MARINe

MICROBLOLOGr

ASSIGNMENT-1

VINUTHA
NAME : MANTRALA
VU22 1MPST O400O
22.
REG No
:B5c MICROBIoLOar
CoURSe
BRATOaOPAL SA nANTA
SUBMISsION TO: Dr.
 MARINEM1 CRO DBIOL0uY.

MeTAB 0LIcDIveRSITY Or MicROBIAL Cor1MuNITIES

Mlerobll Communhies ehebit emahable of

metabolle dlrwiby rfet'ng the vat annay t
&n vanlous
vauloui environmnt Metabole
miroorganitms paunt n
to the nange w! bíoche mi cal prone
divustby nefes se to o tuin en
and hat mieoganm ms
g1
alivwiby iu auelal fa the fnhionig
Thiu aivustby
tlent . Thi
and micob contbulu
md neiliene of eosyotim fnt mateu , and
to muthunt gtig degrnqas'on of dganie
ohe esenbal eologieal prones
NuTRTIOH AL LATE oeres oe CROORaANIS MS
TPE CARBoN HYDR0aEN oR
SoURCe GX AMPLES
ENeRaY SovRLE ELECTRON DoNoR

Photo titho autotro ph1

Cight inorgan ynobateria, Pur ple Sut phar
Photsoganohiap Oganie Compouna Parple. mon-suphun bate'a.
Cormpounda
Chemolihaubotropha Sulphur-onidging ba tuia.
Inorganie Inorg anie
Chemoogpnohatrt
Ogani compounde Compourde Organic Compounda Sme bacleria and arehaaa
Maotoph Cuombinahion f uhoautotghy and|ng Phagofwophie proti
onghirotroph!
Inorgaie |Dganie
Compound Inorgnnie Sutgphua onidijiy bactenin
Hisotnphy lcomblhatkon of phdto aubstophy
and etgano hefro trophy
Hg Inorganie Pragotonphi phobosynhabie
i organie
OCompounde | compoundaa Organie Proists
PHoTOREPY AND CAEMoTR OPAY

PHOTOTRoPHS
Contain Cight sencibbegiyri
to ondise leton donort

OXYaENie ANOYaENc
PHoTosYNTHESIS

Those whech lavolve Those nehlen

atu veaction Compounde like
spleng product'on a H hhue
veeulbng in the Hso,2
Cygenu not qeneratd.
Mirnbe 2
major pigment fa phoasyntthets
and chloroplast
ChLORO PHY LLs , found ogenee gnabackena
noygenie phototruphio bactena.
+BACTe RIOCHLOROPAYLs, oud

PHoTostTHESIS

Lighe tneg1
-beltation Energ
Chovge Separalion
Hembran p6tenbal
Redor Clectrochemical
Energ1
branter of H* and P;
Tranfa f dcfrors
NADPH Remical
bond
ATP

-nerg1
Carbohydrat
Role of acesory pqmena in mirob'a photosynth
The funtien of aceemoy rgment u to protict cella
onl dation veachions hat e
fom haamful photo ori
occwr

in ah'on oe toxie foimm of

Carotenoids such a fuonanth§n may be mportant n

havetiy fa photosynhei in ekayotie alge
att complees af so-300 moleules
Antnna piqment ound
bactaioehlotophyM combined weth protil
a pment
most impotant antanna
eynobactuia ,the
In
pgoyhnin and phgoyania
ptyotn- but toupled
nvolve t o diabinet
Oayqenie photosynhecie
photosytim in hch H0 u the
letsn don
heui
important contbutst
Oygen photogcbion of Os u the mott roles
bo produ
fa tha maja
kivct aceounbg dinoflageltt
produ and
to prinag eynobactirla , iatorms
4

played by probra n oceens

and othe 2NADP
’lCHo+3ADP+3P+
+2NADPH t 2H +H0
o, +3ATP One
theriu onty
anonygenie photo sy
Anaerobie
Seaton centre.
batrla tonta'n ba ctriochlorophyll
The
laet pS i|
but
 The light ac'on jeneratu inuflet nedueinpoa
to produe NADPH
NA and thue bata thtae
ae better electpn donors
was almost cetainly theft
Thii mmode of photosgthe
to evolve

Aeroble anogenie photo tophy ù widespread n

planktonie bactera.
may be
of the bactra in the phote 20ne

Upto 20 %
phoYtrsphi(An nP)
aeroble omonygent photo lak tae engy ma
me
helerotwphe and
They are gemly Erts cill matefs
Light -hanvesbig
Some photo hrophe
P'gmente u unknoon in -the-Aschaa
although
True CtmAalephele typ Contain
Some
Lalled bacterlohodophin
bacterloho op hhlh
Protln oelnal.
Castenotd pigment n th membrane
concentra'on
nden Lo w
Cells
maiabo'n the
ma'
Cnd 'ons to
untrs to
Bacttohodopeln alio cell ea salla to nolib'on
4 lanee la the
Nat/t ba
 CHEM 0TROPHS

and

ENERar SoURcGS

HeMIcAL

PHoToTROPHY
CHeHo TROPHY

ne
CAemicala Chemi
(H,Hs et) PHOTOTROPHI
CHEMOUTHOTR0 PHL
CHerOORaAHO TRORUS (ighe)
ATP
ATP
ATP
CHeMOLITHOTROPHS
a sorce
eleton dlom ors
inorgane
arounl bydrotheamal vent
ln Sediment
+ Pound mayory sutficienlreduelng poweA -to
Eleeton donod ih
dlre ATP. syntes
hydngen
lron
monlun, ithie nd oblgt aerobey.
Many ehemolithaotrophs are
 Mang Chemolcthotrophe onidig 4 compounda

Almentl idphs (So) redued tam

Thay
e, s,o,)
We

as leton dond fa mtaboim

electon áupt.
Thiobailu
bateia (So6) 4eh as
and Thiorulm
eramplu
Th iothr
uthe oPPosig gndiena
majct challenge faing so8 compounda ned
TA reduut sulpha
ef edueing
eleeton acept.
sedlmet
The
producbon of sphet in aforganl matalal ia
breakdon
ole in the mutith'on
rduing
Sedlmena by
baclna $R8). bywg
Thiomtaalta obtain
obtaln eng
Thioploea and dono , Coupli,ih Nog
eleton
Sulphite Dmd can autotaphi
electron aceeptoi moleus
mialrpay above aoale bo tto
ich alis
Rn mitali
mattur.
lurel o organe aound
wali
Contais a
hat conati hu
vacoule
amd
he perepheay volumt omd skores vey high
Ryf f Jhe eu
entrabors
Con
Many cemolithotroph Ae hydrogen as an electron dont

n arobie hy dogen batta

tramfanad to quinone and proeeed via a cytochoma
chain,endlng withh he uducton of O to Hao
Ihe -Gryyme hydrogenase catlyes the reackion H0, Hio.
he aehon has a

Peudomonas, Ralstoma
beamplu aaigean
Bater'al and anchaal nihation i maj pron
in he marlne n'

eompoundi ammonla (NHa), ammo nium

Ihe Indgane as subshalu
(NH) and n i a (o) seave
ihifaton.
Chemo lilhotrophy ean Jhe prous
IAmmoniu aidahon

2
Ntae onidabon
No,+2H,0’ No 2Ht+2e

Ammonu oidahon oecus the eng yme

mna monooygenae (Ano,an Entgt mmbrane prtin)
hydromylam'ne
pro by
onidiged to nihae (No)
peiplatm.
Judnoylamieoidore ductout in the
microbes oidigd onidiye No,
Aatent group f
o
the en3yme niht
to nitrab (No) wiy
b i doredu ctae
 anaerob'e chemolitho
Ammomia can also kupport
outohophy Pidab'm lanammox) ulg hel
a n ania
Anaerobie
the end product
as the oxidant and gildirg nihmgen
membes ot he
Anammo ç only caied out ty
Platomyet qhym
AuToTROPHY AND HeTEROTROPHY
à the ain
yel
The Calin Benton'- Bass ham (cBB)
in auto hrophs
method of caben faation
Carbo
RuekCo Pixaon
3moleuls
3 ADP Ruop

6molul
3ATP
CALVN 3 PuA
20
Smolules 6ATP
Step3 43P 6ADP
Regenerain, ckepz!
Reduetion
6moleuses 6NADPH

Imoleut
3PuA
 Sone Avchaea and Bacteria se alternabve paiays
to -fix Co,
I: THe RE veRSE OR REDUcTIVE TRI CARBONYLle ACID(TiA) cYCLE

u wesfedonin -llnked engymeu adig to the famation

autate

The Gene en coding the key engyme of hi patthay

comman han
more

CHe may be he
main meehanim of Cos f'xabon n eheno ithotrophs
in hee habitat.
2. THe REDUCTIvE AcerTL-Coh PAHW AY
Anamox bateria wie he a

otich acutate u famed by combinig tthe melthyl

trom teduction of one moleude o to,
a'o u me
oith the coabomg group om redusion of anoths
eleetron accepbst
o, meule nh tie as he
eduehnof to à alo
The Pathay f
acctat rduing
mehangent and byanarobie edlnent
ng in
chemo orgstph gm
tiogynheti

a cetat

(AreI conto)
(M]
 iabion of nitrogen makea thi ewental lement
available fo builaing uula matial &all lif.
The
enae
dtnctwgne reductae (N:fH orange) andd dn'hroqena ,
Compond + tuo copiu of each af the N D(Bd and
4ubunt.

HETEROTRO PIC MeTA BO s1

malne mienobu obtin eay by he fernenteton

Many
ognnie Compound.
AL eneg etdig metatie dipend
toupled reducbon-idatoo
-bçdah'on rede) ea¿h'nith
tontevathn ot yy in he molule ATP wntg he
ATp+HD
ADPpi t enerny

ovnenttve moobe can be eitheu tfet i facultatve

anaerobes

eleetron aceptor.
cuphas nihate,
anaerab'e rupisabim
the tuminl elechron acepta.
Canbonat ae
 N ttrat neducbon by marine miorobes
Nihate reduet'on an be medl atid by buo pro ene
AssIHILATo RY NiTRATE REDUCTlON
efes to uptake of nefrale ,it heduchon to ammo
ond t in caporab' n into biomas
H DIsSMLA ToRY NITRATE ReDUCTI0N

ro ce u lenon diniifi ab'on.

maire
Sulfat reducbon ia a major prous in
Sedime nti .

Sulphate reductn wally conwdwed a

naebie proen but
in eveal hyla of the
ALthough found
baeta he ot impotant bype
most
tobuctria
to th lass
Dltapro'
amignd memb f the rchaa iu leno n to

reduce

Aechoogau
alo reduce
(5,9:-), 4ehathiont(G,o)
hioswfat (s,0) i thion at.
and
elnental Sphur(s.)