J. Cent. South Univ.

(2013) 20: 2017−2024

DOI: 10.1007/s11771-013-1703-8

A case study on behaviors of composite soil nailed wall with

bored piles in a deep excavation

ZHU Feng-bin(朱逢斌)1, 2, MIAO Lin-chang(缪林昌)1, GU Huan-da(顾欢达)2, CHENG Yue-hong(程月红)3

1. Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;
2. School of Civil Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215011, China;
3. Suzhou Erjian Construction Group Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215131, China
© Central South University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

Abstract: A complete case of a deep excavation was explored. According to the practical working conditions, a 3D non-linear finite
element procedure is used to simulate a deep excavation supported by the composite soil nailed wall with bored piles in soft soil. The
modified cam clay model is employed as the constitutive relationship of the soil in the numerical simulation. Results from the
numerical analysis are fitted well with the field data, which indicate that the research approach used is reliable. Based on the field
data and numerical results of the deep excavation supported by four different patterns of the composite soil nailed wall, the
significant corner effect is founded in the 3D deep excavation. If bored piles or soil anchors are considered in the composite soil
nailed wall, they are beneficial to decreasing deformations and internal forces of bored piles, cement mixing piles, soil anchors, soil
nailings and soil around the deep excavation. Besides, the effects due to bored piles are more significant than those deduced from soil
anchors. All mentioned above prove that the composite soil nailed wall with bored piles is feasible in the deep excavation.

Key words: deep excavation; 3D non-linear finite element; bored pile; composite soil nailed wall; corner effect; deformation;
internal force

pile-anchor retaining structure is not very clear so far.

1 Introduction
Figure 1 presents the graphic design of the
composite soil nailed wall with bored piles composed of
cement mixing piles, bored piles, soil anchors and soil
nailings, which would take the most advantages of the
composite soil nailed wall and the pile-anchor retaining
structure. In addition, it is suitable for the deep
excavation in the soft soil. However, the interaction
mechanism between the soil nailed wall and the
Because the new construction technology of the
composite soil nailed wall with bored piles has been
successfully applied to several deep excavations in
Suzhou, China, it is necessary to further study its
interaction mechanism between these components.
Three research methods now applied to the stress
mechanism and design of the composite soil nailed wall
are demonstrated as follows.
1) Field tests were used to monitor the deformation
and internal force of the composite soil nailed wall in the

Fig. 1 Layout of composite soil nailed wall with bored piles (Unit: mm): (a) Graphic design; (b) Elevation design

Foundation item: Project(2009-K3-2) supported by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China
Received date: 2012−09−10; Accepted date: 2013−04−10
Corresponding author: ZHU Feng-bin, PhD Candidate; E-mail: zfb_njfu@hotmail.com
2018
practical deep excavation, and the stability of the deep
excavation was also analyzed [1−2].
2) Laboratory model tests were utilized to simulate
the actual working conditions in a deep excavation and
research the mechanism of the composite soil nailed wall
[3]. Besides, a number of laboratory pull-out tests were
conducted by different researchers to investigate factors
that influence the nail/soil interface shear resistance
[4−6].
3) The numerical method was employed to simulate
the composite soil nailed wall and the excavation process
according to some actual cases. 3D FEM was taken to
investigate soil displacements and internal forces of
components in the soil nailed wall [7−10]. Finite
difference method was performed to promote the design
and construction of the soil nailed wall in practice
[11−12]. Moreover, the plane finite element method was
also employed to investigate the behaviors of composite
soil nailed wall [13−14].
In summary, the finite element method mentioned
above can not only consider soil heterogeneity and
anisotropy, and interaction between components in the
composite soil nailed wall and surrounding soil, but also
simulate actual working conditions in deep excavation.
The 3D FEM is used here to simulate a deep excavation
supported by the composite soil nailed wall with bored
piles based on actual working conditions. Internal forces
and deformations of different components in the
retaining structure calculated from the FEM are
compared with the field data to calibrate the method
employed in this work. Then, behaviors and differences
between the composite soil nailed wall with bored piles
and the composite soil nailed without bored piles or soil
anchors are compared so as to investigate the mechanism
of the composite soil nailed wall with bored piles.
2 Supporting schemes of composite soil
nailed wall with bored piles
2.1 Engineering situation
The deep excavation of the Haitian Square in
Suzhou located closely to the surrounding roads lies at a
rectangular land block between the Central Park and the
Jinji Lake in the Suzhou Industrial Park, whose length
and width are about 178 m and 86 m, respectively, while
the excavation depth is about 9.95−11.65 m.
The work site lies at the Yangtze Rriver delta, and
stratums dated from the quaternary are soft and have low
permeability. The stable groundwater table at the work
site is about 0.73−1.30 m.
2.2 Supporting scheme of deep excavation
The plane and elevation design of the calculation
unit of the composite soil nailed wall with bored piles are
J. Cent. South Univ. (2013) 20: 2017−2024
depicted in Fig. 1. The triaxial cement mixing pile whose
diameter, overlap distance and length are 650 mm,
150 mm and 19 m, respectively, is used as the waterproof
curtain in the deep excavation. The length of nine layers
of the soil nailing which are made from a 22 mm
diameter steel bar differs from 11 m to 17 m. The upper
soil anchor made from a 36 mm diameter steel bar has a
length of 28 m, while the lower soil anchor made from
two 32 mm diameter steel bars has a length of 30 m.
Besides, two bored piles whose length and spacing are
23 m and 2 m, respectively, are disposed in front of the
cement mixing pile in the calculation unit. The thickness
of the shotcrete surface layer is 100 mm.
3 Numerical model
3.1 Model size and boundary condition
Due to the symmetry of the deep excavation, the
numerical model only takes the quarter size in northwest
into account, and the excavation depth here is 11.65 m.
The practical length of the calculation unit of the
composite soil nailed wall with bored piles is about
8.6 m, so the excavation length and width are considered
as five (43 m) and ten (86 m) units, respectively, in the
numerical model. In order to eliminate the boundary
effect in the numerical analysis, the soil extends 6, 4, and
2 times of the excavation depth out of the deep
excavation in X, Y and Z directions, respectively. So, the
length, width and depth of the model presented in Fig. 2
are 160 m, 90 m and 35 m, respectively.
Fig. 2 Numerical model (Unit: mm)
Symmetry constraints are imposed at the symmetry
planes A and B shown in Fig. 2, while the bottom surface
is completely restricted. Furthermore, the top surface is
free in the numerical model.
3.2 Material parameters
It is found from the reconnaissance report of the
work site that there are four stratums located in the
J. Cent. South Univ. (2013) 20: 2017−2024
numerical model. Soil parameters are presented in
Table 1.
The modified cam clay (MCC) model is considered
as the constitutive model of the soil in the numerical
analysis due to the stress release and bottom heave after
the deep excavation. The MCC model needs four
parameters such as the compression index (λ), the
swelling index (κ), the stress ratio (M) and the Poisson
ratio (υ). Moreover, three out of these four parameters
can be represented using the following equations:
Cc

1n10
Cs
k
1n10
6 sin  
M 
3  sin  
where Cc is the compression index, Cs is the rebound
index, and φ′ is the effective internal friction angle
replaced by the internal friction angle φ approximatively.
In order to simplify the numerical model,
double-row cement mixing piles are replaced by a
cement continuous wall whose thickness is 1 150 mm, as
depicted in Fig. 2. The cement mixing pile, bored pile
and shotcrete surface layer are used as elastic materials,
and their parameters are presented in Table 2.
In addition, the upper and lower soil anchors are
disposed 3 m and 6 m below the ground surface,
respectively. Soil nailing and soil anchor are embedded
2019
into the shotcrete surface layer and soil based on the
constraint condition supplied by the finite element
program, which can be considered as the contact
condition in the numerical model. Furthermore, Table 3
lists elastic parameters of the soil nailing and soil anchor.
3.3 Simulation of construction steps
Based on the practical construction conditions, the
construction of the cement mixing pile and bored pile are
first simulated in the model, and then the soil is
(1) excavated about 11.65 m from the ground surface to the
bottom in ten layers. The groundwater is not taken into
account in the numerical model due to the poor
permeability of the soil, and numerical results are the
(2)
long-term final values.
(3) 4 Case calibrating
Figure 3 indicates that the retaining structure has an
inward deflection after the completion of the deep
excavation with the maximum displacement lying at the
upper part, which implies that the soil nailing and soil
anchor located at the upper part of the deep excavation
perform larger tension forces.
The numerical horizontal displacements and
measured values derived from the monitoring point of
G16 and G14 shown in Fig. 4(a) both indicate that the
deep excavation supported by the composite soil nailed
wall with bored piles has the corner effect.
It can be seen from Fig. 4(b) that the measured

Table 1 Physico-mechanical parameters of soil

Internal
Thickness, Density, Compression Expansion Possion Initial void Element
No. Soil layer −3 friction angle,
h/m ρ/(g·m ) index, Cc index, Cs ratio, υ ratio, e0 type
φ/(º)
1 Clay 8.2 1 980 0.130 0.02 11.7 0.31 0.834 C3D8
2 Silty clay with silt 8.8 1 900 0.135 0.02 11.8 0.30 0.891 C3D8
3 Silt with silty clay 7.6 1 860 0.091 0.01 24.8 0.35 0.882 C3D8
4 Silty clay 10.4 1 920 0.163 0.016 11.6 0.30 0.885 C3D8

Table 2 Material parameters

Length, Elastic modulus, Possion ratio, Element
Material Density, ρ/(kg·m−3)
L/m E/GPa υ type
Bored pile 23 2 500 30 0.20 C3D6
Cement mixing pile 19 2 000 0.1 0.28 C3D8
Shotcrete surface layer 11.65 2 500 20 0.20 C3D8

Table 3 Material parameters of soil nailing and soil anchor

Elastic modulus,
Material Density, ρ/(g·m−3) Possion ratio, υ Section area, A/m2 Dip, β/(º) Element type
E/GPa
Soil nailing 7 850 210 0.31 0.379 94×10-3 10 T3D2
-3
Upper soil anchor 7 850 210 0.31 1.017 36×10 15 T3D2
Lower soil anchor 7 850 210 0.31 1.607 68×10-3 15 T3D2
2020 J. Cent. South Univ. (2013) 20: 2017−2024
It is concluded from Table 4 that axial forces of
each soil nailing and soil anchor from the numerical
analysis are just a little smaller than those of the field
data. The axial tension stress of the upper soil anchor is
larger than that of the lower layer due to the larger
horizontal soil displacement appearing at the upper part
of the deep excavation. Nevertheless, the lower soil
anchor has a larger axial force based on its larger cross
section area.
In summary, comparisons between the numerical
and measured results show that the numerical model
used in the study of behaviors of the composite soil
nailed wall with bored piles is reliable.

Table 4 Axial forces comparison of soil nailing and soil anchor

Maximum axial force/kN
Fig. 3 Horizontal displacement contour plots of soil: (a) X Monitoring point
direction; (b) Y direction Numerical value Measured value
Upper soil anchor 41.08 40.54
Lower soil anchor 53.27 56.10
Second layer of
25.49 39.63
soil nailing
Fourth layer of
24.22 28.54
soil nailing
Fifth layer of
18.72 21.83
soil nailing
Seventh layer of
8.69 8.97
soil nailing

5 Analysis of behaviors of composite soil

nailed wall with bored piles

Four patterns of the retaining structure considered in

the numerical analysis are presented in Table 5. By
comparing with displacements and internal forces of the
cement mixing pile, bored pile, soil anchor, soil nailing
and soil after the deep excavation supported by these
four retaining structures, behaviors of the composite soil
nailed wall with bored piles are researched so as to
optimize the design and construction of the new retaining
structure.

Table 5 Patterns of composite soil nailed wall

Composite soil
Component
Fig. 4 Comparison of horizontal displacements of soil between nailed wall
First pattern
numerical analysis and field data: (a) Monitoring points layout (Composite soil Bored pile, Cement mixing pile,
(northwest); (b) Results comparison nailed wall Soil anchor, Soil nailing
with bored piles)
maximum horizontal displacement appears at 4 m below Second pattern Bored pile, Cement mixing pile, Soil nailing
the ground surface compared with 2.7 m of the numerical Third pattern
Cement mixing pile,
result. However, the variation tendency of the soil Soil anchor, Soil nailing
horizontal displacement with depth behind the cement Fourth pattern Cement mixing pile, Soil nailing
mixing wall between the numerical result and the
measured value is identical basically, and the numerical 5.1 Internal force of bored pile
value is relatively small due to the greater stiffness of the If the shear tends to point to the outside of the deep
simplified cement continuous wall. excavation, it is regarded as positive. Otherwise, it is
J. Cent. South Univ. (2013) 20: 2017−2024
negative. Positive and negative values of the axial force
refer to tension and compression, respectively.
According to Fig. 5, the maximum axial force and
shear appear near the depth of the excavation bottom
caused by the downward movements of the soil above
the excavation bottom and the upward movements of the
soil below the excavation bottom.
Fig. 5 Internal force distribution of bored pile ((1) First pattern
of composite soil nailed wall; (2) Second pattern of composite
soil nailed wall): (a) Axial force distribution; (b) Shear
distribution
There are more significant corner effects deduced
from the first and second patterns of the retaining
structure listed in Table 5, which means that the closer
distance from the bored pile to the excavation mid-span
(i.e. distances between the bored pile and the symmetry
planes B and A are 5.3 m and 13.9 m, respectively, as
depicted in Fig. 5), the larger axial force and shear of the
bored pile appear after the deep excavation. However,
the closer distance from the bored pile to the excavation
corner (i.e. distances between the bored pile and the
symmetry planes B and A are 39.7 m and 82.7 m,
respectively, also as presented in Fig. 5), the stronger
restriction effect appears at the excavation corner, which
leads to a relatively small internal force of the bored pile.
In addition, no soil anchors are added in the second
retaining structure compared with the first pattern, so the
2021
bored pile lying close to the excavation mid-span in the
second retaining structure has a little greater axial force
than the first pattern. However, there is a coincident
distribution of the shear and axial force of the bored pile
disposed close to the excavation corner in these two
patterns of the retaining structure. It is concluded that the
adding of soil anchors or not has a less impact on the
bored pile in the composite soil nailed wall.
5.2 Horizontal displacement of cement mixing pile
Figure 6 shows that compared with the cement
mixing pile located near the excavation corner, the
cement mixing pile disposed close to the excavation
mid-span has a larger horizontal displacement after the
deep excavation. It is implied that the obvious corner
effect which would restrict deformations of the retaining
structure located close to the excavation corner
effectively is caused by the three dimensional excavation
in the numerical model like the case in practice.
Unlike that with the cement mixing pile disposed
near the excavation corner, greater restriction to
horizontal displacements of the cement mixing pile
Fig. 6 Horizontal displacement distributions of cement mixing
piles ((1) First pattern of composite soil nailed wall; (2) Second
pattern of composite soil nailed wall; (3) Third pattern of
composite soil nailed wall; (4) Fourth pattern of composite soil
nailed wall): (a) 5.3 m from symmetry plane B; (b) 39.7 m
from symmetry plane B
2022
located close to the excavation mid-span is caused by
soil anchors added in the retaining structure. When the
cement mixing pile locates at the same place, the
increasing range of the horizontal displacement due to
the deep excavation supported by the composite soil
nailed wall without bored piles is larger than that in the
deep excavation supported by the composite soil nailed
wall without soil anchors obviously. Besides, without
bored piles, significant influences are brought about to
the cement mixing pile located above the excavation
bottom near the excavation mid-span and those located
below the excavation bottom near the excavation corner.
So, it is indicated that the effect due to bored piles in the
composite soil nailed wall is greater than that in soil
anchors.
5.3 Horizontal displacement of soil
Variations of horizontal displacements of the soil
behind the cement mixing pile due to the deep
excavation are similar both in X and Y directions, so only
horizontal displacements of the soil in X direction behind
the cement mixing pile disposed in Y direction are
presented in Fig. 7.
No matter what pattern the composite soil nailed
wall is, horizontal displacements of the soil decrease
with the increase of the distance to the cement mixing
pile. According to the maximum length (i.e. 17 m and 30
m) and dip (i.e. 10° and 15°) of the soil nailing and soil
anchor, horizontal distances from the cement mixing pile
to the soil nailing and soil anchor are 13.6 m and 25.9 m,
respectively. The maximum horizontal displacement of
the soil inside the area reinforced by soil nailings and
soil anchors appears at the upper part of the deep
excavation, while the maximum horizontal displacement
outside the reinforced area locates at the ground surface
and the distribution of horizontal displacements is of a
cantilever type. Combined with the horizontal
displacement distribution of the cement mixing pile
Fig. 7 Horizontal displacements of soil behind cement mixing pile lied in X direction ((1) First pattern of composite soil nailed wall;
(2) Second pattern of composite soil nailed wall; (3) Third pattern of composite soil nailed wall; (4) Fourth pattern of composite soil
nailed wall): (a) 5.3 m from symmetry plane B; (b) 39.7 m from symmetry plane B
J. Cent. South Univ. (2013) 20: 2017−2024
depicted in Fig. 6, the soil nailing, soil anchor, bored pile
and soil are considered as a whole in the reinforced area,
and the whole has an effective restriction to the ground
surface.
Figure 7 also shows that horizontal displacements of
the soil behind the cement mixing pile are affected by the
corner effect in the three dimensional deep excavation.
However, the greater restriction of the bored pile
rather than the soil anchor to horizontal displacements of
the soil behind the cement mixing pile is mainly reflected
in the area reinforced by the soil nailing.
5.4 Ground surface settlement and excavation bottom
heave
As shown in Fig. 8, the larger ground surface
settlement and excavation bottom heave appear at the
excavation mid-span rather than the excavation corner,
which implies that the corner effect due to the three
dimensional excavation also causes influences to the
ground surface settlement and excavation bottom heave.
As long as the soil is located close to the cement
mixing pile, bored piles added in the composite soil
nailed wall lead to a strong restriction for the soil lied
both close to the excavation mid-span and excavation
corner. The impact due to the using of different patterns
of the composite soil nailed wall on the excavation
bottom heave is not obvious.
5.5 Axial force of soil anchor and soil nailing
The stress distribution of the soil anchor and soil
nailing both added in the composite soil nailed wall with
bored piles is presented in Fig. 9 after the deep
excavation. It is found that the first layer of the soil
anchor and the second layer of the soil nailing both
disposed at the upper part of the deep excavation have
the maximum stress, and their axial forces are listed in
Table 6 and Table 7, respectively.
J. Cent. South Univ. (2013) 20: 2017−2024 2023

Fig. 8 Ground surface settlement and excavation bottom heave distance from symmetry plane B ((1) First pattern of composite soil
nailed wall; (2) Second pattern of composite soil nailed wall; (3) Third pattern of composite soil nailed wall; (4) Fourth pattern of
composite soil nailed wall): (a) Settlement; (b) Heave

Fig. 9 Stress contour of soil anchors and soil nailings: (a) Soil anchors; (b) Soil nailings

Whether soil anchors and bored piles are added in lack of soil anchors or bored piles, and the increasing
the composite soil nailed wall or not, the influence on range due to the lack of bored piles is larger.
axial forces of the soil anchor and soil nailing both Compared with axial forces of the soil nailing in the
disposed at the excavation corner is not significant, but first pattern of the composite soil nailed wall with bored
axial forces of the soil nailing located near the piles, axial forces of the soil nailing in the third pattern
excavation mid-span increase obviously because of the of the composite soil nailed wall located near the
excavation mid-span in X and Y directions increase by
Table 6 Axial force of soil anchors (kN) 14.78% and 16.04%, respectively. However, axial forces
Pattern of Distance from symmetry Distance from of the soil nailing in the second pattern of the composite
composite plane B/m symmetry plane A/m soil nailed wall without bored piles located near the
soil nailed excavation mid-span in X and Y directions increase by
6.05 36.95 6.05 79.95
wall 9.38% and 9.73%, respectively, compared with axial
First pattern 40.27 18.47 41.26 18.72 forces deduced from the first pattern.
Third
46.69 19.19 48.28 19.34
pattern 6 Conclusions

Table 7 Axial force of soil nails (kN) 1) The numerical and measured results both indicate
Pattern of Distance from Distance from that the corner effect which has an obvious restriction to
composite soil Symmetry plane B/m symmetry plane A/m the deformation and internal force of the bored pile,
nailed wall 4.8 38.2 4.8 81.2 cement mixing pile, soil anchor, soil nailing and soil
First pattern 24.83 9.81 24.56 9.73 located near the excavation corner appears in the three
Second pattern 27.16 10.41 26.95 10.34 dimensional deep excavation supported by the composite
soil nailed wall with bored piles.
Third pattern 28.50 10.19 28.50 10.05
2) Due to the deep excavation, the maximum axial
Fourth pattern 31.43 10.88 31.52 10.74
force and shear of the bored pile locate near the
2024
excavation depth. So, the foundation slab should be
constructed after the completion of the deep excavation.
3) The maximum horizontal displacement of the
cement mixing pile and soil inside the area reinforced by
soil nailings and soil anchors and the maximum axial
force of the soil anchor and soil nailing all locate at the
upper part of the deep excavation, while the maximum
horizontal displacement outside the reinforced area
locates at the ground surface and its distribution is of a
cantilever type.
4) Soil anchors and bored piles added in the
composite soil nailed wall can both reduce internal
forces of the bored pile, horizontal displacements of the
cement mixing pile and soil behind the cement mixing
pile, settlements of the soil surrounding the deep
excavation and axial forces of the soil anchor and soil
nailing, while their effects on the bottom heave are not
significant. Moreover, the effect of bored piles added in
the composite soil nailed wall is greater than that in soil
anchors. These all indicate that the composite soil nailed
wall with bored piles used as the retaining structure in
the deep excavation is reasonable and effective.
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