electronics

Article
A Three-Bridge IPT System for Different Power
Article
A Three-Bridge
Levels IPTunder
Conversion System for Different
CC/CV PowerMode
Transmission
Levels Conversion under CC/CV Transmission Mode
Bingyang Luo, Yatao Shou, Jianghua Lu, Ming Li, Xiangtian Deng * and Guorong Zhu
Bingyang Luo, Yatao shou, Jianghua Lu, Ming Li, Xiangtian Deng* and Guorong Zhu
School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
School of Automation,
* Correspondence: Wuhan University of
dengxt@whut.edu.cn; +86-189-7140-0950
Technology,
Tel.: Wuhan 430000, China
* Correspondence: dengxt@whut.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-189-7140-0950




Received: 25
25 July
July 2019;
2019; Accepted:
Accepted: 08
8 August

Received: August2019;
2019;Published:
Published: 909August
August2019
2019

Abstract: This paper proposes an inductive power transfer (IPT) system with three-bridge switching
Abstract: This paper proposes an inductive power transfer (IPT) system with three-bridge switching
compensation topology. With the proposed IPT topology, the equivalent circuit and the resonant
compensation topology. With the proposed IPT topology, the equivalent circuit and the resonant
condition are analyzed to achieve the load-independent constant current (CC) and load-independent
condition are analyzed to achieve the load-independent constant current (CC) and load-
constant voltage (CV) outputs. On this basis, multiple power levels can be achieved under CC/CV
independent constant voltage (CV) outputs. On this basis, multiple power levels can be achieved
conditions by bridge arm switching, which makes it possible to complete charging tasks for multiple
under CC/CV conditions by bridge arm switching, which makes it possible to complete charging
power level electric vehicles (EV) without switching the IPT system. A circuit simulation was built to
tasks for multiple power level electric vehicles (EV) without switching the IPT system. A circuit
verify the different power level switching effects of the structure. A 3.3 kW IPT system was designed
simulation was built to verify the different power level switching effects of the structure. A 3.3 kW
to verify the proposed structure. At the rated output power, the experimental efficiency was up to
IPT system was designed to verify the proposed structure. At the rated output power, the
92.04% and 91.21% in CC and CV output modes, respectively.
experimental efficiency was up to 92.04% and 91.21% in CC and CV output modes, respectively.

Keywords: inductive power transfer (IPT); three-bridge switching; constant current (CC); constant
Keywords: inductive power transfer (IPT); three-bridge switching; constant current (CC); constant
voltage (CV); fixed frequency
voltage (CV); fixed frequency

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
The IPT (inductive power transfer) technology uses a loosely coupled transformer (LCT) structure
The IPT (inductive power transfer) technology uses a loosely coupled transformer (LCT)
with primary and secondary coils to achieve non-contact energy transfer. Due to the safety, stability,
structure with primary and secondary coils to achieve non-contact energy transfer. Due to the safety,
and lower maintenance cost of this structure, IPT systems are receiving more and more attention
stability, and lower maintenance cost of this structure, IPT systems are receiving more and more
and research in many fields, such as consumer electrics, biomedical implants, and electric vehicles
attention and research in many fields, such as consumer electrics, biomedical implants, and electric
(EVs) [1–3]. As shown in Figure 1, an IPT system mainly consists of five parts: High-frequency inverter,
vehicles (EVs) [1–3]. As shown in Figure 1, an IPT system mainly consists of five parts: High-
loosely coupled transformer with primary and secondary coils, primary and secondary compensation
frequency inverter, loosely coupled transformer with primary and secondary coils, primary and
networks, rectifier, and battery load.
secondary compensation networks, rectifier, and battery load.

Z EV chassis
D1 D3
L Battery
C0
C packs
Secondary D2 D4
Secondary compensation
coil network Rectifier and filter
Q1 Q3
RS L
Y
Ueq C
Q2 Q4 Primary
compensation Primary coil
High frequency inverter network X

Figure 1.
Figure Schematic diagram
1. Schematic diagram of
of an
an inductive
inductive power
power transfer
transfer (IPT)
(IPT) system.
system.

The existence
The existence of
of an
an air
air gap
gap between
between the
the primary
primary and
and secondary
secondary coils
coils of
of the
the IPT
IPT system
system will
will lead
lead
to large
to large leakage
leakage inductance.
inductance. InInorder
orderto
toimprove
improvethe
thesystem
systemefficiency
efficiencyand
andpower
powertransfer
transfercapability,
capability,
the compensation network will be used to resonate with the leakage inductance [4]. The
the compensation network will be used to resonate with the leakage inductance [4]. The four basic four basic
topologies (series-series, series-parallel, parallel-series, and parallel- parallel) are the most widely
Electronics 2019, 8, 884; doi:10.3390/electronics8080884 www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics
Electronics 2019, 8, 884 2 of 12

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topologies (series-series, series-parallel, parallel-series, and parallel- parallel) are the most widely
studied,
studied, and
and the
theSSSS(series–series)
(series–series) topology
topology is is one
one ofofthe
themost
mostwidely
widelyused
usedtopologies
topologies due
due to
toits
itssimple
simple
structure and primary capacitance that is independent of the variation of the coupling
structure and primary capacitance that is independent of the variation of the coupling coefficient [5–7]. coefficient [5–
7]. As lithium batteries are the main load batteries in the field of electric vehicles, the research on the
As lithium
charging batteries of
characteristics arelithium
the main load batteries
batteries is of greatin significance
the field of electric vehicles,
for the design of the
IPTresearch
systems on[8].
the charging characteristics of lithium batteries is of great significance for the design
The typical charging process of the lithium battery for EVs is shown in Figure 2. From Figure 2, the of IPT systems
[8]. The typical
charging charging
state could processinto
be divided of the
twolithium battery for
steps: Constant EVs is
current shown
(CC) modein and
Figure 2. From
constant Figure
voltage 2,
(CV)
the charging state could be divided into two steps: Constant current (CC) mode and
mode [9]. In CC mode, the current is constant and the voltage gradually rises. When the voltage rises constant voltage
(CV)
to themode
rated[9]. In CC
value, mode,
it will the current
become is constant
stable and andwill
the current the voltage gradually
gradually decreaserises.
until When theofvoltage
the state charge
rises
endsto the rated value, it will become stable and the current will gradually decrease until the state of
[10].
charge ends [10].

CV mode

Voltage (V)
Current (A)

CC mode

Time (s)

Figure2.
Figure Processof
2.Process oflithium-ion
lithium-ionbattery
batterycell
cellcharging.
charging.

In order
In order to to obtain
obtainload-independent
load-independentCC/CV CC/CV transmission
transmission characteristics,
characteristics,therethere
are currently three
are currently
main main
three methods: A back-end
methods: DC/DC
A back-end converter,
DC/DC variable
converter, operating
variable frequency
operating control,
frequency and special
control, tuning
and special
tuning methods for resonant tank network in IPT systems. However, adding a DC/DC converteronly
methods for resonant tank network in IPT systems. However, adding a DC/DC converter not not
increases
only the cost,
increases the but also
cost, butintroduces additional
also introduces inevitable
additional losses. The
inevitable method
losses. The involving changing
method involving
switching-frequency
changing increases the
switching-frequency complexity
increases of system control
the complexity and reduces
of system controlsystem stabilitysystem
and reduces due to
frequency bifurcation [11–13]. In J. Lu’s paper [14], the resonant conditions
stability due to frequency bifurcation [11–13]. In J. Lu’s paper [14], the resonant conditions for for obtaining CC/CV
transmission
obtaining CC/CVcharacteristics
transmission bycharacteristics
T-equivalence by andT-equivalence
pi-equivalence andarepi-equivalence
introduced in are detail. Using this
introduced in
method, the load-independent CC/CV transmission condition of many
detail. Using this method, the load-independent CC/CV transmission condition of many typical typical compensation networks
can be analyzed
compensation easily. can be analyzed easily.
networks
In addition,
In addition, different
differentcharging
charging objects
objectshave
havedifferent
differentcharging power
charging level requirements
power in CC/CV
level requirements in
mode [15,16]. For example, the charging power level applied to a bus
CC/CV mode [15,16]. For example, the charging power level applied to a bus and a car by the IPT and a car by the IPT system
must bemust
system different. The traditional
be different. IPT systems
The traditional only perform
IPT systems charging
only perform tasks tasks
charging for a fixed power
for a fixed level,
power
whichwhich
level, necessarily has certain
necessarily limitations
has certain [17,18].
limitations [17,18].
To meet multi-power level charging
To meet multi-power level charging flexibility flexibility in CC/CV
in CC/CV mode, this this
mode, paper adopted
paper a three-bridge
adopted a three-
arm switching concept to perform different modes conversion under
bridge arm switching concept to perform different modes conversion under constant frequency. constant frequency. Switching
from CC to
Switching CVCC
from modeto CVwas achieved
mode by designing
was achieved two SS two
by designing compensation
SS compensationnetworks with the
networks withsame
the
compensating components on the secondary side, and the primary
same compensating components on the secondary side, and the primary side compensating side compensating components
were transformed
components by switchingbythe
were transformed workingthe
switching bridge
working arm.bridge
One of arm.theOneSS compensation networks
of the SS compensation
was designed for the CC transmission mode while the other was
networks was designed for the CC transmission mode while the other was designed for the CV designed for the CV transmission
mode. Since mode.
transmission the voltage
Sincegain and transconductance
the voltage in both CC and
gain and transconductance CV modes
in both CC andcan CVbe specified
modes can be by
parameterbydesign,
specified parameterthe specific
design,value of the output
the specific value of power can also
the output be obtained,
power can alsowhich means that
be obtained, which the
structure can achieve two different power-level charging. This paper establishes
means that the structure can achieve two different power-level charging. This paper establishes a a mathematical model
of system output
mathematical model power in CC/CV
of system outputmode and in
power illustrates
CC/CV mode the designability
and illustratesof different power level
the designability of
outputs. power
different The resonance conditions
level outputs. of the CC and
The resonance CV modes
conditions were
of the CCanalyzed
and CV by the leakage
modes inductance
were analyzed by
model.
the Theinductance
leakage verificationmodel.of theoretical analysis of
The verification was completed
theoretical by establishing
analysis was completed an IPT bysystem under
establishing
MATLAB/Simulink.
an IPT system underFurthermore,
MATLAB/Simulink. an experiment platform
Furthermore, anwas built to verify
experiment platformthe was
simulation
built toresults.
verify
the simulation results.

2. System Structure and Analysis

2.1. System Structure

Electronics 2019, 8, 884 3 of 12

2. System Structure and Analysis

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2.1. System Structure 3 of 12
As
As shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 3, 3, the
the proposed
proposed IPT IPT system
system includes
includes aa three-phase
three-phase inverter,
inverter, two two SS SS
As
compensationshown in Figure 3, the proposed IPT system includes a
compensation topologies with a shared secondary compensation capacitor, a three-winding loosely
topologies with a shared secondary compensation three-phase
capacitor, a inverter,
three-winding two
looselySS
compensation
coupled
coupled transformer topologies
transformer withwith
with two aprimary
sharedcoils
twoprimary secondary
coilsandand compensation
oneone secondary
secondary coil,capacitor,
coil,
andand a three-winding
an uncontrolled
an uncontrolled loosely
rectifier
rectifier with
coupled
with a transformer
capacitor output with two
filter. Q 1primary
–Q 6 and coils
D 1–Dand one
4 representsecondary
six coil,
switching and
power
a capacitor output filter. Q1 –Q6 and D1 –D4 represent six switching power devices of the primary side an uncontrolled
devices of the rectifier
primary
with
side a capacitor
inverter
inverter and and
fouroutput
four
diodes filter.
diodes
of theQ1the
of –Q and D1–D
6secondary
secondary represent
4side
side six
rectifier,
rectifier, switching power
respectively.
respectively. Cp1and
Cp1 devices
and of the
CCp2p2 are
are the primary
primary
side inverter
compensation and four diodes of the
s issecondary side rectifier, respectively.
compensation capacitors, while Cs is the secondary compensation capacitor. Lp1 and Lp2 represent the
capacitors, while C the secondary compensation capacitor.C and
p1 L C
p1 andp2Lare the primary
p2 represent
the
compensation
self-inductancecapacitors,
self-inductance of the
of two while
the two Cs is the
transmitting
transmitting secondary
coils
coils on the
on compensation
the primary
primary side, capacitor.
side, and
and Lp1 and
LLss represents
represents theLself-inductance
the p2 represent the
self-inductance
self-inductance
of
of the receivingofcoil.
the M
coil. two
Mp1p2transmitting
, Mp1s, and Mcoils on the primary
p2s represent side, and
the mutual Ls represents
inductance the self-inductance
between Lp1 and Lp2, Lp1
the receiving p1p2 , Mp1s , and Mp2s represent the mutual inductance between Lp1 and Lp2 ,
of
Lp1the
and Ls,receiving
and and
Ls ,Land coil.
p2 and
Lp2 M
Ls,and p1p2, Mp1s, and
respectively. UDCMand
Ls , respectively. p2s represent
U
ULDCareand the
UL mutual
system input
are andinductance
system output
input DC between
and outputLp1DC
voltages, andvoltages,
Lp2, Lp1
respectively.
and
R L s, and Lp2battery
L represents and L s, respectively.
load.
respectively. RL represents battery load. U DC and UL are system input and output DC voltages, respectively.

RL represents battery load. Mp1s IL

Cp1 is Cs
Q1 IL
Q3 Q5 Mp1s D1 D3
Cp1 is Cs
Q1A Q3 Q5 Mp1p2 Lp1 a
D1 D03
C UL
UDC B Ls RL
A C Mp1p2 Lp1 a b
Cp2 Lp2 C0 UL
UDC Q2 Q4B Q6 Ls RL
C D2 bD4
Cp2 Lp2
Q2 Q4 Q6 Mp2s D2 D4
Mp2s
Figure 3. Three-bridge arm-switching IPT system structure.
Figure 3.
Figure Three-bridge arm-switching
3. Three-bridge arm-switching IPT
IPT system
system structure.
structure.
2.2.
2.2. CC
CC Mode
Mode
2.2. CC Mode
The
The equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit ofof Figure
Figure 33 for
for achieving
achieving CCCC output
output mode
mode is is shown
shown in in Figures
Figures 44 and
and 5.
5.
The The equivalent circuit of Figure 3 for achieving CC output mode is shown
The system structure shown in Figure 4 was designed to get CC charging mode. This means the
system structure shown in Figure 4 was designed to get CC charging in
mode. Figures
This 4
meansand 5.
the
The
powersystem structure
devices Q5 and shown
Q 6 are OFFin Figure
all the 4time
wasindesigned
this mode, toand
get QCC
1–Qcharging mode. This full-bridge
4 form a single-phase means the
power devices Q5 and Q6 are OFF all the time in this mode, and Q1 –Q4 form a single-phase full-bridge
power devices Q5 and
inverter. Q6 are OFF all the time in this mode, and Q1–Q 4 form a(fundamental
single-phase full-bridge
inverter. Actually, Figure
Actually, Figure 44 shows
shows aa SS-compensated
SS-compensated IPT system.
IPT system. The
The FHA
FHA (fundamental harmonics
harmonics
inverter.
analysis) Actually,
method Figure
was taken 4 shows
in this apaper
SS-compensated
to simplify IPTanalysis
the system. of
Thethe FHA
output(fundamental harmonics
characteristics. In
analysis) method was taken in this paper to simplify the analysis of the output characteristics. In this
this
analysis)
case, the methodvoltage
output was taken
of in inverter
the this paperU toand
AB simplify
the the analysis
equivalent ac of theRoutput
load characteristics.
eq are derived as In this
case, the output voltage of the inverter UAB and the equivalent ac load Req are derived as
case, the output voltage of the inverter UAB and the equivalent ac load Req are derived as
2 √2
U  U
UABAB
= 22 22 UDC
DC
U AB  8 π U DC . (1)
Req = π82 RL .
Req  RL (1)
82
RL Req 
The equivalent model of the SS resonant circuit
2 with reference to the primary side is shown in
Figure The5. equivalent
The symbols model“ ’ ”ofmeans
the SSthat
resonant circuit withwas
the equivalence reference
measuredto the primary
from side is shown
the secondary side in
to
Figure The5. equivalent
The symbols model
“ ’ ” of
means’the SS resonant
that the circuit
equivalence with
was reference
measured to the
from primary
the side
secondary is shown
side to in
the
the primary side. Lkp1 and L ks means the leakage-inductance of the primary and secondary coil,
Figure
primary 5. The symbols
side. Lkp1 “ ’ L”’ksmeans thatthe
theleakage-inductance
equivalence was measured from the secondary side tocoil,
the
respectively, and Lm1andrepresents means
the magnetizing inductance. Lkp1 of the
and primary and secondary
Cp1 are equivalent to capacitor
primary
respectively, side.
andL L
kp1 and L ’ks means
represents the the leakage-inductance
magnetizing inductance. Lof the
and primary
C are and secondary
equivalent to coil,
capacitor
Ceq1 . C’ S shows the equivalent capacitance of the secondary side compensation capacitance converted
m1 kp1 p1

respectively,
C . C’primary
S shows and
the Lequivalent
m1 represents the magnetizing
capacitance inductance. Lkp1 and Cp1 are equivalent toconverted
capacitor
toeq1the side. R’ eq indicates that theofequivalent
the secondary side
resistance compensation
was converted capacitance
from the secondary
C
toeq1 . C’primary
the S shows the equivalent
side. R’eq indicatescapacitance
that the ofequivalent
the secondary side compensation
resistance was converted capacitance
from the converted
secondary
side to the primary side. ZRcc , Zm1 , and Zincc represent the impedance.
to
sidethe toprimary side.side.
the primary R’eq indicates that Zthe
ZRcc, Zm1, and incc equivalent resistance
represent the impedance.was converted from the secondary
side to the primary side. ZRcc, Zm1, and Zincc represent M the
p1s impedance. IL
Cp1 is Cs
Mp1s IL
Q1 Q3 Q5 Cp1
iAB is Cs D1 D3
Q1A Q3 Q5 Lp1
UAB i Mp1p2
AB Uab aD1 D03
C UL
UDC B Mp1p2 Lp1 Ls RL
A C UAB
Req
Uab a UL
UDC B Cp2 Lp2 Ls b
C0
Q2 Q4 Q6 C Req RL
Cp2 Lp2 D2 bD4
Q2 Q4 Q6
Mp2s D2 D4
Mp2s
Figure 4.
Figure IPT system
4. IPT system structure
structure diagram
diagram in
in constant
constant current
current (CC)
(CC) mode.
mode.
Figure 4. IPT system structure diagram in constant current (CC) mode.
Electronics 2019, 8, 884 4 of 12
4 of 12

Cp1 Lkp1

Ceq1 Lḱs Cś I´s

UAB Lm1 R´eq Uáb

Zincc Zm1 ZRcc

Figure 5.
Figure Equivalent circuit
5. Equivalent circuit of
of Figure
Figure 44 with
with reference
reference to the primary side.

Some of
Some of the
the parameters
parameters are
are shown
shown in
in the
the following
following formula,
formula, such
such as
as turns ratio, nncc
turns ratio, cc,, and
and coupling
coupling
coefficient, k
coefficient, kcc,
cc , s
Ls Mp1s
ncc = L , kcc = pM p1s . (2)
ncc  Lp1s , kcc  Lp1 Ls . (2)
Lp1 Lp1 Ls
The equivalent variables of Figure 5 are expressed as:
The equivalent variables of Figure 5 are expressed as:
Lkp1 = (1 − kcc )Lp1
1 kcc
Lkp=
Lm1 (1Lp1kcc ) L p1
L0ksLm=1  kcc2ccL p1s
(1−k )L
ncc
(3)
C0s = n 2C
(1 s k ) L
0
L'ks Rcceq 2cc s
Req = 2 ncc
ncc
U
0C ' =
Uab s  nncc2ccabCs (3)
Req
Req'  resonant
In order to achieve CC output, the following 2
conditions [19] are designed.
ncc
1 1
Ceq1 = − ω2cc Lkp1
U ab
U '
ab 
Cp1
(4)
ω2cc = L n1Ccc
m1 eq1 .
Inωorder
where to achieve
cc represents theCC output,frequency
resonant the following
in CCresonant conditions
transmission mode.[19] are designed.
Then, the voltage gain of the resonant network
1 1 shown in Figure 5 can be expressed as
  cc
2
Lkp1
Ceq1 C0 p1
Uab ncc Uab R0eq |Zm1 | (4)
Gcc == 1 = ncc . (5)
UAB cc UAB
2
|ZRcc | |Zincc |
Lm1Ceq1
,
The DC voltage transfer ratio is derived as
where ωcc represents the resonant frequency in CC transmission mode.
π
√ U
Then, the voltage gain of the resonant network shown in Figure 8RL 5 can be expressed as
UL 2 2 ab
Mcc = = π = Gcc = 2 . (6)
UDC √ UAB '
R jπ
' ω cc ncc Lm1
U 2 2 n U Z
Gcc  ab  cc ab  ncc
eq m1
. (5)
U
Therefore, the system output voltage and U
AB output Z
AB current under
Rcc Z the CC mode can be characterized as
incc

The DC voltage transfer ratio is derived as 8RL UDC

UL(CC) = 2ω n L
, (7)
 jπ cc cc m1
U ab
UL 8RL
M cc  =2 2 8U=Gcc = 2 (6)
UI DC  DC j   n L
L(CC) = U2AB . cc cc m1 (8)
2 2jπ ωcc ncc Lm1 .
Moreover, the system output power of the CC mode is available.
Therefore, the system output voltage and output current under the CC mode can be
characterized as P(CC) = RL IL2(CC) . (9)
8 RLU DC
U Lthe
From Equation (8), it can be seen that  2 current was
( CC )output , constant and load independent.(7)
j  cc ncc Lm1
 j  ccccnccccLmm11
Moreover, the system output power of the CC mode is available.
Moreover, the system output power of the CC mode is available.
PCC )  RL I2L2( CC )
)  RL I L ( CC ) .
P((CC (9)
. (9)
Electronics 2019, 8, 884 5 of 12

From Equation (8), it can be seen that the output current was constant and load independent.
From Equation (8), it can be seen that the output current was constant and load independent.
2.3. CV Mode
2.3. CV Mode
2.3. CV Mode
The equivalent circuit of CV mode in IPT system is shown in Figures 6 and 7. In this mode, the
power
The equivalent
devices Q1 and
circuit of CV
Q2 are OFF
mode in IPT system
all the
is shown in Figures 6 and full-bridge
7. In this mode, the
The equivalent circuit of CV mode in time, and Qis
IPT system 3 –Q 6 form
shown inaFigures
single-phase
6 and 7. inverter.
In this mode, the
power devices Q1 and Q2 are OFF all the time, and Q3–Q6 form a single-phase full-bridge inverter.
Furthermore,
power devicesFigure
Q1 and6 isQmodeled
2 are OFF asall
Figure 7 based
the time, andon Qthe
3–QFHA6 formmethod. It can befull-bridge
a single-phase seen that Figure 7 is
inverter.
Furthermore, Figure 6 is modeled as Figure 7 based on the FHA method. It can be seen that Figure 7
essentially a T-circuit.
Furthermore, In modeled
Figure 6 is this case,as
theFigure
output voltageonofthe
7 based theFHAinverter UBC is
method. It derived as that Figure 7
can be seen
is essentially a T-circuit. In this case, the output voltage of the inverter UBC is derived as
is essentially a T-circuit. In this case, the output voltage √ of the inverter UBC is derived as
22 22
UUBC = 2 2 U UDC . . (10)
(10)
BC
U BC  π U DC DC
. (10)

IL
Cp1
Mp1s IL
Mp1s is Cs
Cp1 Cs
is
Q1 Q3 Q5 D1 D3
Q1 Q3 Q5 D1 D3
A Mp1p2 Lp1 Ubc a UL
A Mp1p2 Lp1 a C0
UDC B UBC Ls UReq
bc C0 RL UL
UDC B C UBC Ls Req b RL
iBC Cp2 Lp2 b
Q2 Q4 Q6C iBC Cp2 Lp2 D2 D4
Q2 Q4 Q6 D2 D4
Mp2s
Mp2s
Figure 6. IPT system structure diagram in constant voltage (CV) mode.
Figure 6.
Figure IPTsystem
6. IPT systemstructure
structure diagram
diagram in
in constant
constant voltage
voltage (CV)
(CV) mode.
mode.

Cp2 Lkp2 L'ks C's

Cp2 Lkp2 L'ks C's

Ceq2 C'eqs I's

Ceq2 C'eqs I's

UBC Lm2 R´eq U'bc

UBC Lm2 R´eq U'bc

Zincv Zm2 ZRcv

Zincv Zm2 ZRcv
Equivalent circuit of Figure 6 with reference to the primary side.
Figure 7. Equivalent
Figure 7. Equivalent circuit of Figure 6 with reference to the primary side.
The
The turns
turns ratio
ratio of
of secondary
secondary to
to primary
primary side
side andand the
the coupling
coupling coefficient
coefficient are
are defined
definedas
as
The turns ratio of secondary to primary side and the coupling coefficient are defined as
s
LLLss ，k  M M p2s
ncvnn=cv  =
s , kcv cv
M p2s
cv  LL ，kcv  LL L . (11)
p p2s

Lp2 p2 p 2 ss
p2 (11)
p2 L p 2 Ls .
.
As shown in Figure 7, the equivalent
equivalent variables
variables are
are derived
derived as as
As shown in Figure 7, the equivalent variables are derived as
Lkp2 = (1 − kcv )Lp2
Lm2 = kcv Lp2
(1−kcv )Ls
L0ks =
n2cv
(12)
C0s = n2cv Cs
Req
R0eq = 2
ncv
0 = Ubc
Ubc ncv

According to J. Lu’s paper [19], the resonance condition for realizing CV output is given by

1 1 2
Ceq2 = Cp2 − ωcv Lkp2
1 1 2 0
C0eqs = C0s − ωcv Lks (13)
1
ω2cv = Lm2 (Ceq2 +C0eqs )

where ωcv represents the resonant frequency in CV transmission mode.

Electronics 2019, 8, 884 6 of 12

Then, the voltage gain of the resonant network shown in Figure 7 can be expressed as

Ubc
0
ncc Ubc R0eq |Zm2 |
Gcv = = = ncc . (14)
UBC UBC |ZRcv | |Zincv |

According to Equation (10), the DC voltage transfer ratio is derived as

π
√ U
U 2 2 bc ncv Ceq2
Mcv = L = π = Gcv = . (15)
UDC √ UBC C0eqs
2 2

Therefore, the system output voltage and output current under the CV mode can be characterized as

ncv Ceq2 UDC

UL(CV ) = , (16)
C0eqs

ncv Ceq2 UDC

IL(CV ) = . (17)
RL C0eqs
Moreover, the system output power of the CV mode is available.

UL2(CV)
P(CV ) = . (18)
RL

From Equation (16), it can be seen that the output voltage is constant and load independent.
Combining the theoretical analysis of the above-two transmission modes, it could be known
that the three-bridge inverter structure could realize the conversion from CC mode to CV mode by
switching the working bridge arm under the fixed-frequency.
Combining the Equations (9) and (18), it can be seen that the output power of both CC mode and
CV mode is related to the load resistance RL , and the specific output powers in CC and CV modes can
be obtained by designing the rated load resistance at the switching time. Combined with the parameter
design, the CC/CV working mode was switched by changing the bridge arm, and different power level
outputs were also completed. Therefore, the structure can achieve different power level switching
based on CC/CV conditions.

3. Simulation and Experiment

3.1. Parameter Design

The LCT model parameters based on CC/CV transmission mode selected in this paper were
obtained through Maxwell. Figure 8 shows the specific model dimensions of the LCT structure. The
transmission coils and the corresponding ferrites were square structures, the side length of the primary
side was 250 mm, the side length of the auxiliary section was 330 mm, and the air gap between the
primary and secondary coils was 110 mm. To facilitate the parameter design process, both the primary
and secondary self-inductance of LCT were designed to be equal, that is, the value of the turns-ratio n
was 1. Through the finite element simulation of the LCT structure, the specific parameter values of the
LCT were obtained as shown in Table 1.
transmission coils and the corresponding ferrites were square structures, the side length of the
primary side was 250 mm, the side length of the auxiliary section was 330 mm, and the air gap
between the primary and secondary coils was 110 mm. To facilitate the parameter design process,
both the primary and secondary self-inductance of LCT were designed to be equal, that is, the value
Electronics 2019, 8, 884 n was 1. Through the finite element simulation of the LCT structure, the specific
of the turns-ratio 7 of 12

parameter values of the LCT were obtained as shown in Table 1.

Secondary Secondary ferrite

ferrite

Secondary
coil Secondary coil
Primary Airgap
Primary 110mm
coil
ferrite
Primary coil

Primary ferrite

(a) (b)

Figure
Figure 8. Loosely
8. Loosely coupled
coupled transformer
transformer (LCT) structure
(LCT) structure in IPTwith
in IPT system system withview
(a) main (a) main view
and (b) frontand
view.
(b) front view.
Table 1. Parameters in IPT system.
Table 1. Parameters in IPT system.
Parameters Value
Parameters Value
UDC 220 V
UDC 220 V
UL 260 V
UL 260 V
k k 0.2
0.2
TheThe
LCTLCT coil inductance
coil inductance (Lp1 =(LLp2p1 ==L s ) = Ls)
Lp2 120
120µµHH
TheThe resonance
resonance frequency f cc /f cv fcc/fcv
frequency 85
85kHz
kHz
The
Thesystem output
system power
output (P) (P)
power 3.3kW
3.3 kW

According to Equation (4), the primary compensation capacitor

capacitor in
in the
the CC
CC mode
mode is
is calculated
calculated as
as

1 1
C p1  2 1
Cp1 =  2 1 =
= 29.216
29.216nF .
nF. (19)
2  ( L  L
ωcc (Lm1 + Lkp1 )
cc m1 kp1 ) 
ω2ccLLp1p1
cc

By usingEquations
By using Equations(11)
(11)
andand
(12),(12),
it was it found
was found
that thethat the SS topology
SS topology primary primary compensation
compensation capacitor,
capacitor,
C Cp2, in the CV mode and the fixed secondary compensation capacitor, Cs, could be obtained
p2 , in the CV mode and the fixed secondary compensation capacitor, Cs , could be obtained separately.
separately.
11
Cp2 = C p 2 1 =35.138
35.138nF
nF.
. (20)
+ ω2cv2Lkp2
Ceq2 1 (20)
 L cv kp 2
Ceq 2
1
C0s = 1 = 28.308 nF. (21)
' C0 +ω 1 2cv L0ks
Cs =eqs =28.308 nF .
1 (21)
'
+cv Lks
2 '

3.2. Simulation Results Ceqs

Through the parameter design of the previous section, the simulation verification based on
transconductance and voltage gain was completed. Figure 9 shows the transconductance versus
system operating frequency for various load resistances. It can be seen that the transconductance was
independent of the load when the IPT system operated at 85 kHz. Figure 10 shows the AC voltage
gain versus system operating frequency for various load resistances. It can be seen that the voltage
gain was independent of the load when the IPT system operated at 85 kHz.
 transconductance
Through the and voltagedesign
parameter gain was completed.
of the previousFigure
section,9 the
shows the transconductance
simulation versus
verification based on
system operating frequency for various load resistances. It can be seen that the
transconductance and voltage gain was completed. Figure 9 shows the transconductance versus transconductance was
independent
system operating of thefrequency
load when forthe IPT system
various operated at
load resistances. 85 kHz.
It can Figure
be seen that 10
theshows the AC voltage
transconductance was
gain
independent of the load when the IPT system operated at 85 kHz. Figure 10 shows the the
versus system operating frequency for various load resistances. It can be seen that ACvoltage
voltage
gain
gainwas
Electronics independent
versus
2019, 8,system
884 of the load
operating when the
frequency forIPT system
various operated
load at 85 kHz.
resistances. It can be seen that the voltage
8 of 12
gain was independent of the load when the IPT system operated at 85 kHz.

Figure 9. Transconductance with respect to frequency for different load conditions.

Figure9.9.Transconductance
Figure Transconductancewith
withrespect
respecttoto
frequency forfor
frequency different load
different conditions.
load conditions.

Figure 10. Voltage

Figure10. Voltagegain
gainwith
withrespect
respectto
tofrequency
frequencyfor
fordifferent
differentload
loadconditions.
conditions.
Figure 10. Voltage gain with respect to frequency for different load conditions.
According
Accordingto tothe
theprevious
previousanalysis,
analysis,by bydetermining
determiningthe therated
ratedload
loadresistance,
resistance,RR L ,L,at
atthe
thetime
timeof of
switching,
switching, two
two different
different output
output powers
powers were
were realized
realized while
while switching
switching from
from CC
CC to
toCV
CV mode.
mode. In
Inorder
order
According to the previous analysis, by determining the rated load resistance, RL, at the time of
totoprove
provethe previous
thetwo
previous analysis,
analysis, a three-bridge switching IPT IPTsystem circuit under MATLAB/Simulink
switching, different outputa powers
three-bridgewereswitching
realized while system circuit
switching fromunder
CC to MATLAB/Simulink
CV mode. In order
was
was built.
built. The
The simulation
simulation results
results are
are shown
shown inin Figure
Figure 11.
11. From
From the
the previous
previous mathematical
mathematical model
modelof of
to prove the previous analysis, a three-bridge switching IPT system circuit under MATLAB/Simulink
the
theoutput
output power
power ofofCC/CV
CC/CV mode,
mode, ititcan
can be
beknown
known that
that the
the output
output power
power of
ofCC/CV
CC/CV mode
mode isisdifferent
different
was built. The simulation results are shown in Figure 11. From the previous mathematical model of
except
except for
forthe
the specific
specific load
load resistance
resistance (The specific
specific load
load resistancevalue valuecancanbe becalculated
calculatedwhen whenP1P1is
the output power of CC/CV mode, it (Thecan be known thatresistance
the output power of CC/CV mode is different
isequal
equaltotoP2).
P2).Figure
Figure11a 11ashows
showsthatthat thethe bridge
bridge armarm switching
switching process
process did not
did be change
notcalculated
change the the system
system
except for the specific load resistance (The specific load resistance value can when P1 is
output
output power
power under
under thethespecific load
specific load resistance
resistancecondition
condition as described
as describedabove, and and
above, the IPTthe system
IPT had
system
equal to P2). Figure 11a shows that the bridge arm switching process did not change the system
ahad
system output
a system power of 3.3 of
output kW 3.3inkWboth CC and CCCV modes. FigureFigure
11b showsshowsthat under other rated
output power underpowerthe specific loadinresistance
both and CV modes.
condition as described11b above, and thattheunder other
IPT system
load
ratedresistance
load condition,
resistance the bridge
condition, the arm switching
bridge arm process changed
switching process the system
changed theoutput
system power
output from 2.8
power
had a system output power of 3.3 kW in both CC and CV modes. Figure 11b shows that under other
to 3.9
from kW.
rated2.8
loadto 3.9 kW. condition, the bridge arm switching process changed the system output power
resistance
The
The time
time (t1)
(t1) in
inFigure
Figure11 11represents
representsthe theswitching
switchingload loadresistance
resistanceunder
underthetheCC CCmode
modecondition,
condition,
from 2.8 to 3.9 kW.
ininwhich
which the
the current
current changed
changed by
by 0.5
0.5 A.
A. The
The time
time (t2)
(t2) inin Figure
Figure 11
11 represents
represents the
the switching
switching of
ofthe
the
The time (t1) in Figure 11 represents the switching load resistance under the CC mode condition,
working
working arm so that the system was switched from the CC mode to the CV mode. The time (t3) in
in whicharm the so that the
current systemby
changed was 0.5switched
A. The timefrom(t2)
thein CCFigure
mode11 to represents
the CV mode. The time (t3)
the switching in
of the
Figure
Figure 11
11 represents
represents the
the switching
switching load
load resistance
resistance under
under the
the CV
CV mode
mode condition.
condition. It
Itcan
can be
be seen
seen from
from
working arm so that the system was switched from the CC mode to the CV mode. The time (t3) in
the simulation results that the CC-to-CV mode switching was realized by changing the working arm,
Figure 11 represents the switching load resistance under the CV mode condition. It can be seen from
and two specific system output powers in CC/CV mode were also obtained.
 9 of 12

9 of 12
the simulation results that the CC-to-CV mode switching was realized by changing the working arm,
andthetwo
Electronics specific
2019, 8, 884system output powers in CC/CV mode were also obtained.
simulation
9 of 12
results that the CC-to-CV mode switching was realized by changing the working arm,
and two specific system output powers in CC/CV mode were
CC mode CValso
modeobtained.
400

Voltage (V)
CC mode CV mode
400

Voltage (V)
200
200
0
20
0

Power (kW) Current (A)

20
10

Current (A)
10 CC mode to
0 CVmode
modeto
6 0 resistance CC
6 increases CV mode resistance
resistance
Power (kW)
3 increases
resistance
increases
3 P=3.3kW increases
P=3.3kW
0 P=3.3kW P=3.3kW
0 (t1) (t2) (t3)
(t1)
0.01 (t2)
0.02 (t3)
0.03 0.04
0.01 t0.02
(s) 0.03 0.04
t (s)
(a)
(a)
CC mode CV mode
400 CC mode CV mode
Voltage (V)

400
Voltage (V)

200
200
0
20200
Current (A)
Current (A)

1010
CC
CC mode to
mode to
00 CV
6 6 resistance CV mode
mode
Power (kW)

resistance
Power (kW)

increases resistance
resistance
increases
33 increases
increases
P=3.9kW
P=3.9kW
P=2.8kW
P=2.8kW
00
(t(t1)1) (t(t22)) (t(t33))
0.01
0.01 0.02
0.02 0.03
0.03 0.04
0.04
tt (s)
(s)
(b)
(b)
Figure
Figure
Figure 11.11.
11. Charging
Charging
Charging process
process
process undertt11t::1:Increasing
under
under Increasingthe
Increasing the resistance.
the resistance. tt222:::Switching
resistance. Switchingfrom
Switching fromCC
from CCmode
CC mode
modetoto
CV
to CV
CV
mode. t : Increasing
mode. tt33:: Increasing
mode. Increasing the
3 the resistance.
the resistance.
resistance. (a)(a) Constant
(a) Constant rated
Constant rated output
rated output power
output power
power during during switching.
during switching. (b)
switching. (b)Changing
(b) Changing
Changing
rated output
rated power during switching.
rated output
output power power during
during switching.
switching.

3.3.3.3.
Experimental Results
Experimental Results
3.3. Experimental Results
Combined
Combined with
with the
the previousanalysis,
previous analysis,this
thispaper
paper established
established aa 3.3
3.3kW
kWexperimental
experimentalplatform
platformasas
Combined with the previous analysis, this paper established a 3.3 kW experimental platform as
shown in Figure 12. The CC and CV transmission modes were realized by two SS topologies
shown in Figure 12. The CC and CV transmission modes were realized by two SS topologies based on based
shown in Figure 12. The CC and CV transmission modes were realized by two SS topologies based
on different
different combined
combined bridgebridge
armsarms
at 85at 85 kHz.
kHz.
on different combined bridge arms at 85 kHz.

DC load
Oscilloscope DC load
DC power
supply OscilloscopeSecondary coil
DC power
supply
Primary compensation Secondary coil

Primary network
compensation
network Primary coil

Primary coil
Secondary compensation
H-bridge network
inverter Secondary compensation
H-bridge network
inverter

Figure 12. IPT system experiment platform.

 10 of 12
10 of 12
Electronics 2019, 8, 884 Figure 12. IPT system experiment platform. 10 of 12

Figure 12. IPT system experiment platform.

The Figure 13a shows the system working in CC mode, uAB represents the inverter output
The Figure 13a shows the system working in CC mode, uAB represents the inverter output voltage,
voltage, iAB represents
The Figure 13a showsthe the
inverter
systemoutput current,
working in CCand ugs represents
mode, the drive
uAB represents voltageoutput
the inverter of the
iAB represents the inverter output current, and ugs represents the drive voltage of the switching tube.
switching
voltage, iABtube. The Figure
represents the 13b shows
inverter the system
output working
current, and uin
gs CV mode, uthe
represents BC represents the inverter
drive voltage of the
The Figure 13b shows the system working in CV mode, uBC represents the inverter output voltage, iBC
output voltage, i represents the inverter output current, and u represents the drive
switching tube. The Figure 13b shows the system working in CV mode, uBC represents the inverter
BC gs voltage of the
represents the inverter output current, and ugs represents the drive voltage of the switching tube. It
switching tube. It can be seen that Zero Voltage Switch (ZVS ) was implemented in the CV
output voltage, iBC represents the inverter output current, and ugs represents the drive voltage of the mode of
can be seen that Zero Voltage Switch (ZVS ) was implemented in the CV mode of the system, and there
the system,
switching andItthere
tube. were
can be ZVS
seen trends
that Zero in the CCSwitch
Voltage mode.(ZVS ) was implemented in the CV mode of
were ZVS trends in the CC mode.
the system, and there were ZVS trends in the CC mode.

ugs(t) ugs(t)
10V/div 10V/div
ugs(t) ugs(t)
10V/div 10V/div

iAB(t) iBC(t)
10A/div
10A/div iBC(t)
ZVS iAB(t) ZVS
10A/div
10A/div
ZVS ZVS
uAB(t) uBC(t)
150V/div
uAB(t) 150V/div
150V/div
uBC(t)
Time 2.5μs/div Time 2.5μs/div
150V/div
(a)
Time 2.5μs/div (b)
Time 2.5μs/div
Figure 13. Waveform of(a) (b)voltage under the (a) CC
inverter output voltage/current and rectifier input
transmission
Figure mode and
13. Waveform (b) CV transmission
of inverter mode.
output voltage/current and rectifier input voltage under the (a) CC
transmission mode and (b) CV transmission mode.
As shown in Figure 14a, the load was switched from half to full at tcc1 and then back to half at
tcc2. AsAsshown
shownininFigure
Figure14b,
14a,the
theload
loadwas
wasswitched
switched from
fromhalf
halftoto
full at at
full
full tat and
cv1ttcc1 then
and
cc1 and back
then
then to half
back at tcv2
to half at.
tAccording
cc2. .As
cc2 Asshown
shownto in
the experimental
inFigure
Figure 14b,the
14b, theresults
load
load was ofswitched
was the system
switched output
from
from tovoltage
half
half to
fullfull
at tatand
cv1 cv1current
tand and in back
thenthen
back Figure 14,
to half
to half the
at.
at tcv2
validity
tAccording
cv2 . of the
According previous
to the analysis
experimental with the
results CC/CV
of the transmission
system output characteristics
voltage and
to the experimental results of the system output voltage and current in Figure 14, can be
current verified.
in Figure 14, the
validity of the previous analysis with the CC/CV CC/CV transmission
transmission characteristics
characteristics can can be
be verified.
verified.

Output voltage
250V/div Output voltage
Output voltage 250V/div
250V/div Output voltage
250V/div
Half load Full load Half load

Half load Full load Half load Half load Half load
Full load
tcc1=3.2s tcc2=6.0s
Output current tcv1load
Half =3.0s Output current tcv2
Half load
=6.8s
Full load
tcc1=3.2s 5A/div tcc2=6.0s 5A/div
Output current tcv1=3.0s Output current tcv2=6.8s
0 1 2 3 4
5A/div 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4
5A/div 5 6 7 8 9 10
T(s) T(s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(a)
T(s) (b)
T(s)

Figure 14.
Figure
(a)
14. Output voltage IPT system
and current of IPT system with
with (a)
(a) CC (b) mode
CC transmission
transmission mode and
and (b)
(b) CV
CV
transmission
transmission mode.
mode.
Figure 14. Output voltage and current of IPT system with (a) CC transmission mode and (b) CV
transmission mode.
Figure
Figure 15
15 shows
shows thethe experimental
experimental efficiencies
efficiencies of
of the
the three-bridge
three-bridge IPTIPT system
system versus
versus different
different
output
output powers.
powers.
Figure It can the
15 shows be seen
seen that
that in
in aa certain
experimental certain range,of the
range,
efficiencies the system
system efficiency
IPT was
efficiency
three-bridge was increasing
system increasing with
with the
the
versus different
output
output power
power in
in both
both CC
CC and
and CV
CV mode.
mode. In
In addition,
addition, the
the system
system efficiencies
efficiencies at
at rated
rated
output powers. It can be seen that in a certain range, the system efficiency was increasing with the output
output power
power
were
were92.04%
output powerand
92.04% and 91.21%CCin
91.21%
in both CC
inand and
CCCV CV
CVmode,
andmode. mode, respectively.
respectively.
In addition, the system efficiencies at rated output power
were 92.04% and 91.21% in CC and CV mode, respectively.
Electronics 2019, 8, 884 11
11of
of12
12

95

System Efficiency(%)
90
cc mode-3.3kw  92.04%
cv mode-3.3kw  91.21%

85

CV mode
CC mode
80
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Output Power(W)

Figure Experimentalefficiencies
Figure 15. Experimental efficiencies
ofof
thethe
IPTIPT system
system versus
versus output
output power
power in CC
in both both CC
and and
CV CV
output
output
modes.modes.

4.
4. Conclusions
Conclusions
This paper proposed a three-bridge IPT system, which could realize the CC/CV mode transmission
This paper proposed a three-bridge IPT system, which could realize the CC/CV mode
under the fixed-frequency by topology parameter design and convert from CC to CV mode by switching
transmission under the fixed-frequency by topology parameter design and convert from CC to CV
the working arm. On this basis, by designing the rated load resistance at the switching time, the
mode by switching the working arm. On this basis, by designing the rated load resistance at the
specific
switchingoutput powers
time, before and
the specific after powers
output the switching time
before andwere realized.
after Therefore,time
the switching the effectiveness
were realized.of
CC/CV mode
Therefore, switching
the and the
effectiveness ofoutput
CC/CV of mode
different powers by
switching switching
and the bridge
the output arms was
of different verified.
powers by
By establishing and analyzing the leakage inductance equivalent model based on
switching the bridge arms was verified. By establishing and analyzing the leakage inductance SS topology, the
resonance
equivalentcondition of the
model based onCC/CV mode transmission
SS topology, the resonancecharacteristics
condition of the were obtained.
CC/CV mode Finally, circuit
transmission
simulations and the corresponding experiment were built, which verified the theoretical
characteristics were obtained. Finally, circuit simulations and the corresponding experiment were analysis and
the effectiveness of this structure.
built, which verified the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of this structure.
Author Contributions:Conceptualization,
AuthorContributions: Conceptualization,M.L.
M.L.and
andJ.L.; data
J.L.; curation,
data Y.S.Y.S.
curation, andand
M.L.; project
M.L.; administration,
project X.D.
administration,
and
X.D.B.L.;
and resources, G.Z.; supervision,
B.L.; resources, G.Z.; validation,
G.Z.; supervision, X.D.; writing—review
G.Z.; validation, X.D.; writing—reviewand editing, Y.S. and
and editing, J.L.
Y.S. and J.L.
Funding: This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China grand number 51777146
Funding: This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China grand number 51777146
and the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou province in China (No. LH-[2014]7369)
and the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou province in China (No. LH-[2014]7369)
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest
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