UNIT II: WATER SUPPLY II

Syllabus content
2.1 Types of Taps, Faucets, Fittings and advanced proprietary systems used in baths, kitchen
and WC units.
2.2 Provisions, Installations and applications of above.

Introduction:
Contents: • types of taps, faucets, fittings, and advanced proprietary systems used inbaths,
kitchen and WC units • provisions, installations and applications of above
Bathroom fittings are, by their very definition, the things that are fitted in addition to the main
parts of your room (known as the fixtures). Bathroom fixtures are recognised as permanent
elements which are either plumbed or wired in, and only really movable or detachable when
you look to renovate again in the future. Examples of bathroom fixtures: Bath Toilet Basin or
sink Shower Taps Fitted furniture
Examples of bathroom fittings:
- Toilet seat
- Shower curtains
- Toilet roll holder
- Soap dispenser
- Freestanding or wall mounted bathroom furniture
- Basin or bath waste
- Detachable shelves
Types of taps and faucets:
A tap (also spigot or faucet) is valve controlling the release of a liquid or gas. In water supply
context a tap is used to restrict of allow the flow of water for usage.
- Pillar tap
It is a draw off tap with a vertical inlet and up tilted or horizontal free outlet.
Types
Compression cock: Operates by the compression of a soft packing upon a metal sheet.
Ball faucet: Constructed with a ball connected to the handle.
Key cock: Operates with around tapering plug ground to fit a metal sheet.
Hose bib: A water faucet made for the threaded attachment of a hose

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 1
 Figure 1: Sketches of pillar taps

Application: wash basins, toilets kitchens

Installation process:

Figure 2: Components of pillar taps

First shut off your water heating system then, with your mains stop cock closed, open the lowest
hot and cold taps in the house and allow to run until the cold storage tank and pipes are empty

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 2
(the hot water storage cylinder always remains full). Fitting isolating valves to the inlet feeds is
recommended for ease of maintenance.
- Compression faucet
Compression faucets are usually typified by separate hot and cold water handles. To stop the
water flow, these handles have to be tightened close. They’re usually the least expensive kinds,
and are normally found in older homes and faucets.
A stem assembly is often found beneath the handles of a compression faucet. Leaks are usually
attributed to worn or damaged washers or O-rings.
Application: utility sinks

Figure 3: Compression Faucet

- Ball Faucet
A ball faucet has a single handle that moves over a ball-shaped cap just above the base of the
faucet spout. Adjusting the flow and temperature of the water is done by rotating the lever
around.
As the ball faucet normally is made up of more parts, it is known to leak more than cartridge
or ceramic disc types.

Figure 4: Ball Faucet

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 3
Application: kitchen sinks
- Cartridge Faucet
Cartridge faucets may have single or double handles, but are identified by how to operate them
more than how they look. Single-handle cartridge faucets operate when a stem cartridge under
its faucet base moves up and down (to control water flow), left or right (to control
temperature).

Figure 5: Cartridge Faucet

Application: Wash basins
- Ceramic Disc Faucet
Ceramic disc faucets may be identified by looking for the ceramic cylinder beneath the handle
or lever, and usually have a single lever over a wide cylindrical body.
Mixing hot and cold water in a disc faucet occurs within a mixing chamber called the pressure
balance cartridge. The volume of water flow is controlled by two ceramic discs at the bottom
of the chamber in an up and down motion.
"Temperature is controlled by a side-to-side rotation of the handle. These faucets are high
quality, are very reliable, and do not need repair very often,"

Figure 6: Ceramic Disc faucet

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 4
Application: kitchen sinks
- Monoblocs
The most common type of basin taps in modern bathrooms. As the name suggests, they require
a single tap hole and have a single spout from where both hot and cold water is dispensed.
The temperature and flow is controlled with just one handle – twisting it to the left or right
adjusts the temperature.
a. Washers
Compression washer taps are the oldest mechanism available, and always come in the form
of pillar taps. Twisting the handle causes a washer to move up and down, which controls how
much water flows through.

b. Disc taps
Disc taps are monoblocs with a wide, cylindrical shape containing two ceramic discs inside.
Each disc has a hole that allows water to pass through when both are aligned. Because of the
simple on/off method, they won’t require much turning to achieve full power.
Sensor Operated taps
An automatic faucet or tap (also hands-free faucet,
touchless faucet, electronic faucet, motion-
sensing faucet, sensor faucet, or infrared faucet) is
a faucet equipped with a proximity sensor and
mechanism that opens its valve to allow water to flow
in response to the presence of a user's hands in close
proximity.
Advantage: more hygienic. Save more water.
And safe for children.
Disadvantages: not economical.

Figure 7: Informative functioning of

sensor operated taps

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 5
 Picture 1: Sensor operated taps

1. The sensor tap system must have power, whether battery or a transformer.
2. With electricity supply, the sensor can detect an object, like a hand opposite the basin tap.
3. The solenoid valve opens when an obstruction is perceived.
4. This way, water flows through the pipe and spout.
5. When there is no object in front of the sensor, this device sends the correspondent signal.
6. Then, the solenoid valve closes.
7. And water stops running.

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 6
Push Taps
A push tap is a type operated by pushing a button to activate
water flow. It’s effectively a self-closing tap that once
activated, will only emit water for a short period of time.
These taps are also sometimes referred to as non-concussive
taps.
Because push taps switch off automatically, the risk of them
accidentally being left on is removed. This can help reduce flood
risk, but can also deliver a hefty saving in water and sewerage
charges. Controlled water flow often means users wash their
hands for less time, impacting annual water consumption in a
big way. Push taps are often chosen for their ease of use as they
can be operated with the palm of the hand or elbow – useful in
foodservice and environments where users are likely to have Picture 2: Push taps
heavily soiled hands.
Application: public water outlets, public wash basins, etc.

Thermostatic taps
The thermostatic valve mixes the hot and cold water to your pre-selected temperature and reacts
instantly to any changes in the pressure or temperature of the water supply by re-adjusting the mix of
hot and cold water.
A thermostatic tap is a great addition to any home where young children or the elderly could be prone
to burning themselves. A thermostatic tap works by ensuring a constant temperature during use, which
makes them a safer choice for the bathroom
Advantages - make constant temperature during use.
Disadvantages: - we can’t change temperature during using

Picture 3 (i) & (ii) : Thermostatic taps

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 7
Pull out taps
These taps allow you to pull out the tap spout and fill a container
away from the sink, and are therefore extremely useful for small or
shallow sinks, with no room for high utensils. The spout is similar to
a shower head. On the downside, the hose can puncture if incorrectly
used whilst excessive use may wear out the spring in the long term.
Advantages: - The advantage of being retractable and can be easily
returned to its original position.
Disadvantages: -it covers more space. Picture 4: Pull out taps

Sinks
Sinks are designed for culinary and other domestic uses. They may be made from glazed
fireclay, enamelled cast iron or steel, stainless steel or from glass fibre reinforced polyester.
Sinks have taps (faucets) that supply hot and cold water and may include a spray feature to be
used for faster rinsing. They also include a drain to remove used water; this drain may itself
include a strainer and/or shut-off device and an overflow-prevention device. Sinks may also
have an integrated soap dispenser. Many sinks, especially in kitchens, are installed adjacent
to or inside a counter.

Figure 8: Schematic sketch of Kitchen Sink

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 8
Farmhouse or apron front
These sinks feature an exposed front that either sits flush with or hangs over the
cabinets that it rests between. This style of sink can be found in a wide range of
materials, sizes, colors, and design

Drop in
Drop-in kitchen sinks are designed to drop into a pre-cut opening in the
countertop. These sinks will feature an exposed rim that rests on the countertop.
Easy to install and remove.

Under-mount
Undermount kitchen sinks are mounted to the underside of the countertop,
fastened using clips or brackets and adhesive. This allows the sink's rim to be
concealed, providing a sleek appearance and making cleanup around the sink
much simpler.

Wall mount

They bolt directly onto the kitchen wall. These types of sinks are typically made
of cast iron, porcelain, or stainless steel and require additional support behind
the wall to bear their weight.

Corner
Corner kitchen sinks mount into the corner of your countertop, and are usually
L-shaped. Many corner kitchen sinks are made of stainless steel, however other
material options do exist.

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 9
Prep or bar sinks
Bar sinks, are small single-bowl sinks that are typically installed in addition to
the main kitchen sink. They are generally reserved for small tasks such as
washing hands or rinsing fruits and vegetables.

Wash hand basins

A wash basin is usually made of fire clay,
stoneware, earthenware or vitreous china.
Nowadays they are also made of steel, plastic,
glass, aluminum etc.
There are two types of wash basins - the flat back
and the angle back.
Flat back –mounting on walls
Angle back- fixing at the junction of two walls

Picture 5: Types of Wash Hand Basins

It has slotted overflow hole at the top.

Circular waste hole at the bottom.
Internal angles are designed to facilitate cleaning Standard sizes for flat back wash basins are
630 x 450 mm
550 x 400 mm
Standard sizes for angle back wash basins are
600 x 480 mm
400 x 400 mm

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 10
 Figure 8 (i)& (ii): Schematic sketch of flat back wash
hand basin

Figure 9: Plan and Sectional sketch of wash hand basin

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 11
Shower panel
Shower Panel is a vertical column
which includes Head shower,
Hand shower, Spout, Massage jets
altogether very suitably placed on it.
One can use shower panel without
pressure pump if gets sufficient
pressure level from their supply
source.

Picture 6: Shower Panels

Shower panels are less expensive and easier to install, but will never give you quite the same experience
as a shower system. Alternatively, shower systems are necessarily expensive and invasive to install, but
can't be beat for their spa-quality showers.
Shower enclosure
The shower enclosure is a separation between the wet and dry areas.
Shower enclosure surrounds the shower area and is installed with
railings or curtain rods fixed with the ceilings or walls. Choose from
sliding, swinging, openable or pivot shower doors to accommodate
your space.
The main purpose of a shower enclosure is:
• To provide privacy
• To prevent water from flooding outside the bath area
• It makes the space more organized
Picture 7: Shower Enclosure
The other benefit of the shower enclosure is that it contains the steam
within the enclosure and creates a warm climate during your shower.

Figure 10: Types of Shower Enclosures

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 12
Exhaust fans
Exhaust fans in the home are very beneficial for maintaining ideal temperature and air quality. Kitchen,
bathroom, or whole home systems improve ventilation, letting out the bad to better the indoor
environment.
Exhaust fans are used to pull excess moisture and unwanted odours out of a particular room or area.
They are commonly found in bathrooms and kitchens, where moisture can build up due to activities such
as showering, washing, or cooking. They provide ventilation to areas, reducing chemical fume build up
and removing other contaminants that can be harmful when breathed in.
The fan uses a motor to turn its blades, which function to pull air out of the space. The stale, humid, or
contaminated air is propelled through the exhaust vent, exiting the home. Exhaust fans operate using
electricity. They can be controlled by a wall switch, or certain models are equipped with a thermostat
that signals the unit to come on when certain temperatures are reached in the area.

Figure 11: Installation and Assembling of Exhaust fans

Other fittings
A soap dish is a shallow, open container or platform where a bar of soap
may be placed to dry after use. Soap dishes are usually located in or near a
sink, shower, or bathtub. Most soap dishes are made from waterproof
materials such as plastic, ceramic, metal, or glass, though some are made
from bamboo. A soap dish accommodates bar soap, whereas a soap
dispenser accommodates liquid soap or foam soap.
Because of their intended use in wet and potentially hazardous
environments, most soap dishes are designed with safety in mind. Such
features include unbreakable materials, non-slip surfaces, rounded edges,
and secure installation elements.
A bathroom cabinet (or medicine cabinet) is a cabinet in a bathroom, most Picture 8: Other accessories
often used to store hygiene products, toiletries, and medications. fittings

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 13
They are usually placed under sinks or above toilets.
Bathroom cabinets have become much more technologically advanced with retailers offering
features like Bluetooth audio, ambient lighting, shaver sockets and anti-fog technology.

Unit II – Water Supply II – BS I – Notes compiled by Ar. Tanmayee Panse, SCOA, Pune 14