bounded below by x2 .
±>1
{工〃}；= 2 1 is increasing and bounded above by jq . Jn~ n

k k
both sequences converge. -for all positive integers k .
Let lim x2n + j
〃一> 8
' and lim x2n = I.,
ft T 8
n=\ n 」〃 = 1”
\/M > 0 given
take limit on both sides of
k k
尤 2〃 + 2 -
_ X2n+1+ X2n
2
Since
n= 1
J n-
V +8 女 e N s.t.
n= 1
V
Jr
-> M X/k> K .
_ I】+ & ] _ ] k k
h - n I】一 & £ * £ Pk>K
y -1 is divergent.
| EXERCISE 7.6 ,一 1右
f k
__________ _ 七___________ ] Let xk = £(-l)"+i.
(2〃-1)(2〃+1) — 2L2n-l 2〃+1」 n= 1
k k
Consider the subsequence
n= 1
2 乙
n= 1
l2h-
-y [----------- ]
1 2〃+ 1」
{5=1 = I £ (T)〃+[ = {0,0,...}
〔" = 1 J/ = 1
1/1 1.1 1. . 1 1 )
2(1-3 + 3~5 + ---+2r^-2lTT)
・'・ lim Xq 7 — 0
i(l------ ) (21+1 [8
2U 2k+V
*+i}「=i = \ £ (-D〃+i} = {i,i,i,...}
lim
i
o1 = o 〔〃 = i j i=i
* — 8 2k + 1
k
Jim 知 + i = 10°
£ /, k----- ----------- tt converges and its limit equals to ?.
J (2〃一 1)(2〃 + 1) 2
n =1
= 2 (-l)n + 1 is not convergent.
n= \
n
Alternative:
(a) (l-g = (1-x) £ W-1
k= 1 lim (-1)〃+1 does not exist.
n n
£ kxk -1 - X kxk
£ (一 1 )〃 + 1 is not convergent (by Theorem 9.1).
k=1 k= 1
n-\
(1 +2x + 3x2 + ... + nxn一 1) -(x + 2x2 + ... + nxn)
1 + x + x2 + ... +对一 1 一 nxn 5.

(a)
1-Xn
- -------- nxn
n
\-x
v _ l-xn nxn '：lim (1 + -) = ex Vx g R
n 一据寻—M 〃t8 n
lim (1 +予)"=e~y Vy e R
(b) Consider lim yxy = lim 义
y T +8 y —> 4-oo X~^
/. lim (l--)n = — = Vy e R
r 1 ]・一 18 H e~y
lim ---------- =lim ；—
y_>+8 -x~y\nx y —> +©O Inx
(E a n
1 n =(i+ ；)
=0 (•.. lim = 0 as |x| < 1 ) (b)
y T +8
1 n 1
lim nxn = 0 lim (I--) = e-^0
n —> +8 〃一> 8 n
oo
Thus lim Sn = lim

'\ -Xn nxn ]
:.
I n
£ (l-%) is divergent.
>8 M —> 8 .(1—X)2 1 -X. (I*
n= l
122
(ii) 2 ak^ converges ((b) (i))
(a) (i) First, claim that an_i<an for all positive i
i k=0
integers n.
lim (anxn) = 0 by Theorem 9.1
For n = 1 , I 〃T8
“o = "1 = 1 |
n
ô-î | ① (1 一尤一工 2呢(尤)=(1 - x-x2) £ akxk
The proposition (an_1 <an) holds for k=0
n n n
n = 1 . 1 k 寸 *+ 1 寸 k+2
akx - L akx - L akx
Z
I
Assume ak_l<ak. i k=Q SO SO
/ 2 、
for A2 = k + 1 , =(% + axx + a2x + ...)
ak+i = ak + ak-\âk(.「1>。) 2 2 3
-+ axx + ...) - («ox + axx + ...)
an_i<an for all +ve integers n. 1
I =% + (。 1 - aQ)x + (。 2 - a\~ %)尤之
Then for all non-negative integers k, 1 k
+ ... +(知-程_ 1-％_2)工
ak+i = ak + ak-\^2ak(••• aS) i
i.e. % + ] V 2/ for all non-negative integers k. + ... 4- (an - an_ y - an_2)x

〃+l n +1 n+2
-anX ~an-\X - an X
。] = = 1
< (2-2- ... -2)1
Q] —。0 = 0
k terms
=2k for A： > 1 By the definition of {an} , ak = ak_x + ak_2 .
When k = 0, aQ = 1 < 2° ・. Qk —。化―]—。人_2 = 0 for k — 2, 3,...，〃
ak < 2* for all non-negative integers k . (1 - x-x2)Sn(x)
1/ 、〃+ l n+2
=l—(Q〃 + %—l)X - anX
n
(ii) S〃(x) = £ akxk for n = 0, 1, 2,... 1
=1 -an+lX
n+\
- an X
n+2
k=Q
n
(ii) 1-x-x2 = -(x + i)2 + |
< £ 2kxk (•.• x>0)
k=0
n ^<l-x-x2<l for 0 < x < i
=£ (2可
k=o 1 - x - x2 0 for 0 < x < i
_ l-(2x)n+1
_ 1-2， By (C)⑴，
V占
1 n+I n+2
snM = f L"
I -x-xz
< —-一 7 (••• 0<X<i) By (b)①，
l-2x| 3
lim anxn = 0 ,
n —»oo
=3 for n = 0, 1, 2,... 「 n+ l 八
lim an + ix = 0
n —» oo
(b) (i) ak, xk are non-negative for all non-negative n+2 / 2

V = (anx )x
integers k.
lim anxn + 2 = 0 (by (b) (i))
••• {S〃(x)}；=i = ； £ 杼]is
〃一> 8
侦=o J〃 = 1 lim SnM =2
increasing and bounded above by 3 ((a) (ii))

n 1
a..x = ----------- r
{SQ)}；=i converges.
123
V
I (iii) M > \b\ b n
| EXERCISE 7.7
I [. an + bn r an 1 +(U) _ 1/1+。、_ 1
I ± =呼 E .奇E =决可)=U
1 n
〃一> 8
Given lim (1 + -) = e
n
I
；4.
For all n> 1 , we have
I Given /(x), g(x) non-zero polynomials with integral
(1 + p <〔1 +捉％
n
r<fi+ n+\
* r<fi+ n2 -1 〃+ 1
coefficients.
If, for any positive integer n, that is an integer an such that

i n i n- 1 1
<(1+口)=(l+口) (1+q)
；fW = ang(n) •
Taking limit on three parts of above inequality and by I

squeezing principle that 1 (a) For = 0 => f(〃)= 0 n 尤= 〃 is a root. Yet
.n
1 n
lim h +捉％ I /(x) possesses finite number of roots so there are only
〃一> 8
lim (1+-) <
n 〃T8
i finite number of a；s such that an = 0 .
n-\ 1
< lim「(1+土)，(1+上) i
〃 —8 i
1 (b) Consider the sequence of integers {%}〃 = ].
e < lim 1 <e•⑴
〃一> 8 [ n nL 1 By (a), only finite number of a：s are zero.
lim flU {« }°°_ is either divergent or limA ° •

〃T8 I n n= I 〃 —> 8
I But a =.
I n g(凡)
； If deg(/(x))<deg(g(x)),
For lim —
— ―7 into 3 cases
1 +孙+1
lim 二 lim = 0 contradiction
0<«< 1
lim a
爵。
an n—8 ； ••• deg(/(x))>deg(g(x))
lim
1 +孙+1 lim (1 +次如 +1)
I
(b) a = 1 :5.
an 1 i Given two positive integer sequences {xn}{yn}
lim lim i
〃 —8 1 +孙+1 T+i 2
I f%1 = y1 = 1
a> 1 1 I
an an + 1 4。 I + i = xn + yn Vne i\r
lim lim
〃T8 1 +孙 + 1 n —> 8 -J— + 1 : .Xn+1 = Xn + 2y〃
如 i
I
；(a) (i) Since xi9 yt> 0, xn+x> xn> xn_x> ... > xx = 1
an + bn I
For lim ,~~-—
—r where a + into 3 cases. I i.e. xn>l X/ne ,
n->oo an+i + bn + {
①
I * =工〃一1+ 打- 12 1+*_12 1 Vn>2
\a\<\b\
l
lim
。〃 + 「伊如1 I For 〃 = 1 ,光=1 2 1 *2 1 V〃
〃T8 时+ 1 +》〃 + i I
I by principle of mathematical induction on xn>n,
I
1,0+1、_ 1 I yn-n 血。 for m = 1 ,
+1)_ 片
assume xk>k and *2*

(ii) Id = \b\
xk+x = xk + 2yk >k + 2>k+ 1 , thus proved.
a + b ^0
yk + i = xk + yk>k+ 1 , thus proved.
a^-b
I
a = b
I (ii) For n = 1 , - 1y^ - 11 - 2 二 (-1)1
[. an + bn [. an 1 , 1、
hm ----- :~-—
—7 lim ----- ? = 一 (or 7 )
"T8 时 + 1 +》〃+ 1 次+ 1 a b I /. The proposition is true for n = 1 .
124
Suppose it holds forn = k (Z: > 1 ) I Clearly bk+x are integers.
For h = k + 1 , By principle of mathematical induction, thus proved.
2 2 2 2
一 2*+i =(为+ 2*)一 2(% + yQ I Assume there exists an\ bnf e Z s.t.
i
2 2 2 2 ; (73 + i)n = V + <73
=xk +4n +4x^-2^ -4勾*-2九
=(一
1 2
1)1(# ?
一2* ) ； b； + q =如+ Q〃右
=(-l)*+i ； = bn~bn =右
By principle of mathemical induction, thus proved. ' 73 Q
(b) (i) For positive odd integer n, 1 ••• an = an，b〃 - b—

I
x；-= (-1/ = -KO I an , bn's are unique.
i
2 i
兰 <2 = by(a)(i))
；(b) For (73-1/ = (-l)n~\anj3-bn)
y〃力
(ii) For positive even integer n, \ while 〃 = 1,(右—1?=右—1 = (-1)°(73 - 1)
=(—1)" = i>o i.e. Q] = 1,Z?] = 1・

2
兰 >2 = 7> V2 (xn, yn>n>Q by (a)(i)) I Assuming (73 - 1)^ = (~l)k~\akj3 - bk)
* yn I
I Therefore
x i (a/3 — 1) 二(a/3 — 1) (a/3 — 1)

(c) Suppose lim — exists and its limit = I, say (/ > 0)
yn : =(―1广1(% 月一稣)(右—1)
X/n , 2w~1 < ^2 1 = (一 1)* 1 [(一 Q#-外)E + (3q& + "Q]

yin - 1
I
lim 包^ < 72 ； =(-1)*[(% + 久)右 -(3% +如)]
18 光〃- 1
； =(-拼[%+ 右-虹+」 1
Vn,
yin i.e. ak+i = ak + bk, bk + x = 3ak + bk .
lim 包 2 提
I* y2n By principle of mathematical induction,
l (切- 1)〃 = an^3 -bn

lim 2w~1 = lim — = I
〃 —8 i 兀—8 y2n
&i = Z?i = 1
I > 72 and I <
； an+\ = an + bn
:.l — a/2 i 勾 + i = 3q〃 +如
I
6. I an , bn are same as (a).
i
(a) For (右 + 1)” = an^3 + bn , \ (c) Using (a) and (b)
with integers an, bn for +ve n I r

； (73 + 1/ = anj3 + bn ...(1)
While n — 1,(媚 + 1)二右 + 1 ,
； [(73-1/ = (—1 广 I为媚—...⑵
i.e. a j = 1, b | = 1
I
Assuming (媚 + 1)* = akj3 + bk ； (―l)〃Tx (1) + (2):
Therefore (右+ 1)**】=(媚+ 1)"(右+ 1) ； (-1)〃一1(切 + 1)" + 5 —1)〃 =(―1)〃一1(2。〃媚)
: ie & -(-1)〃 + 1)" + (E- 1)"

=(ak^3 + bQ(q + 1)
I (-1)〃T2 旗
=(ak + bk)^3 + (3ak + bk)
； =(-1)=5-1/ + 5 + 1)"
i.e. ak + l = ak + bk, bk+l = 3ak + bk I 273
125
(-l)n-1x (1)-(2):
(a) Let a non-zero real number, a > -1
(—1)S(旗+ 1)〃-(E-1)" = (-1)〃一1(2 妇
For the inequality (1 + a)" > 1 + na for n> 1
i , _ (-1)〃 l右 + ])〃- (E -])
For n = 2,
. . 〃一 (一1)〃-】2
(1 + a)2 = 1 + 2a + a2 > 1 + 2a (•.• a2>0)
_(-1)"(月-1)+(V§ + i)
k
_ 2 Assuming (1 + a) > 1 + ka
Therefore
(l + a)" + i = (l+oc)"(l + a)
>(l+koc)(l+oe) (•.• 1 +a>0)
=1 +(k+ l)a + ka2
> 1 + (*+ l)a (•.• ka2 > 0)

By principle of mathematical induction, thus proved.
。" 1)
(b) Let p be a positive constant > 1 and {卵}〃= i be a
sequence
7.
Let f(x) = ax2 + 2x-a where a>0 (i) Now, without loss of generality, take n> 1 .
i
P > 1 > 0 n p > P n &〃 >1

(a) For the equation /(x) = 0
ax2 + 2x-a = 0 with discriminant = 4 + 4a2 > 0
(ii) Putting 联=1 + & take xn = a in (a)
i.e. f{x) = 0 has two real roots.
(7P)W> 1 +nxn = 1 +n(7P~ 1)
—1 + Ja' + 1
七=―«—
g>l+〃郛-〃
x2 = - ' 一 {“2 史 where jq > 0 , x2 < 0
n
弟)=。伟)+ 2(号)_。= §>0
Hence 1 v 卵 v 1 +
/(I) = a + 2 — a = 2 > 0
(iii) By squeezing principle on above inequalities,
/(0) = 0 + 0-a = -a<0
lim (1 + 2^-) = 1
Therefore xr, the positive root, is less than both 1
and 号,
i.e. lim 卵= 1
〃T8
-1 - Ja2 + 1 -Ja2 + 1 _Q 1
x0 =
z
-------------------- <--------------- < — =
a a a
1
一 9.
Given m, n two positive integers
(b) Let yx = a and for n = 2, 3,...

/ 、 / i 、〃 n
(a) (m + 1) - m
2
Let yn be positive root of yn_xx +2x-yn_i = 0 n 八〃一 1 八〃一 2 ■八 ,八
=m + nC2m + -■ + nCn_rm + nCn-m
yn_ i n-l 八 n-2 、 n -1
Suppose lim yn exists, I (actually yn < <yn-x =nm + nC2m + ... > nm
and * > 0 ) taking limit for the above equation

/i、 / 八〃一 1 z ! xn - 1 - r r
(b) (m + 1) - (m + 1) m
1(1)2 + 2(1) -1 = 0
Z3 = —/ => Z = 0 序]
i.e. lim * = 0
o ...(*)
126
n(m + l)n-1 - [(m + l)n-mn]
I (b) + i + X" + 2八=]is a subsequence of
=n(m + l)n -1 - [(m + 1) -m] 1
1 {" + x” + ]}〃 = ] •
-[(m + l)n~ 1 + (m + l)n-2m + (m + l)n-3m2
'----------------------------------------- v------------------- ! •■- lim(与+ 1+% + 2)= lim 3〃 + "+i)= A
〃一> 8 n —» oo
n terms
；七一与+ 2 =(X〃 +玉+1)一3〃+1+工〃 +2)
+ ... + (m + l)mn~2 + mn~i]
_________________________ /
' ••• Hm ("" + 2)
=[(m + 1)”T — O + 1)〃T] 〃T8
+ [(m + I)” — 1 -(m + =lim (与+ “ + i)—lim 3〃 + i+七+ 2)

I 〃一》8 n—8
4- [(m + l)n-1 - (m + l)n-3m2] + ... =A-A = 0

+ [(m + 1)〃T ； 2xn =(七 + 与+ 2)+ 3〃一与 + 2)
> 0 by (*) 1 lim 2xn = lim (与+ " + 2)+ lim (xn-xn + 2) = B
〃一>8 〃—8 n —> 8
lim xn = \b
(c) For positive integers m and n ,
1 n t8 Z
nmn~ 1 < (m + l)n - mn < n(m + l)n~ 1 I
I - hm 与 +1 = hm 与+ 2 = hm 与
〃 —8 nt8 nt8
(by (a) and (b)) I
1 lim (xn + xn + 1) = A
When m = 0 , the inequality is also true. 〃T8
n- 1 n-\ =:B + = A => B = A
:. 2 £ [(m + l)k+ 1 - mk+
m=0 m=0
n- 1
< £ (S l)(m+ 1)*
I Given f(x) increasing on [0,+8)/(0) / 0
k=o
'+ y) = fMf(y) for any x, y>0
n (k+ l)[l* + 2*+ ... + (〃一 1)勺〈伊+i
<(k+ l)[l* + 2*+ ... + nk] I (a) (i) Set x = }; = 0
l* + 2*+...+(〃—1)*< 1 ； /(0 + 0)= /(0) = f (0)/(0)

— k+1 _m
I n /(0) = 1
< l* + 2*+ ... +nk 1
1 (ii) For > 0 ,
； f(kx) = f[x + (k-l)x] = fMf[(k-l)x]
. l* + 2*+... + (〃-1* _n^_ < _J_ 1
.. k E - k+1 n ； ==...
1 < l* + 2*+...+/< 1 1 1 = /«/«.../(%) 二尸(盼

m - 异 -m n I '----------- v------------ ‘
I k terms
lim = 0, 1 For k = 0, f(kx) = /(0) = 1 = [/(x)]°
〃T8 〃
1
By squeezing principle, 1 (iii) For non-negative integer n, set n = k, x = 1
1
]. lk + 2k+ ...+nk 1
lim ----------- ；--------- =-—- 1 /(n) = [f(l)]〃 by subst. into (ii)
n1' k+1 1
1
(d) Taking limit for (c) as 〃 — 8 i.e. : T 0 '(b) Let。= /(I)
1
1 (i) Let n be a non-negative integer s.t. n < x < n + 1
]. lk + 2k+ ...+nk 1
〃
i.e. lim --------- :- - -------- =-—
—-
k+1
1
；
for increasing function
/(«)</(x)</(n+ 1)
10. ； by (a) (iii) n [f(l)]〃 < f(x) < [/(1)]" + 1
(a) If lim an exists, i.e. a1 < f(x) <al+i

nT8
1 /(x) / y(x)/
because {an + k} is a subsequence of {an} for finite
I an ax
positive integer k, ；竺 >1 丁酉提n
then lim an + k exists for finite positive integer k. / 一 * + i-q " J
lim (an + an + k) exists.
127
(ii) Suppose there is a non-negative real number x0 ]n
(b) (i) yn = (1 + ~) by Binomial Expansion
f(X )
such that —
— —> 1 , then for any positive integer =1+叫 + 叫 2+...+席(：)〃
ax° 1
n, we have
=i+“(!)+
f(nx0) _ [g)]‘ "8 as …
r=2
)(可
n
(/(O)= 1 > 0 and /(x) is increasing = 1 + 1 + / —7T----- T7 ,—
J r!(n - r)! nr
r=2
on [0, +oo))
n
1 一 1)(〃一 2)...(〃一尸 + 1)
we can find a positive integer such that
r=2
Z r!
—-----------------------------------------
nr
f (〃0工0)
---------- > a , which contradicts that fact _ 2 _|_ s 1 (〃-1)(〃-2)...(〃 -尸+1)
加0 L r\ nr~1
r=2
=2+ £*Y)(1Y)...(1 — ；)
yn
Again, suppose there is a non-negative real number k=2
>o such that < 1 . Using similar argument as

ay° =东+§+ £ !)(i—
n (ii) *
f(5
above, we get —0 as 〃 t 8 r=2
As 1 > (1 - -)(1 二 , therefore

n n n
Since 0 /. we can find a positive integer N° xn > yn by comparing terms correspondingly.
f("yo)< 1 which also contradicts that

such that
Let S(r):
n n n n
/W>1
Vx>0.
ax ~ a For r = 2 ,
L.H.S. = 1—空=1 — 2
n n
By (b) (ii),酉=1 Vx>0 => fM = ax.
(iii)
ax R.H.S. = i-e. 5(2) is true.
n n
12.
Assume S(k) is true for some k>2,k<n-l
Given xn 捉如％ = (1+y for n = 1, 2, 3,... i.e.

n n n n
k=o
厂 a 1 (k+1)* i (k-\)k + 2k
n+1 n
1 1 _
Consider 1 - ---------- = 1 - - ------ ---------
n n
(a)① 与+ 1 乙k\1
y
so
> £后f
so
=「1 ED] 2k
n n
< )-2-
£ + •••+§ n n n n
(ii)
1 + 1+捉卜•••+ +
< (1 )--(l )
n n n n n
(1一；)...(1-宁)<1<2 for Z:<n- 1
< 1 + 1 + — + -—— + -———— + ...------- 7
2 2-2 2-2-2 2〃-1
1(1 -—)
1 + 1 + 2( 2；~1)
i.e. S(k + 1) is deductively true.
1 + 1 + 1--<3 By principle of mathematical induction that S(尸)is

2n true for 2<r<n.
128
Hence, for comparing xn, yn terms 1 (c) "Use contrapositive method,,
I If an = 0 for some positive integers n then
与= 2+ £ § I
I \ :
r=2 i a" + |3" = 2 for some n g N but a, &。1
2+ 成刑 1-!)(1-§)・..(1-守) ,i 1、2
ag) 22
(since a=l u>g=l) and
r=2
2 2 1
* = 2+ 成扣一；)( 1一：)...(1 一守)
oc" + &〃 + 2(a[3)" = 4
r=2 2 2
> 2+ y 4(1 一勺 12)

If ap = 1 <=> + pJ =2
乙 r!' n 7 1 1
r=2 疽+仅二 2
2+M n 2 2
a = P=1
-- y -L-
n 知(r-2)!
n
oc + p
nn c
= 2
、 r=2 , r=2 1 1
which is impossible (put x = a , y 二 and

n n+2
> y 1_1 y —1— solve the simultaneous equations)
匕 r! n 乙(r- 2)!
r=0 r=2
So, oc眼 1 ,
=£ X £ 土 = a-M ln(ap)^0
r=0 r=0 lim an 二 In 而^ / 0
〃一» 8
(d) by (a)(i), (ii), Therefore we have proved that

{xn} is increasing and bounded above "if lim an = 0 , then an^0 for all positive integers n?
〃一> 8
lim xn exists
〃一> 8
by (b)(ii), (c),
1 14.
i
I Let {an}, {bn} two sequences of positive integers defined by
(72 + 1)^ = an^2 + bn for n = 1,2, ...

lim yn 二 lim xn
〃一> 8 nT8
1 (a) (V^+l) = an + J a/2 + bn

13. l
While (^+ lf + 1 = (72+ 1)\a/2+ 1)
Let oc, p be two positive numbers not both equal to 1
an 二 ^(7oc + - 2) where n = 1, 2, 3,... -(。〃孩 + 如)(旗 + 1)
=(2an + bn) + (bn + an)j2
(a) lim 以一 1 = lim a ^na [by L5Hospital Rule]

jctO X xtO 1 is irrational and an , bn are integers for all
=(lim a*)Ina = 1 • Ina = Ina n g N.

jctO
an+l = an + bn
1 1
lim an = lim £「" + -2 Az+l = 2an + bn
(b)
(b) ① Set S(〃)：(拨—1)〃 = (_l)〃+i(盘一如)

lim |
MT8 Z 1 For n = 1 ,
n
(— 1) = V2 — 1 = (—1) (1 V2 — 1)
- i i
二 1 r an -1 「 pn-1 While (72+ l)1 = 172+ 1 = a\4b\

lim —-— + lim ：—
=2 〃一>8 _ 2.
n n
therefore 5(1) is true
!)
(since (a) result by x =
Assume S(k) is true for some integers k
i[lnoc + lnp] = ÎnaP = In/Top i.e. (72-1? = (-l)k^\akj2-bk)
129
So, consider (72- 1)^+ 1 =(榻一1)*(也一 1) (ii) Taking limit for above result as 〃 T
=龙-虹 )(Mt) 0<lim L/2-- < lim = 0

…F …22〃t
-(-1)^ + 1 [(- - b0^2 - (- bk - 2ak)]

72 = lim -
nt—
=(-1尸2[(程+虹)孩_(2% +购]
=(一 1)* + 2(%+1 心一虹+i) 15.

a„ + b„
i.e. S(k + 1) is deductively true Let % 2 Z?] > 0 and Q〃 + ] — , bn + j =
By principle of mathematical induction that

(a) (i) For all 〃 e N,
(72-lf = (-l)n+\anj2-bn) for all ne N
(%-如) NO
2
2
(ii) Set T(n): bn>an>^~X n an+bn~ 2anbn = 0
2 2
For n = 1 , n an +bn +2anbn^4anbn
b^ = l=a^ = l = 2
1 一1 2
n(。〃 +妇 2物般〃
1 一i an + bn> 2anbn
bi>ai>2 , T(l) is true
Assume T(k) is true for some integers k =an+l~^n+l

i.e. bk>ak>^~X
and ax > bx
Now,虹+1 = 2ak + bk>ak + bk = ak+i :.an > bn Vn g N

and ak + 1 = ak + bk>ak + ak = 2ak>2(2k~i)
=2k (11)an+i - ~2- - -2- 一劣
i.e. T(k+ 1) is deductively true i.e. {an} is decreasing.

By principle of mathematical induction that
bn> an>2n~i for all 〃 c N
(c) (i) From (b) (i) that i.e. {如} is increasing.
(iii) an+i<an<an_i< ... <ax
|72-y =(4'¥ ^n + 1~ ^n~ ^n - 1~ …—^1

I an\ an
an>bn by (a)(i)
From (b) (ii) that an>2n~X "1
1<^ Similarly bn<an< ax

。广2〃t
Therefore, we have
何 3
2
=("1 + 妃1)-4。〃1》〃一 i
=我(改 -1)"〈翕(3 2(%_i + b〃_i)
2 2
=。〃一 1 +虹 i-2%血 1
]
2(%一1 + 如一1)
_ 22〃-1
_(%]-妃]产
(since 孩驾=以，.顼- 1品)
是〃-
130
-一 i 一。〃一 1)
V
%
1，
歹 2
R
一知- 2\) |1
I
V .••《我(。 121) ；
(ii) Taking limit for above result as 〃一> 8
i I
0 < hm (an-bn) < lim 点(％-如) i
m ->8 n—>©o Z
I
(sincean>bn) i
l
=(Q]_饥)lim -^-7 i
' 1 17 I” 2"-1 |
=(。 -。 1 1)• 0 = 0 \
lim (an-bn) = 0 '

MT8
From (a)(ii), (iii) :
{an} is decreasing and bounded below, {bn} is I

I
increasing and bounded above. I
lim an and lim bn exist

n —> oo 〃—8 '
lim (。〃-妇= 0 ；
〃T8
I
lim an - lim bn \
131
8. Limit and Continuity of Functions
| EXERCISE 8.1
_1
lim cos x = 0 , lim x - 1 = 0
XT1 一 1~
d 一1
— cos X
lim
XT 1一
§(sl)
dx' 7
-1
By L5Hospital rule, lim cos x = 一8 .
x -> 1~ *
XT 1一
When x> 1 , /(x)二 0 -1

(b) lim cos x = it
lim f(x) = 0 XT(-1)+
-1
COS X
lim 1
XT(-l)+ X+l
(a) When x — 0+ , : — +8
i
lim /(%) = lim ex = +8
X T o+ X T o+
lim Jj = 0
When x T 0-，- —> -oo X—8 \X\
x
1 lim = 0 by squeezing principle.
JC — 8 X
lim /(%) = lim ex = 0
X T 0一 JC T 0一
1 (b) Take xn - (一 1)%兀

(b) x —> 8 ,【—0 , lim /(x) = lim ex = 1
X XT8 X —> oo lim = oo
(c)
But 危= cos[（」）〃g] =（T）〃
lim (一 1)〃 does not exist.

〃T8
lim ―-— does not exist.

M —> 8 cosxn
(c) If lim 坦宣 exists, then

X —> oo X
tanx
(a) Take xn = (一 1)"〃兀. 1
Then 尤〃 T 8 as 〃一> 8 .
cos 尤 sinx
x
But {/(xn)) = {0,0, 0, ...} ]• 1

lim ------ exists.
x ―> oo COS X
/(x) does not tend to 8 when x T 8 .
Contradiction.
lim does not exist.

(b) Take xn = (一 1)%兀. X —> 8 X
Then T 8 as 〃 — 8 .
But {/(xn)} = {0,0,...,0, ...}

x —> 0
/(x) does not tend to 8 when x t 8 . we only consider x when it is sufficiently close to 0.
132
But x A 0 . We may assume 0 < |x| < 1 .
win：二 |x| |sin|| < |x n -\x\ < xsinj < |M x ^x+Jx+Jx^x+Jx + Jx Vx>0
x+l — X+ 1 — X
1 . 1 1 • 1
-+ sin- 1 + xsin-
X X _ _________ X Jx Vx>0
1 ・1 1 ・] x+
一一 sm- 1 一 xsin-
X X X
1 . 1
i _E < X + sinx v 1 + E lim
X —> +oo rT
i + BL 1-sin— l-E
X X
lim
l-|x|
TTy lim i + 国-1 lim
r->+<>
1 by squeezing principle
x-»0 xtO
1 . 1
-+ sin-
■X X
lim ~i rr
1
xtO
--sin-
x x
1- 尤，xtI n y — 0
,I Tlx
(1 - jc)tany
. 71(1 2
= ytan
- y)
=ycot 号
EXERCISE 8.2
ycot 号 =土 . cos 号二.COS*.2
sin^ sin号 2兀
lim sinmx = 0 = lim sinnx 2

X—>7C X->7C lim ycot 号
y —> 0 K
sinmx
lim lim 小。$心 (by L, Hospital rule) 2
X —> 7C sin心 XT” ncosnx / lim [(1 -x)tany]
IT 1 71
lim cosmx =(一 1)秫，lim cosnx = (-l)n

x -> n
sinmx
lim （-1/•（-】）¥
X T兀 sinnx
EXERCISE 8.3
:（•.•（-i）-n =（-ir）
(a) Suppose f(x) ± g(x) is continuous at x = x0 .
（i+?） (i+9‘ [fM + g(x)]-f(x) and [f(x)-g(x)]-f(x)
are continuous at x = x0 .
lim (1 + -)a = e
X —> oo X i.e. g(x) is continuous at x = x0 .
lim (1 + ?)* 二 ea
f(x) ± g(x) are not continuous at x = x0 .
JC T 8
1 for x = 0
Consider f(x) = sinx, g(x)
0 for x < 0
x2- Jx & z
x —> 1 , we assume x > 0 )

Jx-\ Jx-\ Z sin% x>0
fM • g(x) = 0
&"&)— i] - + Vx + 1] Sri x<0
Jx-X
lim [/(%)• g(%)] = 0 = lim [fMgM]
1.
lim
X2厂- Jx 1 • (1 + 1 + 1) = 3
X T o+ X T 0-
XTl JX~ 1 f (x)g(x) is also continuous at 0, although g(x)

is discontinuous at x = 0 .
Alternative:
c 1 But if lim f(x) = f(0) # 0 , then lim f(x)g(x) is
2x---- -
i.
lim
x1厂-，Jx• —(U Hospital rule)
lim —
xtO XT%
XTl JX- 1 XT 1 discontinuous at x = x0

2,Jx
=lim
fj-l
3
iimyWgWxI-^ =川0)•
_
g('o))
/(ô)
x —> 1 XT 和
133
(b) For•①，(iii), (c) y = ex2
1 for x>0 [-1 for x>0 y = ex2 is continuous for all x g R
Let f(x) [£ 八，g(W = L c 八
-1 for x < 0 1 for x<0 i range of x for continuity is R.
I
.+ g(W = 0 Vx
I (d) For y = ]
.. [fM • g(x) = -1 Vx I J cesx
1 with discontinuous points as 土* ±^-, ... and defined
(i), (iii) are continuous.
well for cosx > 0 , i.e.(一直,§),(一哥,哥),...
For (ii), f (x) = , g(x)三/'(x)
So, the range of x for continuity is
/(x)-g(x) = 0 2〃兀 + ；).
/. (ii) is continuous.
]入 2+ i if % > 0 I For the continuity of functions

f(x)
\-x2-l if x v 0 1 (a) fW =
lim /(x) = 1 , lim f(x) = -1 1 When 尤 t 2 , /(x) t 8

X T o+ X T CT I
I /(x) is discontinuous at x = 2 .
/. /(x) is not continuous at x = 0 .
I
[/(x)]2 = (x2+l)2 Vx
1 if x>0
i (b) f(x) = {0 if x = 0
lim [/(%)]2 = 1 = lim [/(x)]2
X T 0+ X T (T
-1 if x<0
2
[/(%)] is continuous at x = 0 . ； lim f(x) = l”(0) = 0
x-»0+
I lim f(x) = -1^/(0)= 0

I xt(f
Set g(x) = < > not continuous at x = 1
[2 x>l] i.e. f(x) is not continuous at x = 0 only.
(u w< 1 1 i 咎 if *0
/(w) = \ > not continuous at i (c) fM =国
[3“ — 5 “>1J I 〔1 if x = 0
I
u = 1 = g(l) 1 Test lim /(x) = lim = lim 迦^ = 1 = /(0)
I XT0+ x — o+ 叫 XT0+ X
but f[g(x)] = \ X ~ U = 1 Vx g R I
[6-5 = 1 x > 1J I But lim f(x) = lim = lim = -l"f(0)
I XT(r XT。- W XT。- (—*)
i.e. / o g is continuous at x = 1 So, /(x) is right but not left continuous at = 0 and
continuous elsewhere.
4.
(a) For y = tanx with discontinuous points at
,7C , 371
•X = ± 亍土亍. . • • (a)
TTH-i
X _
一
+ 1 + 1)
x+i-i
=Jx + 1 + 1 VxÔ
So, range of x for continuous is

lim *—
—=lim (Jx + \ + 1) = 2
x — o/x+l-l XTO
R \\ (2m- 1)壹：ne Z
(b) For continuity at x = 0 , /(0) = 2
(b) For y = (n is a positive integer) the only

/(%)= 笔2* is undefined at x = 0
While lim f(x)

tan2x ].
lim -------
c/Sin2x
=lim 2(——)(— —)
、/ 1 、
discontinuous point is x = 0 . So, the range 工 for 2x 八cos2x，
xtO xtO X x->o
continuity is R \ {0}. =2-1-1 = 2

For continuity at x = 0, /(0) = 2 .
134
(c) If for some g (0, 1), g(x0) > 1 , then from (b),
(c) For /(x) = (1 + x)x undefined at x = 0
2” 2n
1 gUo ) = [g(M))] T8 as 〃T8
While lim ,(x) = lim (1 + x)x 二 lim 1 + = I
XTO XT。 -J I 2n
i.e. lim g(x) = lim g(x0 ) =
1 x->0+ 18
1 n I
=lim (1 + -) = e (by definition) I the discontinuity contradicts the rule (1)
〃 —8 n
I
So, for continuity at x = 0 , /(0) = e I Similarly, if for some x0, g(x0) < 1 , then from (b) that
I
2〃 2〃
7. g3o ) = [g3o)] T。as 〃 — 8
(a) Given /(x), g(x) two continuous functions, I 2n

I i.e. lim g(x) = lim g(x0 ) = 0^g(0)
XT0+ 18
i.e. also continuous at x = xQ
lim /(x) = /(x0) 1 Again, the discontinuity contradicts rule (1).
XT% i
I Hence, we conclude g(x) = 1 Vx e [0, 1]
lim g(x) = g(x0)
XT% i.e. a constant function.
I
But lim f(x) = lim g(x) (note x x0) I
X-> XQ X-^Xq
i 9.
Hence /(x0) = g(和).
I Let f(x) = secx-x - 1 for 0 < x n , then I
(x - a)m~nq(x) = p(x) for all x 6 R I (a) (i) f '(x) = secxtan^-1
n (a - a)m~nq(a) = p(a) 1 f (%) = sec xtanx + sec x

n p(a) = 0 which leads to contradiction. For turning point f，(x) = 0
Similarly, it is impossible that m<n . I secxtanx = 1
:. m = n I 1
1 sinx 1
I ------ - ------- = 1
cosx cosx
i.e. (x- a)mp(x) = (x-a)mq(x)
I • 2
=> p(x) = q(x) \/xâ smx 二 1 - sin x
p(x), Q(x) are polynomials. sin2x + sinx -1=0

/. p(x), q(x) are continuous functions. -l±712 + 4
By (a), p(a) = q(a),

p(x)三 q(x) . for 0 < x < ^, since > 0
8.
Given function g : [0, 1] —> R
(1) g is continuous on [0, 1] 2
And f〃(a) = sec a (sec a tan a + sec a) > 0
⑵ g(0) = g(l) = 1 and
(•.• 0 v a v ： as 2>75-l>0)
(3) g(x2) = [g(x)l2 Vxg [0,1]
(a) 券 [0,1] from (3) Therefore x = a where a = sin ["j J
Jx G [0, 1]
the only one turning point, i.e. the absolute
g(x) = [<?(aA)]2>o
minimum for 0 < x < ^ .
g(x)2 0 Vxe [0, 1]
(b) For each positive integer n and x g [0, 1] (ii) By substitution x = a

g(F) = [g(x2，，_1)]2 /(a) = seca- a - 1
=[[g(/「2)]2]2 = [g(^-2)]22 =... While /(0) = secO-0-1 = 1-1 = 0>/(a)

for absolute minimum
=[g(广)]=[g(、2 )] = [g" i.e. /(a) < 0
135
(b) (i) Let {"} be a sequence defined by However, f '(x) = 0 has only one root,
—a, xn + l = secxn- 1 for n = 1, 2,... 1i x = a> /

i / = 0
1. Set F(m) : 0 < < a and xn + i<xn i
i
For M = 1 ,
； 10.
xr = a > 0
1 (a) Let /(x) = x- ln(l + jt) for %>-l
and x2 = sec%】一 1 = sec a - 1
: E)= i 一上
=/(a) + a v a =(by (a) (ii))

； "⑴=击
i.e. P(l) is true.
2. Assume P(k) is true for some positive For turning point, f \x) = 0
integers k (3 2 1). 1 二二=> 1 +x = l,x = 0
i.e. 0< < a and xk+l<xk. I 1 +x '
I
I Subst. x = 0 into f 〃(x)
For n = k + 1 ,
i i-e. "(0) = % = 1>。
/(x) has only one turning point at
x = a.
As f(x) possesses only one turning point,
/(x) is strictly decreasing on [0, a]
hence f(x) attains its absolute minimum at % = 0
and it is strictly increasing on [以，壹).
； So, /(x)>/(0) = 0-ln(l) = 0
0<xk<a ! /W>o.
I
••• f(0)>g)
I
I (b) Given two sequences {xn}, {yn} as
=f3。< °
I
X+i = sec^-l i x = 1 + - + — + ... H------ In ( 1 + 72)
I n 2 3 n
=fg + Xk I < ii i
l = 1+2 + 3 +，，*+«-ln^
< xk < a I
I
0< <a ； ① Xn+l~Xn
= secxk > 1 I i i i
i =[1+^ + ^ +…——r — ln(l + 〃+ 1)]
z j n+ i
—/ + ] — SQCXj^ — 1 > 0 I
* - [1+； + ? + .•.+1 - ln(l + 〃)]
xk + 2 = secxii-1 = g+i)+ W+i I 2 3 n
I i
<W+i (•.• 0<^+1<a) I = + ln(l + n) - ln(2 + n)
By the principle of mathematical I 1 i /2 + 〃、
induction, P(n) is true for all n e N. I n+ 1 '2+ 泌 n+1 '1+疽
I = -L-ln(l +-^)
(ii) Let lim xn = I I n+ 1 1 +
〃一> 8
lim xn + x = lim (secxn - 1) Since /(x) > 0 in (a)

〃一> 8 〃T8
1 x > ln(l + x)
I = sec / - 1 I
sec/-Z-l = 0 = /(Z)
1
As x =
1 +n
> -1 for n g N
0<xn<a X/n : /«>o
:.0 < Z< a (l 一 a /(a) < 0)
In fact, I = 0
If Z>0,/(/) = /(O) = 0.
g (0, /) s.t. _/'(“)= 0
136
And yn-yn+i
Define /(x) = x- sinx , f，(x) = 1 - cosx
—[1 + ^ + ^ + ... + - — In n]
2 5 n 0<x< 1 v 壹
-[l+!+..・ + -4T-ln(〃+l)]
2 n+ 1 「• f©)>。for 0 < x < 1
=In(h + 1) - In n----- /(x) > /(0) n x - sinx > 0 n x > sinx

' 7 n+ 1
for 0 < x < 1
i /〃 +1、 1
—)------ ?
=ln(—
n n+ 1
7C
=ln(l + -)--^-7 (b) For n = l,0< «!<!<-.
' 疽 n+ 1
Assume 0 v % v 1 , for some integers k>l.
=(二)-政仁)=(二) -ln(l+ 二)
+ l7 yn + y + r ' w+ r
For n = k + 1 ,
二，(涪 1)'° 让 yn-yn + i 3厂=>一1)
ak+i = sinak > 0 asO<%<l<；
> 0 X/〃 by principle of mathematical

(ii) ln(l + m) > In n Vn g N
induction.
-ln(l +n)< - In n
an + l = sin«n < an by (a)
1 + ? + ! + ... 4------ In(1 +〃)v 1 + — + ... H------- In n
2 3 n 2 n
{an} is strictly decreasing and bounded below
xn<yn by 0.
lim an exists, say, a.
S。’ Xn y n~ y n - \ ~ M —» 8
i.e. xn<y1 。〃 + 1 = sino〃
And yn>xn>xn_i>...>xl => a = sin。

n q = 0
i.e. yn>x1
工2 一 sin%
①
2x - 2sinxcosx
(iii) {xn} is increasing sequence, since xn + l>xn lim lim ----------------------- --
xtO x2 sin.2% J。2x2sinxcosx + 2xsin x
and bounded above by 2x - sin2x
lim (U Hospital rule)
i.e. lim xn exists. xtO x2 sin2x + x-x cos 2x
〃T8
_ Rm _________________ 2 - 2cos2x__________________
{yn} is decreasing sequence, since yn>yn+x

xto 2x2cos2x + 1 - cos2x + 2xsin2x + 2xsin2x
_ ]jm ___________ 2 - 2cos2x____________

and bounded below by x1 xto cos2x
2x2 - cos2x + 4xsin2x + 1
_ ]jm ________________________4sin2x________________________
cos2x
i.e. lim yn exists.
〃T8
xto 4x -4x2sin2x + 2sin2x + 4sin2x + 8xcos2x
_ ]jm ___________________ 8cos2x___________________

So, lim (xn - yn) exists and
〃T8 xto 4cos2x - 8xsin2x - 8x2cos2x - 8xsin2x
+ 4cos2x + 8cos2x + 8cos2x - 16xsin2x
lim (xn-yn) = lim xn - lim yn
nT8 M—8
_ ]jm cos2x
=lim (In n - In(1 + 〃))
〃一> 8
xto 3 cos2x - 4xsin2x - x2cos2x
=1
=lim ln(T-^—) =3
'1+疽
=lim [ln(l-土)]
(ii) ! __________ ]_ an2 - sin. 2 an
~2 a〃 sin an
—2 . 2
a〃
.2 2
=ln[lim (1-£)] an + 1 sin an an
〃一> 8 1.十〃
〃 —8 , % 0 by (b)
=In 1 = 0
；by(c)(i)
Hence, lim xn = lim yn .
137
12. is strictly increasing and x{> a
i
(a) Let f(x) = x-2 - Inx for x > 0 . I
f'(x)= I i.e. I = b.
i
n f \x) <0 for x e (0, 1) i
f'(x)>0 for x g (1, +oo)
When x = 1 , /(I) = -1 < 0

x =厂2, f(e~2) = e~2>0
x = e2, /(e2) = e2 - 4 > 0 (•.• e>2) I

I
there is at least one root in (e~2, 1) and at least one i
in (1, e2). ；
0 < e-2 < 1 < e2
and f(x) is strictly decreasing on (0, 1) •
there is only one root in (e~2, 1). I

i
Similarly, there is only one root in (1, +8). i
There is exactly two equal positive real roots.
I
(b) (i) •/ f(x) is strictly decreasing on (0, 1 ] •
f(x) <0 on (a, 1 ] • I
I
f(x) is strictly increasing on [1, +8). |
f(x)<0 on [l,b]. ；
i.e. /(x) < 0 on (a, b). I

i
For n = 1 , a < <b, )
x2 = 2+ lnx1 > (•.• f ('i)< 0 as a<x1<b)
The proposition (xn <b,xn + l> xn) holds
forn= 1 . 1
I
Assume it holds forn = k (A; > 1) I
xk + 2 = 2 + ln^+i >2 +In 与；
(•.• xk+i> xk induction hypothesis)
=xk+\ I
I
Moreover, x+] = 2 + \nxk I
I
< 2+lnb |
=b \
The proposition holds for w = k + 1 . I

By the principle of mathematical induction,
(x〃 + 1 > xn<b) holds for n = 1, 2, 3, ... i
I
I
(ii) From (b) (i), {x〃} is strictly increasing and I
一 l
bounded above, /. limxn exists, say, I. i
MT8 I
"+1 = 2 + 111 与 I
I
n Z = 2 + In Z i
n I is a root of f(x) = 0
n / = g or / =。by (a) i
138
9. Theory of Differential and Integral Calculus
If a = 1,
EXERCISE 9.1
then lim 人a-】=1 and ff +(0) = 1^0 = ff_ (0)
Zit0+
i.e. f '(0) does not exist.

For f '(1) exists, lim f(x) = lim /(x) and
XT1+ XT1-
r+(i)= r_d)
/(I) = (l)2 = Q(l) + b When n is even, \x\n = xn
广=lim "+人-(。⑴地=lim /(x) is differentiable.

+ 11+ x-1
si 11+ x— 1
—1 (b) When n is odd,
=lim (x + 1)= 2
XT 1-
for x > 0
fM = \x\n
a+b = 1 .
i.e. a = 2, b = -1 -xn for x < 0
a = 2
ACO) = lim : lim xn~i
x — 0+ A xt0+
2・ f/W if x<x0
Function F(x)= < 0 for n> 1
[ax + b if x>x0
1 for n = 1
where f(x) has a left derivative at x = x0 .
If F(x) is differentiable at x = x0 , then

—x" — 0
(0) = lim --------- =hm -xn
i- M_ i
1
x->0~ X KT
= F\(x) = "(、 o)
where F \(^0) = f \(%0) =C for n> 1

for 〃 = 1
尸 (x) = (ax + bY\ = a
十 lx - x0 /(x) is differentiable except n =1 .
thus a = ff_ (^0).
5.
And F(x) should be continuous at x = x0 尤2 COSZX 迁 xÔ
。
Given f(x)=
lim f(x) = lim (ax + b)
X Xq X —>Xq I if x = 0
(/(x) has left derivative at x0 慨7

x2cos - - 0 r 1
慨—
/(x) is left continuous at x0)
(a) lim xcos-
x 0 尤
fOo) = ax0 + b lim x 0 (since cos < 1 )
xtO
b = /(x0) - ax0 = f(XQ)-xoff_ (x0) Therefore, /(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and
厂(0) = o.
fO if x < 0
fM = < a (b)
f(x + h) - f(x) u
E =慨 —----------- by definition
i r；...
Let
[x if a： > 0 where a is real constant
h
c 1 - 1
2xcos- + sin- if 0
lim
/•(0 + /QT(0) r
hm
/(/?)-0a
------
x x 尤。
* —o+ h 5 h 0 if x = 0
lim= lim 1
加一 (by direct evaluation and result of (a))
* T 0+ " * T 0+
If a > 1, then lim 入以-1 0. (c) lim f= lim (2xcos- + sin-)

x->0 xtO X X
h — 0+
砰 0 which does not exist due to lim (2%cos-) = 0 and
And lim
hT。- h ~ lim
h->0~ h x —> 0 X
Hence f'(0) = /+(0)= (o)= o. lim sin- does not exist.
x —> 0 X
If a < 1 , then lim ha~1 does not exist. fis discontinuous at x = 0 .
/i — 0+
139
]3 sjn___ q
f'(0) = lim ------- ------ = lim x2 sin — I (a) If /(x) is differentiable at x = x0
x—0 X xtO X
I
..."呻卜 1 I and g (尤)is not differentiable at x = x0,
then f '('o) exists but not g'S。).

0 < |j;2sin|| < x2 I
1 So, if [f (x) + g(%)]' exists at x = x0 , then
lim x2sin— = 0 by squeezing principle
x —> 0 X I g'(尤)=(f + f\x) exists at x = x0 .
I ,
•••广 (0) = 0 I i.e. 广 (Xo)+ g'3o)does not exist.
, f-xcos— + 3x2sin— if % / 0 /(x) + g(x) is not differentiable at x = x0 .
广⑴二 x x
〔0 if x = 0 i
i
I (b) Set (p(x) = |x|
-x cos — + 3x2sin— - 0
f 〃(0) = lim ——\ , 、； w ⑴=-IM
x->0 X — \J
I both of them are not differentiable at % = 0 .
=lim (-cos— + 3xsin —) I
xtO X X
But (p(x) + \|/(x) = 0 which is a constant function and
lim xsin— = 0 and lim cos — does not exist.
x ~)0 x >0 X I is therefore differentiable at x = 0 and elsewhere in
f〃(0) does not exist. 1 real line,
i
I
7. i 9-
Given f a differentiable real-valued function defined on the Given /(%) : real-valued function.
real line. I For any positive real values 尤 and y
(a) If f is an even function, then f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)
fM = /(-x) I
and f，(一x) = lim + 1 (a) Put x = y = 1 into (1)
/i->o n : i.e. /(I) = /(1) + /(1) = 2/(1)
=lim” ? 23)
"to
h
；
i
/(I) = 0
=-lim ”
Oto 一h \ (b) (i) Put y = Z into (1)
=-lim 些⑴ I
； ie "9 = f(l) = E + f(!)
=-f ©) I 1
i.e. f' is an odd function. i /« + /(;) = 0
I
f(?) = -/(x) for any positive real
(b) If f is an odd function, then
fM = -/(-尤) I
and f，(一x) 二 lim，(_- + ? "D i (ii) f\x) = lim +

方—0 n I hÔ h
=lim* —，*") 1 (by Definition of Differential)
h->o n
I /(X + /2)+/(|)
=lim S"h)= f，(x) i = hm--------- 7--------- (by (b))
/i->o n
I
i.e. f' is an even function. 1 /'(1+9
I = lim —-— (by Definition (1))
(c) If f is periodic, then f(x + c) = f(x) for some ce R
m + W(i)i
and (x + c) = lim 茂,+。+ 勺2("。) =lim--------- --------------- (by (a))
广
jo n I
I
hÔ h
X
x \ 八〃
"to n
=lim Eh[-f(x) =f'(1) •: (by Definition of Derivative)
=f，(x) ! = ni)
i.e. f' is also periodic. i x
140
10.
a + b + c - 3x if x<a
广 (c) = lim E*)
-a+b+c-x if a<x c
0< < \ x-c\ \/x^c
x-c
-3 if x<a
lim ET(c)| = o
-1 if a<x c
f'(x) does not exist at x = a, x = b and x = c

(b) By (a),广(y) = 0 X/y c R
/(x) is a constant function.
(b) /(x) is strictly increasing in [b, +8)and is strictly

decreasing in (一8, £>].
Suppose f '(q) < 0 .

f \x) < 0 on (-oo, b] , f\x) > 0 on [b, +8)
By mean value theorem, "%一另。)=f'(g) where
/(x) attains minimum at x = b .
minimum point is (b, c - a) 0,b) .
f \x) is strictly decreasing on R.
*料 <广(。) <0
EXERCISE 9.2
b> a
••• fW<f(a)
(a) If "》，s”：-；匝 =cosg by mean value theorem, g But f (q) < 0 , f(b) > 0 , contradiction occurs.
•••广(。)> 0
lies between % and y .
I sinx — siny
I x-y
cosgI < 1 I (b) ① 加)< 0,广(q)>0
些 <0
| sin/ — siny | < | x - y | 厂(。)
If % = y , the inequality holds automatically. rp, /(«)

Thus, xA = a - >a
| sinx 一 siny | < | x - y | Vx, y g R 1 f («)
By mean value theorem,
(b) Let f(t) = tn 了”0) =广 © g0 by (a))
... 〈计 < 心 1(尤_,) 〃 f(a)

Tw
(c) Let /(x) = ln(l + x). bf'(a) + f(a) — f(b) — f(a)

<
f，(a)
ln(l+x)-ln(l+0) = 〃(& where
x-0 b —些
了'(a)
... ln(l +x) _ 1
X 项 0)
0vgvx
(ii) By mean value theorem,
.—
< 1
,, 1+x 1+g 但 42…)
Thus < ln(1+x) < 1
1 +X X gU) < 广 (g-Q)
i.e. < ln(l + x) < x Vx > 0 (v f is strictly decreasing)
141
However, jq 〃 f(a) f > 0 for x g (0,+8)
And f'(%) = 0 二 x2 + nx + x = x(jc + n + 1)

-f(a)
xx-a
f'(a) x = 0 or x = -(n + 1)仁[0, +8)
/Ui)-/(«)<-/(«) Hence f{x) is strictly increasing on [0, +8).

f3i)<0 So /(x) > /(0) for x > 0
(〃 + 1 + ■¥)"+ 1〉(M + ] )" + ]
(iii) Suppose 广 (jq) < 0 . (h + x)n nn

+ 1 + xJ1 + 1 + xJ1
By mean value theorem, (-^T-) >W)
—E― ----- = f (g) where xx<c)(1 + -) for all x>0
(幻一，3i) . • i . .、
—^7^----
— <J (、 i)(v J is strictly decreasing)
I (b) For g(x) = S-+ ] — X)—
— where n is a positive
<0 i (〃一盼〃
n /W </^) 1 integer, 0 <x<n

1 n
But /(%0<0 [by (ii)], f(b)>0 (Given) g(x) = [1 + ——] (〃+ 1 —x)
rl — X
Contradiction occurs.
i
山+土] n
Thus, f '(jq) > 0 . g©)=
1 n
[1+土]
| EXERCISE 9.3
1 n
1.
[1+&
1 n
Let /(x) = x3 -3x + c .
Suppose there are a, b , ~1 < a g(0)
Contradiction occurs. (〃+ 1 -可+ i〉(〃+ l)〃 + i

(n -x)n nn
There are no two distinct real roots for
Y n+ 1 丫〃
(i* >(」 P
x3 - 3x + c 二 0 in (-1, 1).
2
( 1 in + 1
(a) /(x)=也— — where n is a positive integer
{n + x)n /(0) = /(0 + 0) = /(0) + /(0) + 3(0)(0)(0 + 0)
1 n /(0)二 0
=[1+M
E
f'(。) lim迪牛迪=iim华
0
龙一> h
n h->0 rl
=n[l + -^―] ~|(m 4- x + 1) + [1 + 广⑴ lim 了(■ + £)-](•)

n+x \_(n + x)2J n+x /ztO h
lim f(x) + f(h) — 3xh(x + h)-f(x)
=[1 + 4〃一
n+x L
"+与
(〃 + x)2
1)+ 1 + 工]
n + x_\
ZztO h
lim - 3x(x + h)]

=【
n
1 +, 3
1 ^n~ n2 + x2 + 2nx + n + x~\J
n2 - nx - n + ----------------------------
[------------------ hTO h
=[1+，"下 +叩]
广 (0) lim
方 to n
, lim 3x(x + h) = 3x2
n+x L (n + x)2 J 广 (0) + 3%2
142
EXERCISE 9.4
lim 1+1+ 1 + - + ... +
〃T8 n n n
For lim f 4 + 4 + …+ 〃 /-------
〃一＞ 8
=lim
〃T8
-£ /Tu
i= 1
lirn —^ [ 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (h — 1)] 3
1 3.
lim 4(〃_； + l)(._]) = lim 打-：)=\

二 J J\ + xdx = ]；(1 + X)'
|o =V
,2
〃 —8 n Z 〃一＞8 匕 rb 匕
*2 些—1)
Alternatively, consider /(x) = x
In the region [0, 1] divided into n equal parts, i.e. A%-=:
6.
Hence lim
*+§+••• + For lim
〃一＞ 8
近
It
=y , then
〃一＞ 8
n-l n-l
fl ] 1 1 近血近=lim Inf^Y
〃lim - y
n iJ
= 1
n lim - V -
i8 n J n
i=0
Joo xdx =成]0 2
Iny In lim
〃 —8 n lim
〃一＞ 8 h 〃 -》8 \nn J
lim hn(- 2 3
n n n n
lim (白 + 土+ ••• + £) n
For
〃 —8 n+1 ' n+2 lim - [ In - + In - + ... + In-]
n n n n 〃一＞ 8 ni 」
lim - ＞ ln-
= 1
n
1[E +仁 +
lim
〃一＞ 8 n n+\ 〃+2 •••+M 「 1 1
lim
1＞-岂+ …+上
q-＞oJq \nxdx = lim [xlnx-x]a
lim
o —＞ o
〃一＞ 8 n 土* 1+" lim [1 Ini - 1 -alna + a]
n-1 a -» 0
n 1
lim -, 1 Ina ,
〃T8 niJ lim -1 —
— + a -1 - lim
〃 tO
= QT0
- a 寥
f1 1 1 =一 1 + lim。+ 0 = —1
(------ )dx = [ln(l + x)]0 = ln2- Ini =In 2 a -»0
J。1 +x
y 二
For lim 1P + 2P + 3P+...+* where pw-l

MT8
n n
k 2'
2 + (§)
n
11「/1、P /2、P m、P"| 2n2 + k2
lim 北）+（》+•••+（/ J =理
[. 1
n£ n k=z 1 l + (§)3
£
lim
〃 —8 n =i
lim
〃一＞ 8 n3 + k3 n—8
k= 1
rl i [ 1 左一 ° =
=xPdx = [----- xP+i] Jo吾弘
Jo P+1 o P+1
71 , 2 丸
—+ ... + cos --------—
cos — + cos —
(n - 1)7C o _x+ 1 x2-x+l dx
n n n
2k (〃一1)7l n?c -i nw+i)倡 J
[cos — + cos — + ... + cos ------ -- + COS — 1 一 COSTt ■^dx
n n s n
0 3-罗 +
1. 1 「兀
2 (n -1) 兀兀】
hm —[cos — + cos—
i8 n —+ ... + cos-------- ]
n n n r W
,-1
1. 1 r k 2
—+ ... + cos--------— + cos—J
= hm —[cos — + cos—
丸 (n - l)7t , 心 3 tan
□r
i8 n n n n n 0
「
_ lim
cos 兀
------ 1 c , 2 71
ln2 + ^-3
n —＞ oo "
「兀
= cos xdx - 0 = 0 ln2+写兀

Jo
143
8.
(b) lim In* = lim - Y ln(l +*)
Divide the interval [0, 1] into 2n equal parts, the width of 〃一>8 n 〃 — 8〃 n
k= 1
each part is ：.
G r1
In lim — = ln(l + x)dx
〃 —> 8 〃
2n
11•m 1-1 y —
「 2n JQ
n-* -2
一
一
_ 2n《乙
lim y —
J 4n2 + k2
k= 1 =111 + =[xln( 1 + x)]0 — f ] : dx
JQ I + X
=Ho rhdx =-n

=ln2 - f (1 - —^—)dx
Jo 1 +x
=ln2 - 1 + [ln(l + x)]q
Jln(l + x2)dx (六 .2x) =In2-l + ln2

(a) \dx
=ln4- 1 = In |
二顽( 1+ 2)-—4
、泅
=xln(l + x2) - 2% + 2tan-1x + C
(c) lim — = lim -[(1 + i) + (1 + ?) + ... + (1 +-)]

2n i n* n 18 n \ n ' 昨，」
(场口〃 = § n w+ k2y n
k= 1 =lim - Y (1 + -)
nôo nJ n
i= 1
=侦』( 1
+纹思]
=f (1 +X)dx = [：(1 +x)2]；
J。 z °
・A
1lim —n
2n , 〃T8 〃
曲〃 = ；£ln(l+§ Hence lim = lim 白
lim冬
k= 1 n 〃一 >8 〃
lim lnan = ln(l + x2)dx

M->8 Jq
'I EXERCISE 9.5
=21n5 + 2tan-12 - 4 by (a)
i
i•
lim an = 25 e
c u 2 tan 2 — 4 i 1.
〃一> 8 . 匹 n
/ \ 口 f2 . 10 , f2 . 2 7
10.
I
i
(a) For
Jo sin xdx,
Jo sm xdx
I As for x g (0,壹)，0 < sinx < 1
For n : positive integer
I
A _ (〃+1 ) + (〃 +2)+...+(〃 +〃) I . 2 . 10 八
勺= n---------------------- sin x > sin x>0,
| K 7C
Gn = [(> + 1)(〃 + 2)...(卜 + 〃) I then J 2 sin xdx > | 2 sin XQxdx
i Jo
I
(a) 冬 -「(" + 1)(-+ 2)...(，+ 〃)]" r1 r1
n ~ nn J (b) For e~xdx, e~x2dx
1 J。 Jo
in^n — i +1)(- + 2) •••(“ + 〃) I While x g (0, 1)
n n
； X2 <x
=加[( 1+：)(1+，...(1+9
1 -X2 > -X
I
I T > e-x
$m(l+9
r1 r1
k= 1
I Jo Jo
Hence e~x2dx > e~xdx.
I
144
—云---and
f M =—
, r // \ xcosx - sinx nnA
71 x2 2 , f 兀 _对 4 r I
(c) For e~x cos xdx, e x cos xdx
o 」o
1 (xcosx — sinx)' = cos^-xsinx- cosx
2 4
While cos x > cos x 7C
=-x sinx < 0 for 0 < x < -
e~x2 > 0 for % g [0, tc]
Thus from comparison but (OcosO - sinO) = 0
rK r2 2 , r71 y2 4 , i hence xcosx - sinx < 0 and x2 > 0

e~x cos xdx > e~x cos xax .
Jo Jo I ie 广 (x)<0
I 兀
I Or, f(x) is strictly decreasing on [0,-].
(d) —> 0 for all x > 0
x
n
"1
[-dx > —dx when 0<a<c<d<b.
Thus, fJ(0)F
2 2 f(x)dx> 『（豚
Ja x Je X Jo o
n 7C K
First one has greater value. :秘=辔_0] = 1
7t _
2 _
AU ldx>(x)dx
2
>
0 Joo
1
For I x2 \nxdx
2 Given a, b are non-negative real numbers
as x £ (：, 1) Inx < 0 a < a
1+q + Z? 1 + fl
rI i x2 \nxdx b 0 , sinx > 0
[以, P]-
7C
>0 Consider the function (p(x) = ------ = 1 - - -----

Jo * 1 +X 1 +X
n i.e. (p(x) is increasing on [0, +oo)
sinxdx is positive.
Jo So, take 明= |/(%) + g(x)|
X2 = |/(x)| + |g(x)| >%!
As xg [0, 1] Therefore (p(x2)
0<x< 1 If (x)| + |g(x)| > "(x) + g(x)l

1 + l/Wl + \g(x)\ - l + |/(x) + g(x)|
0 < x2 < 1
From (a) take a = |/(x)| , b = |g(x)|
While ex2 is a monotonic increasing function for x > 0
Tbllc If (盼| +
|g(x)l < 顷町 + lg ⑶
eQdx < f ex2dx < f
.1
exdx
1 + L/(x)| + |g(x)l 1 + If 一 (对| 1 + lg(x)|
o J(o 」(
o So
f g |/(x) + g(x)| v
[x]q <J ex2dx < [ex]^ Jal + lS + g⑴ Ja 1 + 7(x)1 + lg(x)l
,1 >P \f^dx +
邛虫玖_么
1 <
o
ex2dx < e
a 以 1 + E)I al + lg ⑴
sinx ,n Let fM = I"

{ ---- if
x
E = J>0 on x g (0, +8)
1 if x = 0
/is a continuous function. i.e. f(x) is strictly increasing on (0, +8).
145
Here by considering area comparison, for each positive
lim F- [ inxdx + - inn - Inn
integer r, we have And
18 \_nj j n
y+i
lnr< \nxdx < ln(r + 1) lim [i(/ilnw-n+ 1) + - Inn- ln«]
Jr
〃t8 〃 n
〃_ 1 2 3 〃
lim [- 1 + i + 蛔]
T lnr< f \nxdx+ | Inxdx + ... 4- | \nxdx
r=i ‘I J2 "i)
〃一> 8 n n
Inn
=-1 (•.• lim =0)
n-1 ”n
「 n
£ lnr< \nxdx
r=l 'I ■ n
n」 Inr - Inn
-£
Therefore lim
n n
.r = 2
2 lnr< Inxdx + Inn
r=l ‘I
Iny = -1
n /•«
£ lnr< \nxdx + Inz? (In 1 = 0 )
r=2 L
r r+ 1 7.
And ]nxdx < ln(r + 1)
J尸 n
t f2 . n— 1 j, 、
r2 3 In = - sin xJ(cosx)
「 rn Jo
Inxdx + inxdx + .. + inxdx
Jl Jn- 1 匹匹
< In2 + ln3 + ... + Inn =[一 cosxsin" x] + \2 (n - l)sinn 2xcos2xdx
n n
J InxJx < £ In, n
=(n - 1) [sm x(l - sin x)]dx
Jo
Hencewisely,
=(〃 T)/〃_2 -- I)，”
n *
\nxdx < £ lnr< InxJx + Inn
'I r=2 'I ln =，L~In-2
(b) From (a),

(b) For lim y
Iny lim m⑵ 2〃 - 1 2〃 - 3 /
2n 2n-2 2m-4
=lim 虹(【.2.....勺
n n n n =(2〃-1)(2〃-3)...3,
- (2〃)(2〃 —2)...4 ‘2
=lim - y (Inr - Inn)

〃T8 〃 While I2 = [2sin2xJx
r= 1
Jo
=± : £ m 一血 =「：(1一 cos2x)dx
-r = 2 Jo Z
i Cn i n
While - \nxdx- \nn < - V Inr - Inn 如一捉 in2x］：撼]=¥
"Ji 〃七
r=2
i i 1 TT-S-l) K
< - Inxdx + - Inn - Inn Hence I2n 2-4-6...(2n) • 2 ,
nJ ] n
taking limit for all as 〃 T 8 and And similarly,

2n j
lim F- [ \nxdx- Ihm =lim [-[xlnx-x]?- In^z]
hn+l
2n+ l72n-l
> 8 L〃 J ] 〃 —8 n
(2.) 2〃-2,
(2n + 1) 2〃一 1 2〃-3
=lim [-[n\nn -n+ 1] - Inn]
〃T8 ft
=lim (- 1 + i) = -1 (2〃)(2〃-2)...2 ,
n —> oo M (2〃+1)(2〃一1)...3妇
146
匹 n Thus, we have proved that
While /] =「 sinMx = [-cosx]g = - 0+1 = 1
Jo (% + Jab)2 <(x + q)(i + /?)<(% + 号^)2
2・4・6...(2〃) 1
Hence I2n + i 3-5-7...(2n+l) ' 1 Hence, ------ 1 ——>-------- !----- -
> -------—
(x+Jab)2 (x + a)(x + b)("土《
(c) for x G [0,壹], f+°° dx ＞「8 dx 〉f+o° dx
J。（"庇寸一"3 +。）3 +们一 J。（x +字《
sin
. 2n+ 1 x <’ sin
.2n + 2x <. sin . 2nx
+8
n n +8
dx
■l
k
f2 . 2n + 2xax<
, ^f2 . 2n+l ,
xdx< f2 . 2nxdx, >
J。 Jo Jo
=> sin sin sin 0 (X + <2)(x + Z?) ,a + b
X+—
0
ie hn + 2- hn+l- hn -L>f —四_>_1_

. (2〃+ 1)(2〃—1)...(3)(1) 兀<
(2n)(2n-2)...(2)
Jab J0 (x + a)(x + >) 土
.. (2〃 + 2)(2〃)...(4)(2) 2 - (2〃+1)(2〃-1)...(3)(1)
<(2〃-1)(2〃-3)...(3)(1) 兀 Lp> 二
Jab~ "b
_ (2〃)(2“ 一2)...(2)—2
(2〃 + 1)2 匹<r
2-4...(2n) -.2 2〃 + i)匹 3齐°）
(2/7 + 2) 2-Ll-3...(2n-l)J )2
(2〃+l)2 兀 2-4...(2n) f 1\<2〃+1 兀 (b) Case ①
(2n + 2)n 2 L1 • 3...(2h - 1)J 'nJ- m 2 If a = b,
we have Jab = .
and hence P = - (or |)

a b
••• lim ][1 + 5-35」「、 ]兀 | =兀 On the other hand

i8 2n(2n + 2) 2 广 dx = 2 X 1 二 1 二
Ja + JbJo (x + Ja){x + Jb} ija Ja a
and
ZH
lim (1 + J-)tc = tc
〃一 8
Case (ii)
By squeezing principle,
If a^b , we have
+8 dX 方
p=l
1 1
HJo
1
q (x + a)(x + b)
1 -I • r ■] /l + Q
=7---- lim [In-—:— lily]
8 —q/it+8
i t
h+b
Cl
b J-ln^b
a-b
Let a, b be two positive numbers On the other hand
P =广—— _2 4-oo
dx 2 x— 1 \n 迫
Jo (x +(2)(x + Z?) Jh + 0 (x + Ja}{x + Jb) Ja + Jb Ja - Jb Jb
(a) For all x > 0 -^-rxiln^
a-b 2 b
(% + a)(x + /?)<(% +
土崂= p
=x2 + (a + b)x + ab < x2 + (a + b)x +
9.
<=> 4ab <(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + lab
(a) For any positive integer k,
= 0<a2 + b2- lab = (a - b)2 which is true. •k+ldx < [f(k)][k+l-k] = f(幻=i
And (x + Jab)1 < (x 4- a)(x + b) k康
x2 + ijabx + ab < x2 + (a + b)x + ab and > [f(k+l)][k+l-k]
f(Sl)
0 ijab <a + b 1
0 < (a/«)2 + (a/^)2 -ijhjb
<=> 0 < (Ja- Jb)2 which is always true. Thus -r-^—r < L[
*+i
147
Therefore 土 <[盅]广以
1 From (c),
' ln2) = 0
〃T8
JlnJl
k+1 k k
I
I lim y2n = ln2
>8
八，"+1 1 ,1
0 < In—----- - ---- T < 7 - ,
1
1 I 1
k k +1 k k+l I = —赤
' 1
n ；「. 〉 2〃-1=>2〃 +赤
(b) Let = £ 一 where n is a positive integer
1 lim 此〃-1 = lim y2n = ln2
r= l 〃一>8 MT8
2n n 1 As lim y2n = In 2 n lim y2n-1 = In 2
X2n~Xn =
— S I
"V* "V* ；I
X 〃 —8 〃—8
r= l r= I I
I Therefore, lim yn = In 2 as n may be even or odd in
2n I 8
= Z - (by direct elimination) I which cases are already included above.
r=n+ l
2n n
Or, x2n-xn = E X ~ 5
r= l r= I
I (a) Inx is increasing on [1,+—).
So, for any positive integer k
i 「* + 1
土
1 1 l
[lnk][k + 1 - k]< \nxdx
+ - 2
-2 + -4 + + M
l h
i <[\n(k+l)]-[k+l-k]
1 1 1 1
I
- - + - - - + - M
2 3 4 i ,左+ 1
I ink < I \nxdx < ln(Z: + 1)
I k
I n-1 2 3 n
1 y \nk < lnx<7x+ \nxdx + ... + \xixdx
2nZ 1 I si " 」 2 J 〃一 1
I
〃一 1
一尸
I
=«+ i 《£ ln(k+l)
i k= 1
From (a), i
I r«
Ov In 牛 In 1 + ln2 + ... + ln(n - 1) < \nxdx
I 1
2n - I 2n - I I 《 ln2 + ln3 + ... + ln〃
o< 乙y l k
—k + lJ)< y (-M —k + Y)
I
k=n k=n
乙
1
I
ln[(n - 1)!] < I*
J】
\nxdx < ln(n!)
2n-l 2n-l I
°< £ I— 2 上 < (--------- )+ (--------------)
Vn 〃+V ' 〃+I k + 2. i 「〃 n
k=n k=n I As \nxdx = [xlnx-x]r
I ‘I
+ •••+(名-土) I = nlnn — n + 1 = ln-^-y
八/1 /〃 + 1
0 < ln(-------
n n+ \
n+2
2n-l) %+l
+〃J_
+2
+ +±
2】
) l
i = m/L+i)
i
<l-±
n 2n I So, ln(n-l)!<ln(nwe-w + 1)<ln(^!)
I
i (n-l)l<nne-n + i<nl
0<ln2 一 2 % i
r=n+ 1 I
1 (b) Given that lim 确=\
0<ln2-壹 | 〃一> 8
(from (b)) I From (a),
r= 1 I
I (〃—1)!
I iii
(d) Let *= 1 [(〃-1)!「<(为七(〃况
r= 1 .= 1 I e
148
By symmetry again with r = a
Therefore - > e~xen
n
1
,[(〃一 I)!]”, i n
and ------------- < e~le
n
i
- i
. 也!]"/ 1 n
i.e. e~{e
nnn
1
(c)
- 1 1
. (〃!) / n -1 n From (a) and (b),
i.e. -—- <n e e
n i
« (T + b g 5(
So, e < -—- <n e uq
n
1
i 一 i 1
—]+ - / I、〃 — -
lim e "< lim 日 < lim n lim e < lim In < lim 2n
〃 —8 n T OO " fl T 8 〃—8
M —> 8 〃 T 8
1
e-1 < lim 丝 <1 e-1 <lim In<2° = 1

nT8
〃一> 8 〃
1 r < lim In<l

〃 —8
rp, ]. (〃!)" 1
Thus hm -——二 e~l
While r is any number 0 < ^ < r < 1 , i.e. r can be
n —> oo 〃
chosen as close to 1~ , thus, by sandwich principle
Let /(x) = e~x2 lim In = 1 .

〃一> 8
In = JJ [fM]ndx , positive integer n
(a) For all real x, EXERCISE 9.6

e* > o i.e. /(x) > 0
and f '(x) = -2xe~x2

土 J。' 仙)出=£ J。"⑴力. £ where " =史
for x>0 /7%)<0
for x<0 f\x)>0
=nxn~x f(^xn)
= at x = 0, /(x) reaches maximum
/(0) = e-°2 = 1 2.
1 f(x) = j e~t2dt = f
*2
"_t2
I 妇 J 。
e at -e
Jo dt
I f '(x) = 2xe~x - 3x2e~x6 (by QI above)
I /71) = 2厂1-3厂1 = -i
72 fM = Jtanx
f secx
(72) t2 , secx t2 「tanx t2
dt = (a/2) dt-\
J
。
(梃) dt
(b) For 0v q v 1 and

I f \x)=(提)sec * . £secx-(旗)”11'gtarix
fM>a
i.e. 1 > e* 2。> 0
(72)tanx secx[72tanx- secx]
-x2 > Ina
x2 <-Ina
广⑴= 0 n 72 tan x = secx
1
sinx =
J—Ino 2x2 -J-lna
Tt as |M <
Hence for any 0 < ^ < r < 1 X=4
奇
149
(a) g(x) = y(x-l)f(y)dy (as y<x)
Jo
lim f (et2 - l)dt = 0 , lim (% + 1 - ex) = 0
x-»0 JQ itO
+ f x(y-l)f(y)dy (as x<y)
[(/-I)力 X2
X
lim -- --------------- = lim -—— (L5 Hospital Rule) =3-i)J° yf(y)』yrj] (y-i)f(y)dy
x—o x + 1 - ex x — o 1 -ex
Q X2
=lim
xto -ex
(U Hospital Rule)
g'M = yf(y)dy + (x- l)xf(x^
=0
一 [[3 T)也) dy + - 1 加町]
5.
Let / be a differentiable function and f '(0) = 0
=f yf{y}dy-\ (y-i)f(y)dy
J。 Ji
R,
Jo Jo
If xf = 2f Vx e
g〃(x) = xf(x)-(x-l)fM = fM for Ovxvl

then by differentiating both sides
+ f
Jo
xf(x) f(t)dt = 2xf(x)
(b) g(0) = /(y)G(O, y)dy
f
Jo
f(t)出=xf(x)
，（力［。（ 1）］八 J" 二。
Further differentiation gives

fM = xf\x) + f{x) g(l) =「 f(y)G(l,力 dy
xf\x) = 0 Jo
f'(x) = 0 for V^g R \ {0} =(力 D(i-i)My =「。⑥=。
but 广 (0) = 0 given. Jo Jo

Hence f \x) = 0 Vx g R
i.e. /(%) is a constant function.
Let /(x) be a continuous function not identical to zero and
6. /(a + p) = /(a)/(p) for any real number a, p

rM
If / is a continuous function then set (|)(w) =
J。
(a) (i) If for some x0 , /(x0) = 0
J f。)力= J ^(û)du then 7(x + x0) = /(^)/(-X0)= /W° =。
=[w(|)(m)]q- Jo
u^\u)du
i.e. all values of x will give f(x) = 0
which is in contrary to given condition.
=x f - 0 - f uf{u)du So, we have

Jo Jo /(x)丰 0 for any real x.
=x f f(u)du - f ufû)du
Jo J。 (ii) Consider
=
Jo
/(w)(x - u)du S顼*勺=倡推) ”(3)2 。
So, we have /(x) > 0 Vx e R

7・
Given G be a function of 2 real variables x, y such that but from (i), f(x) > 0 Vx g R
x(y - 1) if x < y
G(x, y)= (iii) f("0) = /W/(0)
y(x- 1) if y < x
/(x)二 /W/(0)
Furthermore,/is a real, continuous on [0, 1]
/(0) = 1 as /(x)>0 Vxg R
150
r 1 +x (b) From (a) and put m = 1
(b) (i) For [
J]
Put u = t-x
I fnM = f fn_xMdu = f (x-u)°fn_i(<u)du
I Jo Jo
1 i L 1
t — x —/ w — 0 1 = 7 (x-u) fn_2(u)du
I 1 J。
< t = 1 + X => u = 1
1 1 L 2
du = dt 1 = 5 (x-u) fn_û)du
I ZJ。
r1+x f1 1 i i rx 3
Thus = f(u + x)(dit) (x-u) fn_û)du
Jx Jo 1
I
=90
2 “0
I -.
=Io f(u)f(x)du = /(x)£ f{u}du
I
: =!?.••• •^rJo 皿一〃)"一血
(ii) Differentiating (i) I
/(I+%)-/(%)二广(听)("枷
1
(c) Suppose |/0(w)| < M for 0 < i/ < 1 where M is a
[/(l)-l]/(x)=广⑴
1 positive constant
If 0 < x < 1 , then 0<w<%< 1
rw = 一⑴- 1
f(X) r1 fWdu
, 1 0<x-i/<1
I
Jo 1 and |(x - w)|n -1 < (x - 1
Taking integration over both sides I
ln/(x) = {⑴-1 - + A
1 Therefore |/n(x)| = t— f {x-u)n~YfQ{u)du
f /(w)tZw
Jo : V 洁<>-")〃七。(加"
Put x 二 0, ln/(0) = Ini = 0 = 0 + A

i.e. A = 0
Hence /(x)=。以入 when a = 】

； =八启 M*o( 以血
I *
f f(u)du
l)!Jo
1 < -~~ [ (x- z/)n ~1 - Mdu
JQ
| (〃一
9.
; =击 5
Let /0(x) be a continuous function and for positive integer n,
: =吾[刑)〃+时]
x>0
I v M
/n(X)= f fn-\Mdu
Jo
= = f〃一 1(对 \ 矛
I Hence 0 < lim I f (x)| < lim = 0

(a) f {x-u)m~Xfn{u)du
Jo i.e. lim |/n(^)| = 0 (by squeezing principle)
=-f -"严) ' So, lim fn(x) = 0

Jo m I nT8
I
I
〃C 3一"严]V：+J 0 lib
=—[f〃("结 ^x-u)mfnMdu j I
；| EXERCISE 9.7
=琼°)三 + 计 (x-u)mfn_l(u)du
nl mJ q i
i 1・
r0 1 The real sequence {an}°^= 2 and {S〃}；=】 defined as
While /n(0) = I fn_xWdu = 0
Jo I rn i i
Hence I an = (------ )du, n = 2, 3, ... and
! 1 u n
Jf
。
(x-u)m~lfn(u)du = ^ (x-u)mfn_l(u)du.
mJc\
:S〃 = 1 +捉...+：，〃= 1,2,...
151
(a) Since for 〃 22, n- 1 <u<n Assume P(k) is true for some k e N
1 A 1 — ! + J_ _ I -L ----- 1_ — — —+ —
—J— — 1—
—-4- + -J—
n-1 u n 2 3 4 2k k+1 k + 2 2k
i-->0 rn i i When n = k + 1 case
[(---)>0
u n Jn-1 u n
and an
sG 一加」上一汕一（〃一 1）】
=(1------ 1----------------- ) + (-------------------- )
* 2 3 … 2k) V2k+1 2k + 2)
i i
zz-----------------
n-\ n =(土 + 土+ ••• + £)+Wn-
Thus for n>2

=「_____________ 1—i +( 1 + 1 + +—1—)
土 Y 及+1 2(k+l)」W +2 S3 … 2^+ I7
=—+] + ( 1 + -J— + + —J—)
(b) From (a),

2(^+1) 乂+ 2 k+3 2k+lJ
一 1 | 1 + 十]
u n)du < —
rn
(zl---- lw ― 1
n-1- n
1
一
一俄+1) + 1 (k+l) + 2 …2伐+1)
i.e. P(k + 1) is deductively true.

ji n 1 i
0<[lnw--]
n n-\ n-1 n By principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true
八 / i 〃 1/1 1 for each positive integer n.

0 In------ — <------- —
匕
n-1 n n-1 n
(d) Assuming the convergence of sequence
捉 m左《土版心2
y tlT!
m乙= \
bn
Therefore 甘咛对 mi m
for n = 1,2,..., then
1 / i 〃+2 / 1
—K In—
— —- < —— T
n+2 n+1 n+1 2n ( ]}m + i
£ ^―
m= \
m
l/i n+n / 1
lim b2n = lim
〃T8 n—8 （1- 捉！-一土）
—< In----------- <---------

—
2n n + n-1 2m-1 =lim
「土+ £ + ••• + &)
〃T8
曜厂&）
1 , ,1八/〃+1〃 + 2 , 1 lim
〃T8
〃+1 2n n n+1 2w - 17 n 2n- 1
for n > 1 While lim (ln2 - ^-)< lim (S2n - Sn) < lim In 2
〃一>8 Zn 〃一> 8 〃T8
S2n -，〃罚 2K 电 - S〃-土 + ：
ln2 < lim (S2n-Sn)<ln2
It T 8
i.e. 52n-5n<ln2
Thus lim b2n = ln2 .
M —> 8
and \n2-^<S2n-Sn
lim bn exists (by assumption)
〃一> 8
Or, rewriting the inequalities
lim bn - lim b2n = ln2
〃一» 8 〃一> 8
in2~^-S2n~Sn~ 启
for all positive integers n.
(a) For any x > 0 and any positive integer n

1 1 1 1 1 £ l
_ + 3 - - + _ - 5 + + + M
一
-
2 4 = 1 for 0<t<x
2« 1 +卢1
When n = 1 1
I 扁1 +卢Jo
L.H.S. = I-? = ? 1
2 2 i
So, if 0<x< 1 n x4n + 1 < 1
R.H.S. =£ =： = L.H.S. [
0<
/•x /4n
^^dt<
rx 4tAndt
I
i.e. P(l) is true. i
扁1+" Jo
I
152
(b) Set P(k) be the statement.
(i) Fk(x) is a polynomial in x of degree k + 1

whose constant term is 0 and the coefficients of
xk + 1 and xk are respectively and :.
When k = 1 ,
fx /4n
I ------ dt = 0
Hence lim Jo HQ） = 1］《％。）力 + 可（
l +"
o
J ］^tdt =［技；+ 工［护「

e) = ki= 0 也F
tdt + x
(b) Let
护一 0+ ：一 0 =护+ 事 + 0
① m = V (T)*(4：+ l)]4*
〃()一 2 (4k+ l)
which is a polynomial of degree 1 + 1=2 whose
k=0
n constant term is 0 and the coefficients of x2 and
=2 x1 are respectively and :.
k=0
=I -X4 + Xs - X16 + ... 4- (-1 )n%4n i.e. P(l) is true.

[geometric series with common ratio (-x4)]
Assume P(L) is true for some Le N
二工
1[1—(― 4)〃+1] = 1 +(-l)〃x4(n+l)
Fl(x) = + 1 + \xL + . • • + Ax + 0
一 1 - (-X4)一 1 +X4
When k = L + 1 ,
(ii) From (i), taking integration
FL+1M =(乙 + 1)[J。 y(。力 + aJo 旦。)力]
Jo +卢 1 o
.*l +(—l)勺4 勺4 次
。+1）［］*；（法比+1 + 9乙+...+幻）力
o --
lim S〃⑴ =lim

>8
J 卜艺广卢+ dt +x
J 。'由E + !/+••*
As 0<r<%< 1
(L+ l)〔m • L + 2xL + 2 + 2(L+I)x + ••• + 万*2 —0]
limQ「卢〃 4 出= 0 / -、L + 2 、乙
lim r4n = 0 =>
00 J + HmG(T) +2(LTi)(_l) +・・・+2(T)]
r 1 1 1 /1 +1 Az 1 \2-|
+
〃一》8 ntc
。
1 L+2 1 L+1 „ 八
From (a), lim \
> 8 J (o +卢卢
1l+
= 0 n 2尤 + 2X + ... + Bx + 0
Therefore, we have which is a polynomial suiting statement P(L + 1)

deductively.
lim S〃3) = f 湾^力•
n-»oo Jq L + I By principle of mathematical induction that P(k) is

true for k e N.
Let = x , for each positive integer k, (ii) Set Q(k) be the statement
FQ) 灼：3) -七(尤- 1)= u

o
(a) When X = -1 , When k = 1
L -一1
Fk（T）=皿 ”si（g-Jo ¥1°）句
七（盼_”］（“ 1）
0.
［事 2 + 事］—弓（入一 1）2 + *尤一 1）］
When x = 0,
［护+扣 _［护一工+ 捉,：］= X = X1
腺 o）= 4《久一3）力+。［.-1
F— =0.
o i.e. 2(1) is true.
153
Assume Q(L) is true for some L g N For m^n case
i.e. Fl(x)-Fl(x-1) = x cosmxcosnxdx = I* ^[cos(m + n)x + cos(m-n)x]dx
When k = L+l
FL+iM = (£+1)[匚七0)故+可「旦(。也 f 0 Jo 2
_ 1 r sin(m +
2l m+n
n)x + sin(^ -
m-n
n)x^兀
J0
=:[0 + 0-0-0] = 0
FL+i(x-l) = 0+l)[J iq(g + (sl)Jo FQ

「「句
Hence, we have
rO
= 0+l)[J 1 0)
兀 if m^n
Jo
乌力 +「 1 FL(t)dt cos mx cos nxdx = < .
if m = n
J FL(t)dt-
+X FL(t)dt^
[z = cos0 - ZsinO
q+Q)-q+Q-1) (b) Let z = cos 9 + zsinO < _
顷=Id = 1
=0+1)[£\( 泊一「一富(冲
For odd integer n
] —
=(£+l)[£\( _£\(y_l)dy]河
0
cos0 =护 + z )
=0+l)[j" 1-1)]
cos 0 =预(z + z )
七。)-玲( 可
While (z + F)〃
=(£+i)J(
「顷 =0+1) [法小+ T vj n— \ _ n — ? —2 — —n — 1 —n
=Z + nCiZ z + nc2z z +...+C — 1ZZ +z
L+ 1
=X
=(z" + z ") + 〃C]ZZ (z〃" + z n 2)
i.e. Q(L + 1) is deductively true.
By principle of mathematical induction, 八 2-2/ n-4 ~n-4
+ nC2z Z(Z +Z ) + ..•
Q{k) true for k e N .
八 / n —n. 八 / n-2 ~n~2x
=〃C°(Z +Z )+Ri(Z +Z )
(c) For any positive integer n
+ 〃。 2(["一4 + [〃、+〃c』"z )
Fk(n)-Fk(n-1) = nk
1)-那〃-2) = (n-1)^
F
财-
-nCo(2cosn0) + nC1[2cos(n-2)0]
Fk(n-2)-Fk(n-3) = (n-2)k
+ nC2[2cos(n - 4)0] + ... + nCn _ x 2 cos 0
~17
〃一 1
=2 £ nQcos(n - 2k)Q
次 1）-孔（0）= 1* (+
k=o
腺〃)-腺 0) = lk + 2k+ ...+nk Hence, we have

〃一 1
F
From (a), Ffc(n) = lk + 2k+ ...+nk cosn0 =冬 X 〃/COS(〃-2幻0
k=0
〃一 1
F
(a) For any positive integers m, n or cos\ = —£ 〃公*(〃- 2k)x
For m = n case k=0
r兀 r兀 2
cos mx cos nxdx = cos mxdx 。兀 n
Jo Jo (c) For cos mx cos xdx from (b)
「兀i
= -(1 4- cos2mx)dx l— 〃一 1 —
J。2
r兀i 工
11 I = ― cosmx Z nQcos(n - 2k)x dx
[_ so
兀
=2[x + 2^Sin2mx]0
=l[7C + 0-0-0]=壹
for odd n e N .
154
In case of m>n
(ii) Suppose, in addition, [f(x)]2dx = 1 , then
i.e. m『(n - 2k) for k = 0, o
So, I - 0+...+0 = 0 (from (a))

J。xf(x)f\x)dx = £ x^[/(x)]2|
In case of m < n , m is even, n is odd.

=修 [f(X)]2]： —J。'打(、)]2办
So, m > (n — 2k) for k = 0, —z—
/ \ 2
(even) (odd)
So, I = 0+...+0 = 0 (from (a)) =[：[f(l)]2-0]-公
In case of m<n,m odd

=0-0-^[1] = -i
then m = n-2k for k = 〃了 only
So, 1 = 0+ ... + 我壹 nCn-m+ ... +0 = * Kq
i Let 血= 牌吨
f
Jo
f(u2)du du
(a) Defining functions (p and \\f by
(i) <p("y) =(pWW) + 9(y)vW by integration by parts method
(ii) 9(0) = 0,(pz(0) = 1 “g(“2)d(“2)

W(0)二顷(0) = 0
Hence r *2
=x\ g(t)dt-O-
rx2 r
/g(z)dz replace w2 -» z
如⑴= iim实+ ?*) Jo Jo
赤Y' hTO h
_ lim q)3)w(人)+(p(/i)w(x) - <p(x) J xg(t)dt- j Jtg(t)dt replace 乙一 t
*—o h
But (pz(0) = 1 => lim ")；")= 1 rx2 「
= (x — Jt)g(t)出
n Jo
i.e. lim 畔= 1
力一>0 n = (x - Ju)g(u)du Vx > 0 replace t — n
Jo
W，(0) = 0 n lim W(")：W(°)= 0
io n
i.e. lim 蛆”? 一〔 = 0 7.
jo n
I Given function /(%) = J,x du
So, from (*) for x> 1
1 Jl + u5
A(p(x)= lim 儿 (x)[W」)T] q)(/0w3)]
(a) For 1 <x<y
=lim |(p(x) . W)；W(。)_ w⑴.忡)三(。) fM =

r du _ I rx du 1 「V du
/i —> o h fi
Jl + u5
J1 」1 a/ 1 + I/ 。」X a/1 + W5
y
=(p(x) • 0 + w(x) - 1 =fM + f 7=>/W
JJ XJ "1 + "5
= W(x) for any real x
or f，(x) = . 1 > 0 for all x > 1
(b) Let /(x) be a function with continuous first and

/(x) is strictly increasing
second derivatives on [0, 1] and /(0) = /(I) = 0
(i) CfMf\x)dx = CfMd[f\x)]
Jo Jo
=[fMf\x)]l-Cf\x)f\x)dx (b) f (x) — f -du as x 2 1
J1 71 + u5
J。
3 x
=/(l)/，(l)-/(0)/,(0) - f1[/,«]2^ < rx du 「2 '
十3"
2"|
Jo J1 Ju^
3
=0-「[f ©)]2 女=-「[f©)]2 办 < 0 2 ~2 2,2 ]
Jo Jo + 3<3 1for x> 1
155
口 1 1 1 • 1 i
For w > 1 , —== < -j= I(p'Cx)力二一[(p(r)L = —(p(l) +(p(Q
7i + w5 Ju5
i.e. upon integration J
X 。「0 ±=du =0 +(p(x) =(p(x)
1 Jl+"5
■=du v
Jl Ju5
Thus(p(x) 二[ (p'(l)没 =-f
While take [牛=\ Jo Jx
Jl我 3
for 0 < x < 1 .
2 血=% 1
3 From (a) take "⑴=矿⑴
(ii)
3 3
= 1
1 j =:
By substitution
_2 i2
(-捉 1)
-3
和
_2
[(p(x)]22< "j：[(pP)]2d,(x)cJ：[(pG)]2 力
和 (扩 -0 /
1
1.59
[(p(x)]2<x 「 3。)]2 力
Therefore, the x0 value is not unique. Jo

1 7
i.e. Any value x0 > 1.59 will do such that for 0 < x < - and [(p'(。] > 0 .
,,、 fx° du 1
E = J ■7r=^>3
、 S硕arly,take =寸⑴
Jl ”l+"5 3
Uw = i
(since f(x) is monotonic increasing for x > 1)
By substitution
[「一 (p《)• 1 句|22 1
<[「力)[「 12 出)
(a) Let f and g be two continuous functions on [a, b],

we have the fact [(p(1)]2< (lr)「[(pp)]2力
pb 7
[A/(x) + g(x)] dx>0 for real X
】a 2
< (1-x)^ W^Ydt
Hence 2
声 1 7
I [ V/2(x) + 2 + g2M]dx > 0 for - < x < 1 as >0
人 2 j* f2(x)dx + 2Xj* f(x)g(x)dx + f g2(x)dx > 0 ；9.

■Jq Jq Jq
1 Let /(%) xn + r\x\ where m is a positive integer
taking it as a quadratic equation in X ,
(a) By definition
discriminant < 0
广 (0)= Hm 二也=lim 穿
i2 b h-ô h io h
i.e. f(x)g(x)dx^ <4 [J f 2 ⑴亦| [J g2(x)火]
]. f(h) ]. hn+i\h\ ]. /Hi n
=lim 'L^~L = hm —= hm h \h\ = 0
/jtO n KtO n h—0
(0(x)g(gX
2 ('jrb
： [fM]2d^b[gM]2dx^
I (b) For x > 0, /(x) = xn + ix = xn + 2
f '(x) = (n + 2)xn + l = (n + 2)xn(x) = (n + 2)xn\x\

(b) Let (p(x) be a non-constant function with continuous
For x < 0, /(x) = xn + i(-x) = -xn + 2
derivative on [0, 1] and (p(0) =(p(l) = 0
f z(x) = -(w + 2)xn+ 1 = (n + 2)xn(-x) = (n + 2)xn\x\
For x = 0,f'(0) = 0 in (a)

(i) By definition for 0 < x < 1
Therefore f '(x) = (n + 2)xn|x|
。矿（弘=["]「 gf（。）
(p(x) - 0 =(p(x)
^xn\x\dx
'岛女=七八对+。=涪+ c
156
10.
(a) For any non-negative integers p, q /(x) = Z?o+ /?]] +人2工2+...+such that
Let
I(p, q) =
Jf 。
xP(l — x)qdx
f xPf(x)dx = 0 for p = 1,2,...,〃
Jo
/(PM)=」0(1)1《勺
①
•1 n
[村 i , 1 (a) ① £ [bkxkf(x)]dx
° k=0
n ]
-[—^—rxP+i(-q)(l -x^~xdx
Jo P +1 X bk\ xkf(x)dx
so
f(x)dx
森 y/(p+l,0- 1) for pNO, qZ 1 r1 k

for k = 1 ， x f(x)dx = 0 )
Jo
(ii) From (i)
i(p,q) 森 y/(p+l,g-l) (ii) f

Jo
xPf(x)dx 0 for p = 1, 2,..., 〃
出沾 (P + 2'0-2) rl 〃
£ bkxPxkdx 0
q
p+i
.^|/(p + 3,g 3)
藉一
J°k = o
]n
q . f
p +1 洁•* 左 /(p + g,o) 、=o
£ bkxP + kdx 0
理g，。) ~ n ,
p + k+1
Yp + k+l 0
,1泌+0(1一盼°女 Lk = O
p!q! f o
(p + "J(0
0
—对+ q+ |i]Jo1
-i—
3 + 弓)!" + 0 + 1
k=0
n ,
p!q! i.e. — §—- = 0 for p = 1, 2, ..., n
Y —
(P + q+1)! p+k+1 丫
k=0
(b) Let B = J* 衣 n
bk 2p_ + ±_+ i 如
(b) £ t + k+1 t+ 1 t + 2 ,,, t + n+1
k=0
For 0<^< 1 , g。)
史 y= 半井令尹 *(lf )4 where g(0

(£ + 〃+ 1)(，+ 〃)...(r + 2)(7+ 1)
is a polynomial with degree n.
C^^dx<B< r 1 x4(l-x)4dx
J
n
So
。 2 Jo Since、V _________ 0 for t = 1,2,...,〃
'乙
k=0
t+k+1
While from (a) (ii)
g。)= 0 for t = 1,2,...,〃
f1 4!4!
x4(l - x)4dx = g(。= A(t- l)(Z-2)...(f-n)
(4 + 4+1)!
4! = 1 Putting f = 0 in
9x8x7x6x5 - 630 。0 S bn-\ bn
f 1 x4(l -x)4dx 1 7T1 t + 2 …tTTi t + n+1

J 。—= 2(630) — 1260 _ —(£_ l)(s2)...([-〃)
(r + n + 1)。+ «)...(? + 1)
Therefore 晟* 志.
We get
157
2+ -- + 如-
~、 + "〃=
— 〃〃！
"o_lS A(—1) (b) For l-x + x2-x3+... + (-x)w ~1 which is a
t+ 而可 geometric series with common ratio (-x)
n J[(如对+久_
0
1对-1 + ...+如)办=耳兽
〃十 1
rpi ・. 1 —(—尤)"
Thus its sum = -~\ \
1 - (-x)
Or 1 - x + x2-x3 + ... + (-x)m -1 = 1«(F-一

v 7 1 +x
(〃 + l)j，(g 1 and l-x + x2-x3 + ... + (-x)n -1 =】：(一工)

' ' 1 +x
n A —=(-1)〃(〃+ 1)J° f(x)dx
二一— Therefore皿辛况彳芝dx
(-x)w-1]
For reference,
r1[x[l-x + x2+... +
Jo I . [1 - x + x2 + ... +(-4)〃-
Alternative method shows that A 二 f(l)
成4H.+七
t+k+1 t+1 t+2 t+n+1 I m-\ n-1
k=0 =J X (t)" £ (-x)qdx
Aytn + ^2^ +...+A〃" + Ai ° p=0 q=0
尤£ £
{t + n+ 1)(? + n)...(f + 2)(? + 1) ]m-\n - 1
=0 from (a) (ii) at t = 1,2,...,〃 =J (-x)p+qdx

° p = Oq = 0
Hence, (for factorization with roots)
I m- 1 n- 1
A^t + ... + An _ + An =I* Z 2(-i)p+g对+q + idx
° p = Oq = 0
=A](，一 1)。一 2)... (f-〃)
where is a constant.
By equating coefficients of tn , we get

。= y y
m - 1n-1 m n .
(-I". (-IE"
A] = Z?0 + b] + 奶 + ... +/?〃 — /(1) 」 J p+q+2 」」 p+q
p = 0q = (f p=lq=l "
m n
12. y y
(a) For non-negative integer n ―勺
p = lq = 1
p+q
岩火
l
I (c) From (b) with m = n
I
①/。=匚茶洛=£治斜
= f1 _ f1 dx
J°l+l J()(l + *)2 =Jo 1--- K--- 歧
1 1 _「 2 + (-x)2〃(x)-2(t)"Cx)女
= [ln(l+、)+土] 。
■ Jo (1+X)2
fl r0 + 1 f 1 r2n + 1 fl rn + 1
=ln2 + i-lnl-| = ln2-i =』。云殆吐云殆一 2(一1吐云殆
2 1 2
(ii) For 0<x< 1 , =，o + /2 厂 2(-1)%
rn + 1 xn + 1 1 Hence from (b), and take m = n

0<-^—2<^ =
(l+X)2 x2
对-I
1 成"=/。一 2(一1)% + /2〃
.l 对+l / ".I
。司J(
o
xn~idx p=lq=l
And taking limit as 〃 T 8 for both sides, from (a) (ii)
0 < lim f ^n + ]~^dx < lim F—~l with lim Zn = 0
」
〃 —8 0(1+ 工) n oo L JO 〃一> 8
lim hn = 0
MT8
0<lim f
〃 T 8 J (Q ( 1 + X) n _» oo M
i = 0
So, lim £ £( =/o-O + O = £ = ln2-i

Hence lim /〃 = 0 . 〃一> 8 p十q 匕
〃一> 8 p = lq = 1
158
13. ' g〃(x) = £[p3)，(x)]j q(t)s(f)dt
(a) (i) /(x)三 bQ + b^x - a) + b2(x- a)2 + ...
I
+ bk(x-a)k l + p(x)q(x)r(x)s(x)
f (。)=
+ £[0(x)s⑴][p(t)r(t)dt
广(尤)= bx + 2b2(x-a) + 3b3(x-a)2 + ...

+ p(x)q(x)r(x)s(x)
+ kbk(x - a)k~1
i -*pOOg)]],(必(。力
广 (q) = bx
f “(x) = 2。2 + 3 • 2如(尤一 a) + ... -p(x)q(x)r(x)s(x)
+ k(k - l)bk(x- a)k~2 ；一 £[r(x)s(x)]J] p(x)q(x)dt
f 〃(q) = 2b2
I 一 p(x)q(x)r(x)s(x)
\ g 〃⑴=0
f(3)(o) = 3!如 g'"(对=菸[〃⑴心)][qQ)sQ)dt
h _ f⑶(。) | 』
”3 -乙二 i +q(x)sCx)条[p(x), 3)]
i
； + 若 [q(x)s3)]j p(t)r(t)dt
bi =，(*)i = 0, 1,2, ...,n I

； +p(x)r ⑴ £[g)s(x)]
(ii) /(«) = f\a) = f\a)=... I 一若 W)s(t)dt
=f("T)(Q)= 0
I A
I - r(x)s(x) — [p(x)qM]
b° = -i = J- = •.. = bj — i = 0
l
So f(x) = bn(x-a)n + ... + bk{x-a)k 1 - W[「(x)s(x)]J p(t)q(t)dt
=(x-a)n- [bn + bn + l(x-a) + ... + bk(x- a)k~n] I

1 —p(x)q(x)£[r3)s(x)]
CLX
:.f(x) is divisible by (x - a)n
； g 〃'⑴=Q(l)s ⑴ £[p ⑴心)儿=i
(b) g(x)二(小(g] I
； +p(i”(i)£m ⑴ 5(对儿=]
- [J] r(t)s(t)dt ； - {[,⑴ S (l)]£[P(Wg)]|x=i
I +p(l)q(l)£[r(x)s(x)]L=i}
g(l) = 0
[ =⑴ g)ss(Q]k=i
g'(x) = p(x)r(x)J] q(t)s(t)出
i - £[p3)qS(Qs(x)]k= i
+ q(x)s(x)J p(t)r(t)dt
i = o
-p(x)q(x)^ r(t)s(t)dt By (a) (ii), g(x) is divisible by (x- I)4 .
I
1 14.
-r(x)5(x) J p(t)q(t)dt i
1 (a) (i) 7-^— < ^ < 1 for 1 <t < 1 + x , x> 0
I v 7 v 7 1 +x r
g'(l) = 0
「 i+x 1 ri+x1 r1 +x
I -^-dt < -dt < —5—7 = 1 一产 + 卢 + ...
n 二 <ln(l + b” 1 + 12
"1 y y
+ (—1)〃-"2〃-2 + ^!^
i.e. < ln(l + i) < -
1 +X X X
=1—Q +卢 + ... +(_1)〃一1洛〃一 2
1 X + (T)〃?〃 for all te R

(b) fM =(1+j) 1 +t2
Inf ⑴=xln(l +^)
(ii) L 出必
点广⑴八士隹) + ln(l+!)
X =f [1 一衫+ 卢 + ... + (-1)〃一 IQ"]力

Jo
=-J- + In (1 + -)
1 +x x +「 LIZ袅
> 0 by (a) (ii) Jo l+Q
tan-1% = x- y + y + ...
f \x) > 0 (•«• /(x) > 0 for x e R+ )
i.e. /(x) is strictly increasing on R+ . +(-1)〃-"+「乌方
2〃 — 1 JQ 1 +,
Inf (x) = xln(l + i)
for all x e R
ln(l +-)
lim ln/(x) = lim ----- ------
x —。+ 一
(— form)
tan%-「s 旧旅 (—y—i
x — 0+
X (b) ①
3 5 ••• 2s 1 x
] 日
1 +1 y =j。'岩斜 by(a)(ii)
=lim : (UHospital Rule)
—-=0
=lim —
X T o+ 1 + -
X
:. lim /(x) = 1
xtO+
ln(l + -) o
lim Inf(jc) = lim ----- ------ -
o
X —> 4-00 X —> 4-00 2.
1 -1
1 ' r2
1 +- %
lim (EHospital Rule) JC2n+1
X T +8 -1 2n+l
1
lim (ii) Put 尤 =1 in (b) (i).
X —» 4-00 1+1
-K v (-1)* <A
1 0< tan 1
k = 0 2k+l
〉
lim /(x)
X T +8
lim =0
f(x) is strictly increasing.
1 < /(x) < e for all x g R+

e X ( K
8
-E - -
2 4
=0
160
n - 22n+1
—11 -h
Let 0 = tan - , (p = tan
3
tan0 二:, tan(p 1

3
i+i 5
tan(0 + tancp) 2 3 6
tan(0 + (p) =1
1 - tan9tancp q
0 + (p =
兀 3tc
or ——
2 3
4 4
7T c 7C 7C 7C c
-2<0<2,-2<({)<2,_7t<0 +({)<71
tangent is increasing function.

o 1
>
一
-
9-
0+ >-
丸一
兀一
- - 2 > 371
4
4 - 714
一
S-
二 0 + (p
T
= 74
i.e. tan — + tan ——二

2 3 4
Put X 是 in (b) (i).
T]
1 1 1 1 1 . | (-1)〃一1
tan 3-方-§•方+ §•为 …2n-l
i 2n+l
vL
...⑴
一 2〃+ 1
Put x = in (b) (i).
_】 1
1 1 1 . 1 1 | (-1)〃一 1
tan侦信方号+ =云5 + +
1 2〃 + l
vL
...(2)
一 2«+ 1
(1) + (2) and using triangle inequality,

+ 一"，* -11 「‘I , 1、1"1 , 1)
tan 2 + tan 3~[(2 + 3)_3^ d
+】诚+ *,
+ ... +
(-1)〃一1
2m - 1
+
—+ -L-
K+嘉
<
2^n + 1 22〃 + 1
- 2n+l 2n+ 1
= ] 1
<
22〃+1(〃 + !) 成2〃+1
The inequality required follows.
161
10. Coordinate Systems
EXERCISE 10.1 I (e) (-75, a/15) is equivalent to (r, 0) where

i _________________
I r = 7(-V5)2 + (V15)2 = 2^5
i
I T
(2, 180°) is equivalent to (x, y) where 0 = tan 120°
x = 2 cos 180° = -2
i.e. (2妊 120。).
y = 2 sin 180° = 0
i.e. (-2, 0).
\x = rcosO
Transform equation by \
(b) (-3, -90°) is equivalent to (x, y) where [y = r sin0
x = -3 cos (-90°) = 0
x2 + y2 - 2x + - 35 = 0
y = -3 sin (-90°) = 3
(rcosO)2 + (r sin0)2 - 2rcos0 + 4rsin0 - 35 = 0
i.e. (0, 3).
r2 - 2r(cos0 - 2sin0) - 35 = 0
(72, 135°) is equivalent to (x, y) where

I (b) 4
% =皿 cosl35。= -1
(rcosO)2 - (rsin6)2 4
y =梃 sin 135° = 1
2 n
尸 2(cos 0 一 sin 6) 4
i.e. (-1, 1).
r2 cos 20 4
尸 2 4sec29
(2, -2) is equivalent to (r, 0) where

ay2 x3
r =+ (-2)2 = 2孩
a(rsin0)2 (rcosO)3
0 = tan-1(y) = 315° « r 2 sin2© 3 3。
cos 0
i.e. (272,315°). tzsec Osin 0

2
« sec 0 tan 9
(b) (-5, 0) is equivalent to (r, 0) where
r = J(-5)2 + 02 = 5
r = Jx2 + y2
0 = tan-1(^) = 180° I Transform equation by
0 = tan (?)
(5, 180°). 4
(a)
sin0
(0, -1) is equivalent to (尸, 0) where rsinG = 4

r =』。2 + (-1)2 = 1 y=4
9 = 270°
i.e. (1,270°). (b)
5a/2
cos(0-45°)
_________ 5^2_________
(d) (-5, -5/73) is equivalent to (r, 0) where cos 0 cos 45° + sin Osin 45°
r = 7(-5)2 + (-5T3)2 = 10
rcos + r sin =5 V2
-1
0 = tan 240°
rcosO + rsinG = 10
i.e. (10,240°). x + y = 10
162
(b) OPxOQ = a2
n (2qcos 。) (尸)=q 2 [by ⑴]
2r - rcos0 二 2
rcosO =:
ijx2 + y2 - x = 2
a
2jx2 + y2 - x = 2 x
2
2 Jx2 + y2 = 2 + x
4(x2 + y2) = 4 + 4x + x2
3尤2 + 4" _ 4工 _ 4 - 0
I EXERCISE 10.2
1・
(d) r2 = sin 20 + 8
Sketch r = cos 50
r2 = 2 sin 0 cos 0 + 8
(i) r = 0 when 50 = 90°, 270°, 450°, ...
尸 4 = 2r2sin0cos9 + 8r2
i.e. 0 = 18°, 54°, 90°, 126°, ...
(x2 + y2) = 2xy + 8(x2 + y2) (ii) r = 1 when 59 = 0°, 360°, 720°, 1080°, ...
2xy + 8(x2 + /)-(x2 + y2): i.e. 0 = 0°, 72°, 144°, 216°, 288°, ...
0
(iii) r = cos50 = cos5(-0)
r = 2«tan OsinO i.e. symmetrical about 0 = 0° (initial line)
・ 2
rcosG = 2。sin 0
2
r2(rcos0) = 2ar2sin 0
(x2 + y2)(x) = 2ay2
x3 + 冷 2 - 2ay2
x3 = {2a - x)y2
2 _ x3
y = 2^
Length of line segment

AB (by cosine rule) 2.
[2 2 r = a cos 40 , where a is +ve constant.
=+ r2 - 2r1r2cos(02 - 0^
⑴ r = 0 when 40 = 90°, 270°, 450°, ...
For A = (8, 45。), 3 = (10, <p)
i.e. 0 = 22.5。，67.5。，112.5。，...
COS(P = -4=
750
(ii) r = a when 40 = 0°, 360°, 720°, 1080°, ...
tan(p = 7 =>
7
sincp = -7= i.e. 0 = 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, ...
750
(iii) r = -a when 40 = 180°, 540°, 900°, 1260°, ...
AB = 7s2 + 102 - 2(8)(10)[cos45°cos(p + sin45° sincp]
i.e. 0 = 45°, 135。, 225。, 315。, ...
164-160 + 土岛］=质=6 (iv) r - acos40 = «cos4(-0)

i.e. symmetrical about initial line
I
(v) |cos0| < 1
(x = rcosO
curve cannot extend to infinity.
[y = rsinO 1
1
= (x-a)2 + y2 = a2 1 3.
I
(rcosO - a)2 + (rsinO)2 = a2 \ r = a(l - sin0)
r2cos20 - 2arcos0 + a2 + r2 sin20 = a2 \ (i) When 0 = 90°, r = 0
r2 = 2a rcosG (ii) When 0 = 0° or 180°, r = a
r = 2tz cos 0 1 0 = 270°, r = 2a
163
e 0 Z 90° 90° Z 180° 180° Z 270° 270° / 360° I (1) r = acos- = tzcos(--)
I 2 2
r a \ 0 o X« a 2a 2a \ a
I i.e. symmetrical about initial line
(ii) 0<r<a i.e. curve is bounded
I (iii) When 0 = 0°, r = « ; when 0 = 360°, r = -a
I
:7.
Sketch ,+ cos 20
i
1 (i) r = \ + cos20 二! +cos(-20)
I 2 2
I i.e. symmetrical about initial line
i (ii) When 0 = 0°, r = |; when 0 = 90°,尸=一?；
I 2 2
I Q
when 0 = 180°, r =-
Sketch r = 2(1 + 2sin0)
；(iii) When 0 = 60° or 120° , r = 0
(i) When 6 = 0° or 180° , r = 2.
(ii) When 0 = 210° or 330° , r = 0.
Hence curve passes through the pole. e 0 / 60° 60° / 90° 90° / 120° 120° / 180°
(iii) When 0 = 90°, r = 2(1 +2sin90°) =6

。胃
(iv) 0 assumes all values but -2 < r < 6 i.e. curve is r I Xo ，o o Z1
bounded.
e 0 / 90° 90° Z 180° 180° / 210°
r 2 Z 6 6X2 2 A 0
210° / 270° 270° / 330° 330° Z 360°
0 X-2 -2/0 0 Z 2
r = 2 - sin0
① When 0 = 0° or 180° , r = 2 1 Sketch r = a sin 9 tan 0 , where a is +ve constant
I
(ii) When 0 = 90°, r = 1 ; when 0 = 270°, r = 3 I (i) 0 assumes all values and r is unbounded.
(iii) |sin0| < 1 (•/ tanO is unbounded)

i i.e. curve is unbounded.
r.O
1 (ii) When 6 = 0°, 180°, 360°, , r = 0
i.e. the curve does not pass through the pole and does i
not extend to infinity. I (iii) r = a sin 0 tan 0 = a sin (-0) tan (-9)
i.e. symmetrical about initial line
；| EXERCISE 10.3
i
|1 1・ r
r = tz sin 0
I For the curves <
[r = a cos0
While they meet

I tzsinO =(2COS0
0 tan0 二 1
Sketch r = acos- , where a is +ve constant
i 0 = 45°, 225°
164
While they meet
（气 2 45。）"-孝，225。）
which are identical
1 1 + cos0 = ——-—
I 2(1 — cos 0)
I 2
I 2(1-cos 0) = 1
1 . 2八 1
While r = osinO passes the pole for 0 = 0°, 180° I sin 6 =-
i
r = acos0 passes the pole for 0 = 90°, 270°
i sinO = ±Jf
Thus points of intersection are 45 and the pole.
； 0 = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°
I
I by substitution, the points are
2. r - i(l一 cos0) '(1 + 手, 45。) (] + 手, 315。)(]—乎,135。) (] 一 g, 225。)
For the curves a
r =-----------
1 — cos 0
I
While they meet I And r = 1 + cos0 passes the pole for 0 = 180°
a I i
tz(l - COS0)= I r = —―反而 does not pass the pole
1 - cosO
7
(1 - COS0)二 1 1 Hence, the points of intersection are
i
2 [(1 + 乎,45。) (1 + 季 315。)(]—亨,135。) (] — g, 225。)
cos 0 - 2cos0 = 0
cos0(cos0 - 2) = 0 I
cos0 二 0 I
i
i.e. 0 = 90°, 270°
；| EXERCISE 10.4
i.e. (a, 90。)，(q, 270°)
While r = a(l - cos0) passes the pole for 0 = 0° 1

Find the angle |li between radius vector and tangent vector by
-~does not pass the pole
formula
Hence, the points of intersection are (q, 90°) and (a, 270°). r(9)
tanji =
/(0)
For the curves <

[r = sin0
I (a)
/(\\
Curve r(0) = 17^6 at E)
Q . / 2 6Z 兀、
[r = cos 20
While they meet /(0)二

「
0 + sin0 ~l
"|_(1 + cos0)*2J
2
sin0 = cos 20 = 1 - 2 sin 0
Thus tan|i =
r( 。) _ 1+ cos0|
2
2 sin 0 4- sin 0 - 1 = 0 r'(8) 一 sinO 号
sM = -1±尸=学是,T
1+L 3 _
4
二
0 = 30°, 150°, 270°

2
by substitution, the points are (：, 30°), (：, 150°), (-1, 270°)
71
3
While r = sin0 passes the pole for 0 = 0°
r = cos 20 passes the pole for 0 = 45° a sin 3。at 悟君)
(b) Curve r(0)=
Hence the points of intersection are (：, 30。)，(：, 150。),
/(0) = tz[3cos30]
(-1, 270°) and the pole.
Thus tanji = = |tan30|
r(6) 3 |号
12
Ir = 14- cos0
For curves〈
[2r(l-cos0) = 1
3 4 3
1 —1 1
or r =--------------- = tan 18.4°
2(l-cos0)
165
(c) Curve r(0) = sec0 - cos0 at (：, ?)
rz(0) = sec 0 tan 0 + sinO

tanu - r(9)- 哀一 c°s° = (l — cos2e)cos。 t — 土』 x _ ]
r ⑻ 旦牛 + sinO sin9 + sin0cos20 So, y - r(4 -12)

cos 0
y = ±Û(4-x+ 1)
2
sin -cos- _ sin9cos0
sin0(l + cos20) 1 + cos20 y2 = (x-l)(5-x)2 = (x-1)(25-10x + x2)
E
y2 =工3 一 ii]2 + 35工一 25
J3
1
5 X =-—
—
1 +1
(d) <
_
"二52
While t =- -1 = 4
X X
_ 2 2x2
For spiral r = tz0 ，-1+（宇厂'x2 + (l-x)2
尸 '(0) = a
2]2
thus tan(p = = 0 一 2x2 - 2x + 1
r (0)
2 2x2(y - 1) - 2xy + y = 0
1 + tan cp = 1 + 02
-V = 1 + 02
\x = 5 csct
cos (p
[y = coM- 3
y = 7csc2r- 1 -3 = J(|)2-l - 3
y + 3 = J(|)2-l =
I EXERCISE 10.5 25(y + 3)2 = j2_25

i
1. x2-25y2- 150y-250 = 0
Transform the parametric equations into rectangular
coordinate form [x = sin2r
⑴ 2
\x = 5 cos' [y = 2 sin t
(a)
[y = 12sinr
2
y = 2 sin / = 1 - cos2r
| = cosz and 志= sin/ 2 2
And cos 2t + sin 2t = 1
Thus (|) + (书寸 = cos2r + sin2r = 1 . (1 - y)2 + x2 = 1
x2 + y2- 2y = 0
i.e, 144x2 + 25y2 = 3600
2.
(x = t2 -1 Transform rectangular coordinate form into parametric
(b) 3 equations
y = -1 = t(t2 - 1) = tx (a) x2 - 2xy + 2y2 = 2a2 with x = 2qcos 。

and t = 土 Jl + x By substitution,
9
Thus y = ±(71 + x)x (2acos0) -(4«cos0)y + 2y2 = 2a2
2 2
y2 = (1 4- x)x2 2a cos 0 - 2tz cosOy + y2 = a2
y2 = x3 + x2 y2 - 2tzcosOy + €z2(2cos20 - 1) = 0
166
'=
_ 2acos0 ± 74a2cos20 - 4a2(2cos20 - 1)
2
x =2t2
y =4r
= acos0 ± «7cos20 - 2cos20 + 1
So x = 2(*) or y2 = 8x which is a parabola and
=a(cos0 ± sin0)
Hence, the equations are data trial tabulation
[x - 2qcos0
[y = a(cos0 ± sin0) t 5 1 -1 -5
X 50 2 2 50
1 i i
2 2 2 4 y 20 4 -4 -20
(b) x +y = a with x = a cos 0
By substitution,
1 1 i
a cos 0 + y = a
1 i
2 2/i 2八 \
y = q (1 - cos 0)
1 1
2 2 .2n
y = tz sin 0
y = asm Q
\x - (2COS40
Hence, the equations are <
〔y = asin40
\x = 2cos0 + cos 20
(d) \ (O<0<2k)
[y = 2sin0 一 sin20
Sketch the curves, with direction indicated. By full data tabulation
9 0° 60° 120° 180° 240° 300° 360°
X 3 0.5 -1.5 -1 -1.5 0.5 3
y 0 0.9 2.6 0 -2.6 -0.9 0
\x =(20 - /?sinO ,〜
(e) < (e> b> 0)
[y = a-bcosQ
While x is unbounded and y is bounded as

a-b<y<a+b.
By trial data tabulation
e -2k -71 0 71 lit 3兀
X —2/71 -a 71 0 an 2an 兀
y a-b a+b a-b a+b a-b a+b

r xY _
—-1
(b) 匕(HO)
〔y = 4z
By product xy = 4 which is a rectangular hyperbola

and trial data tabulation as
t 5 1 -1 -5
X 0.2 1 -1 -0.2
y 20 4 -4 -20
167
(b) (i) R = 2r
xp 二 rcosO + rcosO = 2rcos0 = 7?cos0
yp = r sin0 - r sin0 = 0
|xp| < R for 0 < 0 < 2k
Yp = 。
It represents a line segment with end points
(R, 0) and (—R, 0).
By Geometrical Relationship,
the x-coordinate of P = P3P2 = A'P^ - A'P2 (ii) R = 4r
xp = 3 rcosO + r cos 30
xp — A.r B — AP j
3
=M — APcosG —90。) =3rcosO + r(4cos 0 - 3 cos0)
. 3a
=(70 - /?sin0 =4rcos 9
3
the y-coordinate of P = PP2 = PP1 + PXP2 =7? cos 6
yP = APsin(e-90°) + AA, yp = 3rsin0 一 rsin39

3 3
=-b cos Q + a =3rsin0 - r(3 sinO - 4sin 0) = 7?sin 0
Thus, the parametric form of locus of P is 2 2 2
3 3 n 3
xp +yp = R
x = aQ - Z?sin0
y = a- Z?cos0 i.e. It is an astroid with parametric equations
(x = 7?cos30
〔 y = 7?sin30
(a)
let m be slope of straight line AB with equation
or mx - ma = y-b
mx - y = ma - b
By Geometrical Relationship, —_______ L = 1

ma—b ma-b
Since the initial position of P is at (尺 0), then m
i.e. OB = ma~b OA = -(ma - b)

APX = AP2
m
R
i.e. 7?0 = ra => a = -0
r ^-coordinate of F = A = y (ma - b)
And x-coordinate of P = OP3 = OP4 + P4P3 ^-coordinate of P = ÔB =
xp = OB cosQ + P2Ps
=(A - r)cos0 + rsin(90° + 0 - a)

Hence <
=(7? - r)cos6 + r cos(^-^)0
While y-coordinate of P = P2Ps = P5P4 x 1 ■! b -2x

-=-m while m =-------
y a
yp = BP4 - BP5
x _ 2x-b
=OBsinO - rcos(90° + 0 - a) y "" a
=(7? - r)sin0 - rsin(^^)0 2xy -ax-by = 0
168
①
G is the circumcentre of AABC
1 B 1
sin0) Xg = 2AB = 2%2
yG = GE = HE-HG = AE^-^
ae _lAr
1 AH-AF --
m 七一 =-%2--- - - 商一严
2 2 sin0 2 2 sin0
By Geometrical Relationship, LM = OM cos Q = a cos 0 m 卜 2 sec。后&
Since ALPM - ABPO 2X2 - sin0
OP = OB = a 1
PM LM a cos 6 COS0
hence ^-coordinate of P =
OP • Q
0MaSmB Jl + m2
力=孙杪inO
asin0
=；_ a sin0
1 + cos0 1 + cos0
Qp
And x-coordinate of P = ^^tzcosO X2
So
2
OP °
OPTPMaC°^ mx2
1 acos0
；---------- acosQ = - ---------- x
八 yc 2 m
1 + cos0 1 + cos0
Jl + m2
So tan0 mx2 (1 + w2)(x2-x1)
~2 2m
a tan 0 atanO
and yP
sec0 + 1 7tan20 + 1 + 1 But E = k
x2 +
x2 + Jl +m2 = k
i.e.
Xq — X\ = x<)—k-x
/ 2 = %2(7i + m2 +1)-*
2 1 2 71 + m2
Hencewisely subst. x2 = 2xG into
1 +
m2 —-===[2g( a/1 + + 1)-幻
/ 2 2 yc =mxG -
居 +yP+xP 2m VI + ni2
2 2 (a-Xp)1 Jl + /
xp +yP [2xg(J1 + m2 + 1)
yc =mxG -
-幻
2m
2 a2 - 2axP
yp
2叭 2m2xG - 2xg[(1 + m2) + Jl + m2] + kjl + m2
Hence the equation of locus of P is
2 2 c -2xg - 2xgJ1 + m2 + kjl + m2
y = a - 2ax
y2 = a{a - 2x) Thus the locus of G is
2my = -2x- 2xjl + m2 + kjl+ m2
or 2(1 4- 71 + m2)x + 2my - kjl + m2 = 0

which is a straight line
(ii) D is the mid-point of BC
1/ 、 1 1
XD + ^(x2-x1) = ^x2 + -x{
1
光)=2^1
169
While
•
m = Vi— i.e. = mxA and
, xA = k-x
, 2
1 by substitution into
ii i i 1 TTT^ I 4x2 + 9y2 - 16% + 18y - 11 = 0 that
— 9 — 2 — —
1 k-Xy I 4(% +2) +9(y -1) -16(x +2) + 18。-1)-11 = 0
XD = 22 X2 + 271+
, r—
— 5
w2 I 4(x 2 + 4a; + 4) + 9(y 2 -2y + 1)
m kf -16x -32+18y-18-ll = 0
4?2 + 9y2 + 16 + 9-32-18-11 = 0
4?2 + 9F2-36 = 0
from which x2 = s
乙 m
1 Or, new equation is 4x2 + 9y2 - 36 = 0 (ellipse)
Substitute into I
I
i 4.
% =二+口
2 Jl + / \2 2j\ + m2/\ m - For translation from (0, 0) —> (/z, k)
=+k +八 —_吏三+坐 1
[x = x-h
new < _
2序尿 2 2扁顽 m m 1 ly = y-k
i
=§-芸(J1 +/- 1) i or \
[x = x + h
_
i [y = y + &
Thus the locus of D is i
x = I k by substitution into
Jl + m2 - 1 m 2( J\ + ni2 - 1) I 4x2-9y2-16x+ 18y-29 = 0
2 2x , k I
m Jl +m2 _ 1 J\ + m2 _ 1 I that [in comparing with question (3)]
1 —2 — 2 — —
which is again a straight line i 4(x +/z) —9(y +k) -16(x +/z) + 18(y +幻 —29 = 0
i 4?2-9y 2 + (8/1-16)7 +(18-18幻歹
+ (4。2_弘2_16。+18S29) = 0
| EXERCISE 10.6 I
1 While identical to 等一 § = 1 or 4x2-9/-36 = 0
1. I
I By comparison correspondingly,
For translation of coordinate axes from origin to (-2, 3), then
8/i-16 = 01 h = 2
A(4, 3) T A'(4 - (-2), 3-3) = A'(6, 0)
I 18-18* = 0 = 1
8(-3, 5) t B，(- 3 - (-2), 5-3) =矿(-1, 2) I
C(6, -2) — r(6 — (—2), — 2 — 3)三 C'(8, -5) 1 仙2 一 9k2-16/1+18^-29 = -36
I
D(-5,-l) T O'(— 5 一(一 2), — 1 一 3)三。(一3, —4) I 4(4)-9(1)-32+ 18-29 = 16-9-32+ 18-29
=—36 o.k.
2. ! (h = 2
For translation of coordinate axes from origin to (h, k) where hence 〈
I [k = 1
(一 1,4)-(—1一九4一幻三(7,—8) i
I x2 v2
. -1-h = 7] /i = - 1 - 7 = -8 I and — - = 1 is hyperbola.
i.e. >n I
4-^ = -8 J = 4 + 8 = 12
I
i 5.
3. For the curve x2 + 4y2 -2x-15 = 0
For translation from (0, 0) T (2, —1) 1 i.e, (x2 - 2x + 1) + (4y2) = 15 + 1 = 16
\x = x-2 I (x- l)2 + 4y2 = 16

new < _
板=y-(T) = y + 1 : (，T)2 + 史=1
I 16 4
[x = X +2 I which is an ellipse with centre (1, 0)

or 一
顷= y -1
170
Thus, by translation from (0, 0) t (1, 0) the original 3%2 - 4xy = 9 becomes
equation becomes
3[% -2y ]2-4[x -2y ][2x +y ] =45
3x2 + 12y2 - 12xy- 8x2 + Sy2 + 12xy = 45
-5x2 + 20y2 = 45
x2-4y2 + 9 = 0
i.e. new equation is x2 一 4y2 + 9 = 0
(b) 0 = sin0 = cos0 =:
For rotation about origin through angle 0 (x, y) — O , y )
.,[x = x cos0 一 y sinO

with < _ _
[y = x sin。+ y cos0
(a) A(-6, 2) 0 = 30° t , y ) where 5[7 + J3y ]2-2a/3[7 + 再][-73? + 7]

J-6 = % cos 30° - y sin 30°
I + 7 [- + y f = 64
[2 = x sin30° + y cos30°
5x 2 + 15y 2 + y + 6% 2 - 6y 2 + y
=f-12 = a/3x 一 y
+ 21x2 + ly2-14j3xy = 64
I 4 = % +
1 32x2+16y2 = 64
So 4^3 + 12 = 4y i.e. y = 3 + a/3 i 2?2 + F2 = 4
I
by substitution, x =4 - =1一3旗 I i.e. new equation is 2x2 + y2 = 4 .
i.e. A(l-373,3 + 73) I
(c) 0 = § sin0 = 1 cos0 = 0
(b) B(-13, 26),0°<0<90° and tan0 =奇
So b2x2 + a2y2 = a2b2 becomes
i.e. sin0 = %, cosO = j| Z?2[0-y ]2 + a2[x + 0]2 = a2b2
b2y 2 + a2x 2 = a2b2

i o _ 12- 5y _ _
i f-169 = 12?-57 I i.e. new equation is a2x2 + b2y2 = a2b2 .
where < _ _ => ? = 29 1 This is equivalent to rotate the coordinate axes clockwisely
---- 1 ----
through 45° about the origin.
by substitution x = -(338 - 12y )二-2
i.e. B(-2,29)
For rotation about origin through angle 0 (x, y) t ，))

(尤
.,\x = x cos0 - y sin0

with < _ _ 2y3 + 6x2y - 3^2(y2 - 72) = 0
[y = x sin0 + y cos0
3^2(2 云 + = y2(372-27)
五2 =歹2(3歹_2歹)
(a) 0° < 0 < 90° and tan。= 2 3(27 + ^)
• . 2 i i.e. new equation is x2 = 归(3眼_夕)

i.e. sin0 = —, cos0 =—
75 a/5 3(2 》+ *)
171
10.
I _
For the curve x2 - 2j3xy - y2 = 8 under simple rotation i x = a： cos0 一 y sin0 .. . (1)
I _ _
about origin through angle 0 I y = x sin。+ y cos0 . • • (2)
Subst. (1), (2) into the equation:
[x = x cos9 - y sin0 I Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 = D
(a) 1
顷=x sin。+ y cos0 i A(x cos0 -y sin0)2 + B(x cos0-y sin6)(x sinO + y cos9)
+ C(x sin0 + y cos0)2 = D

So,
I 9 2 —o
[x cos0 -y sin0]2 I (A cos 0 + B sin0cos0 + Csin 0)x 2
9 2 ------
-2a/3[x cos0-y sinO][x sin9 + y cos0] I + (-2A sin0 cos0 + B cos 9 - B sin 0 + 2Csin9cos0)x y
— —
-[x sin 0 + y cos0]
2=8 |
I
o
(Asin 0 -BsinOcosO + Ceos 0)y
9 —o
= D
x 2[cos20-273 sin 0 cos 0 一 sin20] I (A cos 0 + B sin9 cos0 + C sin 0)x 2
+ y 2[sin20 + 2^/3 sin 0 cos 0 一 cos20] + x y [-2 sin 0 cos 9 I + [(C - A) sin20 + Bcos20]x y
+ (A sin20 - B sin0 cos0 + Ccos20)^ 2 = D ...(*)
-2a/3cos20 + 273sin20 - 2 sin 0 cos 0] = 8
I o _ 1. -1 B
x 2[cos20 - a/3 sin20] + y 2[-cos20 + a/3 sin20] I ° = 2tan
l
+ x y [-2a/3cos20 - 2sin20] = 8
tan20 二 ~^~c (A-C)sin20 = Bcos20
i.e. new equation is I ___ .

I i.e. the coefficient of x y vanishes.
(cos29 - 73 sin20)x2 - 2(73cos20 + sin20)xy
Hence the equation (*) is of the form ax2 + by 2 = D .
-(cos29 - J3 sin20)y2 = 8
i.e. of the form ax2 + by2 = D .
(b) If the term xy in (a) vanishes, then for 0° < 0 < 90°
that
73cos20 + sin 20 = 0
(-73)cos20 = sin 20
tan 20 = -73 = tan 120° = tan 300°
6 = 60° or 150°
i.e. 0 = 60°
(c) For 9 = 60°,

i.e. cos 20 = cos 120° = -：
sin 20 = sin 120° =季
By substitution into (a)
(-! - ：)工 2- - ：)y2 = 8

一 2x2 + 2y2 = 8
or y2-x2 = 4
v2 x2
(d) The curve in (c) may be rewritten as = 1
i.e. hyperbola
172
11. Pairs of Straight Lines. The Circle
| EXERCISE 11.1 ab = 12 「 c
l 5 .[ [a = 2 (a = 6
I While a+b = S > or <
1・ I
5a + b = k J
[b = 6
1
[b = 2
1
Find the equations of pair of straight lines for
(a) lx2 + xy-y2 = 0 i.e. k = 5(2) + 6=16
(2 尤-力(x + y) = 0 1 or k = 5(6)+ 2 = 32
i
i.e. pair of st. lines are 2x-y = 0,x + y = 0
(c) lx2 + kxy - 6y2 + 3x + y + 1 = 0
i.e. 2x2 + kxy - 6y2 can be factorized into

(b) 3尤2 _ 5尤> _ 2,2 + x + 5, _ 2 二 0
l (Ax + By)(Cx + Dy)
(尤一 2y)(3x + y)+x +5y-2 = 0
i.e. (2x + 3y)(x - 2y) = 2x2 -xy- 6y2
(x-2y + a)(3x + y + b) = 0
(2x - 2y)(x + 3y)三 2x2 + 4xy - 6y2
ab = —2
a = 1 i (2x + 6^)(% -y) = 2x2 + Axy - 6y2
While 3a + b = 1 n I
b = -2 I (2x-y)(x + 6y)三 2x2 + 11 xy- 6y2
a-2b = 5
1 While the last trial as
I
i.e. pair of st. lines are x - 2j + 1 = 0 , I (2x-y + a)(x + 6y + b) = 0
3x + y -2 = 0 I
I ab = 1
Where a + 2b = 3 > no real a, b solution => * 壬 11
(c) xy + 3y2 _ 4x _ 13》+ 4 = 0
I 6a — b = 1
y(x + 3y) - 4x - 13y + 4 = 0 I
()+ a)(x + 3y + b) = 0 I Hence k = -1 or 4.
I
I Alternative method for (a), (b) and (c) that
ab = 4
a = -4 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is pair of st. lines if
While a = -4 n
b = -1
3a + b = -13 and only if abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 = 0
i.e. pair of st. lines are x + 3y- 1 = 0 , y - 4 = 0 ；(a) 6k(—12) + (—13)(?)(学)—6(争2_*《)2+12(_号)2 = 0
(d) (X + 1)2 一 >2 = 0 i k = -5

i
；(b) l(5)(12) + 6(4)(§) —(§2 — 5(4)2—12(3)2 = 0
(x+ 1 +y)(x+ 1 -y) = 0
i.e. pair of st. lines are x + y + 1 = 0,尤一 y+1 = 0 1 k = 16 or 32
I
I 3 i i 2 2 2 l- 2
2. I (c) 2(-6)(l) + A:(-)(-)-2(-) + 6(-) + l(-) = 0
For the following line pair of equations I 7 1/
k = -I or 4
I
(a) 6x2 - 13xy + ky2 + x + 23y - 12 = 0
1 3.
i.e. 6x2 - 13xy + ky2 can be factorized into For the pair of st. line equation
(Ax + By)(Cx + Dy) 1 2x2 + 3xy + y2 + 3x + y -2 = 0
I
by trial and error testing, I (2尤 + y)(x + y) + 3x + y - 2 = 0
(2x 一 5y)(3x + y) = 6x2 - 13xy 一 5y2 (2x + y + a)(x + y + b) = 0
i.e. k = -5 I While line perpendicular to 2x + y + a = 0 is x-2y = 0
and line perpendicular to x + y + b = 0 is x-y = 0
(b) x2 + 6xy + 5y2 + Sx + ky + 12 = 0
I Therefore, pair of st. line required is
(x + y)(x + 5力 + 8x + @ + 12 = 0 : (x-2y)(x-y) = 0
(x + y + a)(x + 5y + b) = 0 1 x2 - 3xy + 2y2 = 0 .
173
i.e. same angle for 8x2 + 2xy - 3y2 = 0
For the pair of st. lines of
+ Q ,2712 + 24 .10
1 tan02 = 土一 = ±— = ±2
(3x + 4y) -21x-28y-144 = 0 」 o—3 □
(3x + 4y + q)(3x + 4y + Z?) = 0 1 Thus S = 02.

1
ab = —144、 1
a = 9 1 3.
where 3a + 3b = -21 〉=>
b = -16 1 Rotate the line pair bx2 - 2hxy + ay2 = 0 about the origin
4。+ 仙= -28
through an angle 90° (anticlockwise).
i.e. the lines are 3x + 4y + 9 = 0 , 3x + 4y — 16 = 0 .
i.e.
几 t , 、，
the distance between the lines is
.「 • 9-(—16)
,
25
= — = 5 .
v
1
(x = x'cos90° - y'sin90°
[y = x'sin90° + y'cos90°
7^742 5
:-
I EXERCISE 11.2 I 3 = x
The equation of line pair under new coordinate system

1. is: byf2 + 2hx'y' + ax1 - 0 .
For the pair of straight lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 , then I bx2 一 2hxy + ay2 = 0 is perpendicular to
1
0 , angle between lines such that 1 ax2 + Ihxy + by2 = 0
. n /2jh2 - ab 1
tanO = ±———:—
a+b ； 4.
(a) For 6x2 一 5xy + y2 = 0 1 For ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
1
1 Suppose bÔ
招寸-6
2 i
tan0 = 土 6+1 = ±7
1 y2 + + ；工 2 - 0
I
0 = 8.1° or 171.9° 1 (y - m1x)(y - m2x) = 0
1
(b) For 3x2 -xy- 2y2 + 7x + 3^ + 2 = 0 1 Now, if m2 = 2m 1 then
1
i.e, (3x + 2y + l)(x - y + 2) = 0 I —2/i a
m^ + m2 = = 3农]
hence, same angle 0 for I \ 9
3x2 -xy - 2y2 = (3x + 2y)(x-y) = 0 1 = ； = 2的
2」空)、6 ' tt z-2/za2 a

i.e. tan 9 = 土 —
一-— =±5 ；HenCe (奇)= 2b
3—2
0 = 78.7° or 101.3° 1 8/i2 = 9ab

1
1 For b = 0, equation becomes x(ax + 2hy) = 0 having
(c) For 10x2 - xy - 3y2 - 6x + 8y - 4 二 0
twice slope property is impossible unless h = 0
(5% - 3y)(2i + y) - 6x + 8y - 4 = 0
1 i.e. 8/i2 = 9ab still true. [0 = 0]
i.e. (5s3y + 2)(2x + y — 2) = 0
hence, same angle 0 for 10x2 -xy - 3y2 = 0
. t A ；J (号)2+ 3。_ 11 ；I EXERCISE 11.3

i.e. tan 0 = ±———-— = i— i
1U — 3 /
0 = 57.5° or 122.5° 1 1.
i
i For circle Ax2 + Ay2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 at point (xp
i
2. I tangent equation:
For pair of straight lines 3x2 - 2xy -y2 = 0
tanO】=±2"j + 3 = ±1 = ±2
I normal equation:
For pair of straight lines y-Ni 2Ayx+E
I --------- =-------------------
8x2 + 2xy - 3y2 + 2x + 4y - 1 = 0 I x-Xi 2Axl + D
174
So, for circle x2 + y2 + 2x - 6y - 15 = 0 at point (2, 7) And the equation of P1P2 (by two-point form)
tangent equation becomes =光一乃
y-yi
...
2" 7" 2(亨)-6(告)— 15 = 0 x-xx -x2
i.e. =入一巧_1
3"4y+ 2 —21 - 15 = 0 =k ...(2)
y-y^ X-Xj
3工 + 4y - 34 = 0 Substitute （2） into （1）

Normal equation becomes 上（尤一工 1）（尤1+尤2）+ 上（〉一） 1）（'1+）2）= 0
y-7 = 2 ⑺-6 = 8 = 4
^2 — 2(2)+ 2 - 6 - 3 (尤一工 1)31+工2)+ 3_>1)31+)2)= o
4x-8 = 3y — 21 I While for
4s 3y+ 13 = 0 (x-x1)(a：-x2) + (y _)i)(y-，2)
i 二(尤_尤 1)(尤)+ 3_)1)3)_[(工_尤1)尤2 + 3_'1)>2]

2. i
I = x2 + y2 - xxx - yyx
Given straight line: L: Xx-y-X-1 = 0
l 一 [(尤一尤 1)(入1+工2)+ 3一>1)31+、2)]
circle: C: x2 + y2 - 4x-2y + 1 = 0
+ [(尤一％ 1)工1 + 3-)；1)>1]
(a) For L touching C I 7 I 2 2
i.e. equal roots for L meets C where y = Xx - X - 1
substitute into C such that -[(X-X1)(X1 + X2) + (y-力)(>1 + >2)]
x2 + (Xx-X - 1)2-4x-2(Xx-X - 1)+1 = 0 I = x2 + y2 - r2 -0 = x2 + y2 - r2
(1 +X2)x2-2X(X+ 1)x + (X+ 1)2-4x-2Xx which is therefore the equation of chord PXP2 -
I
+ 2(人 + 1) + 1 = 0
I
(1 + 2)^2 _ [2那
人 + 4人 + 4]尤 +(入 + ] + ])2 — 0 I (b) From (a) with equation of chord P2 Px
whose discriminant = 0 ? 7 2 2 2
（尤一11）+3-为）= x +y - r
i.e. [2V + 4X + 4]2 = 4(1 + V)(X + 2)2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

x - 2xxx + + y - 2yyx + y1 = x +y -r
2+ 2人+ 2)2 = (1
(人 +人 2)(人2+ 4人+ 4) 2 2 2
2xlx + 2yiy-(xi +yx )= r
人 4 + 4 人3 + 8V + 8X + 4 =温 + 4X3 + 5V + 4Z + 4
2xxx + 2yxy = 2r2
3人2 + 4人二0
2
X(3X + 4) = 0 W+W = r
which becomes equation of tangent at Px .
人= 0 or 一:
(b) For L cutting C at two points i.e. two distinct real roots
Let line 3x-4)+ c = 0 being in touch with
while L meets C as in (a) where discriminant > 0
；x2 + y2 = 25 while y = i(3x + c)
[2X2 + 4X + 4]2>4(1 +X2)(X + 2)2
； Substitute into x2 + y2 = 25 such that
X(3X + 4)>0
X>0 or X<-^ i x2 + + c)2 = 25

I
I 16x2 + 9x2 + 6cx + c2 = 400
3. 25%2 4- 6cx + (c2 - 400) = 0
Let 尸1(尤1，》1),尸2(尤2, >2)t>e two distinct points on the i possesses 2 equal roots
circle x2 + y2 = r2 . i i.e. discriminant = 0
I 2
I (6c) = 4(25)02— 400)
(a) By direct substitution
2 2 2 2 2 2 36c2 = 100c2-40 000
尤 1 +>1 =,，x2 +y2 = r
1 64c2 = 40 000
On subtraction i
(x' — JT；) + = r2 - r2 二 0 I c = ±25
\ Hence, required lines are 3x-4y + 25 = 0 ,
(X1 一 x2)(xl + x2)+ 31 一 >2)31 + 乃)= 0 •••(!)
1 3s4y —25 = 0
I
175
2
5・ : 45(x2 + y2 + 4% + 6y + 8) = [5x + 5y + 20]
For circle equation I
45 (工2 + y2 + 4工 + 6y + 8) = 25 (x + y + 4)2
(x - /z)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
9(x2 + y2 + 4工 + 6y + 8) = 5(x2 ++ 8x + 8^ + 16 + 2xy)
by translation of axes from (0, 0) T (九幻 i
4『+ 4>2 _ 4X + 14y - 8 - 10xy = 0
the new equation of circle is
X，2 + -尸 2 | 2x2 - 5xy + 2y2 - 2x + ly - 4- = 0
while for tangent with slope m (2x - y)(x - 2y) - 2x + 7y - 4 = 0

say y，= mx + k \ (2x - y - -2y +1) = 0
by substitution 1 i.e. lines are 2x-y-4 = 0 , x -2y + 1 = 0
2 2 -
x 2 4- (mx + k) = r I
I
x，2( 1 + m2) + 2mkxf + (k2 - r2) = 0 I
As in Q 6 above, equation of tangent from (g, f) to circle
with discriminant = 0
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy - c = 0 is
4m2k2 = 4(1 + m2)(k2 - r2) I
(g2 + 户 + 2g2 + 2产-c)(、2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy-c)
m2k2 = k2 + m2k2 - (1 + m2)r2 I
2
=[§x + fy + g(x + g) + f(y + f)-c]
k = 土 + m2/
Hence, required equations of tangent are I
(3g2 + 3f2-c)(x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy-c)
2
yf = mxf + rjl + m2 I =[2gx + 2fy + g2 + f2-c]
I---------- l whose pair of straight lines are parallel to the lines with
i.e. y-k = m(x-/z) ± rjl + m2 \
equation
i
(3g2 + 3f2-c)(x2 + y2) = (2gx + 2fy)2
6. :
(-g2 + 3/2 - c)x2 + (3g2 - /2 - c)y2 - Sgfxy = 0
The equation of two tangents from point P(xp to circle I
I Jx2 _ 8gf 心 -g2 + 3f2-c
0 ...(*)
C : x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 is I X 3g2-f2-cx 3g2-/2-c
I
(x： + y； + Dxx + Eyx + F)(x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F) 1 with angle 0 between the lines such that
I
2 c + m9)2 - 4m 1 m2 , , q/*、
= [w + W + "号)+ 4号)+ 4 (cor. 5.7): tan0 = --- ------------------ ---- where m9 are roots of (*)
N 1 + m1m2
=工2 J(4g/)2 一 (_ g2 + 3产 _ c)(3g2 一产一 c)

i
一一 (一g2 + 3产—c) + (3g2一户—c)
(a) From point (2, 4) to x2 + y2 + x- 3y = 0 equation is
for mutual perpendicular situation, 0 = 90°, tanO = ±°°
(22 + 42 + 2 - 3(4))(x2 + y2 + x- 3y) 1
i.e. (- g2 + 3产一 c) + (3g2 -f2-c) = 0
=[2x + 4"(亨)-3(亨)]之；
2c = 2g2 + 2/2
10(x2 + y2 + x-3j)二[学+ 学- 5]2 c = g2 + f2
40(x2 + y2 + x- 3y) = 25(x + y- 2)2 8.

For circle x2 + y2 = r2
8(^2 + ,2 + — 3,)= 5(x2 + y2 _|_ 2xy - 4x - 4y + 4) I
Let M be (rcosO, r sinO)
3^2 + 3" 一 10" + 28_x 一 4y - 20 = 0 I
equation of OM : y = (tan0)x
(3x - y)(x - 3y) + 28x -4^-20 = 0
equation of AN ( II OM):
(3sy - 2)(x-3y + 10) = 0 I
I y = (tan0)x + k
[3x-y-2 = 0 i
or < i Subst. A(-r, 0) into 0 = -(tanO)r + Z:
卜- 3y+ 10 = 0
i.e. k = rtan0
i
I hence, equation of AN: y = + r)
(b) From point (3, 2) to x2 + y2 + + 6y + S = 0 I
And, by two-point form equation of BM becomes
equation is
j - 0 _ rsinO - 0
(32 + 22 + 4(3) + 6(2) + 8)(瘁 + / + 4% + 6)； + 8) i x-r rcos0 - r
=[3x + 2y + 4(宰) + 6(亨) + 8「 I sin0 z 、
Z 乙 I y = 商二id
176
For point P, intersection of lines AN and BM by eliminating i Equation of tangent of (x- I)2 + (y + 3)2 = 4 is
0 among two equations that tan0 = -^―
x+r
tan0 / 、
So, y = ----- (x-r)
1—
— —
COS0
tan0 / 、 (common tangent n mx = m2)

y = i-------(x- r)
J 1 - sec0v 7 For point of intersection,
y tan0 / 、 3mx ± 3 Jl +
y mi + 3
x+r
y二 z 、
2 匕
mx + 6秫1 + 9
c
i = x + r- x-r
7(x + r)2 + y2
m1
i-------------------
[_]() +尸 2
)2 + 2] 。二 [(s〃-(' +，)] 2
<0
2 2 2
(x + r) +y = 4r -3<0
x2 + y2 + 2rx - 3r2 = 0
Thus, we should take
which is therefore the locus of point P.
Equation of the other common tangent:
I _ 4 <
Let the points of contact of
i
£"2 be P, Q respectively and 1 Point of intersection: (3,-9)
point of intersection be (x0, .
radius ± tangent and

I The circle equation
工 2+ 一 2(r + r)(xcosoc + y since) + R2 + 2R, = 0
(。, 0), Q, P, (x0, y0) are 1 with centre ((7? + r)cosa, (7? + r) since)
vertices of a rectangle. 1 (radius)2 = [(7? + r)cosa]2 + [(7? + r) sina]2 - (7?2 + 2Rr)
1 2 2
Distance between (和, y0) and (a, 0) = - a)2 +
1 = (A + r)2[cos a + sin a] - 7?2 - 2Rr
The length and the width of the rectangle are equal to I = (R + r)2 — R2 — 2Rr
b, c respectively.
1 二 R2 + 2Rr + r2 - R2- 2Rr = r2
Length of diagonal = Jb2 + c2 1 radius = r
(x0 一 i)2 + yj = b2 + c2 (= constant) ；So, the equation of circle ((/? + r)河％质 +
Equation of locus of intersection point:
with centre (0,0) (
(x - a)2 + y2 = b2 + c2 radius = R —I—)—
I Then distance between two centres J
10. = J[(R + r)cosa]2 + [(7? + r)sina]2
For circle (x - a)2 + (^ - b)2 = r2
1 = R+r
the equation y -b = m{x - tz) ± rjl + m2 is proved as in 1
1 = sum of two radii
Q 5 above as tangent with slope m. 1 Therefore two circles touch externally.
1 Geometrically speaking, we have
It can be observed that x = 3 is a common tangent of the
1 F(Rcosoc, Rsince)
circles.
1 and a common tangent could be
The x-coordinate of the point of intersection = 3.
y -1? sina -cosa
Since equation of tangent of x2 + y2 = 9 is

x-------------
- 7? cos a
— --------
sina
I 2 2
or x cos a + y sin a - 7? sin a - 7? cos a = 0
y = m1x± 3 Jl+mf .
1 i.e. xcosa + y sina - R = 0
177
12. Now G = (xG, 0)
Let C : x2 + y2 = 1 While CG = GA
(a) At point (-1, 0) the equation of tangent is obviously (3 - xG)2 = (J(- 1 - xG)2 + (V^)2)
x = -1 or x+1 = 0 2 2
9 + xG- 6xg = 1 + xG + 2xg + 2
8^g = 6
tan0 = -J-p
2^2
slopes of tangent from (3, 0)
i.e. centre = (-, 0)
3 9
3 - _ -
一
radius = CG 4 4
So, by standard formula of circle, required equation is

(T『 + (y-0)2 = (：)2
7 9
(4x-3) +16/ = 81
16x2 + 16y2 - 24x - 72 = 0
2x2 + 2y2 - 3x - 9 二 0
Alternative:
From point (3, 0), let equation of tangent be i | EXERCISE 11.4
y—0 i
x-~-
—3
= m
:1・
i.e. y = mx - 3m
i Let P(xp yr) be a point outside circle
While by substitution into C i
I x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
x2 + (mx 一 3m)2 = 1
I
(1 + m2)x2 - 6m2x + (9m2 - 1) = 0 i Then the equation
with equal real roots for touching ； W(峥)+ ") + F = 0

i.e. discriminant = 0
36m4 = 4(1+ m2)(9m2 - 1) 1 represents the chord of contact of tangents drawn to the circle
from P.
9m4 = 9m4 + 8m2 - 1
I
8m2 = 1
1 (a) P(-l,5)
I
I Circle: x2 + y2 = 13
Thus, the required equations of tangent are (一 1)2+ 52 = 26 > 13 i.e. outside circle
y = ±.(s3). Equation of chord of contact is

1 - x + 5y - 13 = 0
(b) For a triangle formed by 人咋 or x-5y + 13 = 0
three tangents above. 广
For finding points of contact, solve as x = 5y - 13
ABC must be isosceles
and by symmetry for .口_____ _______________ QL 1 Substitute into x2 + y2 = 13
G = centre of 1 ° 1
1 i.e. (5y - 13)2 + y2 = 13
circumcircle of AABC in 26y2_i30y+ 156 = 0
which
>2 _ 5y + 6 = 0
C = C(3,0)
1 3-2)(y-3) = 0
A = A(-1, yA)
y = 2 => x = 10—13 = —3
B = 8(—1,—>a)by symmetry
1 y = 3 =>x = 15 — 13 = 2
where yA = AD = (DC) tana = (3 4- 1)手=72
1 Thus (2, 3) and (-3, 2) are points of contact.
178
(b) P(-l,-2) at point (3, 7) with 9 + 49-6-28-4 = 20 > 0 (outside)
Circle: x2 + y2 + 4% + lOy + 24 = 0 Equation of chord of contact is

3x + 7y-2(亨)-4(告)-4 = 0
1 + 4- 4-20 + 24 = 5 > 0 i.e. outside circle
Equation of chord of contact is
2x + 5y-21 = 0 .......... (2)
一尤― 2> + 4(号)+ 1。(号)+ 24 二 0
at point (5, 3) with 25 + 9-10-12-4 = 8 > 0 (outside)
X + 3y + 12 = 0 Equation of chord of contact is
For finding points of contact, solve as 5x + 3y —2(亨)一4(孝)一4 = 0
x = — 3y — 12
4x + y-15 = 0 .......... (3)
Substitute into x2 + y2 + 4x + 10^ + 24 = 0
While, to test equations (1), (2) and (3) are concurrent, solve
i.e. (- 3y - 12)2 + / + 4(- 3y - 12) + 10" 24 = 0 (1) and (2) and subst. into (3)
10y2 + 70y+ 120 = 0 [x + ly-24 = 0 . ..(1)

i.e. <
y2 + 7y + 12 = 0 [2x + 5y-21 = 0 ... (2)
(y + 3)(y + 4) = 0 (2) - 2(1), we get 一 9y + 27 = 0

y = -3 x = (-3)(-3) - 12 = -3 y = 35 = 24-7(3) = 3
y = -4 x = (-3)(-4) - 12 = 0 So, intersection point is (3, 3).
Thus (-3, -3) and (0,-4) are points of contact. Substitute into (3) such that
4(3)+ 3-15 = 12 + 3-15 二 0
(c) P(-3, 1) Hence three lines are concurrent.
Circle: 4x2 + 4y2 + 4x + 2y - 5 = 0

Alternative: 1 7 -24
4(-3)2 + 4(1 )2 + 4(-3) + 2(1) - 5 = 25 >0
You may show that 2 5 -21 = 0
i.e. outside circle
4 1 -15
Equation of chord of contact is
(一 3)工 + y + ： = 0
一 12jc + 4y + 2x - 6 + > + 1 - 5 二 0 Let P be (g, 2。)where P is real

parameter.
-10x + 5y - 10 = 0
equation of QR is
2x-y + 2 = 0
+ lay = a2
For finding points of contact, solve as y = 2x + 2
Let O be origin.
Substitute into 4x2 + 4y2 + 4x + 2y - 5 = 0
OP is perpendicular bisector
i.e. 4x2 + 4(2x + 2)2 + 4x + 2(2x + 2) — 5 =0
ofQR
2042 + 40工+15 =0 :.OM1 QR
4x2 + 8x + 3 =0 the equation of OM:
lax - py = 0 .
(2x + 1 )(2% + 3) =0
For intersection point M,
x = ny = 2(-i) + 2 = 1
JPx + lay = a2 . . . (1)
x = - = 2(一：) + 2 = -1 = 0 .. . (2)
3 1 If y = 0, from (2), x = 0
Thus -1) and 1) are points of contact.
but x = y = 0 doesn't satisfy (1)
2. y 壬 0
For circle x2 + y2 - 2x - 4)； - 4 = 0 From (2), p =

at point (2, 9) with 22 + 92 - 4 - 36 - 4 = 41 > 0 (outside)
Subst. p = — into (1),
Equation of chord of contact is y
2x + 9y-2(亨)-4(字)—4 = 0 lax1 , c ?
------ + 2ay = a 乙
y
x + 7y - 24 = 0 (1) 2x2 + 2y2 -ay = 0
179
12. Conic Sections
EXERCISE 12.1 1 /. The equations of tangents are

I
I x + y + 1 = 0, x-2y + 4- = 0
I
lx + my + n = 0 了；4.
(at2, 2at)
y2 = 4ax I Equation of chord of contact of tangents from (-a, q):
I
Substitution gives
I ay = 2q (尤-a).
齐2 + my + n 0
1
I Let the points of contact are
2 2
, 2at{), (at2,2at2).
I
lat2 + lamt + n =0 I t2 are the roots of
I
h + t2 ~ ~~r I a(2at) = 2a(at2 - a)
with roots t2 such that l t = f2 — 1
"‘2 =方
1 = 0
I
The points coincides i.e. = t2 = I ・'・，[先= —1, ‘1 + ‘2 = 1
I ~
2t = -裂 i
(。一)
2 2 2 7 7
=(― -，2)。1 +，2) =一，2)
o
I 2
=0] + $2)= 1+4 = 5
I 2
So am2 = In I 31 -，2)=5
I
I / 2 2 2 2
2. line: Ax + By + C = 0
I Length of chord = 加2(七 _奶)+ 4a2(tT -12)
For I ___________
parabola: y2 = 4ax i = J5-2 + 20-2 = 5q
I
Substitution gives
:5-
翌 + By + C = 0
1 Let the coordinates of extremities of the chord be (xp
For equal real roots, discriminant = 0
i and (x2, y2) .
= 4(会)C i
Subst. y = mx + c into y2 = Aax,
aB2 = AC
1 m2x2 + (2mc - 4a)x + c2 = 0 ...(*)
I
1 x1? x2 are roots of (*).
Let the equation of tangent be y = mx + c .
1 = — 2m 4- c
c = 2m + 1 I >1+>2 =(秫工]+ c) + (用光 + c)
y = mx + (2m + 1) 二 m(x1 + x2) + 2c

Subst. into equation of parabola 4a - 2mc , n 4q
I = -------------+ 2c =—
[mx + (2m + I)]2 = 4x m m
I
m2x2 + [2m(2m + 1) - 4]x + (2m + I)2 = 0 The coordinates of mid-point:
For tangency,
1 仁 1+—2 山+此)f2«_£ M
V 2 ? 2 J \m2 mm)
[2m(2m + 1) - 4]2 = 4m2(2m + I)2
[m(2m + 1) - 2]2 = m2(2m + I)2 I 2。

I As c varies, y = — = constant (as m is fixed)
-4m(2m +1) + 4 = 0
2m2 + m-1 = 0 1 The locus of the mid-point of chord of slope m is
1 [
m = - or m = -1
180
Now x = 9a, y = 6a
For 6a + 9ta = 2at + at3
r line: y = mx + k ... normal, slope m
r3-7r-6 = 0
[parabola: y2 = 4ax ... slope of normal
_dx = -y
dy 2a (z + l)(f - 3)(t + 2) = 0
Equating their slopes: i.e. t = -1, t = 3 or t = -2
Hencewisely, the three normals are

m = => y = -lam
2a y - x = -2a- a = -3a
While two graphs meet y + 3x = 6a + 21 a = 33。
y = m(£)+k y -lx = - 4(2 - 8tz = 一 12。
-2am = ^-2am)2 + k [put y = -lam ] 9.

For parabola y2 = 4ax
k + 2am + am3 = 0
Normal at P:
y-yi =日"_入1).
At y — 09 x — 2q + «X]
For y2 = 4ax in parametric form:
then N = N(x、+ 2a, 0)
2
, 2成1) and equation of NQ :—' —。寸=—
x-x{ -2a yx
2
Q(at2,2at2)
or y = —(x —X] —2q)
Vi
1
PT : y = - + at1 2
h Substitute into parabola y = -4tz(x - 2a) that
QT : y = ^ + at2 —尤 1 一 2q)] = -4a(x-2a)
On solving, - + atx = - + at2 2 2

q(x —X] —2q) = —y| (x — 2i)
h
。工 2 + x(2q_X] 一 4q2) + q(_X] + 2q)2-8q2_X] = 0
、仙- 9 =心f)
whose discriminant
x = ati*2 —y = + =(2axx - 4冰)2 一 4q[q(X] + 2口)2 一 8。2明]
Hence, T = T(atit2, a(t1 + t2)) ,2 2 4 3 / 2 2 m 3 〔< 4 八

=4。jq + 16。一 16。xx -4a jq + 16。xx 一 16。 = 0
So, area of ATPQ is the absolute value of Hence that there are equal real roots implies tangency.
aty 2atx 1
1 2 [ 10.
2 at? 2q，2 1
at。(£] + 匕2)1
2
A = A(成i , 2q$i)
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2a 上『2 +。S (，i +，2)+ 2a in parametric form <
B = B(at3 2成2)
2 2 2 2 2 2
-2a - latxt2 - a (上 + Z2)
(a) Mid-point M:
C City2,2
+ City
a =
2ati + 2at2
Equation of (L):
Area of MPQ = 环] "2, y-f, 2at_-2ati _ 2 _ la
商一忐一点一一 B
i.e. j7 - P =章 (x - °0
Normal: y + tx = 2at + at3
181
(b) Equation of tangent to (P2) with slope m is: :| EXERCISE 12.2
a i
—
y = mx —
m :1・
If (L) is tangent to (P2), then 1 Let P(a cos 9, £>sin0) be any point on ellipse
2a 1 (a>b>0)
m =
E ...⑴ 1 三+ & =
I a2 b2
l -----------------------------------
-a _ n 2aoc I So OP = cos 0)2 + (Z?sin0)2
...(2)
m
I OP2 = 6z2cos29 + Z?2sin20 < «2cos20 + «2sin20
(1)x(2):
2 2 7 7
4a2a I = a (cos 6 + sin 0) = a
-a = 2a
甘
一
i.e. 0 < OP < a

4cza
3 = 至
；And OP2 = «2cos20 + Z?2sin20 > Z?2cos20 + Z?2sin20
P2 = 4 I
I
2 2
= b (cos 0 + sin 0) = b
? 9
4 1 i.e. 0<b<OP
i.e. y2 = âx i
i Thus 0 < Z? < OP < a .
i
：2.
For parabola y = x2 I For equations of tangent to ellipse and parallel to given line
I
P = P(P, p2)
；(a) Ellipse:专+ §=1
Q = Q(q, q2)
R = R(r,尸2) Line: 2x - y + 3 = 0
I So, equation of tangent be
(a) (i) Equation of PQ:
2x-y + k = 0
y-p2 p2_q2
I by substitution as y = 2x + k
x—p p-q 丫 ”
\ 汁 (2"幻2 _
y-p2 = (p + q)(sp) I 4 -1
y = (p + q)x-pq 9必 + 4(2工 + 幻 2 = 36
(ii) For PQ touching y =专 + 1 1 25计+ 16 奴+ (4 砂一36) = 0

I
By substitution 1 With equal roots i.e. discriminant = 0
(p + q)x-pq =专+ 1 i (16 幻 2 = 4(25)(4砂一36)
256砂=400砂—3600
尤 2 — 4(p + q)x + 4 + 4pq = 0
1 3600 = 144好
It touches the parabola i
i k = ±5
A 16(p + q)2 = 4(4 + 4pg)
i.e. required equations of tangents are
<=> p2 + pq + q2 = 1 I 2x-y±5 = 0
l
(b) For QR touching y =专 + 1 I (b) Ellipse: 0；1)2 + § = 1
I 2 7
Similarly q2 + qr + r2 = 1 = 不
Q-r
一” 1 Line: x + y-2 = 0
So, equation of tangent be

_ r3 = q _「
hence < I x+y+k = 0
[p3-q3 = p-r (+
I
I by substitution as y = -k-x
p3 — 尸3 - p _ r
: i.e. 任尹+(-—)2 =]
i.e. p2 + pr + r2 = 1 l 2 7
x2 ； 7(x-1)2 + 2(^ + x)2 = 14
PR is also tangential to = —+ 1 .
I 9^2 +(4*—14)尤 + 2上2_7 = 0
182
With equal roots i.e. discriminant = 0 5.
(4S14)2 = 4(9)(2F-7) Circle: x2 + y2 = r
28S49 = 18 砂—63 Ellipse: 三 + 土 =1 a^r

a2- bL
14^ + 28^-112 = 0
With slope m, equations of tangents to circle:
砂 + 2*-8 0
y = mx ± rjl + m2
侬+ 4)(S2) 0
Equations of tangents to ellipse,
k = -4 or 2
y = mx ± Ja2m2 + b2
i.e. required equations of tangents are
For common tangent, i.e. identical equation
x + y-4 = 0 , x + y + 2 = 0
rjl + m2 Jcfim1 + b2
, 2(1 + m2) a2m2 + b2

Let the equation of tangent be y = mx + c . r2 + m2r2 m2a2 + b2
It passes through (1, 2). ,2_力2
m2
y = mx + (2 - m) a2 一 r2
Subst. into equation of ellipse, circle: x2 + y2 = 25 = 52

x2 + 2[mx + (2 - m)]2 = 6 Hence, for < mips。：焉+ # =
1
(2m2 + l)x2 + 4m(2 - m)x + [2(2 - m)2 - 6] = 0
25-16 9
For tangency, therefore, m2
169-25 — 144
42m2(2 - m)2 4(2 秫 2 + i)[2(2-秫)2 — 6]
.3 , 1
m 十—=十一
2m2(2 - m)2 (2m2+ l)[(2-m)2-3] -12 ~4
5m2 + 4m - 1 0 So, equations are
(5m - 1)(秫 + 1) =0 "±^±5jl + G)2

1
m = -1 or m
5 =±|x ± V17
The equation of tangents are:
x + 4y + 5>/17 二 0
x+y-3 = 0 i.e.
.x-4y + 5/n = 0
尤一 5y + 9 = 0
Circle: x2 + y2 = a2 Given P(tzcosO, Z?sin9)
Elapse： §+£ = 1 ellipse: § +A 1
Let P(acos0, a sin0) Equation of tangent

(a)
cos0, Z?sin0)
a-cos0 + b7 sin0
Equation of tangent at P:
When y = 0,
(tzcos0)x +(QsinO)y a2
xcos0 + y sin0 a
危儡°）
when y = 0, x = —i.e. When x = 0 ,
y cos0
_ b
Equation of tangent at Q: _ sine OB
洗"+扑崩= 1 and x c = OC = 6ZCOS0
y。= OD = DsinO
"（赢 °）
可蜘 y = 0,"轰Le.
Therefore, OAxOC =（轰）（qcos 。）= a2
Hencewisely, we can conclude both tangents meet at x-axis
。 8'也=（矗）（恤。）》2
(i.e. point T).
183
(b) Slope of line AB = m} = =刍•
1 -OA sinO a x2 y2
咨 + 句 =1 is centred at O and the length of semi
b
a tan 0 major axis is 4.
Slope of line CD = m2
OD _ Z?sin 。
x = 4 is a tangent drawn from the point (4, 6).
-OC -a cos 9
Let Q be the point of contact of another tangent from point
A tan 8
a P(4,6).
Hence, (p : angle between AB and CD The equation of tangent from Q:
b Z?tan0 ^cosO + -p= sinO = 1 .

mi -
tancp = ±------------ =
,tztan 0 a 4 Jn
1 + mlm2 —1+W
It passes through (4, 6).
Q2
cos0 sin
______ ab cos2 sin
。。- 」。
cos0 + Ji sin0 = 1
ib P(4, 6)
a •次--a2 5+—
±- 7 sinG cosG . sin 0 cos 0
b2 = ±---a25 + b2— sin(0 + -) = - Q(4cos。，应sin6)
2 湖 cos26
.―sin26 .2aZ?cot20
十------------- =十---------------
o = o or e = y 匕~—
一 a2 + b2 一 a2 + b2
0 = 0 corresponds to x = 4 .
(c) (i) If CD II AB
。= 哥， equation of tangent:
then (p = 0, tan(p = 0
.旦=i
cot 20 = 0 8 712 2
_兀3兀5丸7兀 x - 2y + 8 = 0
° = 25 ~2, ~2
Equation of chord of contact:
k 3k 5k 7k
0 =
4? Z5 ~4 * COS? +
4 3
芝
应
sin?
3
cos| (Corollary 5.2)
Pi(a cos 45°, Z?sin45°)

1
8 4 2
'理
Pl
x + 2y - 4 = 0
or P = P2((2 cos 135°, Z?sinl35°)

X2 v2
I Let the ellipse be — + ^ = 1
I ci b
I Point F(%i，yi)on ellipse
P = P3(a cos 225°, Z?sin225°)
Equation of normal at P is
' = a2_b2
X1 >1
or P = P4(a cos315°,Z?sin315°) I Suppose the normal at P meets the x-axis at B and

i the y-axis at A.
尸4 I
i
WTU
When x = 0,yA =
八萨-冰无
I
I
w,
When y = 0, x=
n a2 -5 b2 x |
(ii) If AB LCD,
then (p = 90° = tancp T 8 ； ie A(0,牛当 J and 3件声;0)
i.e. cot2。一>8
I
20 = 0, Ti, 2兀，3k I Hence, the ratio
0 = 0,孙，苧 i AP = J( 2 + 31 。—叫) -凯一，i)2
I
I
BP JI(xLi + &Xi
章 2
) +(力一0)
2
Hence P = Pâcos 0°, Z?sinO°) = P1(a, 0)
I ________
or P = P2(acos 90°, Z? sin 90°)=尸2(°，幻 \ = " +耕= 卜》岫+。4招=«2
or P = P3(acos 180°, Z?sin 180°) = P3(-a,0) ' ，豺+挤 W 必:+ Q顼 b2

P = P4(acos 270°, Z? sin270°) = P4(0, -b) 1 which is a constant.
184
y = mx - me
line L : px + qy = 1
Given < r2 v2
+ y2 = m{xl + x2) - 2mc
ellipse E:- + ^ = 1
2a2m3c c -2b2mc
=— 一 2mc = ——
a^m2- + a」* +
(a) At point P(x0, y。)on ellipse where, by differentation = (mxj - mc)(mx2 - mc)
dy = -b2x = 山2%]工2 —秫2。(工]+ I?) + 秫2。2

dx a^y
for normal at P, slope =

a2m2(m2c2 - Z?2) 2a2m4c2 八
2 2
= + a2m2 + b2
dx (工0，此)
_ a2m2(- m2c2 - b2) + m2c2(a2m2 + b2)
By point-slope form, equation of normal is a2m2 + b2
y _ ，o _ _ m2b2(c2 - a2) _ m2b4
x-Xq b2x0 a2m2 + b2 a2m2 + b2
a2y0x - b2x0y = a2xQyQ - b2x0y0
(b) Equation of normal at Q:
丝—竺= a2_b2
空— 丝 = a2_b2
X0 >0 ⑴
x2
(b) If line L is normal to E, then
x
草ix+
,yiy
函- _ 11 (2)
px + qy - 1 = — - — - (a2 - Z?2) = 0
While two lines meet,
by comparing terms,
p(l) + ^(2),we get
'_ a2
P x0(a2-b2)
<二-腊 (也 * 竺九 _，2(丁2_：2) * 些
\b2x2 a2yJX b2 力
C —光(。2项)
2 2 + _ y1y2(a2-Z?2) + M
$ +号=和2-殆2+服2_矛
孔J = 而厂
= (£+加-打
a2x2[yxy2(a2-b2) + b4]
/. %r» =------------------- ---------------
=(q2_/?2)2 From (a),

次"4 2(滂^4]
_ ____ 乙 cPm2 + -2___________
10. 、R 4 -b4m2 , 4a2(m2c2 - b2)
a a2m2 + b2 a2m2 + b2
Given ellipse:三+ * = 1 (a > Z? > 0)
a1 bz a2x2b4[- m2(a2 - b2) + a2m2 + b2]
focus: F(c, 0), c = Ja2 - b2 一 a4b4m2 + a2b4(m2c2 - b2)

x2[m2b2 + b2]
points: P(x1?》]), Q(x2, y2) ends of focal chord with slope m
-a2m2 + [m2(a2 - b2) - b2]
x2b2(l + m2)
(a) Equation of focal chord is 一》 2(1 + zn2) %
y-0
-—=m or y = mx - me So, by further substitution into (1), say
x-c
Substitute into ellipse equation Of) f
x2 . (mx-mc)2 _ 1 x2 >2
/ + -寥-=1
^ = _a2_a2 + b2
b2x2 + a2m2x2 - 2a2m2cx + m2c2a2 - a2b2 = 0 光

b2 - 2a2
(Z?2 + a2m2)x2 - 2a2m2cx + (m2c2a2 - a2b2) = 0 为= F-，2
whose roots should be x1, x2 such that
a2 + c2
=一-
, 2a2m2c
+X2 = -5—5―75 Hence, the point of intersection is
1 2 a2m2 + b2
。
_ ”2°2_2 _ ^2,2 _ 2(%2 2 _ /2) 。 d( a2 + c2 )
：]工2 a2m2 + b2 a2m2 + b2
R [一说，—此 J .
185
(c) If PQ is a variable focal chord, then as
bA + tan0
2Ll-tan9
1 - tanOn
1 + tan9J
_ Z?p(l + tan0)2 + (1 -
= 2
1 - tan20
1 sin20~
b「2 + 2tan20 1+溢
2 13^]= "[出卜 b
1
1一由
sin20
...⑴
>R = b
So —=撬？ cos 0
yR b
2 2
迭+顼 =1 cos 0
b心
=———
次十(q2 + c2)2
aJiyR
2 2 Substitute into equation (1),
坐+一玉 =1
a2 ,2a2-b2^
a 2,b'R2
Thus, the equation of locus of R is w X： b\Xr —a yR
2说思-
；」
x---2 1----- ------

v2
= 1 .
a2 ,2a2-/?2.2 . 2 >2 2\ 2
1 ~b-} XR —a yR =a ,
2 2
迭*
a2 b2 ~b 一
| EXERCISE 12.3 Thus, the locus of R (mid-point of PQ) is

x2 y2 y
1. 2 2 /一乒= b'
For hyperbola: W 一籍 =1
a2 bz
2.
P, Q are points + 0, - 0 respectively
1 Find the equations of two asymptotes while for W -籍 =
I a2 b2
Therefore, P = (asec(^ + 0), Z?tan(^ + 0)) I whose asymptotes:春 ± 芸= 0
Q = (tzsec(^-O), Z?tan(^-0))
For hyperbola: 写一 g = 1
So, let the mid-point of PQ be R such that
Xp + Xq Q K
+ e)
兀一
- sec( - + s ie-
2 4 ec 4 - 0)]
-2―"
The asymptotes are g ± g： = 0 .

3 a/7
I (b) For hyperbola: 4y2 - 81x2 = 36
ie y2 汁
The asymptotes are ± y = 0 or 2y ± 9x = 0 .

3
cose
2cos20 - 1」 1 (c) For hyperbola: (工程沪

lo
一*1)?
9
= 1
Similarly
The asymptotes are ± = 0
yR - y~P 2 yQ - ?[tan(堂 + 0) + tan(.-0)]
or (3x + 6) ± 4(y + 1) = 0
琮「tan+ tan0 tan? 一 tan0 "

I 3x + 4y + 10 = 0
=2 4 | 4 or 〈
2 1 - tan^tanO 1 + tan^tanO [3x - 4y + 2 = 0
L 4 4 -I
186
and by substitution in (1),
Given point P on hyperbola x2 - 4y2 = 4 sec(p
ytancp
cos(p - sincp
e
iie *
4-7 - 1 砰 sin(p _ 1 - cos(p(cos(p - sin(p)
x (x + 2y = 0 ... J) b coscp cos(p(cos(p - sin(p)
with asymptotes -±7 = 0 or ]
2 1 [x-2y = 0 ... 02) .2 .
_ 人 sin (p + sin (p cos (p
* 一 sin(p(cos(p - sin(p)
Set P(%i，V]), thus
_ ^cos(p + sin(p
distance to (妇)= PA
国+ 2力| cos(p - sin(p
= £(coscp + sincp) = ^|^sin(. +(p)

distance to (L2) = PB
I" 2）， | i
Hence
兀一
+
And PAxPB =
国+ 2光|国-2光| 4
<p
-
75 75
朱— ？(4) = ：
(a) Given point P(tzsec0, Z?tan0) on hyperbola
a2 b2 1
Therefore yR = Z?tan(^ + (p)二 -------
dy _ b2 x v4 " L,2 2
』2b xR-a yR
di= a^y
o,2 2 2 2 2,2
Slope of tangent at P =竺些也=- 2b xR-a yR = a b
F & tz2(Z?tanO) a sinO
2 2
By point-slope form, equation of tangent at P is 2xr yR 1
苫F = 1
y - Z?tan0 b J_
x-a sec 0 a sinO i.e. Locus of R is 驾-* = 1 .
b 1 -7—^—~- - Z? tan 0 a 2- bz
a—sin0
x—y sin 9 cos 0
——
—tan 之。= sec 之。一 tan20
a-sec0 - ytanG
b cos 0 line: lx + my + n = 0
(a) For x2 y2
a-sec 0 - 7b tan 0 1
a， b，
hyperbola: — - 7^ = 1
(b)
7C
P, Q are points (p, - + cp on hyperbola — -
尤2 y2
= 1 . we have
2 z a bz
^seccp-^tancp =1 .......... ( ⑴ Substituting into hyperbola equation
Equation of tangent at Q: 工2 _ (lx + “)2 _ ]

a2 m2b2
^sec(^ +(p)-^tan(5 + cp) = 1
m2b2x2 - a2l2x2 - 2a2lnx - a2n2 = a2b2m2
^ + — = 1 .....(
⑵ (m2b2 - a2l2)x2 - 2a2lnx - a2(^n2 + b2m2) = 0
-a
sintp otancp
While two tangents meet at R, (1) + tan(p(2), we get

2 must possess equal real roots
(,/ tangent cuts the hyperbola at one point only)
1 tan2(p~ 2
1 + tan (p i.e. discriminant = 0
a coscp sin(p
1 sin(p 一 1
(一 2。2加寸-4(m2/?2 - tz2/2)(- a2n2 - a2b2m2>)
a |_cos(p cos2(p-
Xr[cos(p
cos (p a2l2n2 = (m2/?2 - «2Z2)(- b2m2 - n2)
— sin(p- ] a2l2n2 = - m4b4 + a2b2l2m2 - m2n2b2 + a2l2n2
2
COS(P cos cp
0 = m2Z?2(- m2b2 + a2l2 - n2)
a
XR - cos(p - sin(p n2 = a2l2 - b2m2
187
(b) For hyperbola: x2 - 2y2 = 7
芸户= 7
(W^ ~ 2
When y = 0, —二 a2 + b2
) sec0
。
(次+力2)
or Xa — ------- ^―
△ a cos
Hence Q = Q(xA, yB), since OAQB is a rectangle.
and assume required tangent as When tan0 = ,

V 一 5
-―r = m
x+ 1
or mx - y + (m + 5) = 0
2 2
From (a), we have the necessary condition as and sec 9 = 1 + tan 0
方)2(初)2 —"优 j(_])2 。2.xa一一一

2
一，工 ,2 2
On+ 5)2 =(
(q2 +。2)2
_ b yB
_ 1] ""l- -------------
(口2 + b2)2
2 2 z 9 j 9x2 7 2 2
m2 + 10m + 25 = 7m2 - a xA = + b£) + b yB
2 j2 2
2 z 9 j 7x2
6m2 - 10m-y = 0 a xA~b yB = (a + *)
Therefore, locus of Q is
12m2-20m-57 = 0
(6m - 19)(2m + 3) = 0
a2x2 - b2y2 = (t/2 + 殆2
19 -3
m 6 °r m = T
19 • 19 , 19 , c n P is a point on the hyperbola x2 -y2 = a2 .
While m i.e. —x-y + — + 5 = 0
~6
coordinates of P are (a sec0, atan0),
19x 一6)+ 49 = 0 堂=W
-3 dx y
m i.e. -yx ~y + + 5)= 0
~2
slope of normal at P = -^| 二 -^| 二 -sinO
-3x-2y + 1 = 0
3x + 2y-7 = 0
Let the coordinates of A, B are (a, 0) and (0, p)
respectively.
(a) For point P(«sec0, Z?tan0) on hyperbola APB is a normal to the hyperbola
atari。一 0
and =-sin 9
a sec 6 - a
dy _ b2 x = P = asin0 and -asec0 = «sec0 - a

dx^^y
仁> P = a sin 9 and a = 2a sec 0
=zl = ® y
<=> a = sec0 , & = 2itan 。
，八
Slope of normal at P
五 dy
e
b2 x
<=>
a+0
—— = a sec 0 ,
n B +0
— = tztanQ
一】。。 =5
_ -a2 tan
b2 a sec
P is mid-point of AB .
So, by point-slope form, equation of normal at P

8.
= ^sine
x-asec0 b
Given Px (办1, ：), P2p2? £) are two points on the
(gsin9)x + y = ? ^| +》 tane
rectangular hyperbola: H : xy = a2
ax , by ? , io
——H----- - =泌 +
sec0 tan 9
(a) Equation of chord P^P2 9 two-point form
(b) From (a) with P(asec0, Z?tan6) _a 巳 _ 巳 ‘2 一 'i
_ ‘1 ‘2 _ ，\七2 _ —1
When x = 0, 竺 %=
tan0
a2 + b2 X — Qty at i — ”2 一，2
X + (丫 2)，一 Q" _ 笊2 = 0
or v - (a2 + Z?2)tanO
or yB -------- 5--------
i.e. x+ + r2) = 0
188
(b) From (a) while 处， _ ^0
一 * Vo
x — x。
Equation of chord P[P,T Equation of tangent at Px
2 2 2
・ 2 azyQy-azyQ = b2xQx- b2x^
i.e. x+ y-。(2，]) = 0
2 2
2 _ yo x0 1
x+ y - 2atx = 0 b2 a2
一乒—彖一一
Equation of normal at Px is 3 +公(号)y

—----------------- =1
—
2a 2b
-1 >2
slope of tangent 1
(b) The equations of asymptotes:
,2
h x-atx
,3 _
=
a
y~~
ri a b
3 4
x-txy 一 atx +tz = O
« =b
3 4、八 Solving
x-try + o(l -^) = 0 0+ 尚 (t-^y
1
2b~
(c) For normal at Px meet H at Q
r 爪、
from (b), y =--------------------
/i
h3 x + a(l-ti4) 、
and
ri
1
2b~
Substitute into 尤 y = a2
3
we get coordinates of P, Q are (at, bt), (：,-?).
r?! x + a{\-tx4 )~l _ 2
XL h J="
The equation of circle that passes through O, P, Q:
,3 2 4、 2 八 x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey = 0
x + a(l )x-a tl = 0
3 a2t2 + b2t2 + aDt + bEt = 0
(q x + a)(x - aty) = 0
Xq = atx (rejected as for point Pi)

' a2 b2 l aD bE
歹 + 歹+ 了一 T = 0
n
a 一 a2 . 3
or xq = --
tx yQ = X—Q = -at\ On solving, D = ")•
i.e. Q = 一成 E = -(冰 +萨)J
The centre of the circle is .

9.
Hence the equations of the centre of the circle in
(a) (i) Subst.(扣 + 初 into (H).
parametric form are
」—
/
4 1 1 2 12
-4 + P
萨
1 2
-4(2 -f
2%
-
2
-T
n-
y- =
2
o
2
fl
2X
-2 -y
L fl- +
一
一
et 2
with
+—
A4 =a—22a
— 2 +；—
b2 ，BD = af b2
' 2b .
189
13. Theory of General Conics
EXERCISE 13.1 I (b) For conic: x2 - 2xy + y2-Sx+ 16 = 0
B2-4AC 二 (-2)2-4(l)(l) = 4-4 = 0
First rotate the curve through 0 where

Convert the equations of given conics into standard form by
transformation of coordinate axes. Sketches needed. cos 20 = 0 as A = C
(a) For conic: 3x2 + 4xy - 8x - 8y + 3 = 0 I
B2-4AC = 42 —4(3)(0) = 16,0

First translate the origin of the coordinate axes to the 兀 1
cosO cos-
point (h, k) where Hence <
4
b new equation
3 ,thus • is•
h = 2(0)(—8) —4(—8) = 2 sin0 sin「
16
k = 2 ⑶(—8) —4(—8) = _i (xcosO - y sin0)2 - 2 (x cos 6 - y sinO)(^sin0 + ycosO)

16
+ (xsinO + ycos0)2- 8(xcos0 -ysin0) + 16 = 0
The given equation becomes
!(x — y)2 — 2(；)(x —y)(x + y) + *x + y)2
3(x + 2)2 + 4(x + 2)(y- 1)-8(%+ 2)-8()7- 1) + 3 = 0
3x2 + Axy + (12x -4x- 8x) + 8y — 8y
-j=(x-y)+ 16 0
+ 12-8-16 + 8 + 3 = 0
3jc2 + 4xy - 1 = 0 (x - y)2 _ 2(%2 _ y2)+ (x + y)2 _ 8改3 _ y) + 32 0
And for rotation at angle 0 where
x2 + y2 - 2xy - 2x2 + 2y2 + x2 + y2 + 2xy
-8 很(x-y) + 32 0
4" —871x + 87^y + 32 0
y2 - ijlx + 2 很)+ 8 0
which can be further simplified as
Thus the further rotated equation is (y + z^/2) - 2a/2x + 6 = 0

2
3(xcos9 - y sin0)
+ 4(xcos0 -ysinO) • (xsin0 + ycosO) — 1 0
l(2x - y)2 + ^(2x - y)(x + 2y) - 1 0
i.e. by translating the origin to
3(4x2 + y2 - 4xy) + 4(2x2 + 3xy - 2y2) - 5 o
20x2-5y2-5 0 i.e. new equation is y2 = 2 a/2
4x2 - y2 1 which is obviously a parabola.
x2 y2 The sketch is as below:

1
which is a hyperbola of asymptotes

x ,y 八
—± y = 0 on new axes
2
The sketch is:
190
(c) For conic 17x2 - 12xy + 8y2 + 46x - 2Sy + 17 = 0 The equation becomes
I (xcos0 -)^sin0)2 + (xsin0 + ycos0)2 - 2a(jt:cos9 - y sinO)
B2-4AC = (—12)2 — 4(17)(8) = -400 0
I 一 2a(xsin0 + ycosO) 一 2(xcos0 - y sin0)(xsin9 + ycos0)
First translate the origin of coordinate axes to point
1 + 冰= 0
(/z, k) where
h _ 2(8)(46)-(-12)(-28) _ } i
I 乙
— y)2 + ： 3 + y)2 —籍(工
L ”2
—y)—藉
”2
(x + y)
h - ----------- ^400----------- - T，
I - (x-y)(^ + y) + a2 = 0
k _ 2(17)(-28)-(-12)(46)=〔
_ ^400 — i (x-y)2 + (x + y)2-2^2a(x-y)-2j2a(x + y)
The given equation becomes ； _ 2(营 _)2)+ 2&2 - o
17(x-1)2-12(x-l)(y + 1) + 8(y + I)2 1 4y2 - + 2a2 = 0
+ 46(sl) — 28(y+l) + 17 = 0 2y2 = ijlax - a2
17x2 - 12xy + 8/+ 17+ 12 + 8-46-28+ 17 = 0

； r =
17x2 - 12xy + Sy2 - 20 二 0
Again, rotate the axes through 9 where 1 which is a parabola (actual a part as x, y > 0 ).
I
i
i 3.
For the conic 5^2 + 4工> + 2)2 _ 2x + 4y - 23 = 0
I To determine equation of axes,
i.e. by rotation through 0 to eleminate xy term when as
I A C,
The equation hence becomes ' tan 2 A = —，
17(xcos0 - y sin6)2 - 12(xcos0 - y sin0)(jcsin0 + y cos。) A-C 5-2 3
2tan0 _ 4
+ 8(xsin0 + ycosO)2 - 20 = 0 i.e. tan 20 = 1 - tan20 '
y(2x + y)2 - y(2x + y)(一 % + 2y) 2

4-4tan 9 6tan0
7
+ #—x + 2y)2 —20 = 0 2 tan 0 + 3 tan 9-2 0
0
17(4x2 + 4xy + y2) - 12(- 2x2 + 2y2 + 3xy)
tan0 = ? or tan。= -2
+ 8(入2 + 4)2 _ 4“)一 ]00 = o 2 1
I e.g. slope of minor/major axes =-( or -2)
100入2 + 25,2 _ ioo = o I z
1 力
I or equation of major/minor axes y =-x or y = -2x
4x2 + ,2 = 4 I
I However, judging from 5x2 + Axy + 2y2 while A> C that
至+史= 1
I2 22 the axis rotated from origin, the new y-axis should be the
which is an ellipse. I major axis of ellipse
The sketch is shown as above. ；5x2 + 2y2 + k = 0 (B2-4AC = -24<0)
I i.e. y = -2x or 2x + y = 0 is required equation.
For Jx + Jy = Ja
The curve is rotated about y = x (interchanging x, y doesn't ；| EXERCISE 13.2

change the equation.)
i
First rotate the axes through 0 where i 1.
Determine the types of curves for equations:
0 = or cos0 = sinO =
I (a) 11 x2 - 6xy + 19y2 + 6x + 2y - 1 = 0
(7x+ a/j)2 =(石)2 A = B2-4AC = (-6)2-4(ll)(19) = -800 < 0

1 11 -3 3
x + y + 2jxy = a
i -3 19 1 ^0
(x + y - a)2 = (-2Vxy)2
1 3 1 -1
i
x2 + y2 - 2ax - lay - 2xy + a2 = 0 I i.e. elliptic type => ellipse.
191
(b) x2 + 16xy - lly2 -6x+ 12y - 6 = 0 2.
i
A = (16)2-4(1)(-11) = 300 >0 I For C: x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y + k(x2 + xy-y2) = 0
1 8 -3 I (1 + k)x2 + kxy + (1 - k)y2 + 2x + 2y = 0
8 -11 6 莉 A = B2-4AC =砂— 4(1+幻(1—幻

-3 6 -6 1 = A:2 - 4(1 - k2) = 5 上2-4
i
i.e. hyperbolic type = hyperbola.
i
I (a) For C being an ellipse but not a circle:
(c) 9x2 - 12xy + 4y2 + 4x - 7_y + 1 = 0
\ A<0 5k2 - 4 < 0 and k^2
△ = (—12)2 — 4(9)(4) = 0
1 +k 2 1
i.e. parabolic type
9-6 2 § ]=k-2)
7
-6 4 --壬 0 1 1 0
y
2
乙2 -- 11
it is a parabola. 。小 <* = _2_

75
(d) 3x2 + 3y2 + 4x - 2y - 1 = 0
2+ 2+ 4 2 1_ o
But A。。=> 1 + k 1 —k
y _3 X - - y
3 3
-
"0
as A = C=1?B = O So Ov阂〈亨.
and (?) + (y) +(：)>0

(b) For C being a hyperbola:
i.e. circle type n real circle
△ >0 => 5k2 -4 > 0 and k.2
(e) 6x2 - xy - y2 - x + 3y -2 = 0
△ = B2-4AC = (-l)2-4(6)(-l) = 25 >0

i.e. hyperbolic type
6 -1 -1
0 2 2 I also (1 + k)x2 + kxy + (1 - k)y2
1 1 3 = 0 cannot be factorized linearly => not pair of st. lines.

~2 T 2
I
_ 1 3 _2
~2 2 ~ 1 (c) For C being a parabola:
=> two intersecting straight lines. I A = 0 and k^2 = 5k2 - 4 = 0 and k.2
\ n |对=罕
(f) 9x2 - 12xy + 4y2-3x + 2y-2 = Q

I 5
A = (-12)2 - 4 x 9 x 4 = 0 , parabolic type. I And not pair of st. lines as (b)
I
9 -6f
(d) For C being a circle:
But -6 4 1 I A<0 and A = C and k^2

=0
f —2
1 n 1 + k = 1 -k and 0 < |A;| 0

i.e. hyperbolic type
as A + C = 0 and
3 4 2
4 -3 1
2 1 3
n rectangular hyperbola.
192
Miscellaneous Exercises on Two-dimensional Coordinate Geometry
I 》
My _q)2 + 2(]_p)2
Given line y = mx + c touching ellipse
[=p2(y - q)2 + q2(x - P)2 + 2pq[qx - pq-xy + py]
E'-i+i =1
I = p2y2 + q2x2 - Ipqxy
I
if and only if c2 = a2m2 + b2 'a2(y-q)2 + b2(x- p)2 = (qx-py)2
So, for point P(p, q) with p2 A q2 and I which is the desired equation.
I
b2p2+ a2q2> a2b2
1 2.
I
i.e. E + %> 1 n P outside E 1 Let F(，，；)where f。0 be any point on hyperbola
az b2-
Suppose two tangents drawn from P to E are ；H :xy = 1
y = mxx + cx 1 1 Normal at P meets curve H at Q

\ by substituting point P (p, q) I
y = m2x + c2j I
I (a) For xy = 1
[Q =农 1P + C1 dy _ -y
i.e. <
[q = m2p + c2
1 Slope of normal at P = = y = f2
So the pair of tangents may be written as I x p P 1
(y -m^x- - m2x - c2) = 0 .......... (1)
I 1
i y—?
where c2 = a2m2 + b2 = {q - mp)2 Equation of normal at P is -—- = t2
(fl2 - p2)m2 + 2pqm + (Z?2 - q2) - 0 ' 2 3 1

I or tzx-y = t ~ ~
with roots m2 such that
While meeting with H again, by substitution > =(
f , -2pq
such that
Hencewisely, equation (1) becomes t^x2 - t = (Z4 - l)x
[y - - (^q - - m2x - (q - m2p)] = 0 r3x2 - (t4 - i)x-1 = 0

_ (卢一1)±』。4一1)2 + 4卢 _ (卢一1)±(卢+1)
[y-m^x- p)-q][y- m2(x - p) - q] = 0
勺= 2? _ k
y2 + mxm2{x-p)2 + q2 - + m2)y(x - p) - 2yq
Xq = t (rejected) or
+(皿 + 仞 2)q3 — p) = o
y2 + (x- p)2mim2 + q2 - 2yq +
(mi + m2)[q(x - p) - y(x - p)] = 0

So, slope of tangent at P = y
"+ (x _ p)2[井罚 + q2_ 2yq
+ ]^^][q(x_p)_y(sp)] =0 slope of tangent at 2 = —I = % = -t6

x \q
[y2 + q2-2yq][a2-p2] Provided they are equal (i.e. parallel tangent) if and only
if
=2pq[qx -pq-xy + py] - (x - pf (b2 - q2)
(y - 0)2(q2 - p2)+ (x-p)2(b2 - q2)

Z8 = 1
=2pq[qx- pq-xy + py]
t = ±1
193
(b) If，。±1 , then two tangents will meet while WYb = 1「1 1 ]
2 一元"V] Wi_l
equation of tangent at P is
=+>1-31-光)_
2(叫-力)
or t2y + x = t + t = 2t ... (1) Therefore F (x 】，)】) is the mid-point of A(xa,滁
Equation of tangent at Q is
and B(xb, yB).
1 K
(b) Area of \OAB

or +y = 一 (户 + 户)= -2r3 ...⑵
=ÔAxOB (since OA.LOB)
(1)-"(2) : (l-r8)x = 2t + 2t5
_ 2r(l+") 2t
1-r8 =M
)
By substitution y = 一 2封一
_ -2户+ 2"-2Q —2Q

1-r4 ■
Hence, the point of intersection is "了
-卢' i-t4)
i (c) Equation of tangent at P: xx{ -yyr = 1
I
1 when y = 0, xD =—
i 叫
Given rectangular hyperbola H: x2-y2 = 1
Equation of normal at P:
Tangent at P meets asymptote of A, B,
I V-Vi = 2
meets x-axis at D
I x-xx xx
Normal at P meets x-axis at E
i + w = W1+W1 = 2 1>]
I
Equation of asymptotes: 工
3
1 - 1
= o When y = 0, 二 2xl
fx-y = 0
i.e. < So, for P not on x-axis, i.e. y】。0 (or E exists)
[x + y = 0
OD x OE = xD x xE —• 2 1 = 2 sq. units
xi
工
(a) For x2 - y2 = 1
dy = x
dx y I Given parabola P : y2 = 4ax
Equation of tangent at P is
(a) At point Q(at2, 2at) and
厂力=m
x — xi 一为
dy _ 2a
dx y
2 2 1 -1
or xx^-yy^ = -yr = I Slope of normal at Q
dy ~ 2a Q*
While meeting with y-x = 0 or y = x dx Q
xx x - xyx = 1 Equation of normal at Q:
2at = _t
x - at2
tx + y- 2at 一 at3 = 0
While meeting with y + % = 0 or y = -x
xx + xyx - 1
i (b) Circle with centre at C(h, k) is
_ 1
=“B
I (x-h) + (y-k) = rL
Where 峥' 1 Since it passes origin (0, 0), by substitution

2 2 一"力工1+* I (0-/z)2 + (0-^)2 =尸 2
Therefore, the equation of circle becomes

= '-‘2―T-1- = X1
2(明一) I x2 + y2- 2hx-2ky = 0
194
While it meets with parabola y2 = 4ax at three points i.e. discriminant = 0
2 (2mc + 2b)2 = 4(a2 + m2)c2
(atj , 2q"), i = 1, 2, 3
(me + Z?)2 = (a2 + m2)c2
. 2
i.e. , 2“)，i = 1, 2, 3 , are solutions of
m2c2 + b2 + Imbc - a2c2 + m2c2
(y2 = 4ax a2c2 - 2mbc - b2 = 0
[x2 -by2 - 2hx - 2ky = 0 _ 2mb ± 7(4m2Z>2) + 4a2b2
C = 2^
By substitution,
^ + y2_2h[^-2ky = 0 I _ mb ± bjm1 + a2
I = 0
Therefore, the pair of tangents with slope m is

y4 + 16a2y2 - Shay2 - 32a2ky = 0
I 「 mb + bjm2 + a2~\「 mb-b Jm2 + a2~] n
"0 for points other than origin, ； ------------ 0—----------- 0―J = 0
j3 + (16«2 - Sha)y - 32a2k = 0

'y2+心2+砂土空』qg-涔+坦竺=0
(2atf + (16«2 - Sha)(2att) - 32a2k = 0 1 a4 a2 a2
I
3
1 a2y2 + a2m2x2 -b2 - 2a2mxy - 2mby + 2m2bx = 0
att + (2。一 Zz)2" - 4上=0
(a2y2 - b2) + m2(a2x2 + 2bx) + m(- 2a2xy - 2by) = 0
3
att = 2hti-4ati + 4k (tz2x2 + 2bx)m2 - (2a2xy + 2by)m + («2y2 - Z?2) = 0
1
2 1 (b) Let P be (/i, k), then for drawing 2 perpendicular
(c) Equations of normals at , 2q")
1
1 tangents to (K), then m and - = are roots of the equation
3
txx + y - 2at^ - at^ = 0
1 from (a) i.e.
3
t2x + y - 2at2 - at2 = 0 (a2h2 + 2bh)X2 - (2a2hk + 2bk)X + (a2k2 - b2) = 0
2
t3x + y- 2at3 - at3 = 0 with unknown X and
1
I / 1x a2k2-b2
3 1 次 3)= T =币矛
11 1 — 2at i — at [
3 or a2k2 -b2 + a2h2 + 2bh = 0
While 「2 1 — 2at2 — from (b)
I
a2h2 + a2k2 + 2bh - b2 = 0

必 1 - at3 - at3
3
1 Therefore, equation of locus of P is
11 1 | — 2/if | — 4k a2x2 + a2y2 + 2bx - b2 = 0
—I? 1 2 at 2 — 27z^2 — 4k
=1
13 1 「
2q 3 — 2/1Z3 — 4k
人2 。2
=1
tx 1 2atr I
2 或2 |
I tx 1 -2htr I I
| ‘2 1 —2龙，2 | | ‘2
1 一 4k
1 —4k
3’ F- 2
1 which is a circle.
‘3 1 2[，3 | | 1 -2/z，3 | "3 1 —4k 1
1 6.
=0 + 0 + 0 (•.• identical columns) 1
=0 1 Given a rectangular hyperbola (H): xy = c2 (c > 0)
1
i.e. Three lines are concurrent. 1
1 (a) Let P(xp》i)be a point on (H).
: 坐=卫
Consider conic (K): a2x2 + y2 + 2bx = 0 where a, b are I dx x
non-zero constants. 1 Equation of tangent at P is
L =兰
(a) If y =心 + c is a tangent to (K), then by substitution I x — xi 一明
a2x2 + (mx + c)2 + 2bx = 0 ，1工 + %1，=尤1'1+工1>1 = 2尤1>] = 2c2
(a2 + m2)x2 + (2mc + 2b)x + c2 = 0 yrx + jqy = 2c2

with equal real roots
195
(a) Equation of line is
(b) Let A(cs, |), B(ct, ^), s,t>0
y-q
-—-=m
be two distinct points on H, i.e. s.t x-p
Two tangents at A and B meet at Q (Xq, or mx-y-mp + q = 0
by substitution into (E) such that as
(i) Equation of tangent at A is (from (a)) y = mx - mp + q
+ csy = 2c2 ........... (1) that 胃 +
a2-
(心-曾
b2
0)2 =]
i
Equation of tangent at B is
b2x2 + a2[m2x2 + (mp - q)2 - 2m(mp - q)x] - a2b2 = 0
+ cty = 2c2 .......... (2)
(Z?2 + a2m2)x2 - 2a2m(mp - q)x + a2[(mp - q)2 - b2] = 0
While they meet, with roots x2 such that
r(l)-5(2), we get
xl + x2 2a2fn(mp q) _ a2m(mp q)
(?号& = 2c2(t-s) 2 2(Z?2 + a2m2) a2m2 + b2
y = mx - mp + q
2c2st(t-s) lest
XQ = ^-.2)=曲 >1+光 m(xi + x2)
—- ---------mp + q
—
And, by substitution 2
y _(2—2c2一斋] a2泌—
云~~
a2m2 + b2
(mp - q) [a2m2 - (a2m2 + b2)] _ 一b2(tnp q)
功-— 一
一
^ct + cs - ct 1
=2----------- - -- =------
2c a2m2 + b2 a2m2 + b2
t+S S t+S
(b) Set mid-point R of PQ, i.e.
Hence Qx =(―
Ks + t ,s—
+ t).
J
(ii) Suppose AB 1.0Q produced While from (a),
c _c
_ t s _ -1
Slope of AB
Ct 一 cs ts
Slope of OQ =
Substitute into previous equation as
S。,(为白=T
可瓮)(哉p*)
°S)2 = 1
St = ±1
but, s,t>0 => st = 1 . _ 一。2》2知(一b2.Rp a2%q) 一
Hence, "=气
a2b4x^ + b2a^y^
_ XrSp—r + a2q—R)
_
2c _
改=7T7 =勺
+ a2y^
i.e. locus of Q is the line x = y with s>0, t>0 i = ^ = A+ag
and end points (0, 0) and (c, c) deleted since
XR b2x^ + a2y^
end point (0, 0) <=> 5 = 0 b2pxR + a2qyR = b2x^ + a2y^
(c, c) = s = 1 = 1 The locus of R is then

A, B coincide b2x2 + a2y2 - pb2x - qa2y = 0
Z?2(x2 - px) + a2(y2 - qy) = 0
Let A(p, q) be fixed point outside ellipse (E): Z?2 卜 _ 2(钟 + g] +。2卜2 _ 2(扮 +
b2p2 -2q2 = o
4 4 一
Straight line passing through A with slope m meets (E) at
2 2
P(X1，V1),。(粉 >2) 4Z?2(x- + 4a2(y - |) = b2p2 + a2q2
196
8. (c) By (b),
2。（吕）_ Jl
f _ i-f2
2atxt2
yT = “2 —上)(1+，1：2) d）（i+m 一 …
x — T+^
Defining unit circle <
2t
P=E •••(I)
P(a, 0) 0<a< 1 2
2q(^2)
Xt _ 成2(1—，1)_，2 —。1，2)上
Line HK with slope m
yT ~ 一 2(冷2)
=知-(+)上=(a+l“2 —(。一1)，1
2(名) 2(q— 1)
=)+ 31+W 二号+ G

(a) Slope of HPK = m
一 2(a-l) 一 2(a-l)
注 0
1 +t2
=m 冲=a
a+ ,。1 +处)攻
顽e
-—
—-a
1 +t2
(2xt - a)(a - 1)
ty +
1 2
=-------------
攻
...⑵
From (1), (2),

2t = m - mt2 - am - amt2
°2i)2 =。] + *)2 — 每色
m(a + l)t2 + 2t + m(a - 1) 0
；••• 仰
' + *2 =-湍刊
tvt2 =色二牛 I a2 -1 = (2冲一&)2(口2 一 ])一 4^；

12 a+ 1
! =(冲蜀 )2。2_ Dr；
(b) Let Tbe (xr, yT).
: =(叼蜀 )2(]
Slope of PT = slope of KO =—
XK I
I 二 equation of locus of T:
Equation of PT, by point-slope form
y- 0 _ 2也 I (1 -a2)(x-^)2 + y2 =
x~a 1 -r22
l
2t2 1 9.
y —(x-a)
=— i
1 ~h I (a) For conic 2(x-y)2 + 7x-y + 11 = 0
While meeting with line OH, thus 2x2-4j;y + 2y2 + lx-y + 11 = 0

2t2(xT-a) fyH\ A = B2-4AC = (-4)2-4(2)(2) = 0
= UJ- 1 First rotate conic through 0 where
2t2(xT - a) 2t} cos 20 = 0 for A = C = 2
: e=
2、 1
‘2（1 1）（冲一。）= ，l(l 一必 )%T
1 f sine =
2
。顷 l "l ) 1
Xt = 9 1 <
f(l "2 ) + 顷1 -。)
I COS0 =
I I
-/i 2、
。顷1 -上)
The conic equation becomes
(t2 - ^) + txt22 一顷1
2
1 2(xcos0 - y sin0)2 - 4(xcos0 - y sin9)(xsin0 + ycosO)
。顷 1 一)
+ 2(xsin0 + ycos0)2 + 7(xcos0 - y sin0)
(如一，1)(1 + 甲2)
1 - (xsinO + j^cosO) + 11 = 0
By further substitution, 1
1 (x - y)2 - 2(x-y)(x + y) + (x + y)2
2 Q Z*] 12 1 7 1
T~^"T ~ 。2-，1)(1+仕)
1 +4(sy) —土 ("力 + ll = 0
I 72 72
197
4" +成3一')一会"+ >)+ 11 = ° 1 So, the conic equation becomes
i 5O(xcos0 -y sin0)2 + 28(xcos0 -ysin0)(xsinO + ycosO)
4^2y2 + 6x- 8^ + 1172 = 0 4- 5O(xsin0 + ycos0)2 - 576 = 0
4^(/-72y) = -6x-U^2 [ 25(x - y)2 + 14(x - y)(x + y) + 25(x + y)2 - 576 = 0
4按[y 一季]二 4a/2(^) - 6x — 11 ^2 I 64x2 + 36/ -576 = 0

i 16x2 + 9,2—144 = 0
: 5 = 1
9 16
which is a parabola by further translating origin to I which is an ellipse.

1 The sketch of the ellipse is:
[3 龙虫)
The sketch of curve is

(Equation of line of symmetry in the original coordinate
system is x-y + 1 = 0 )
； 10.
I Given an ellipse (E): W + 绪 = 1
I a2 bz
I
(a) If a tangent y = mx + c is drawn from a point

(b) For conic (E) 1 Q(h, k) to (E) then by substitution
I
50乂2 + 2" +50" + 1507^ + 427^ — 351 = 0
| 至 + (心+ C)2 _ 1
A = B2-4AC = (28)2-4(50)(50) = -9216 <0 I a2 b2

* b2x2 + a2(mx + c)2 = a2b2
Elliptic type
(Z?2 + a2m2)x2 + 2mca2x + a2(c2 - b2) = 0
First translate axes from origin to point (/?, k) where
which possesses equal real roots,
\ _ 2(50)(150^)-(28)(4272) _ -3^2
一 -9216 一 1 discriminant = 0
i.e.
I 2
k _ 2(50)(42
r _
孩)-
(28)(150
=9216
孩)-_ Un I (2mca2) = 4(b2 + a2m2)a2(c2 - b2)
I a2m2c2 = (b2 + a2m2)(c2 - b2)

Therefore, the conic equation becomes \ C2 =空+ 暨)=b2 + a2m2
50" _ 孕) 2 + 2*_ 孕)(力 * 5o" I + a」* -
I
I But put point 2 on y = mx + c
i.e. k = mh + c or c = k - mh
I
50x2 + 28” + 50" + 225 -450-351 = 0 So, (k - mh)2 = b2 + a2m2
5(h：2 + 28” + 50y2 一 576 = o k2 + m2h2 - 2mhk = b2 + a2m2
1 m2(a2 - h2) + 2hkm + (Z?2 - k2) = 0

Then rotate the axes through 0 when I
l
cos 20 = 0 as A = C = 50
i (b) The lines Lr: y = mxx + c1 and
i
i L2: y = m2x + c2
i
sinO = -^ = cos0 I make equal angles with Line (L) y = nx
198
Then tana = |*1| = |土1| (b) If P]P is a tangent to (//), then equal real roots for (a)
11 + 11 + m2n] i.e. discriminant = 0
/ - h A2
-。 2)] = 4(xy - c2)(x1y1 - c2)
+ mxn) + m2n J
- w)2(l + w2m)2 = (〃2 — ")2(1 + m/)2 :坦 _。 2)= (xy-c2)(x1y1 -c2)
[(7W] - ")(1 + 所 2〃)]2 —[(山 2 - ")(1 + 秫1〃)]2 二 0

2222/4。 / 2 . 2
I x yx +y + 4c + - ^xyxc - 4yxxc
[秫]+ m1m2M -n — m2n^ — m2 一 m^m^n + n + m^n^]
=
A A 4 A 2
+ 4c - 4c xxyx - 4c xy
A 2
-[m{ + mym^n -n- m2n2 + m2 + mim2n -n- m^2] = 0
x2yj + y1 x{ - 2xyxxyx - 4<?2[xy1 + yxx -x^y^ - xy] = 0
[(«?] - m2) + (ml 一 m2)n2]
2 2
(工1)-巧1)-4c [(x-x 1)>1-〉3-％1)] = 0
-[(m1 + m2) - (Wj + m2)n2 + 2n(m1m2 - 1)] = 0
2 2
1
(工〉_冷 1)+ 4c(X —工1)3-力)=o
(/??] -m2)(l + n2)
• [(m】+ 秫 2)(1 - 温)+ 2〃(农]用2 - 1)] - 0

For ellipse (E): 三 + % = 1
.♦. (秫]+ 秫 2)(1 一〃2) + 2〃(农]质2 - 1) = 0 asm]。农2 az b1
While line hx + ky = 1 by substitution
(c) Given as (b)
£>2.2 + .2(1%竺)2 - q2£j2
Let m1, m2 be slopes of Lx and L2
i.e. roots of quadratic eq. in (a) or b2k2x2 + a2(l - hx)2 = k2a2b2

(a2 - h2)m2 + 2hkm + (Z?2 - k2) = 0 i.e. (b2k2 + h2a2)x2 - 2a2hx + (a2 - k2a2b2) 二 0
m{+ m2 =
2hk hx + ky = 1 is tangent to (E)
a2 h2一
A (~2ha2)= 4®k2 + h2a2)(a2 - k2a2b2)
mxm2 b2-k2
a2 - h2 a4h2 = (b2k2 + h2a2)(a2 - k2a2b2)
Substitute into (b) giving 0 = b2k2a2 - k4a2b4 - h2k2a4b2

b4k4a2+k2h2a4b2 = k2a2b2
(1 — 〃2) '-2hk ' + 2n
打-'
=0
a2 - h2_ a2h2+ b2k2 = 1
(1 - n2)(-2hk) + 2m[(Z?2 - k2) - (a2 - h2)] = 0

(b) Given another ellipse (矿)： R + J = 1
nh2 + (n2 -\)hk- nk2 + n(b2 - a2) = 0
Similar as before for the line
Replace (/z, k) by (x, y) giving locus of P: hx + ky = 1
nx2 + (n2 - 1 )xy - ny2 + n(b2 - a2) = 0 being a tangent to (E‘)that the "iff' condition is
b2h2 + a2k2 = 1
So, for common tangent to (E) and (矿)， we have

Given P^Xy,山)a fixed point and (H): Hyperbola
a2h2 + b2k2 = 1 . .. (1)
xy = c2 (c > 0)
a2k2 + b2h2 = 1 .. . (2)
P.Q
(a) Given — = k . Let Q be (xQ, yQ), (1) a2 - (2)Z?2 : a4h2 - b4h2 =a2 - b2
h2
_ a2 - b2 _ ]
r kx + %, a4 - b4 a2 + b2
,勺= ITT =+ ]
then < h
ky + yx
[yQ = ITT Ja2 + b2
—
Similarly, k = ± .-—
Substitute into (H) giving
(奴 +工出*'+ 方)-。 2(*+1)2 Hencewisely, the equations of common tangent are
1 , 1 1
xy + + yjq) + 1 = c2(k2 + 2k+ 1) ± . x ± . ........ -y = 1
砂尤]>
Ja2 + b2 Ja1 + b2
(xy - c2)k2 + 2^—-^-— - c^k + - c2) = 0 [x + y = ±Ja2 + b2
i.e. < ______
ix-y = ±Ja2 + b2
199
13. ① by direct substitution of xT and yT
Given H（a cos 0, a sin 0）, K（a cos a sin（|）） a2（sin0 - sin（|））2 Z?2（cos（|）- cos0）2
2
points on circle （C）: x2 + y2 = a2 a2sin （0 -（|）） Z>2sin （0 - 0）
Given P（a cos 0, Z?sin0）, Q（a cos（|）, Z?sin（|））（sin0 - sin（|））2 + （cos（|）- cosO）2 = 2 sin （9 -（|））
2
points on ellipse （E）: E + ¥ = 1 2 2 7 2

（cz > Z? > 0）（sin 6 + cos 0） + （sin 8 + cos（|））
a2 b2
Tangents to （Q at H, K meet at S 2
一 2[ cos。cos。+ sin Osin 们 =: 2sin （0-（|））
Tangents to （E） at P, Q meet at T
2
2 - 2cos（0 - 8） 2sin （0-（|））
（a） For ellipse （E）:
2 - 2cos（0 -（I）） 2-2cos （。-8）
Slope of tangent =纭= -b2x 2

a2y cos（0 - 0） COS （0 - （|））
Equation of tangent at P, i.e. cos（0 -（|）） 0
y -bsinQ 一湖2cos。_ 一bcos6
or cos（0 -（|）） 1 => 6 =（|）or0 =（|）+ 27t
x-a cos 0 0
a2Z?sin0 a sin 0
which means P = Q （rejected）
7 .八 -b cos 0 A COS2。
y-bsmQ = ― x + . n Hence, cos（0 -（|）） = 0
asm 9 sin0
i n bcosQ , Z?cos20
y = Z?sin9----- x + —f （ii） Let S be （xs, ys）.
asm。 sin0
From the result of （b）（i） we have
Similarly, equation of tangent at Q:
2 2 （sin9 - sin（|））2 + （cos。- cos0）2~|
冲+ & =
y =》sin。—空x +皿
sin （6 - 0）
asinq） sin©
2 2cos（6（|））
So, to find point T of their intersection, by equating yT ,
i.e.
-1 - cos2（6 -（｝））■
7 . A Z?cos0 Z?cos20 7 . , Z?cos（b Z?cos2（b tz2 X j = 2a1

Z?sin0----- xT + ——— =》sin。-------------- xT +
a sin。1 sin0 «sin（|） 1 sin©
空—缥 =庭泣卜膈in° +人哄 3罕J Hence equation of the locus of S is
1 asmq） a sin 9 sin（|） sin0 x2 + y2 = 2a2
b 「sin。cos。一 cos0sin（|）] 14.

/t sin 0 sin（|）
Given a parabola （P）: y2 = 1 + 2x
2 2 2 2
sin（|）sin。一sin。sin© + cos（|）sin。一 cos Osin。
=b With polar coordinates
sin 0 sin （j）
origin T pole
_ a [sin。一 sin（|）]
Xt — sin 0 cos（|）- cos 0 sin（|）
x-axis T initial line
_ a（sin0 - sin（|））
=sin（6-（|）） \x = rcosO
i.e. <
[y = rsinO
2
Hence, 〃 =膈in。-空•
1 asinq）
近魏一，当）+ *
sin（0 -（|）） sin 。
by substitution into （F）:
_》（sin[cos（|）- cosOsinO）（rsin0）2 =1 4- 2（rcos0）
sin（|）sin （6 - 0）
r2sin20 1 + 2 , cos。
_ Z?（cos（|）- cos。）
sin（0 -（|））
r2 sin20 一 2rcos0 - 1 =0
So for S, take b = a , then

勺 _*（sin。一 sin,） a（cos（|）- cos。）、 '一
_ 2cos0 ± 74cos20
2sin20
+ 4sin29
-'sin（6 -（｝）） ' sin（。-（｝）））

_ 2cos—±2
2（1-cos26）
（b） Suppose T（xt, yT） lies on ellipse
1 ]
再二 which is then polar equation of （P）

=；-------- r or
1 - COS0 1 + cos0
200
(b) HK is a chord of length ? \伯.
i Given a curve whose parametric equations are
i f t
‘1 + ‘2 1 - cos。】+ 1 一 cos02 i —z
x =-—
. 1 +户
1 < where t^-1
§ = 1 +________ 1________ Ii p _ t2
= TT?
3 1 - COS0J 1 - COS(0! + 71)
i
n i + i
I and points P” P2, P3 on curve corresponding to parameters
3 1 - cos。】1 + cos。】
I
8 2 2 I
— ZZZ 1 — ■■一 ‘
3 1 - cos2©! sin2©!
(a) Equation of chord P1P2 , by two-point form

sin2©!=；
1 4
sin。] =
1 +r _ l+G 1+r:
工 fl _ 先
= 一§ (as S in 4th quadrant) 1 + r; 1+s 1 + fj3
(i + _，；(i +，：)-，：(i + 痔
S+兀渣
(1 + 顷1 + - 上(1 + f；)
While r} = -~- = ^- = 2 / 2
。2 一
2、 2 2 .
‘1)+ ‘2 上。1
、
一，2)
1 — COS 01 i 1
1-2 — 2 2~
。2 — 上)+ 欠2(上一，2)
二 1 =1=2 3 2 2 2
‘2 - 1 + cos。】-函一 3 (1 +上)y —h = +上一上为
(1 + r13)x-r1 1 一上顷上 + 处)
Hence H(2, 一?), —苧).
3 2 2 3
I (1 +七)。 1 +$2 — 万，2)工一(1 +上 )U +^2)]>
15. 2 2 3 2
I = ■]([]+为一，]，2)+，1，2(，1 +，2)—
Given a parabola (P): y2 = 4ax I
；= 11先一句七；+万七2(，1+12)
(a)华- M I 4
ax y I = +七奴
At point A(at2, 2at), I 3

I = (1 +)，1，2
Slope of normal = ^- = |^| I
~r
dx
u Hence
Equation of normal at A is I 2 2
。 1 + 处)尤一 [1 一 ‘1‘2('1 + '2)b = ‘1*2
胃=T
I 2 2
x-at2 I (宇 2 -，1--)1+[1-甲2。1 +，2)]"欠2 = 0
tx + y- (at3 + 2at) = 0 I
I
I (b) From (a), while tangency at point A is when P2 Px
(b) While the normal in (a) meet (P), I
I i.e. ^2 ~' t]
y2 = 4a[^(at3 + 2at-y)]
by substitution,
ty2 = 4a2r3 + Sa2t-4ay ； (r14-2r1)x + [l-r12(2r1)]}； + r12 = 0
ty2 + 4ay - 4a2t3-Sa2t = 0 . . . (1) I 3 3 9

♦101 -2)x-(l -2r1 )y+ r1 = 0
by testing y = 2at, that is the equation of tangent to curve at Px .
4a2?3 + Sa2t - 4a2r3 - Sa2t = 0 is true I
i.e. one root of equation (1) is real (c) For collinearity for points Px, P2, <=> P3 lies on
Hence, other root must be real chord P^P2 by substituting point P3 into (a)
i.e. the normal cuts the curve again at a point but with
discriminant = (4a)2 + 4t[4a2t3 + Sa2t] > 0
So, the other point must be distinct from A.
201
z 2 2 to Zo , c 2
($1 为一， 1 一，2)------- § + [1 —，"2。1 + 为)]-------- § + '1‘2 - ° and Xr = 2cf] -
1 +t3 1 +t3
2 2 2 3 2ctrt2
，3。1」2 —，1一，2)+，3〔1—，1，2(，1+*2)]+，1，2(1+，3)= °
h+t2
2 2 2 2 2
ri h
r3~ri?3"f2r3 + r3 一上 *2弓 Hence, equation (1) may be rewritten as
2 2 3
—‘1 ‘2 ^3 +，]，2 +，1，2,3 = °
2 2
，1，2,3(，"2-，"3-顷3 + ‘3)= 一— 上， 32勺 +，3)
+ 1)((3)。2— 马)=0
<=> = 一1，since 万，^，乌 are distinct.

2
R
4 +
1 2
R
o
一
4'
4 2% + = 6
17.
Given P^ctx, Q^ct2, , two points on hyperbola (H):
Hence, the equation of locus of R is
4.2 + y2 = 16c2
xy = c2, (c > 0), o 房 f ] A 0, * A 0
which is an ellipse, or in the form
+= 1
(a) Equation of chord PQ, by two-point form 4c2 16c2 •
_£ C _C
y 龙 _ 1] _ 处 I] _ —1 18.
X — C?2 C. — Ct? ^2(^1 —
x2 y2
Given an ellipse -4-^ = 1 (a> b>0)
x + txt2y = c(i] + r2)
focus F(c, 0), c = Ja2 - b2

For tangency, line at P, put Q — P
i.e. 处— I，by substitution F(X], Vi),。(工2, >2)are end points of a focal chord with
2 slope m.
x+ y = c(2î)
2
or x+ y = 2ctr (a) Equation of PQ is
y—0
2 ------=m
Similarly, equation of tangent at Q is x + t2y = 2ct2 . x-c
y = mx - me
(b) If chord PQ touches ellipse 4x2 + y2 = c2 , then, by meeting ellipse at g Q
substitution by substitution
+t2)-tlt2y]2 + y2 = c2 b2x2 + a2(mx - me)2 = a2b2
2 2 2 2 2 2 (m2a2 + b2)x2 - 2a2m2cx + a2(m2c2 - b2) = 0
(4f"2 + l)y - Sctit2(ti + t2)y + 4c (/1 + t2) - c =0
xx + x2
2a2/n2c
With equal roots in y a2m2 + b2
i.e. discriminant = 0 with roots x2 where <
X ] X>2 =
a2(m2c2 - b2)
[8«"2。1 +，2)】=4(4上％+l)[4c (A+ 摄— c ] a2m2 + b2
161吉；01 + 方 =⑷ 12处2+1)[401+成一 1] Similarly, by another way of substitution
9 9 ? [力+乃 = + x2) - 2mc

0 = -4^ + 4(q + t2) - 1
[ = 秫尤]工2 2_ 山 2(工]+尤2)+ 山 2。2
2 2 ?
4上"-4。1 + 方 +1 = 0 .......... (1)
' 2b2mc
<，1+光=-苏孑
While let tangents at g Q meet at R (xR, yR), by
_ .4^2
elimination in (a)
2 2
、、 1>2 a2m2 + b2
31 ~h)yR = 2c0iF
_ 2c
202
(b) Let tangent at P meet normal at 2 at 7? (xR, %). 1 (c) If PQ is a variable chord, then m varies and as
2 2
While for ellipse b2x2 + a2y2 = a2b2 1 / + 乒 -1
dy _ Sx
2
dx a2y
Equation of tangent at P: i.e. 立+ 1
a2 b2
Di = dy -b2xx
2 2
x-x{ dx
or 竺
-----+1-02
-----------
+ c2)2 = 1
72 2 72 2 2 2 ⑴
b2
b xxx 4- a y^y = b x1 + a yx
i.e. the equation of locus of R is
Equation of normal at Q:
具 + 笔= 1 for A,B>0
y — y2 -1 A2 B2
x-x2 dy b2x2
dx where A = a
72 2 a2 + c2 a2 + a2 - b2 _ 2a2 - b2
a1y2x-b2x2y
-b 工2)2 + a 工2)2 . • ⑵I B ~~T~ = b = b
To find their intersection point R, by elimination
technique as i 19.
2 2 •X' OP cos(|) . . . (1)
b x2(l) + a》](2), we get ①
[b4x2xi+a4y2yi]xR
(a)
y OP sin(|) . . . (2)
=b2x2[a2b2] + a2yr [- b2 + a2]x2y2
a2b4x2 + a2(- b2 + <22)x2[y1);2]

b^x2xx +。纾?']
啊4工 + (- a2b2 +。4)电]

_____ 2 v 7 z a2m2 + b2
方4「。2(物 2c2 一力2) 4「-。板2
L a2m2 + b2 J a22mm22 ++ PJ
La
_「 a2b4(a2m2 + b2) + (- a2b2 + a4)(-b4m2) X 6>Pcos(0 +(|))

\_ b4a2(m2c2 - b2) - a4b4m2 X2
OP cos 8 cos 0 - OP sin(|)sin 0
a2b6 + a2b6m2
x'cos。-y'sinO from (1) (2)
-a2b6 - a4b4m2 + b4a2m2(a2 -
y = OPsin(0 +(|))
' b4m2 Z?4 + ~\
一 b4 - a2b2m2 + b2m2(a2 - Z?2)JX2
OP sin 0 cos 0 - OP cos © sin 0
y'cos。+ x'sin。 from (1) (2)
'Z)4(l + m2)'
cosO -sin0
rn,2) X2
一。4(1 +
0 =( sin0 cosO
二 -x2
i.e. p = MP'
And, by substitution into (1)
a2b2 - b2xxxR a2b2 + b2xxx2
yR a2yi
(ii) PTAP = (")
eno
府+萨[哗|宇]
_______________ 次次+ -2
=(ax + hy hx + by )「 )
光 aW + Pj = ax2 + hxy + hxy + by2
_ â2b2(a2m2 a2b2(m2c2 -
+ Z?2) + =ax2 + 2hxy + by2
-a2b4m2
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = c can be written as
F a4b2m2 + a2b2m2c2~\ ( 、
=L PTAP = C where C = (c)
P = MPf
a2 + c2
=>2 (MP,)rA(MP,) = C
(P,)r(MrAM)P, = C
a2 + c2 )
Hence, R is 一％，-- I . (F')TA'F' = C where Af = MTAM
203
Clearly A' is a 2 x 2 matrix since (iv) (P')TA'F = (16)
cos0 -sinO 2 2 n (P，)r (沁 P = 4
det M = 二 cos 0 + sin 0 = 1
sin 0 cos 0
导=W = 4
det A' = det ("AM)
10
=det MT • det A • det M = det A I
91" = 64
A，= MtAM ；
h2 = 27
(cos0 sin0 V a V cos。-sin0 )
I -sinO cosG JI h b JI sinO cosG J i h = ±3 a/3
< «cos0 + /zsin0 hcos0 + Z?sin9 V cos9 —sin。)

V -tzsinO 4- /zcosO -7zsin0 + Z?cosO A sin0 cosO ) 1
I
( «cos20 + 2/zsin0cos0 + Z?sin20 (Z?- a)sin0cos0 +/i(cos20 - sin20) I
\ (Z?-a)sinGcosG +/z(cos20-sin20) asin20 - 2/isin0cos0 + Z?cos20 ) *
For A' is diagonal matrix,

9 0
{Id - a) sinOcosO + /i(cos 0 - sin 9) = 0
0；。)sin26 + /zcos20 = 0
If a^b ,
2h 一。 I* T 2/z
tan20 = —r 0 = - tan —-
a-b 2 a-b
if。= n
/z cos 20 = 0 => cos 9 = 0
(b) lx2 + 2hxy + 13y2 = 16 can be written as
('项：b)Q =(i6)by(a)(ii)
This equation of this conic in system tz is

(P')TA'P' = (16) by (a)(ii)
7 0 13
/. by (a)(ii) A' is diagonal if tan29 =

7—13
A，= ( 0 :fore =事"吾
afb' = det A' = det A by (a)(ii)
(i) For ellipse,

a'b'>0 => 91 -/i2>0 n |/i| < 791
(ii) For hyperbola,

a'b'vO = 91—"vO = |/i|>791
(iii) For pair of straight lines,

o' = 0 or Z/ = 0
=a'b' = 0
=91-/z2 = 0
h = ±V91
204
14. Three-Dimensional Coordinate Geometry
| EXERCISE 14.1 1 Let = t, then

i
1.
1
I
l+4r
- ---- = 0
八
1 +t
2 2 2 2 2 2 I
sin a + sin P + sin y = 3 - (cos a + cos p + cos y) 1 i.e. t =
I 4
=3-1=2
S divides PQ externally in the ratio 1 : 4
I
Given the vertices of a triangle with points 1 4.

A(—1,2,3"(2, 1,3), C(3, 1,4) iGiven points A(2, 4, 3), 8(4, 1, 9), C(10, -1, 6)
By dot product formula, AB2 = (4— 2)2+ (1—4)2+ (9 — 3)2 = 4 + 9 + 36 = 49
cosC =
CACB AC2 = (10-2)2 + (-l-4)2 + (6-3)2 = 64 + 25 + 9 = 98
\ca\\cb\
； BC2 = (10— 4)2+ (—1 — 1)2+ (6 — 9)2 = 36 + 4 + 9 = 49

(-4i + j-k)-(-i-k)
J(—4)2 + (1)2 + (_1)2 • J(_l)2 + 02 + (_1)2
Hence AB = BC
(-4)(-1) + 0 + (-1)(-1)
718 a/2 1
1
and AB2 + 5C2 = 49 + 49 = 98 = AC2
5 1 By the converse of Pyth. Thm.,

6 ABC is a right-angled isosceles triangle.
1
1
1
Given points P(l, 8, -1), Q(4, -4, 2) and
:| EXERCISE 14.2
R on xz-plane => R(Xr, 0, zR)
S on yz-plane = 5(0, ys, zs) :1.

I —^ 一^ .
So that PQRS is a straight line taking the same direction ratio 尸]一, 2 lies on the required plane.
fact that
I -A —
1-4 = 8 — (—4) = -1-2 I It is perpendicular to r - n +0 = 0.
]-工夫 8—0 -]—Zr I
i
q
n is parallel to the required plane.
f _ 12 + 24 _ a
xr = ~n~ = 3 1 The normal vector of the required plane:
1
n i.e. R(3,0, 1) ； (宥 _ 3)x7
24-12 1
S = =1
Since P】lies on the plane, the required equation is:
and, similarly, for line PQS,
-3 = 12 = -3 ； (广一奇)・[(奇―才]= 0
]-0 一 8-，s - - 1 -z5 I
:2.
1 The vector perpendicular to normal vectors of (Tt】) and (k2)
。 a i.e. 5(0, 12, -2)
1
= -2
1 is xJ
1
pR The required plane is perpendicular to both (Kj) and
Let 切= r , by section formula, we have
； (兀 2 ).
1 +4r 分
—=3 I /. The normal vector of the required plane is parallel to
1 q
r = 2, I 4 X 叼.
I
. PR 2 。一—iK —X
炒 PQ = i I The required equation is (r - p0) - (hj x n2) = 0
R divides PQ internally in the ratio 2 : 1
205
So, angle between planes
Equation of plane containing the points (2, 2, -1), (3, 4, 2) =angle between their normals = 0 , say where
and (7, 0, 6) is (i + j + 2k).(2i —j + k) = 712+l2 + 22 722 + (-l)2+l2 cos 0
a -2 y-2 z+1 2-1+2 = ^6 ^6 cos 9
2 -3 2-4 -1-2 二 0
COS0 = I =
3 -7 4-0 -2-6 6 2
x-2 y-2 z+ 1
0 = (acute)
i.e. -1 -2 -3 =0
-4 4 -4
x—2 y-2 plane 1: x + y + 3z = 01
z+ 1 Given > plane 3 _L planes 1, 2
-1 -2 -3 =0 plane 2: 3x-2y + 4z = 0 J
-1 1 -1 I point A(l, 1, 1)
5x + 2y - 3z- 17'=0 i
(a) Direction ratios of normal of plane 3

i = direction ratios of normal of plane 1 x that of plane 2
Given points A(l, 0, 0), B(0, 3, 4) direction ratios of AB are ； =(i + j + 3k)x(3i-2j + 4k)
[1 : -3 : -4] i = 10i + 5j-5k
i.e. [2 : 1 : - 1]
For line with points C(0, 2, 0), 0(0, 0, 3) direction ratios
I
of CD are [0 : 2 : -3 ].
(b) Hence, the equation of plane 3 is (containing A)
: 2(x-l) + l(y-l)-l(z-l) = 0
Hence, for the plane containing A, B, direction ratios of the
normal are the vector product
2x + y-z-2 = 0
(i-3j-4k)x(2j-3k) = 17i + 3j + 2k
l
Thus, the equation of plane containing A, B is l 7.

The general equation of plane drawn through the line of
17x + 3y + 2z + E = 0
i intersection of planes x + 2y + 2z = 1 and
Subst. A(l, 0, 0), x + y-z+ 1 = 0 is
17 + 0 + 0 + E = 0=>E = -17 I (x + 2y + 2z- 1) + k(x + y - z + 1) = 0
Hence, equation of plane is I (1 + + (2+ 幻 y + (2—幻z + (k — 1) = 0
17x + 3y + 2z- 17 = 0 its distance to point (4, -2, 1) = 1
Also, the perpendicular distance between the plane and the I ie ±1 = 4(1+ 幻— 2(2 +幻+ (2-幻+ (S1)
line
1 _ J(1+幻2 +(2+ 幻2 +(2—幻 2
: 1 = (25)2
二 117(0)+ 3(0) +2(3)+ 7| = 11
7172 + 32 + 22 — 7302 I (1 +幻2 +(2 + ^)2 +(2—幻 2
i.e. required distance = ~^= units 3砂+ 2化 + 9 = 4砂+ 4S 1
a/302 1 砂+ 2S8 = 0
I
I 伐+ 4)(* —2) = 0 i.e. k = —4,2
5.
Thus, the equation of planes
Given points A(0, 1, 1), B(l, 3, 4), C(2, 4, 6), direction
I k = -4 3 尤一 2y + 6z-5 = 0
一
ratios of BC are [1:1:2]
or 3x + 2)- 6z + 5 = 0
Equation of plane through A with
I k = 2 => 3x + 4y + 0z+l =0
normaFs direction ratios as BC = [1:1:2] is
or 3x + 4y + 1 = 0
(i + j + 2k).[r-(j + k)] = 0
The two planes intersect at an angle 0 (same as that between
l(s0) + l(y-l) + 2(z-1) = 0
I two normals), where
x + y + 2z - 3 = 0
1 cos 。= (3i + 2j —6k)・(3i + 4j) = 9+ 8 +0
732 + 22 + (-6)2732 + 42 + 02 — 749^5
For the other plane 2x-y + z = 6 its direction ratios of
I n -117
normal are [2 : - 1 : 1] ' 0 = C0S 35
206
8. Thus let D = (0, 0, zD)
Given the plane ^ + ^ + | = 1 meets the axes of x, y, z at A,
； 73 = 7(1-0)2 + 02 + (0-zd)2
B, C respectively.
I 2
By intercept form, i 3 = 1+%
A = A(q, 0, 0), B = B(0, b, 0), C = C(0, 0, c) i
i zD = (taking +ve)
-- > i
direction cosine of side AB is
I i.e. D = (0, 0, 72)
「______ 0 - a___________ ___________ b - 0____ I
Lj(0 — .)2 + (> — 0)2 + 02‘ J(0 — a)2 +(A —0)2 + 02, I
I (b) For the normal vector to the face BAD
___________ 0-0___________ 1 I --- > ---- y
I = ABxAD
J(0 — a)2 + (b —0)2 + 02 」
\ = î-^j)x(i-72k)
=ol
L Ja2 + b2 Ja2 + b2」

| =争+孕j +典
-- %
Similarly, direction cosine of side AC is
direction ratios = [ V6 :3^2: 73]
=[2 :2^3 ： 72]

If ZA = 60° then cos A =:
I
1 (c) Similar as (b), direction ratios of normal to face ABC
While by dot product
(i.e. +ve z-axis) are [0, 0, 1].
—> —>
normal vector to face ACD = AC x AD
I
' =(-|i 一方)x (一 i+
! =_争+孚_务
direction ratios = [2 : -2^/3 : ^2]

(2a2)2 = (q2 + »2)(q2 +。2)
i — > —>
I normal vector to face BCD = BC x BD
3^4 = + c2a2 + a2b2
I =-他又伊-务+捉k)
Given AB CD is a regular tetrahedron with face ABC in jcy- I =-面+务

plane.
D on positive z-axis. Origin O is centroid of AABC direction ratios = [-2^2 : 0 : 1]
A = (1,0,0) I
I
(a) For xy-plane AABC is equilateral and O is centroid.
Therefore, OE = ÔA = ：, 0 = 30°

i | EXERCISE 14.3
i
BE = AEtanO = | tan30° = ； .二=# i 1・
2 2 73 2 * x-y + z = 2 . . . (1)
I 2x-y-z = 4 . . . (2)
；2x ⑴-(2):
I _y + 3z = 0=>y = 3z
I
1 Subst. y = into (1), we get x = 2 + 2z .
I
l . ^2 _ y-0 _ z-0
I ,• 2 一 3 -]
I When x = 0,字=-1
I 2
I y = -3, z = -1
i P(0, -3,-1)
207
(气 _ S _ c\
For the line 胃=穿=三 (L) T 一 l~M 二 M

2 1 -2 v 7 h
-2 -2 1 11
whose direction ratios are [2 : 1 : - 2] and a point on it be _冬一勺
-5 7 1
P(l,2,3)
i.e. [□] :bx : cr] = [-5:7:1]
So, direction ratios of OP are [1:2:3] and let direction
ratios of normal of required plane through O, P and
containing Lbe [a : b : c] such that
[la + b - 2c = 0
]q + 2Z? + 3c = 0
。2 b2 _ c2
1 T 2 | 一 | 2 T |
1 10 -8 |-87| | 7 10 |
—=* = __c
。182 =
b2 _ C2
9^ ~ 27
[a2 : b2 : c2] = [2 : 1 : 3]
7-8 3
While (tzj + blj + cxk) - (a2i + b2j + c2k)
Or, [。：。： c] = [7 : - 8 : 3]
； =(-5)(2) + ⑺⑴ + (1)(3)
By point ratio form, the required plane is
I = -10 + 7 + 3 = 0
7(x-0)-8(y-0) + 3(z-0) = 0
By dot product definition,
7x-8y + 3z = 0
i cos0 = 0
I . 丸
I i.e. 9 = - (angle between Lx and L2)
Similar to Q 2 above. I
For plane C containing origin O and line I
i 5.
SQ _ y_b _ z_c
I m n Let the direction ratios of L be [a, b, c].
| 7
i.e. point P(q, b, c) lies on plane C. .L meets the line x-1 = y + 1 =-
1 / 2
Let C be Dx + Ey + = 0 where I /. They are coplanar.
[Dl + Em + Fn = 0 1 -1 3-(-1) 2-0
I Da + Eb + Fc = 0 1 1 2 =0
a b c
D E F
m n n I I m 4 2
+
2 0 ,
b+
0 4
c = 0
b c c a a b 2 1 1 1
D E = F -k, say.
6a + 2b- 4c = 0
me - bn na - cl lb-ma 3a + b-2c = 0 ...(1)
Therefore,
k(mc - bn)x + k(na - cl)y 4- k{lb - ma)z = 0 i Similarly L anid x = are coplanar.
I
(bn - cm)x + (cl - an)y + (am - bl)z = 0 I 1-0 3 -(-2) 2-1
： 1 3 2 =0
b c
3x + 2y + z - 5 = 0 1 5 1
For lines :
x + y -2z-3 = 0 0 -2 1 = 0
勺：=。 a b
7 a — b — 2c = 0
c
...⑵
[7x + 10》-8z = 0 :by ⑴，（2）
Let direction ratios of Lx be [ax : bx : cj _ b _ c

and those of L2 be [a2 : b2 : c2] =3口
c
For L1 : <
「3。] + 2Z?] + C] = 0
=无
[Q] + 0]-2c] = 0
[a : b : c] = [2:4:5]
208
A B c
For the line L joining P(3, 1, 4), 2(-2, 6, 1) meeting the 1-3：
plane (兀): 2x + y-3z = 3 at Q.

A _B _ c
=27 = 9 ：
Assume two-point form of L as ■ 3
x-3 _ y— i _ z^4 _B _ C
^9 - 3 - T
3+2 1-6 ~ 4^1
.
i.e.
x-3
3 —=
y-1 z—4
=—=/ , say
7 And, as 7t2 contains point (0, 3, 5), by substitution
-5
A(0) + 3B + 5C + D = 0
by substitution in (兀)that
i.e. D = -3B-5C = -14C
2(5Z + 3) + (-5/+ l)-3(3/ + 4) = 3
Therefore the equation of n2 is
-4Z-5 = 3
I = -2 —9x + 3y + z + (—14) = 0
Therefore the point Q is 9x-3y - z + 14 = 0

(—10 + 3, 10 + 1, — 6 4- 4) — (—7, 11, —2). Alternative:
6x = 3y —9 = 2z—10 = = 二号
I
6 3 2
For the line of intersection L of the planes
The required plane contains 6x = 3y-9 = 2z - 10
[兀 1： x + y-2z = 1
[兀2 : 2x-3y + z + 3 = 0 and it is perpendicular to 2x + ly- 3z = 1 .
The normal vector of the required plane is:
with direction ratios [a : b : c] that L ± Kj and tc2's
normals, by dot product
a + b -2c = 0
6 3 2
2a-3b + c = 0
Equation of required plane
[r 一⑶ + 5k)].(|i—*：k) = 0
[6x = 3y-9 = 2z- 10 passes through 3j + 5k]

z9. 3 . 3]、「9 工 15 _ 八
r-(21_2J-6k) + 2+6- = 0
i.e. [a : b : c] = [1:1:1]
9x — 3y — z+ 14 = 0
Hence, equation of line passing through (2, 3, 4) IIL is
x-2 _ y — 3 _ z _ 4 . X+ 1
~T = ~T =— The required line cuts with = 2y-4 = z + 4
i.e. x-2 = y-3 = z-4 (i.e.匚户 '字=弓日)
They are coplanar.

Given line L: 6x = 3y - 9 = 2z- 10
1-(-1) 2-2 3-(-4)
plane : 2x + ly- 3z = 1
i : 1=0
Assume plane it2 : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
a b c
containing line L and at right angles to plane 兀】
where [a : b : c] are the direction ratios of the required

While for L:罕=罕二号
line
6 3 2
2(,幻+ 7(8 — ：) = 0
件+豚+扩= 0 _7
by perpendicular properties —tz + 5 Z? + c — 0
12A + 7B-3C = 0
7a-\0b-2c = 0
A + 2B + 3C = 0 It is parallel to n .
2A + 7B-3C = 0 a + 5b + c = 0 • . . (2)
209
7(2) - (1), we get 45b + 9c = 0 I i.e. [a : b : c] = [-1:3: 2]
5b = -c I Or, equations of L are
and a = -5b - c = c - c = 0 x-0 y—4 z-3 j
1 — = — = — = say
Hence, equations of line (required) are
z-3 \X = 1 And, let T be any point on L such that
si _ y_2
1 - M M [宇
o _ z-3 I T = (—/,3/ + 4,2/ + 3)
_ ~^5~
'as PT LL n (—/—1)(—l) + 3(3/ + 2) + 2(2Z) = 0
10. I Z+ 1 +9Z + 6 + 4/ = 0
； 14Z + 7 = 0
Given point P(-l,-5,-10)
x — 2, y+ 1 z一 2 i
Il l1 -
- ~2
1
line L: ------=-- ----- = ①-=/，say
3 4
plane 兀： x-y + z = 5 I So, required perpendicular distance from PtoL

1 = PT
Let L meet 兀 at Q, by substitution _ i
~2
(3/ + 2)-(4/-l) + (12/ + 2) = 5
=jG _ 1)2 + G _ 2)2 + (2 一 3)2
11/ + 5 = 5
I = 0 =J*+l
ie Q = 2(2,-1,2)
So, distance required = PQ
=^76 units
J(2+1注 + (—1+5)2+ (2+10)2
7169 = 13 units 1 Alternative:

\x+ y—7 = 1
11. Let L be the line: \ '
Given two straight lines [2x + z = 3
\x = ay + b [a : b : c] be the direction ratios of L .

x-b
L] : S
a _ 1
_ z-d
[z = cy + d c ai + bj + ck is parallel to
•X = py + q x—q y - 0 _ Z-S
<=> 1 1 -1 =i-3j-2k
L2 : P ~T~
z = ry + s
2 0 1
While
Put X = 0 in £ , we get
i.e. ap + 1 ■ 1 + cr = 0 z = 3,y = 4 .
ap + cr + 1 = 0
L passes through 4j + 3k
12. d = |i + 2j + 3k - (4j + 3k)| sinO
Given point P(l, 2, 3)
lineL f 1
[2x + z = 3
Assume line L with a point Q on it such that, by eliminating

z — (2y — 2z) = 3 — 2 = 1
3z-2y = 1
Take y = 4=>z = 3nx = 0
i.e. 2(0, 4, 3) on L
Also, take direction ratios of L as [a : b : c] that
：=units
a + b-c = 0 2
2a + 0 + c = 0
=> a = -^c and b = c-a = 3

2C
210
13. Clearly origin lies on both planes,
Given the lines (i.e. origin lies on the line)
t . s 1 _ " 1 _ z-2
r -0 = x h2) Vr g R
~r ~ ^2 ~ ~r
亳：：= y—l _ z+2 r = tg x it?) Vr e R
in which point F(l,-1,2) on Lx 1 —. -A. __ik __X

1 (b) pg lies on r • + = 0 and r • h2 + X2 = 0
Q(0, 1, -2) on L2
p° . n [ + 人]—0 •..(1)
Therefore for the plane containing L2 i.e. containing
...⑵
PQ too and the normal of plane Po . "2 + 人2 = O
=(i-2j + 3k)xPg (1) X 〃2 -(2) X :
=(i-2j + 3k)x(- i + 2j-4k) (PoF1)〃2 —(Po・〃2)〃1 —人 2〃]—人]

=2i + j
(n1 x n2) x p0 =人2勺_ 人]〃2 (P- 355 Algebra)
So, equation of required plane is
2x + y + 0z = D
16.
Substitute P(l, -1, 2) such that
Given lineL:亨=H M
2—1=0 I m n
Hence, the plane is
plane 兀：Ax + By + Cz = D
2x + y-l = 0 .
If L lies on it, then point (a, b, c) on 兀， too
14. I i.e. Aa + Bb + Cc = D
For (£]) is parallel to (L2),勺 =kv2 for some non-zero

and (Zi + mj + 〃k) • (Ai + Bj + Ck) = 0
Al 4- Bm + Cn = 0
constants k.
—X —X
i.e. V] X 口2 - 0 I 17.
"6 = y-3 z-2
Furthermore if they are not coincident, then the distance I Given lines Lx : 3 - 2 "T~
between pr and (L2) 0.

5x + 4y + 7z-26 = 0 ...⑴
〔Pi - /?2| sin0 A 0 乙2： 2x + 3y + 2z - 11 = 0 • . . (2)
1 For L2 with a point P on it such that, by eliminating

（Pl-P2）Xpzj 0
1 2(1)-5(2) , we get
（冗―元）'商。3 (—7y) + 4z + 3 = 0
（无-元）X有沽（•.• Take z = 1 , we get

v1 = kv2)
y = l=^x =--
1 —
—
矿—
ll—3y —2z
(b) Similarly, the condition for coincident,七 =kv2 and

i.e. P = (3, 1, 1) on L2
the distance between px and (L2) = 0 .
Also, take direction ratios of L2 as [a : b : c] that
=> Vj x v2 = 0 and (p〔 - y?2) x 七二0
5a + 4b + 7c = 0
2a + 3b + 2c = 0
15.
The line of intersection lies on r • = 0 and a b c
T7 T~5 TT
3 2 2 2 2 3
a c
The line of intersection is perpendicular to nx and ^13 7
n2 . i.e. Equations of L2 in symmetric form are
x_3 _ y- 1 _ z- 1
/. The line of intersection is parallel to n1Xn2. K = ~T~ =
211
Now, to prove Lp L2 are coplanar i.e. to show L1, L2 meet L2 meet at i - j + 2k (or (1, -1, 2))
x—6 _ y-3 z-2 j Normal vector of plane contain L2

3 =~ 1
； i j k
x- 3 _ y - 1 z-1
=~y~ = rn I = 3 2 1 = — 17i+ 18j + 15k
K _ ~T~
1 3 7-5
'3/ + 6 = -13m + 3 ... (T) i
I The equation of plane:
So, b/ + 3 = 4m+ 1 . .. (2)
r-(17i-18j-15k) = X
J+ 2 = 7m+l ...(3) I i - j + 2k lies on the plane.
；(i-j + 2k)-(17i-18j-15k) =
2(l)-3(2), we get 3 = - 38m + 3 => m = 0, Z = -1
Subst. m = 0, Z = -1 into ( 3 ), 1 X = 17 + 18-30 = 5

i
(-1) + 2 = 7(0) + 1 i i.e. 17x—18y—15z —5 = 0
i
i.e. they meet.
；19.
Or, L], L2 are coplanar.
1 Given the lines 乙]: 15x = 5y =
Their common point is m = 0
I x-0 _ y-0 _ z-0 _
i.e. F(3, 1, 1). 1 3 5
And plane 71 containing L2 with normal vector by

亳： x + 2_y+l_z_
~T~ = ~4~ = 5 ：
(3i + 2j + k)x(—13i + 4j + 7k) = (lOi-34j + 38k)
For intersecting
i.e. normaFs direction ratios = [5 : - 17 : 19]
I = 3m - 2 ...d)
So, equation of n is 5^- Uy + 19z + D = 0
3/ = 4m - 1 • . . (2)
Subst. P(3, 1, 1), 15-17 + 19 + D = 0
51 = 5m • . . (3)
D = -17
Hence, required equation is I (2) - 3(1), we get 0 = -5m + 5 = 1,1 = 1
5x-17y+19z = 17. 1 Subst. I = m = 1 into (3),
! 5 ⑴=5(1)
18.
Thus, L2 meet at P
(x + y + 2z = 4 ... (1)
[3x-2^-z = 3 ...(2) \ i.e. F = (3-2,4-1,5) = (1,3,5)
I And, if L2 is the orthogonal projection of Lx on plane

2(1) + (2), we get 5x + 3z = 11 I
Take x = 1 , we get z = 2 i n : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Subst.尤=1, z = 2 into (1), we get y = -1 . then L2 on 7t => 3A + 4B + 5C = 0 .. . (4)
1- j + 2k lies on L2 . P on k => A + 3B + 5C + D = 0 . . . (5)
Moreover L2 is parallel to i (Lx xL2) ±7t

；=> [(i + 3j + 5k) x (3i + 4j + 5k)] • (Ai + Bj + Ck) = 0
i j k
112= 3i + 7j-5k (-5i + lOj - 5k) • (Ai + Bj + Ck) = 0
3 -2 -1 I -5A + 10B-5C = 0
L2 : i - j + 2k + r(3i + 7j - 5k) t g R A-2B + C = 0 . .. (6)

1 (4)-3 (6), we get WB + 2C = 0
乙 i : 4i + j + 3k + s(3i + 2j + k) s c R
I 5B = -C
When L2 meet,
1 hence A = 2B - C = 7B
i
'1 + 3l = 4 + 3s ...(3)
I i.e. [A : B : C] = [7 : 1 : -5]
<-l+7t = 1+25 ...(4) So, take A = 7, B = 1,C = -5 that in (5)
2 — 5t = 3 + 5 ... (5)
I 7 + 3 — 25+ 0 = 0
； Z) = 15
2(3)-3(4): 5-15t = 5 => t = 0, s = -1
Subst. t = 0, s = -1 into (5), Therefore, equation of plane n is
2- 5(0) = 3 + (-1) i 7x + y - 5z + 15 = 0 .
212
I EXERCISE 14.4 It is parallel to the line = y =。「1)
3 3
(1+幻(l)+(l+4 幻(；)+(1+3 幻(；)=o

(x- 1 = y+ 1 _ z-2
the plane contains < 3 2 2 *+ 1 +：+ k — 0
〔(1,1,3)
the plane contains
(l_l)i +(_l_l)j +(2 — 3)k = -2j-k
The normal vector of the plane
i j k
The equation of the required plane is
=0 -2 -1 = -2i-3j + 6k
1 1 [八
3 2 2 2X~^ ~ 2Z~ = o
The equation of the plane: i.e. x — 2)— z — 2 = 0

r • (2i + 3j-6k) = X
'：It contains i + j + 3k [or (1, 1, 3)] 4.
(a) Rewrite L2 to symmetric form:
X = (i + j + 3k)・(2i + 3j —6k)
=2 + 3-18 = -13 t • £^2 = y-3 =
1 ■ 1 - 2 - 3
The equation of the plane is
t . = y^. = z— ii
2x + 3y - 6z + 13 = 0 . 2. 2 _ 3 _ 5
2-4 3-6 3- 11
2.
Consider 12 3
Given two lines:
x-2 _ I _
z-4 2 3 5,
妇:
~r a ~T -2 -3 -8 0 0-3
1 2
x-0 z-2 — 1 2 3 — 二-3
乙2： ~r =二
'-1 — ~T~
1 2 3
2 3
2 3 5 2 3 5
Lp L2 are coplanar and Lx ± L2
L1? L2 are not coplanar.
2-0 4-3 4-2
= 1 a 1=0 (b) (i) (兀])contains (Lt) and parallel to (L2).
1 -1 b
The normal vector of (兀】)
and l(l) + o(—1) + 1(。)= 0
1 j k
n 2(ab +1)-(Z?-1) + 2(- 1-6!)= 0 and a-b - 1
=1 2 3 = i +j-k
(Z?-l)(2a-l) = 0 2 3 5
a = 1 +b Equation of (兀〔)is: r • (i + j - k) = X
n (Z?- 1)(2Z?+ 1) = 0
(兀])contains (妇)
n b = 1 or b = -^
[(2 + 0i + (3 + 2z)j + (3 + 3r)k]
Lp L2 are coplanar and Lx ± L2 if • (i +j-k) = X \/t

n X = 2 + 3-3 = 2
equation of (兀】)is x + y-z-2 = 0
(ii) (兀2)contains (L2) and perpendicular to
(兀 1).
The equation of the plane contains the line of intersection of normal of (ti2) is perpendicular to (L2) and
the planes x + y + z = 1 and x + 4y + 3z = 0 is:
normal of (兀】)
x + y + z - 1 + k(x + 4y + 3z) = 0 where SR
i.e. (l+k)x + (l+4 幻 y + (l+3 幻z—l = 0
213
/. normal of (tc2) is I (4x + y- 3z = 0
； 01)• [2x + 2y-5z = 6
1 j k
2 3 5 =-8i + 7j-k
Direction ratios of (。)are [1 : 14 : 6] from (*), put
1 1 -1
x = 0 in (£]), we get
Equation of (tc2) is r • (8i - 7j + k) = X
' P = 3Z ny=18,z = 6
(兀2)contains (L2)
[2y- 5z = 6
[(4 + 2f)i + (6 + 3t)i + (11 + 5z)k]
•(8i-7j + k) = X (£]) passes through (0, 18, 6).
=> X = 1
1 02)：r*_y+z = i
equation of(7t2) is 8x-7y + z-l 二 0 i 2 [10x + y-4z = -1
I
I Put x = 0 in (L2)，we get
(c) When (乙])intersects(7i2), I
i [ _ y + z =]
8(2 + 0-7(3 + 20 + (3 + 30-1 = 0
i < => y = -1, z = 0
i [y-4z = -1
— 3 — 3t = 0
I
t = -1 i 02)passes through (0, -1, 0).
(Zq) intersects(7t2) at (1, 1, 0). i
I /. The required plane must contain
； (0-0)i + (18-(-l))j + (6-0)k = 19j + 6k
5.
i normal vector of the plane
(a) Given point P(2, -2, 0)
: i j k
\x + 2y-3z = 4
line L < i = 1 14 6 = - 30i - 6j + 19k
[2x - 3y + 4z = 0
0 19 6
For line L with direction ratios [a : b : c] such that I Equation of plane:
r • (30i + 6j-19k) = X
a + 2b-3c = 0
I Since it passes through ,
2a-3b + 4c = 0 I
I /. X = (18j + 6k) • (30i + 6j- 19k)
a _ b _ c
LNE =108-114 = -6
1 The equation of plane: 30x + 6y - 19z + 6 = 0.
a _ b _ c I
n =无r
I
By general form, the plane containing P and
i 6.
1 Given two planes
perpendicular to L is
i 兀i : 2尤 + 3y — 2z = 5
(—1)(* —2) + (—10)(y + 2) + (—7)(z — 0) = 0
x - 2 + lOy + 20 + 7z = 0 兀2 ： x + 2y - 3z = 8
x+ 10y + 7z+ 18 = 0 i
1 (a) For plane Jt3 be Ax + By + Cz = D that contains point
4x + y-3z = 0 I (1, -1, 2) and is _L to and tt2 , i.e.

(b) Given I
2x + 2y - 5z = 6
(2A + 3B-2C = 0
.\Sx-y + z = 1 I [A + 2B-3C = 0
2 [10x + y-4^ = -1 I
I A = B = C
If L] and L2 are parallel, :
then the necessary condition is I
(4i +j-3k)x(2i + 2j —5k) i A = ? = Q
I -5 - 4 - I
=2i(8i-j + k) x (lOi + j-4k) for some X g R
So, 7t3 : - 5x + +z = D
i+ 14j + 6k = i(3i + 42j + 18k) ...(*)
1 Substitute (1, -1, 2) so that
L] IIZ>2 I —5— 4 + 2 = 0 = —7
214
Hence, the required equation of n3 is
3m 一 4〃 + p = 0
Hence
-5x + + z = -7 10m - 12n 一 9p = 0
or 5x-4y — z — 7 = 0
m n P
I -12 -9 I |-9 10 I I 10 -12 I

(b) Equation of plane k4 : Px + Qy + Rz = S that
m: n:p = 48 : 37 : 4
contains line of intersection of 兀】，兀 2 and is
Hence, required equation of straight line is
perpendicular to plane 2x + y-3z = 0 . i.e. y _ z-4
x+ 1 _
* ~ 37 - ~T~ .
(2x + 3y - 2z - 5) + + 2)- 3z - 8)二 0
(2 + k)x + (3 + 2k)y + (-2 - 3幻z + (― 5 - 8幻=0
where (2+ 幻 (2) + (3 + 2幻(1) + (-2 - 3幻(一3) = 0
(a) Given point P(l, 1, 1)
(For ti4-L2x + y -3z = 0 )
[♦ 了 x— 1 y—2 z—3
line L: = ^―— = ^―
2 3 4
4 + 2k + 3 + 2k + 6 + % = 0
13^+13 = 0 Let 71 : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 containing point P
and L
k = -1
(i.e. point (1,2, 3))
Therefore, required equation of tc4 is
i.e. A +B+C+D = 0 (1)
(2-l)x + (3-2)y + (-2 + 3)z + (-5 + 8) = 0 and 2A + 3B + 4C = 0 (2)
x+y+z+3 = 0 and A + 2B + 3C + D = 0 (3)
(3)-(1), we get B + 2C = 0
B = -2C
Z*2
(a) Subst. into (2), we get 2A = -3B - 4C = 2C
m1 〃i Pl m2 n2 P2
intersect, then they are coplanar. A = C
Cl | — a? bl~b2 C1 ~c2 Subst. into (1), we get D = - A-B-C
〃1 Pl = 0 =-C+2C-C=0
m2 "2 Hence Cx - 2Cy + Cz = 0

P2
x-2y + z = 0
Pi m\ Pl
= 1 -«2) -(b「 2）。 m2 P2
〃2 P2 Given plane passes through points
(b) 兀】:
F(0, 0,7),Q(0,-7,0),R(l,0,5)
plane tc2 : passes point (6, 5, 0) and has
(。1 -。2)(〃成2 - 〃2P1)+(：1 — b2)(Plm2 — P2ml) normal in [1:1:2]
+（C] - 知）（所1〃2 一秫2〃1）= ° For plane 兀】, its normal vector
=PQxPR
(b) For equation of straight line in symmetric form
=(-7j-7k)x(i-2k)
x-a _ y -b _ z-c
m n p =14i-7j + 7k
i.e. direction ratios [2 : - 1 : 1]
(i) it passes through point (-1, 0, 4)
therefore, angle between normal vectors of 丸】 and k2
i.e. we can put a = -1, b = 0, c = 4
-1 r 1(2) + 1(-1) + 2(1)
(ii) it is parallel to plane 3x-4y + z-10 = 0 =cos Ul2+l2 + 22722 + (-l)2+l2-
i.e. 3m 一 4〃 + p = 0
(iii) it intersects the straight line -12-1+2,
=COS [——]
x+ 1 _ y_3 _ z-0
~T~ = ~T = ~2~ —1 1
=cos (-) = 60°
i.e. from (a)
(-1 + l)(2n -p) + (0 - 3)(3/? - 2m) + (4 - 0)(m - 3n)二 0 i.e. angles between (丸】) and (tc2) may be 60° or
-9p + 6m + 4m -12n = 0 180°-60° = 120°
215
(b) For mirror image A' of A with respect to (兀) as
Given plane (兀) ：x + 2〉+ 3z-5 = 0 (p,q, r)
point P(3, 5, 2), 2(-7,-1,0)
and A'A = 2 x perpendicular distance of A to (兀)
as PA = [1 : 2 : 3]
7(2/)2 + (-Z)2 + (/)2 = 2x；2+；-6：
"22+ l2+ I2
r r 7
[for I =
p _-1 q—
—2 = -j-]
尸一3】
Substitute inplane(7t) that i Z —i 1
(/ + 3) + 2(2/ + 5) + 3(3Z + 2) —5 = 0 6/2 二坪
o
14/+ 14=0i
— : /2 =算= i n z = ±1
36
i.e. pointA = (2, 3, -1) 1
I / = In point A'i(3, 1, 4)
Similarly, QB = [1 : 2 : 3] 1
i Z = -1 => point A，2(—l' 3, 2)
知+7 + 1 切 i
12 3 J I
I
Check:
Substitute in plane (k) that i perpendicular distance from A\ to (兀)=乎
(m-7) + 2(2m-l) + 3(3m)-5 = 0

14m - 14 = 0 i perpendicular distance from A'2 to (兀) =^76 (rejected)
m = 1
i.e. A'(3, 1,4).
i.e. point B = (-6, 1, 3) I
i
And mid-point of AB = C = 1 11.
2 2 2 |
Given : plane x + y + kz = 0 where k is a real constant.
=(-2,2,1) ；
Let equationof line L required be I
■x + 2 _y _ 2 _ z - 1 I x = y
{
with direction ratios [1 : 1 : 0]
a b c 1 z = 0
I
where 0 = a + 2b + 3c ......... (1) (L is contained in (k)))
The planes containing the line above must possess
AB = [-8 : -2 : 4] = 0 = -Sa-2b + 4c ......... (2)；
normal of direction ratios [1 : - 1 : Z] for any real I.
(L.LAB) i
Since 1(1) + (-1)(1) + Z(0) = 0
(1) + (2), we get (-7a) + 7c = 0 => q = c
for perpendicularity.
Subst. into (1), we get 2b - - a-3c = -4 c = b = -2 c
So, if those planes cut 兀(幻 at an angle of 30° , then by
i
Hence [a : b : c] = [1 : -2:1] I dot product (i + j + kk) • (i - j + Zk)
• r • x+2 y—2 1 I
i.e. Lis — = ^- = — I =Jl2+l2 + k2 712+ 12 + /2 cos 30 0
I
I Hence, 1-1 + lk = (J2 + 碇)(」 2 + “)季
I
10. 1
I 4Z2F = 3(2 + 砂)( 2 + /2)
Given point A(l, 2, 3) and I
/2 =牛竺 20
plane :2x - y + z - 6 = 0
(兀)
k2 -6
(a) For equation of line passing through A and ± (tc) be Therefore k2>6
i.e. k> or k < -76
[g :。： c] = [2 : -1 : 1](・.・ L//normal of (tt)) (b) Two such planes are therefore
Hence, the equations are x-y + lz = 0

x— 1 _ y—2 _ z—3 . /6(F + 2) n
—=—=
216
12. In which equations (2), (4), (6) imply that the system of
(a) Given two planes I linear equations
7t1:A1x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0 i •X + k 1 z — 0
i
兀 2 : A2x + B2y + C2z + D2 = 0 i < x-y + k2z = 0
i
intersect at a line L I x + y + k3z = 0
Also, a line U :二二 not lying in \ with unknowns x, y, z has non-trivial solution
i (£, M, N).
兀 1，兀2 intersects L. Hence, it is possible to have a non- |
1 0幻
zero real number k, such that plane tc3 by 7ix + kit2 that
Hence 1 -1 k2 = 0
containing line Lf and L.
1 1 k3
i.e.兀3 : I
=> 一上 3 + 0+ 幻+ 幻一 *2 + 0 = 0
(Arx + Bxy + Cxz + + k(A2x + B2y + C2Z + D2) = 0 I
一 ’ I
2 幻-k2 -k3 = 0 ⑺
or (A] + + (8] + + (C] + kC 靛乙 \ From equations (1), (3), (5), we have

+ (。 1 + kD2) = 0 | j 1-W 7 V-U 7 U+V
kl = — k2 = k3 =
in which point (a, b, c) lies on k3
Substituting these into (7), we have
i.e. 1 n_(m)+ (胃)=0
(A] + kA，2)CL + (8] + kBjb + (Cj + kC?)。+ (Z)】+ kDj = 0 | ' w ' vw - 17 vw + 1 7
2(1 - ”)(w - l)(w + 1) -(y - “)(w)(w + 1) + (" + v)(w)(w- 1) _ q

and Lf _L normal of k3 w(w- l)(w + 1)
i.e. (Aj + kA2)l + (Bj + kB2)m + (Cj + kC^n = 0 2(1 - w)(w2 - 1) - w(v - w)(w + 1)
+ w(w + v)(w -1) = 0
(b) Given three lines:
w2[2 - 2u - v + u + u + v]
7 1 •. P" 1 = ° A 2 .• [X~y == 00 z 3 .• b+
" = 0
[x + y] == 00
乙
!
1 -2 + 2u + w(w - v - w - v) = 0
w2(2) - 2 + 2w + w(-2v) = 0
If the line intersects these lines
L M N w2 - vw + u - 1 = 0
I
at same time. 1
13.
By the result of (a), there exists non-zero real numbers
Given O be origin, P(a, b, c) for a, b, c points and M, N are
k{, k2, k3 such that 1
feet of perpendiculars from P to zx-plane and jcy-plane
1
for Lx: | respectively.
(a) M = (g, 0, c), N = (a, b, 0)
(1 + 0)w + (0 4- 0)v + (0 4- kx)w + (- 1 + 0) = 0
Equation of plane OMN is
u + krw- 1=0 .......... (1)
x-0 y-0 z-0
and (1+0)L + (0 + 0)M + (0 +幻)N = 0
0 — ci 0 — 0 0 — c = 0
L + kxN = 0 .......... (2) a-a 0-b c-0
for L2 : -bcx + acy + abz = 0

or bcx-acy - abz = 0
(1 + 0)“ + (—1 + 0) v + (0 + 上2)w + (0 —幻)=0
(b) Distance from P to plane OMN
w - v + k2^ - k2 = 0 .......... (3) 1
-||7(^c)
bca- acb - abc
2 + (-ac)2 + (aZ?)2|
and (l+0)£ + (—l+0)M + (0 + #2)N = 0
L-M + k2N = 0 .......... (4) abc

................................ units
for L3 :
Ja2b2 + b2c2+ a2c2
(c) Angle between OP and plane OMN is
(1 + 0)“ + (1 + 0)v + (0 + *3)vv + (0 + 0
q/?c|
妈)=
-1 |bca - acb 一
u + v + k3w + k3 = 0 .......... (5) 1 0 = sin
LJ (阮)2 + (_qc)2 + (-ab)2 Jd1 + 萨 + c2.
and (1+0)£ + (l+0)M + (0 + *3)N = 0 1

L + M + k3N = 0 .......... (6)； =sin
-1 abc
+ b2c2 + a2c2 Ja2 + b2 + c2.
217
14. Thus,
Given point P(-l, 2, 5) , plane A : x + y -3z-2 = 0 兀]: (1 — + (2 — 1 )y + (3 — 1 )z + (—3 + 2) = 0
Let equation of line L passing P±A as
x + 2y + 4z - 2 = 0
x+ 1 _ y -2 _ z-5
and
a =~b~ 一
丸 2： (l—2)x + (l — 3)y + (l — 5)z + (—l+2) = 0
While [a:b:c] = [1:1: -3]
x + 2y + 4z- 1 = 0
" x+ 1 _ y-2 _ z-5
值丁一丁一二T
；(b) Let plane tc3 containing Zp ± k2 be
T x+ 1 - y-2 _ z-5 _ J
(b) lci —— 一 —^― — — i, say
(1+幻x + (2 + 2 幻y + (3 + 2幻[+ (-3-4幻=0.
While intersecting at A, by substitution Then (1+幻 1 + (2 + 2幻 2 + (3 + 2k)4 = 0
(Z-l) + (/ + 2)-3(-3Z + 5)-2 0 13^+17 = 0
11Z-16 0 j _ -17
k =击
16 So,兀3 ： 13
Hence, point of intersection is TT
(1 一号 )1 + (2一普)y + (3 —普* + (— 3 +普)=0
(普- 1，普+ 2,兽+ 5) = (§,*,£)
— 4x — 8y + 5z + 29 二 0
(c) Equation of plane containing the line L and origin be ( 4x + 8y — 5z - 29 = 0
Ax + By + Cz = 0 I
i.e. point P on plane ； © Given // : orthogonal projection of " on tt2
n -A + 2B + 5C = 0 .......... (1) I i.e. l< is the intersection of plane N and tc2

and line L _L normal of plane
4x + 8y-5z-29 = 0 .. . (1)
=> A + B-3C = 0 .......... (2) 1
I x + 2y + 4z- 1 = 0 . . . (2)
A _ B = C |
春'"'普 : 4(2)-(1), we get 21z —4 + 29 = 0
z -25
i.e. [A : B : C] = [11 : -2 : 3]
~21
Subst. into (2), we get x + 2y-祟-1=0
So, required equation is 11% - 2y + 3z = 0
121
x + 2.y = if
15- d + 1 50
Given two lines Put x = 1, y =—
I (x + 2y + 3z-3 = 0 50 ,25
E /，. si f Z + 21
1 [x + 2y + 2z - 4 = 0 Let Z1 ：==
c
[4a + Sb-5c = 0
^x+y+z-1 = 0
where <
2 ' [2x + 3y + 5z-2 = 0 [a + 2b + 4c = 0
a b c
兀]: )containing n
(a) For plane > and II tc2
兀2 : containing Z2 J
[a : Z? : c] = [42 : -21 :0] = [2 : -1 :0]

So, 兀]: (x + 2y + 3z - 3) + + 2〉+ 2z - 4) = 0
兀 2 ：(尤 + y + z — 1) + Z(2x + 3y + 5z — 2)= 0 x = 1 + 2]
50
and
1 = 2 +2k = 3 + 2k Or, // : y =
亓一' for real t
1+21 ~ 1 + 3Z 一 1 + 51
-25
i.e. 2(1 + 21) = 1 + 3/ [from first equality]
TT
I = -1
and
2 +2k _ 3 +2k Similarly, l2 :
x+y+ = 0 . .. (3)
1-3 = 1-5
2x + 3y + 5z - 2 = 0 . . . (4)
—8 —8k = —6 —4k
(4) - 2(3), we get)+ 3z + 0 = 0
-2 = 4k
y = 一 3z
k = -l
Put in (3), we get x = 1 -y-z. = 1 + 2z
218
—25 2 2 1
Put z = — for convenience For line L: f+ ^""1 = ° y~3 Z~3
----- =-------
[x-y = 0 m n
1 50 _ -29
y = y and
-亓 -7T
1
\ I+m—n = 0
25 ,25 While J
Let L :―么= 官 =与 \l-m = 0
P q
m and n = I + m 2m
p+q+r 0
where i.e. [I : m : n]= [1:1:2]
2p + 3q + 5r = 0
2 2 1
x一亍
P So, line L is -^―
T 2
IU II UlI For points Q and R at parameters tx, t2 such that
[p ： q ：,] [2 : -3 : 1] QF FR =
一 29"
x 7? + 2s
Or, l2 : *3s
y for real s
=*捐-2）、（注）2 +（捉1）2
z -25 ,
=2f + 5
While Z2 meet Or 携夸夸）

-29 _。 0 16
1 +2f 才+ 2s
~9
50_25 -25
50 t 25 a 21-T ~21
21-r 厂3s \= 1,2 = 土总
*)
-25 -25 , _ -25
元+s and t
~21 2 - ~21 Hence Q and R are
(consistent) <2^6 2 2^6 2 4^6 1
[~9~ + 3,~9~ + r~9~ + 3
i.e. Z/, l2 really meet.
And their point of intersection is, while s 0 ,2 -2^6 , 2 -4^6 ,1) i

and + 3, -g- + y -g- + 刃 respectively.
,-29 25 -25、
(亓〒才)
"6 + 2^6 6+ 2幅 3+ 4幅)
i.e. 9-' -9 9 9 )
16.
,—”按]respectively.
Given two perpendicular planes: and
: x + y-z-1 = 0 and ti2^ x-y = 0
(a) point P(2, 2, -1) x 二 aG + pt

point F(a, a, b) on兀2 I For line l: < =b° + qt
and a + a - b - 1 =0 on 兀1
and [1 : 1 : - 1] =[a — 2 :a-2 : b + 1] as PF _L lying on plane 兀： Ax + By + Cz + D 0 if and only if

・ ci — 2 Z? + 1 point (a。, b°, c0) ( 兀
(for r = 0 )on
i.e. AaQ + BbQ + Cc0 + D = 0

\2a-b-l = 0
Hence <
[-(a-2) = b+1 => a + b-1 = 0 and I J_ normal of 兀
i.e. Ap + Bq + Cr = 0
2
So, 3a —2 = 0 => a =
3
and b = 2a — \ = ?-1 _ 1 18.

=3
(a) Given two lines
• . zr ,2 2 1、
i.e. point F =(孕3,3) x = ai +「展 x a2 + p2t
i • y =加 + w h : y b2 +也
(b) Given PQR is an equilateral triangle with the line

segment PF as a median.
z = Ci + rxt z c2 + r2t
219
Supplying Zp l2 intersect but not coincide, therefore (a) Let equation of plane 兀] containing Lx and parallel to
there exists a plane containing and /2 , k , say L2 be A(x - a) + B(y - b) + C(z- c) = 0

i.e. k should contain point(Q],b], c】)in
While for Lx , put x = 0=>y = 0=>^ = 0
i.e. A(尤一 Q]) + 8(y - Z?i)+ C(z - q) = 0
i.e. (0, 0, 0) on i.e. on 兀】
i j k
hence,兀】:A(x-O) + B(y-0) + C(z-O) = 0
and Ai + Bj + Ck 二 Pi 幻尸 i
P2 02 r2 or, Ax + By + Cz = 0
=(01 ,2 - 02尸 1，P2rl - Pl-2, P102 — P201) and 2A + C = 0 ("IL?) .......... (1)
i.e. the required equation of n is

also 心=% = £
(qir2-q2ri)(x-ai) + (,成 2-尸 2，1)。一 K)
that A-B + C = 0 (兀 1 contains Lx) ............(2)

+(P102 - P2，)(Z — Ci)=。
From (1), we get C = -2A

(b) L2 and L3 intersect,
Subst. into (2), we get B = A + C = -A
/. L2 and £3 are coplanar.
thus [A : B : C] = [1 : - 1 : - 2]
The normal vector of the plane contain L2 and L3
i.e.兀 1 is x-y-2z = 0
i j k
(b) Let equation of plane 7t2 containing L2 and is
=q r P
r P q perpendicular to n1 be
=(rq - p2)i + (pr - q2)j + (qp - r2)k P(s1) + Q(y—1) + R(z—1) = 0

The normal vector of the required plane as (1, 1, 1) on L2
i j k
and 2P + R = 0 (k2//L2) .......... (3)
二 rq - p2 pr — q2 qp - r2
P q r Also P-Q-2R = 0 (兀 1 _L电) ......... (4)
= (pr2 - q2r - q2p + qr2)i From (3), we get R - -IP

+ (qp2 — pr2 - r2q + rp2)j
Subst. into (4), we get Q = P-2R = P + 4P = 5P
+ (rq2 — p2q - p2r + pq2)k
=[p(r2-q2) + qr(r-q)]i Thus [P : 2 : 7?] = [1 : 5 : -2]
+ [q(p2— 尸 2) + pr(p — 尸)] j Thus, n2 is l(x—1) + 5(》- 1)-2(z—1) = 0

+ [尸(/ —〃 2)+ p0(0 —p)]k
x + 5y - 2z-= 0
=[(r-q)(pr + pq + qr)]i
+ [(P~r)(qp + qr + pr)]j (c) For foot P of the perpendicular from point A(l, 1, 1) to
+ [(0一〃)(0 尸+ P，+ P0)]k
plane 兀] be (q , b , c ) such that
=(qr + pr + pq)[(r - q)i + (p — r)j + (q - p)k]
a -b -2c - 0 (P on )
•/ qr + pr + pq ^0
:. The normal vector of the required plane is parallel and APJ_7ii
to (r - q)i + (p - r)j + (q- p)k n [a -1 : F-l : T-l] = [1 : -1: -2]

L] passes through origin, i.e.
the equation of the required plane is a = I+ 1

r・(—q)i + O-r)j + (q-p)k = 0 b = -l+l n(/+l) —(一/+1) —2(—2/+1) = 0
(r - q)x + (p - r)y + (q - p)z = 0 c = -21 + 1,
i.e. 6Z — 2 二 0
19.
Given two lines: 1 =:
( x = \ +2t
\x + y = 0
Li :〈 and : 〈 y = 1 So, point P is
1 b+z = o 2
z = 1 +1 G+i3+i，Y+i)= §2
220
Revision Test 1
SECTION A Let direction ratios of HKbe [a : b : c] such that

a i+bj+ck = (2i + 3j - k) x (- i + 2j + 4k)
Given a conic (K): Ax2 + By2 = 1 where A, B are non-zero 2 3-1 7 ⑵— j + k)

real numbers and lines -12 4
L] 5x — y — 4 — 0 or [a : b : c] = [2 : -1:1]
乙2 ： 5x + 2y + 2 = 0 And, let plane n contain Lx and be perpendicular to
While K touches Lr line 砍 be

2(x + 2) + (-l)(y-l) + l(z+l) = 0
by substitution Ax2 + B(5x 一 4)2 = 1
2_x-y + z + 6 = 0
i.e. (A + 25B)x2 -40Bx + (168 - 1) = 0
possessing equal roots as (b) From (a), perpendicular distance between 乙] and L2
Discriminant 二 0
=perpendicular distance from point (1, -1, 2) on L2
(408)2 = 4(A +253)(163-1)
to plane n containing Lx
160032 = 4(400B2-A-25B+ 16A5)
|2 + 1 + 2 + 6| 11 •
二• 十 =—units
0 = -4A- 100B + 64A5 722 + (-l)2+ I2 76
A + 25B-16AB = 0 .......... ⑴
While K touches L2
lim lncos(23r)也即
sin3x2 r0 r t
xtO
by substitution Ax2 + B(~5^~2)2 =
1
4Ax2 + 25 Bx2 + 20Bx + (4B -4)= 0

lim —林2?写3二 i)(by^HospitaFsrule)
cos(2x2 -x) ' *
(4A + 25B)x2 + 20Bx + (48 - 4)= 0 r -6xcos3x2 r0 r i

%->o (4x-l)tan(2x2-x) L0
possessing equal roots as
Discriminant = 0 _ ]jm __________ -6(cos3—2一 6^2sin3】2)____________
J。4tan(2x2-x) + (4x- l)(4x- 1)sec2(2x2-x)
(20时= 4(4A +258)(48-4)
-二6[1-0] _ _6
40032 = 4( 16 AB + 100B2 - 100B - 16A)
0 + (-l)2l
0 16AB- 100B- 16A
16A + 100B-16AB = 0 ⑵
(2) - (1), we get 15A + 758 = 0 I Consider f(x) = 1+计一(1+ x)p for positive real x and
A = -5B 1 0< p<l and
Subst. into (1), we get -5B + 25B + SOB2 = 0 I f '(x) = pxP~x -p(l + x)P~r
20 + 803 = 0 -^—；—"I 20 forx>0, 0<^><l

-1
(1+X)1 - P 」 F
B =
i.e. f(x) is increasing function but
A = 1 /(0) = 1 +0。-(1 +0)P = 0
I hence /(x)>/(0)
2. 1 +泌 2(1 +x)P
Given two skew lines Now, put x = ； and p = ? for positive integer n
t .x+2 _ y-1 z+ 1
I i 1
~-T
:l+(g(F
t • £z_l _ "i z-2
七2 • _1 -— 1 i i 1
Let HK be a straight line cutting and perpendicular to both bn + an >(b + a)n

L] and L2
221
Summing up, we have
Given curve C with equation r = 1 4- cos 0 »a + n Q+ 1 »a + 2
f(x)dx fMdx + f(x)dx + ...
(a) The rough sketch is: JQ a+1
»a + n
Area of region enclosed
+ f(x)dx
2[如2曲] a + n-l
< f(Q)+f(Q+l) + ...+f(Q + "-l)
n-1
r兀 =£ f(a*k)
= (1 + cos9)2J0
Jo k=0
Similarly,
•兀 2 「q +1
(1 + cos 0 + 2cos0)J0
o
f(x)dx >(«+!- a)f(a + 1) = f(a + 1)
Jq
p
=「曲+ 2 I*• 7t 兀
7 广q +2
cos 0 <70 + cos OJ0 ； f(x)dx> f(a + 2)
Jo J(o J( 0
Ja+ 1
.7C
=[O]o + 2[sin0]o + y
(1+ cos20)J0
o
1 1 兀
»a+n
=7C + O + i[9 + ^sin20]o f(x)dx>f(a + n)
a + n-1
= 兀+ ：[兀 + 0]= 琴 sq. units Summing up,we have
»a+n
f(x)dx > f(a + 1) + f(a + 2) + ... + f(a + n)
Arc length of curve 3a n
(b)
2fo J* +(戋寸的 Where 黑=-sinO =£ f(a + k)

k= i
Therefore, we have
I•兀 __________________________________________
n
=2 7(1 + COS0)2 + (-sine)2J0 a+n n-\
Jo £ f(a + k)< f(x)dx< £ f(a + k)
k=1 Q k=0
2 f Jl + 2cos2 + cos、0 + sin希曲
Jo (b) From (a), with /(x) =
7C ________
Jl + cosO^ZO = 272jK72cosê r f/ \
f
0 — 111 X — 1
(尤)=------------- --- =----------------
J、7 (xlnx)2 (xlnx)2
111 X 4" 1 r\ r 「Ci
< 0 for % g [2,
L 4-oo)
'
\
7
A 71 i.e. /(x) is continuous and strictly decreasing on

=4[2sinpo = 4[2-0] = 8 units
[2,+8)
If 〃 = 2 , 2
6.
L.H.S. = y rr-7 =
Given f(x) a continuous real-valued function which is 妇 kink 21n2
k=2
strictly decreasing on closed interval [a, a + n] where n is a R.H.S. = In(ln2)-ln(ln2) = 0
positive integer
L.H.S. > R.H.S.
(a) By area estimation If 〃 > 2 , then by putting a = 2 and replacing n by
l
2 in the result of (a), we get
f
〃一
f(x)dx<(a+ l-a)f(a) = f(a)
2 + (〃— 2) (n-2)- 1
(•.• on [a,a+l]) fMdx < X f(2 + k)

2 k=0
= f(o + l)
rq+2 n-3
fMdx<(a + 2-a-l)f(a+l)
Jq+ 1 < E f(2 +幻
k=0
n-1
p dx < £ fW
J2 x\nx k=2
f f(x)dx<f(<a + n-l) n-1
y -1_
a + n-l n In(lnn) - ln(ln2) <
乙 kink
k=2
222
n -1 n use integration by parts,
But y < y y-i-r, since >0
J kink
k=2 k=2
J kink n\nn 3x2 , i
------- r—ax = av, v = ----------------------- r
(1+舟)〃 (1 一〃 )(1 +工3)"-i
n
Hence £ & > ln(lnn)-ln(ln2) X
3 1 dx
k=2 (1 - n)(l + x3)n (1 + 工3)〃-1
1 | 1 /
3(1 -〃)2〃-1 3(〃—1) 〃T
For any positive integer n,
r i______ \__ it_______ }_____
Hence In —
一 l 3(〃-1)」3(1-〃)2〃-1
I 〃 = Jo(l+X3)〃
- ] | 3〃-4 j
3x2n~l(n-l) 3(n- 1) n~1
f1 dx _ f 1______ dx____
J。1 +* JQ (1 +x)(l -x + x1) (c) From (b)
________________ ■ 3(2)-4 = 12
】2 = 3 x22-1(2— 1) 3(2- 1) 2-1 - 6 3 1
Bx + C \dx
1 - X + X2.
有)
=捉河 2+
=I* 1 (A +
— J。
B)x2(1++x)(l
(8 + c — C)x + (A + C)dx
-x + x2)
i.e. by comparing coefficients

a [A 二； SECTION B
A+B = 0 3
B + C-A = 0 <8 = 一；
Referring to the figure such that

A+C = 1 9
OH = h, OK = j
n
~lx + l , OH，= h\ OK，=.

商*
f 1 \dx f1
=J°E + J°
(a) H (•.• Equation of Lx \ y = x
L2 : y = -x)
♦ dx
0 1 - X + X2 K = K
dx
' 、
1 2 , 3
(,)+4
Equation of HK is
A
- 券+尚二E
f
_3 h
也—痂
1 _ 1
h~h
Jly -h _ h2 + 1
J2x-h ~ h2-l
也以 2+1)入—板(砂一1))—力(砂+1) +饥人 2—i)= 0
J2(h2+l)x-j2(h2^l)y-2h = 0 .......... (1)
Similarly, equation of H，K' is
72(/z，2+ l)x-72(/i，2- l)y-2/i, = 0 .......... (2)

(b) /〃-1一匕=Jo
Find a, p by elimination among (1) and (2) that
=f 1 1+ 舟-1火= f1 (7i，2+ 1)(1)-(/i2+ 1)(2), we get

一J (1+ 。珅〃 Jo(i+%3r
72[(/l，2 -l)(/l2 + 1) -(砂- 1)成2 + l)]y
=J")渚况' -2h(h/2+l) + 2h\h2+l) = 0
223
y _ n _ 2hh'2 7=+ 2h — 2h'h2 — 2h' While melting with the hyperbola in (b) by substitution
J2[2h，2-2h2]
_ p _
o = = 册-1 -浩T是
一 Ji(h' + h)(h，-h)一 ®(h' + h)
2 /«+ b.2 2 +—
—
一(、—
+ b.)x- 「---------
4ab ,a— 4a2b2 , -1] n
By substitution in (1)
x
，尤
a-br) —r(—
a-b'a-b ， \_{a - b)2 + 2j = 0
72(/i2+ l)x = 2h + 42(h2-l)y which will have 2 distinct roots, equal roots and no real
root.
2h + &*一1)电'-\
a = E，h) i.e. AB meets hyperbola at two points, one point or no
a/2(/z2+ 1) I point according to the discriminant value being
2/z(/l' + /l) + (/22—l)(/l/l'— 1) greater than, equal to or less than zero
旗以2+ 1)(// +龙)
人2 + ]廿+人3"，+1 = 次+ 1
「4tzZ?(6Z + Z?)~|2
(a 2)2」
A
1 浩）*+技
Ji(h2 + l)(h' + h) 一 Ji(h" h) 16q2》2(q +幻 2 | 4[( 。一幻2一(。+》)2][8。2萨 + 食—》)2]<
]. hh' + 1 /l2+1 =/?2+ 1
(a - b)4 2(a - b)4
Hence, lim a =lim —-------- =
h' Th hJh + h) 旗(22) 一 2^2h 16a2b2(a +。)2 + 2[-4ab][8a2b2 + (a- b)2] < Q
]. hh'—l 人2—1 =履_1
lim B =lim —-------- =
h' Th h'Th h) q(2h) 一 2^2h (q
Sab 2ab(a + b)2-[Sa2b2 + — Z?)2]| n
J-
./?2+ 1
(b) Let f(h) = lim a =
2ab(a2 + b2 + 2ab) - Sa2b2 -(。- b)2 < 0
h' Th 2j2h i.e.
展―1 2ab(a2 + b2 - lab) -(a- b)2 < 0

g(h) = lim B =
h'Th 2j2h (a-b)2[2ab-l]<0
So
=腊+ i lab < 1
gW ~ h2-l (72«)(72Z?)< 1
[fW-g(h)]h2 =g(") + f(h) OA x OB < 1 or not
h2 --gW
gS)+伸)
+ fW i.e. Depending on OA x OB greater than, equal to or
Therefore, by substitution to less than 1,AB

meets hyperbola at two points, one
point or no point.
/2(/i)= 件U" such that
gf2%)
勺
「
gW)+f(fl) ] _ r g(h)+f(h)
W[-8W + f^ - 项)+ 川)+ 门 []2
Given straight line L: = -~~—
8/2W[/2W-g2W] = 4f2(h)
7tx, 7ty and 兀[are planes containing L and parallel to x-, y-
f2W-g\h) = i and z-axis respectively.
which is an equation of locus of P(a, P) or (a) (i) Let 7tx： A(x- x0) + B(y - y0) + C(^ - ^0) = 0
(fW, g(h)) and that is a hyperbola.
and Aa + Bb + Cc = 0 .......... (1)
・ 7 o 1
l.e. xJyZ = also, 7tx II x-axis
i.e. A = 0 .......... (2)
(c) B be points on and L2 respectively.
Let A, So, in (1) again
Assume points A = A(a, a), B = B(b,-b) Bb = -Cc

or [A : B : C] = [0 : c : -b]
Equation of line AB is
y-a a+b
So, 7ix : c(y - >o)- Z?(z - z°) = 0
x-a a-b cy-bz + bz0 - cy0 = 0
y （法X。浩） + a Similarly, let

7iy : P(x- x0) + Q(z - ^0)=。
* + b、 2ab
y= or Pa + Qc - 0
i.e. [P : Q] = [c: - a]
224
So, 7ty : c(x-x0)-a(z-z0) = 0 (ii) Consider
cos20i = ——- = -f — | = —cos
cx-az + uzq-cxq = 0
1 1 a2 +
\a 2+lj 2
Also, let
While 90。<2。1<180。
残：o)+ M(y — Vo)= 0
0<02<90°
where La + Mb - 0
i.e. [L : M] = [b : - a] Hence, 20t + 02 = 180°
So, itz : b(x-XQ)-a(y-y0) = 0
or 。] + 缶 + 缶= 180°
bx-ay + ayQ 一 bxQ = 0
or 0| + ©2 + 缶= 180。
(ii) As Ttx, ny,兀z do not contain all three terms in x, y,

10.
z together but missing either one, so, they could not
(a) 1 - y+》2一 1)〃-1/-1 1[1-(- 力〃]
- (-力
…+(一
be the same. i.e. distinct. 1
1____
(一 1)勺〃
(b) Suppose b = c = 1 and 0P 02, 03 be the acute angles 1+y 1+y
1 1 — y + >2—... +(—1"/-1 + 彩学
between nx and ny, TCy and 7iz, 7iz and 7ty
respectively.
Therefore, taking integration on both sides
① For 0]: |
U j
己二[
p U dy-\* U /• u
ydy+ | y2dy~...
the direction ratios of nx 's normal [0: c : - b] Jo > Jo Jo J。
the direction ratios of Tiy's normal [c : 0 : - a] + f [导芹 dy

Jo J 。，
thus（cj-"）・（ci-。坦 COS。] for -1 < w < 1

Jc2 + b2Jc2 + a2
[ln(l+^)]o = "¥ + §— +(T)〃一岑];
-1
cos
T —====
a
』2 + 2次
01 = COS
Jc2 + b2Jc2 + a2
-1
acute cos .
72 + 2a2
m(i + “)= s§ + §_... +(—1)“-1?+
For 92,
乙。 [十 J7
cos 一 1 l(c j-ak)・(bi-a j)l
acute 02
Jc2 + q2 + q2 Now, replace u by -u where -1 < -w < 1 also that
] In(l-w)
COS09 = ,______ ,______
Ja2 + rja2 + 豚 a2 + 1 =5)-瑚 + 警半+『夸 dy
For 03 ,
(c j-Z?k) (》 i-Q j)
“2 “3 『、〃一 1（一1）%〃
厂多一…+㈠）
1
Jc2 + b2Jb2 + a2
acute 03 cos
-1 \-ac\_____
._____
+ (一1)〃(—P)〃
1 + (-P)
(—dp) put
y = -p
dy = -dp
Jb2 + c2Jb2 + a2
-1 Id
…萼— 1）2$ +（一 1例一1）匚合如
COS
+ 2/
2 u2 u3 yp dy
Also, cos2。]二 2 cos。1一 1 n 1 -y
2小 -- ]= --- - ------ ]= —-—< 0

cos26i - --------- (change of variable y t p )
2+ 2a2 a2 + 1 a2 + \
2 1>90
。。
。1>45 。
225
(b) For any positive integer k and any real number % with
0<x< 1 Let /(x) be continuous real function on [a, b] with
(i) f 〃(尤)continuous on [a, b] and
(i) From (a)
(ii) \f/fM\<M \fxe [a,b]
ln[|-^] = ln(l + x) - ln(l -x)
-[ln(l + w) - ln(l - w)]M _ x (a) Given real a, P such that a<a<^<b
rP
—2w + 2— + ... +2"3 (i) (t - a)f , integration by parts
=[(sa) 厂⑺]卜 Cf\t)dt

Ja
=中 + 3
=(p-a)/7P)-0-[/(r)]^
(ii) Hence from (i) =(p-a)/z(P)-/(P) + /(a)
rP "
in [苫]一2卜 + X3
亏+ ••• +右1
x2k+1 While (t - a)\f < (t-a)Mdt
JqC
=2
*xv2k + 2
7—
—^dy > 0 since 7—
0 !-^2
v2k + 2
—z > 0 for 0 < y < 1
1-/
=«
and as l-y2>l-x2>0 for 0 < y v x
a)f 〃(g
1 < 1
1-y2- 1-x2
i.e. |(p-a)/7p)-/(p)+/(a)|<(L^M
Therefore
/+3 rP
(2 化 + 3)(1*) (ii) +
/• P pP pP
=°W+ fWdt- f^dt
Ja Ja J以
=[(/-a)/(0]«- fP/(O^ + /(oc)[da-「/(g
Ja 'a
(c) For result in (b), put x = - , we have

1 ,
=(P-a)/(P)-0 + [/(a)](P-a)-2 r P
=(p-a)[/(p) + /(a)]-2 Ja
and therefore
(P-a)/(P)^" /(oc)-J a
1 "
0<ln[?] 2 1113
2 + 3(2) +-+石1(》
1 1 2k + r
=5 [(-a) 广⑴-”) + gW
8 1 1 2k+ 3 1 rP
<
3 成+ 3八* < I |(r-a)/,(0-/(0 + /(a)l^
Taking k T — < 1
f 侦一；)2Mdt from (a) (i)
0<ln3-21im ri i,i、3 i /i、2ii Ja

北+炎)+•••+石iG)
<0 1 1
一
4 -3
kTc
一
一
1 1/1、3 1 /1\2*+1
i.e. lim - + z(5) + ... + 2171(2) Hence, we have
j8 |_Z2 33'2z
(P _ .
Cl 一
226
(b) Given x0, x1? xn_v xn real numbers such that
b lim [f (尤)-ax] = lim
JC T 8 X —> 8
a = Xq<xx< ... <xn_x<xn = b
1
and xk-xk_x - for k - 1,2,...,〃
from (a) (ii)

i.e. y = x is an oblique asymptote.
(&—"。)严)一
J(x
(b) For local maximum and minimum of f(x),
by substitution successively
(工2_ 1) . 3-2f 3(2 盼
J
_
J X0
^(^-^)[/(X0) + /(%!)] 《 (”12：? M
- (x2-l)2
=工2[3工2一3一2静]=]2('2 —3)
J
J x\
/(x)tZx- [/(%!)+ /(x2)] V 匕 2
月 M
(X2 - I)2 (Jf2 _ 1)2
X x < —a/3 —a/3 < % < a/3 x> ^3
+ - +
J Xn-\
f(x)dx —!(^^)[/( 1)+ f(x〃)] 2；3)M卜《匕 /(x) attains maximum at
and summing them up with

minimum at
\a\ + \b\ + ... + |z| 2 I。+ b + .. • + z| (triangle inequality)
hence, L.H.S.
,、#，(
>
5
X。
fMdx + f f(x)dx + . . + Jf 。
Xn-1 .
f(x)dx
(C)f(%) =
、 3x2(x2 - 1) -x3(2x)
(X2-1)2- = ^1)2
x4 - 3x2
f，，3、_ (43 一 6x)(x2 _ 1)2 _ (事一 3x2)(4x)(」—1)

'()_ (/—1)4
-*峭)£
=1 [f(*_ 1)+/3
k
。]
=(4工3 — 6x)3 — 1)(]4
(x2- I)3
一 3x2)(4x) = 2舟 +
(x2 - I)3
6x
'Xnf^dx- X 3si)+ f(Q] 打学

f 〃(x) changes sign as x passes through O.
xo k= 1 point (0, 0) T point of inflexion
，• ,_
(X—i)+ /*(*)]
b
fMdx-
z 1
£ 打学
(d) From above results, the sketch of graph is about
k=
(b-a* M = ^M
R.H.S. n
12〃3
Hence,
J f(x)dx- £
k= i
穿[/*(*_ 1)+ /(与)]
12.
x3
Given a function f(x) = —~~-
(a) For equations of asymptotes

X3
13.
Let(p(x) be a differentiable function defined on real line and
i.e. x = 1 and x = -1 are two vertical (p〃(x)Z0 Vxe R

asymptotes. (a) For a and X real and 0 < X < 1
f(x) = <p[Xx + (1 - X)a] - X(p(x) - (1 - X)cp(a)
(ii) For y = ax + b type
f\x) = + (1 - X)a] - X(p7x) - 0
土=
v-2 1
a = hmf^ = lim = lim 1
XT8 X X—>8对一1 XT 8 1
=X[(p,[Xx + (l-X)«]-(p,«]
f ”(x)=人[A<P〃[M + (1-人)。]一矿(x)]
227
Where f= 0 n (p'[kx + (1—人)q] =(p'(x)
' > 叶 £ -^cp^) + xL+1(p(xL+1)
Since (pz,(x) > 0 i.e.(p'(x) is increasing function
i &= i 杪
=> (p'(x) is injective.

I L
； =£服卬(*)+足+仰(叱+ i)
i.e. Ifî。无，牛'31)。甲'(尤2)
I si
i.e. Xx + (1 - X)a = x I L+\
1 = £入肿(*)
(1 - k)a = (1 - X)x
1 k= 1
x - a I
and f(a) = cp(Q)— 人(p(o) —(1 一人 )(p(o) = 0 ' By the principle of mathematical induction, P(n)
i is true for all positive integers n>2.

Also, /〃(〉)=人 [Mp〃(们一矿(q)] I
I
=X(X-l)(p,,(6?)<0
I (c) Taking(p(x) = ex and x- = lnai, i = 1,2,... n
i.e. x = a f(x) attains local maximum (only) I
i <P〃(x) = ex>0 Vx e R
for all real x i
i.e. x = a /(x) attains absolute maximum value 1 The inequality is obviously true for n = 1 .
I
l For n>2 and by (b)
(b) Let 人 i，人2,…，人〃(〃 2 2) positive real numbers I 〃
1 £屁 (1鸣)n
n
\ 厂 V £从严
such that £ % = 1
k= 1 I k =1
Take P(n) : (pl £ J< £ 从 <P(Q
\k = 1 ) k= 1 k =1 k =1
For n = 2 case, from (a) f(x) < f(a) = 0

(P(Xj Xj + 入 2^2)= (P (X j Xj + (1 —人])一2)
；
I
H (严)匕成膈％
k = 1k =1
I nn
V 人 1(P(X1)+ (1 -扃肉(尤 2)
1 TI E £ Mk
where a = x2 1 k=1 k= 1
《人 l(p(、]) +人2卬(尤2)
i.e. P(2) is true.
Assume P(L) is true for positive integer L>2
ie
U= 1 J k= 1
L
L X Xkxk
Let M , y = Ji
k= 1 "
L x
For k = L + 1 , [l + Xk+1 = 1 , ^ — = 1 ,
si"
甲]£冗=』£入内+入乙+如+]
=机四"入乙+说+ i)
2 |Li(p(y) +足+怦(叱+i)[by (a) and |i + ^+1 = 1 ]
=4 £ 仰(吃+ i)
228
Revision Test 2
I SECTION A ；
for f\x) = 0
i 2
i 2 ~3Z c\ 二 -2x^ (for x^2)
尸(尤- 2)
1. i
Given x = cosO, y = cos2p0 3
2(s2) -=-6x
篇=「sin。，戋=-2psin2p。；
4x-2 0
" dy _ dy ,dx _ 2psin2p。 !>°
值 dx -而/而-sin。；
and d2y _ d (dy. _ d (dy.,dx \

and源-五(R 一冶(五)/冶 I and «/"(：) = -5.04 < 0 by substitution
where』(打) - 4p2cos2p0sin0-2psin2p0cos6 (
曲 dx sin20 I hence poin is a maximum point.
Q d2y _ -4p2cos2p8sin。+ 2psin2p0cos。

s。，k :
Also x-2 = 0 is another root in 厂(x) = 0
x = 2 2
X = COS0
I and f〃(2) = 2(2)‘>0 by substitution
1 -x2 = sin20 1
I hence point (2, 0) is a minimum point.
r1 2\^2y _ -4p2cos2p0sin。+ 2psin2p9cos。 I For x < 0 case
,, (1一*)源= I
f '(a) = 0 => a has no real solution.
= -4p2cos2p0 + 2履11：泌入 |
r r sin0 - 2
f(x) = (-x)3(x-2) >0 Vx<0
= _4p2y +碟 ]
Check: x = 0 => f(0) = 0
i.e. (1 2)合一工纭
一工 + 4p2y - 0 I therefore point (0, 0) is a minimum point.
Therefore, using Leibniz's Rule for I (b) For sketching the graph with results in (a) and
2
di)祭-X 令+ 4p2y = 0 ；
① f(x) = |x|5(x- 2)2 > 0 Vxg R
i.e. differentiating for nth times on both sides I
(ii) lim 广 (1)A lim f '(x)
(心)(尚七” 2鼎广。； X->0~ X T o+
lim /(x) = lim f(x) = 0

XT。- xt0+
_十儒广气 0+.+5扩 :
x = 0 is a continuous point but not a

differentiable point
+ 〃(-1)(祭)("")+。+ 4〃(力(〃)=(0)"
(iii) lim f(x) —> +8
XT8
(1_、2)尖 _(2〃 + 1)'当 +(4〃2_〃2)禁=o ；
* Jdxn+2 、 7 d对+1 v 〃 Jdxn 1

I
2. 2
Defining /(x) = |x|\x- 2)2 xe R
(a) for x>0 case
Given n positive integer

2)
挥)”+ ?
(~2)n + 3n ~| _
(a) lim (-2)n+1 + 3n + 1J — lim
〃一> 8 〃T8 / 2、〃+l 1
.(乙)+1
229
Hm 1 + K + 7^ + ... + 7时-1
(b) (-l)m + nJ (y + l)〃(y - 1)初dy change y T x
n
1
（一1严 + 〃 f (x + l)n(x- l)mdx
J-1
/(m, n) = (一 1) 秫+ "(〃， m)
[5 form] (ii) By integration by parts

1 1 1
I(m, n) = + l)m +1 (x - l)n]]
=(IF lim (1 - e)lim

nT—
e-1
-J1 +
1 ；
=0 —(x+l)% + i(sl)〃-1 女
=----- Z(m + 1, 〃
m+ 1 '
一 1)
7
= JIn(lnx)J(Inj;) put y = Inx
(a)
(b) Using the result in (a) (ii)
,integration by parts I(m, 〃)= 才("〃— 1)
(溢)(-汐(仞+ 2，〃-2)
=ylny-y + C
=lnx[ln(lnx)] - Inx + C
(t)M? 器％如 + 〃，。)
(-1)湍"+ 〃，。)
. x
(b) Put t = tan-,
2t 1-r2 , 2dt
where /(m + n, 0) = J
J (x + l)m + ndx
sinx = —5, COSX =-— -,dx -
-—
1 +12 1 +12 1 1 1
— [(x+ 1)"〃 + 1]
m+n+ 1 v 7 -1
n 1 +荐
2dt I " + 〃+l —0]
So
0
1 +序一 rr? m+n+ 1
So, I(m,n) = (_1)〃2比 + 〃 + 1 心
(m + n+ 1)!
Jo 2 (1+"
JQ 6. 2 2
For the curve x3 +)；3 = 1
0 01+‘
Area of curved surface for curve about x-axis
=U+ ln(l +.2)V = 1 + ln2-0-0 3
2, 2
3
2{2兀 dx > by symmetry y = 1-x
=1 + ln2
Given m, n positive integers and
I(m, 〃) = f (x 4-1)^(%- l)ndx

J—i
1
(a) (i) I(m,n)= (x 4- l)m(x - l)ndx put y = -x
-1
=[1(-"1 严(-》-1)侦-力
=j (一1泪(y—1)”(一1)〃3 + l)"y
230
(c) The normal vector of the required plane
Let the equation of chord be y = mx 4- c . I i j k

1 5 1 5 1 2 11 = i-5j + 3k
-1 = —m + c => c = - 1 - —m
I 1 2 3
Subst. y - m(x - y) - 1 into y2 = 4x L is contained in the plane.

I The equation of the required plane:
m2(x - -|-) - 2m(x - -|) + 1 = 4x
1 ・(x-2)-5(y-l) + 3(z-0) = 0
25 1 %-5y + 3z + 3 = 0
m2x2 + (- 5m2 - 2m - 4)x + (-^w2 + 5m +1) = 0
I
The chord of the parabola bisects at the point (：, -1), i 9.
Given conic (K): 9尤2 一 4_xy + 6y2 一 14工 _ 8y + 1 = 0
5m2 + 2m + 4 _ 5
1 (a) Translating the origin to point (/i, k) such that
2m2 2
m = -2 I /[ 7、 (2CD-BE 2AE-BD\
i = [^Xc^ b^4acJ
y = -2x + 4- I
1 [for Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 ]
i.e. 2x + y-4 = 0
I
i z- 168-32 —200、 i、
； = =(1，1)
1 i.e. h = k = 1
| SECTION B I
I And rotating at angle 0 that
8. I
+ m_ B
tan 29 = ——— — -—— — -r-
_ -4 _ -4
A-C 9-6 3
Given r of point P(x, y, z) on plane 兀
I 2tan。二-4
(r-r0) - n = 0 where r0 = i + j + 2k 1 1 - tan20 3
I
n = i + 2j + 3k 1 4tan20 - 6tan0 - 4 = 0
Position R of point 2(x, y, z) on line L I
1 2tan20 - 3tan0 - 2 = 0
R — r] = fa where r】=2i + j l
i (2tan0 + l)(tan0 - 2) = 0
a = 2i + j + k 1 i
t 一 real number i tanO = -- or tan。= 2
I 一 i
(a) For 兀 meeting L, substitute R into r such that for acute 0, 0 = tan 2
(ra + i*i -1*。). n = 0 (b) Relative to the translated coordinate axes, the equation is
[(2r + 2-l)i + (r + l-l)j + (r + 0-2)k] I 9(x+ 1)2 —4(x+ 1)3+ 1) + 6(" 1)2
• (i + 2j + 3k) = 0 i -14(x+ 1)-8(^+ 1) + 1 = 0
(2f+ 1) + 2(。+ 3。-2) = 0 9x2 - 4xy + 6y2 + 9- 4 + 6-14-8 + 1 = 0
7t-5 = 0 1 9x2-4xy + 6y2 = 10
5 t = \ Relative to the rotated coordinate axes, the equation is

1 9(xcos0 -^sin0)2-4(xcos0 -ysinO)(xsin0 + ycos0)
Thus the point of intersection is -a + Fj i -
i + 6(xsin0 + ycosO)2 = 10
* 2 i
or I X 2 + 2, - + 1, - + 0 I = (y, y, 7) I
I a/5
where sinO = — , cos0 =—
a/5
i.e. - 2y)2 - - 2y)(2x + y) + ^(2x + y)2 = 10

(b) Let 0 = angle between 兀 and L by dot product
n a = |n||a| cos(§ — 0) 9(x - 2y)2 - 4(x - 2y)(2x + y) + 6(2x + y)2 = 50
25x2 + 50/ = 50
sin0 = (i + 2j + 3k)・(2i + j + k) = 2 + 2 + 3 =
~ 712 + 22 + 32722+l2+l2 71476 273
231
which is an ellipse of about sketch as follow: (b) For x < -1
广 (x) = 0 = 3x-2 = 0 n x = ? (rejected)
i.e. no point of turning.

For -1 < x < 0
f \x) = 0 n 3x + 2 = 0 => x = y (o.k.)
f 〃(—2) = _「= 2 + 4~| 0

I 3)闫严」
(c) Equations of and L2 are

i.e. maximum point is
V— 1
孝)
=tan 9 = 2
x-1
=M
i.e. 2x — y—l=0
For x > 0
y-1 -1 = -1
and
x-1 tan0 2
f '(■) = 0 => 3%+ 2 = 0 => x = y (rejected)
i.e. x + 2y-3 = 0
i.e. no point of turning
10. However f(x) > 0 Vx e R

J|x|J\+ x for x>-l i.e. minimum point (absolute) at x = 0
Given /(x)=
l|x| -x for x < -1 i.e. (0, 0) absolute minimum point
For point of inflexion, by primitive definition at x = 0
For lim f'(x) = 1 concave
x>0 x->0+
[—X a/1 + x]f 0 > x > -1 lim f，(x) = -1 convex

XT。-
[-xjl -xY X V —1 and (0,0) is a continuous point for f(x) though f "(0)
not exist, we conclude (0, 0) is a point of inflexion.
a/] + 尤 d---- j x>0
271 + X
(c) The sketch of function f(x) is
--』 0>x>-l
2”1 + x (i) /(x) >0 Vxg R
C +弟 X < —1 (ii) lim f(x) T +8

X T +8
(iii) lim /(%) t +8

广 +(o)= lim W(°)=
xt0+ X-U
lim +x = 1
x-»0+
f，_(0)= iim /M)

XT。- X_U
—lim (- + n) = _1
广 +(0)。广_(0)
广 (0) does not exist. 1 11.

i
I Given sequence {an} of positive number defined by
lim
j(_l)+
住。):
"I)
lim
x->(-!)+
+x-&
*+ 1 .
I
% = 1 and
< [ an + l =丹瓦
4 + 3q” for n>l
lim -xJWx — 厄
XT(-1)+ X+ 1 (a) Put P(〃) : for all positive integers n
； 1 罚〃 <2
f '+(—1) does not exist
I for n = 1,2>。] = 1 > 1
f '(-1) does not exist. 1
1 P(l) is true.
232
Assume P(k) is true for integer k 12.
\<ak<2 xcos(n + ^)0 兀
1 Given /(x)
0 2 cos®
J0, x e [0, 并n: +ve integer
4 + 3^ 4 + 3(2) 10 今
and ak+\ T = 2
3 + 2% 3 + 2(1)
4 + 3% 4 + 3(i)
or - ----- --- > 质 cos(〃 + cos(2n + 1)；
ak+l 3 + 3 + 2(2) 广⑴二
2 cos | 2 cos |
1 《。小 <2
P(k + 1) is true. for %e [°，右]， cos(2〃 + 1)； > 0, cos^ > 0
By principle of mathematical induction

f '(x) > 0 i.e. increasing /(x).
1 <an<2 Vn g N
券并 1】，
r 7C 7C -i
for
"4 + 3%、 2
2-
c
。〃2+ 2(3 + 2%)2 —(4 + 3%)2 cos(2n + 1)| < 0
q：)(3 + 2q〃)2
2-
(b) - -
2 - Q〃 2 - a； (2 —
cos - > 0
18 + 24a” + 8a： -16 - 24 。” - 9a：
(2一点3 + 2劣产
f '(x) v 0 i.e. decreasing /(x).
c 2
q：)(3 + 2q〃)2 (3 + 2q〃)2

2 1
(2-
2 2 — ? l (b) Take x = Tr
(q； A 2 cos(« +
〃芸
is irrational)
------- 曲
i)= f0 2cos-
_1_ 1 1 ,2_
c
劣+T"1<—
2
1
5
2-a；。— 2曲
z、
49 YyCOsS+l)
[3 + 2(2)r [3 + 2(l)]2
歹
1 1 是 o
e
cos-
25
cos(〃 + l)0cos^ + sin(n + 1)6sin?
As
2-
2
1
=! 0
2
e
cos-
2也
f F
兀兀
*n+1 八小 1 f n + 1 sin(n + l)Otan|<70
2 2 COS(Z2 + 1)4-—
2 - Q” + ] v 2 _ o 2
2 2
芸7
兀
an <an+l 1 1
sin(n+1)0]o 〃+1 sin(" + l)0tan^<7O
but 。〃2 1>0 = an<an + i
兀
i.e. {an} is monotonic increasing.
i r^m sin(〃 +
o-o+l* l)9tan|^0
0 2
(d) As {q〃} is monotonic increasing and an<2 . Hence 7C
1「〃 +1 sin(〃 + l)0tan|(70

{q〃} is also bounded above therefore
o 2
lim an exists = Z, say
by taking limit for For 9 g [0,-^-]

H + 1J
4 + 3%
3 + 2% sin(〃 + 1)0 2 0]
9 >=> sin(zn- l)0tan^ > 0
=4 + 3Z tan - > 0 J 2
that _ 3 + 2Z
71
3/+ 2〃
%信）顼
4 + 3Z n +1 sin(n + l)0tan|^0 > 0
2" 4 0 2
土孩
=a/2 as > 0 for all n
233
(d) For xe [2?h^]
A® 如+ l =
/(x) is decreasing 二(2n)(2n-2)
一(2〃+1)(2〃一1) 2〃一3
i.e. /(x) > /(^^-) > 0
(2“)(2〃一 2)...2 j
/«>0 =(2〃+ 1)(2〃— 1)...3‘1
For xe [0?2?TT] = {2响!)}2

一(2〃+l)(2“)(2〃-1)...3・2 1
/(x) is increasing
[2〃㈤)]2「x /
i.e. /(x)>/(0) = 0 (2〃+1)见 *
/W>0
=良*!1"底寻
Hence, /(x)>0 Vxg [0, ^-]

=[2〃(〃!)]2
一 (2n+ 1)!
13.
Given for each non-negative integer n
0J^dX，Jn = |〃也 I (b) |〃没
Put X2 = 1 --
C^Ldx n
⑶ /〃+i
* o* t = 7(1 -x2)n = JnJl -x2
r1 xxn dt =芒兰么
dx [integration by parts]
Jo 71 -x2
SO,九二「'2〃.料必=」'0=dx
[~xn Jl -x2]q +f nxn ~171 -x2dx J1 aJ1 - xz J i] 7i-x2
J。
f 1 (1 -x2)xn~l . 0 dx =向 2〃+i
0 + 〃\ -—
—.--i... —ax
J0 Jl - —2
1 Yn - 1
=n dx - n 膈 (2")!匹(2%!)2 ]
o J\ _ 必、 0 71 -X2 lim (2〃W2" + 1)= lim 2 (2%!)2 2 (2〃+l)!_|
nt8 n —> oo
=nIn-l~nIn+l
_ 7C
=lim [ 兀■ ] = lim
兀
=2
nln_x = (n+ 1)ZW+1 for n>l 〃一>8 n —>
2+ -
S。，/〃+ i = ^77^-1
hn = ^^•/2n-2 Assuming lim — - 1 , then lim 么

(d) =1
j _ 2〃 — 1
2〃 = In
2m
•流克如一
—3 j
4
lim (2nI2nI2n + l)=壹(by (c))
―
. >8
〃一lim
―慕声一r
(2〃/2*〃 + i)兀
_ 几
(2”)(2〃-2)...2，。〃 —> 8 ‘2〃 + 1
(2n)(2n 一 1 )(2〃 — 2)(2〃 — 3)...2 • 1 , 懊 (2次2〃妁〃 + 1 ,穿卜 I

/0
{2〃"-1)...1]}2
_________ f1-^^
(2«)! lim 2n(/2n+ j)2 =壹
[2〃(〃!)]2j° yrW
nT8 乙
(2 〃)！ sm
-1 1
x]0
or lim JlJnI2n + x = (since /〃 > 0)
[2〃("!)]2
(2 〃)！ it And 网，〃=悝向 2〃 + 1 =骨 2 = T

[2〃(〃!)]2 . 2
234

絕版舊制 HKALE HKAL Solution Book of Pure Mathematics (Breakthrough) Book 2 - Calculus with Coordinate Geometry

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絕版舊制 HKALE HKAL Solution Book of Pure Mathematics (Breakthrough) Book 2 - Calculus with Coordinate Geometry

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I think, therefore I am.

------ 7 U U I ------ 7 VZZ7 LZZ7\TZ7 ZZZZ7

Art Consultant & Cover Designer

All right reserved. No part of this book may be photocopied or

©VISION PUBLISHING CO LTD 1993, 1999.

First edition April 1993

Vision Publishing Co. Ltd

Tel: 2679 8119 Fax: 2679 4478

Printed by Ocean Printing Co. Ltd.

This book serves as a reference,

The re-typed script version of this guide would be

1 Intuitive Concepts of Limits, Continuity

M The Definite Integrals 36

5 Higher Derivatives and Applications

6 Geometric Applications of Definite Integrals 98

7 Limit of a Sequence 112

Limit and Continuity of Functions 132

9 Theory of Differential and Integral Calculus ………139

10 Coordinate Systems 162

Pairs of Straight Lines. The Circle 173

Conic Sections 180

Theory o f General Conics 一 ・ ，90

Miscellaneous Exercises on Two-dimensional

Three-Dimensional Coordinate Geometry 205

RE\^IS10N TEST 1 ：亳分谷食费涉漆够罟密除啜确够婪晓够.缝够磐渤够够壕娜啄镣够裁镣够裁翁卷卷镣卷够翁蜂分黔221

RE^/1S10N TEST 2澎绻嗾澎轸镣溯够铮澎够镣澎磐詹治. • 轸够铮会够燹泌.詹盆够愈会够龄检够思辎.餐稳够理富够 229

■ EXERCISE 1.1 ' 3.

5y = 10 x2 -Sx+ 16 < 9 -3 < x - 4 < 3 and x A 4

x2 + 2x- 15 =(x + 5)(x-3) = 0 ； (d)

4 < x2 4- 14x + 49 < 81 and x2 + 4x + 4 < 64 (x-1)(x3-5x2 + 2x + 8)>0

but x^-2 (x- l)(x + l)(x2 - 6x + 8) > 0

x2 + 14x + 45 > 0 (x+ l)(x- l)(x-2)(x-4) >0

< 瘁+ 14s32v0 but x^-2 region A: x < —1

Alternative: For region C, + + ——

-10 <x<-9 or —5vxv2 and x^-2

2 < < 3 Alternative: J|2sl|>y+1 ...(1)

k + 2| >； Consider x < -3 ,

For x < 0 , y max {a + c, b + d}

=:[(Q + c) + (b + d) + |(Q + c) - (Z? + J)|]

(c) y = 2\x + 1| + |x| + |x - 1| - 3 (b) Put a = h, b = k, c = u-h, d = v-k

Put a = u, b = v, c = h-u, d = k-v

For x > 1 , always true.

y = 2(x+ l) + x + (x- 1)-3 =4x-2

{xp x2, xn}+ = max {0, xv x2, xn}

For 0 < x < 7t, y = sinx

1 (ii) (-7, 0,-l}+ = max {0, -7, 0,-1) = 0

For x > 0 , y =- (iii) {3,-2}+ = max {0,3,—2} = 3

(iv) {-1, -2,-3,-4} + =max {0, — 1, —2, —3, -4}

i.e. lim f(x) exists.

lim /(x) does not exist.

(b) [2x2.9] = [5.8] = 5。2[2.9] = 2(2) = 4

lim /(x) = lim (x + 1) = 0+1 = 1 lim /(x)

i.e. Xq<x0 + d = x<Xq+ 1 So, lim /(x) exists.

or [x]<x< [x] + 1 is correct.

Let the given function be /(x).

(a) lim /(x) does not exist. (a) lim log 10 X

i.e. lim does not exist.

(b) lim f(x) = lim /(%)

i.e. lim /(x) exists. i.e. lim log10|x| = —8

lim log I。％ = -8

i.e. lim tanx = 8 6.

lim - = -oo 3-79-x2 ]. (3-J9r2)(3 +.9 2)

I EXERCISE 1.5 lim

1 (%矿+ %佑 + (%)2 _ 3% = 3 6/~

Theory o f General Conics 一・，90

+ cos jcesinx [- cos a: sin (sinx) 一 cosxcos(sinx)] 芯瓦