1

ABSTRACT

Title : Cadiang’s Larvicidal Effect: Wild Giant Taro Plant

Alocasia macrorrhizos and Peel of Calamansi
Citrofortunella microcarpa on Mosquito Aedes aegypti
Larvae

Author : Fernandez, Warren S., Milagrosa, Althamae L., Padilla,

Reyann Neil T., Perez, Louie D., Romano, Angela A.,
Supas, Jaye P.

Adviser : Jonas F. Saldia

School : Taligaman National High School

The primary focus of this study is the larvicidal effects of the mixture of
badiang extract and calamansi peels extract on the larvae of Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes collected by the researchers. The study used purposive sampling
technique in selecting mosquito larvae. The study utilized an experimental design.
Planning a set of procedures to investigate a relationship between variables. The
study revealed what the ratio of cadiang components were needed to be the most
effective. In addition to that the study revealed the larvacidal effect among calamansi
peels extract, badiang extract, and Cadiang Mixture, along with that, the study also
revealed the most effective concentration in killing the mosquito larvae. Thus, the
study recommended that Cadiang can be used as a viable bio-larvacide being more
effective than pure calmansi extract and badiang extract, at eliminating mosquito
Aedes aegypti larvae.

Keyword: Larvicidal effects, Badiang extract, Calamansi peels extract, Aedes

aegypti mosquitoes.
 2

Problem and it’s Setting

Introduction and its Background

Malaria and Dengue are just two of the potentially fatal diseases that

mosquitoes can transmit, and according to the World Health Organization (2020),

Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing

more than 700,000 deaths annually. Even while it may seem implausible, something

so tiny can actually kill a lot of people. More than 1 million people every year die as a

result of mosquito bites, 600,000 of the cases are due to malaria alone. Humans are

the second-most lethal animal, causing 425,000 fatalities annually. Nigeria, the

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the United Republic of Tanzania, and

Mozambique, according to World Population Review (2023) are responsible for

nearly 53% of all mosquito-related deaths worldwide. Nigeria alone was responsible

for almost 31.9% of all malaria deaths worldwide. No matter where they live in the

world, the majority of those at risk for infection are pregnant women and children

under the age of five, a total of 313.8 cases per 1,000 individuals were reported.

It has been discovered that the calamansi peel contains various phenolic

compounds, including phenolic acids, tannins, and flavonoids, which are thought to

be efficient biosorption agents. Limonene makes up the peels of calamansi fruit. The

plants are known to have larvicidal properties due to limonene. Therefore, it implies

that that was the reason the mosquito larvae died. (Cheong et al., 2012; Lou & Ho,

2017).

Another Study agreed with the previous statement as the larvicidal

effectiveness of four Philippine plant species against the third instar larvae of the

dengue mosquito was assessed, Aedes aegypti: Citrus microcarpa (calamansi),

 3

Chromolaena odorata (hagonoy), Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan), and Jasminum

sambac (sampaguita). The ethanolic extract of Caenorhabditis elegans at 500 pints

per million Microcarpa offered 80% 24-hour mortality. The study also states that

Citrus microcarpa may be considered as a possible larvicide substitute to Aedes

aegypti if other biological means are not available. (De Villa et al., 2012)

A study examined the toxicity of crude extracts of badiang and discovered

that the badiang was poisonous to lepidopteran insects. The macrorrhiza lectin found

on the larvae of the tobacco cutworm, asiatic corn borer, and cabbage butterfly

(Pteris rapae) (Spodoptera litura). Results indicated that the stomach harmful effect

on cabbage butterfly larvae. ((Biga, Alocasia Macrorrhiza, Elephant Ear: Philippine

Medicinal Herbs / Philippine Alternative Medicine, n.d.)

A study agrees with the previous statements as a study examined wild Taro

and found that it has a very annoying itching effect. The itching sensation after

handling a plant is a characteristic that the plant containing calcium oxalate. One of

the taro varieties that grow in Aceh has a purple tuber. However, it has a very

annoying itching effect. The itching sensation after handling a plant is a characteristic

that the plant containing calcium oxalate. (Z F Rozali et al., 2021)

Another investigation supported the earlier finding, the study examined an

ethanol extract of the Alocasia indica Schott (Badiang) tuber in several in vitro and

in vivo experimental settings, demonstrating its antioxidant, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic,

antibacterial, and tuber properties. According to cytotoxicity testing, the

concentration was 50% deadly for brine shrimp nauplii at 81.09 µg/mL. (Islam et al.,

2013)

Hence, the researchers realized that there was an abundance of badaing and

calamansi peels in the community and that the peels of the calamansi were being
 4

wasted and thrown away, the researchers, with these studies, decided to make a

calamansi peel extract and badiang extract as a mosquito Larvicide. In this this

study, the researchers utilized badiang and calamansi peels, to formulate a mosquito

larvicide extract, which they would call “cadiang”. Hence, calamansi, calamansi peels

and badiang are very abundant in the community. The researchers intended to make

a cost-effective bio-larvicide.

Statement of the Problem

The primary focus of the study is to determine the mosquito larvicidal effect of

calamansi peels, badiang extract, and cadiang extract. Specifically, it sought out to

answer the following questions;

1. What is the ratio of Cadiang components needed to be the most effective?

a. In terms of 50% calamansi peel extract and 50% badiang extract

b. In terms of 70% calamansi peel extract and 30% badiang extract

2. What is the Larvacidal effect among calamansi peels extract, badiang extract,

and cadiang extract?

3. Based on the findings, what is the most effective concentration in killing the

mosquito’s larvae?
 5

Significance of the Study

The results of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Low Income Communities. This study will provide economical and

inexpensive mosquito control for those living in poverty/low income communities. In

turn will simultaneously improve their living conditions, improve public health and

overall health of the citizens living there. It will also let the people address the NTD’s

(Neglected Tropical Diseases) in their areas themselves.

Health Centers. This study will assist people who are off the grid in

controlling mosquitoes and reducing their risk of contracting a mosquito-borne illness

by using natural and easily accessible resources. Providing them with a way to make

a larvicide that is effective and resource efficient will significantly help them.

Household. This study will protect families from contracting mosquito-borne

diseases, as mosquitoes have a disproportionate effect on elderly and children, as

children and elderly have weak immune systems compared to normal adults, and the

results of this study may help them, as giving people a way to make cost effective

larvicide will improve public health and lessen mosquito breeding grounds, and in

turn lessen the risk the of elderly and children contracting mosquito borne illnesses.

Agricultural Industries. This study will provide a way for farmers and

ranchers to take control of mosquitoes, improving livestock quality. This can result in
 6

the increase of productivity and the prevention of death by blood loss from

mosquitoes.

Future Researchers. The results of this study will benefit future researchers

in developing more effective and reasonably priced bio-larvicides, helping them in

the suppression of nuisances and vectors of mosquito diseases.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focuses on the mosquito larvicidal effects of the mixture of badiang

extract and calamansi peels extract on the larvae of mosquitoes collected by the

researchers. The mosquito’s larvae were taken from their local breeding grounds.

The researchers aim to find out if there is a larvicidal effect of the mixture of

badiang extract and calamansi peels extract on the larvae of mosquitoes and if there

is a significant difference in the mosquito larvacidal effect among, calamansi peels

extract, badiang extract, and cadiang extract. The researchers will assess its

effectiveness in varying ratios.

The researchers will obtain the badiang plants from behind one of the

researchers houses known to have numerous badiang plants growing there. The

researchers will acquire calamansi peels from neighbors and school vendors who

are in possession of calamansi peels. The researchers will conduct their experiment

in Taligaman National High Schools’ Science laboratory, where all the needed

equipment is available.
 7

Review of Related Literature

This chapter contains the literature related to the study which will make it

easier to understand. This chapter provides a detailed review of related literature and

studies of Calamansi Peels and Badiang showing any signs of larvicidal effects or

attributes that could contribute to larvicidal effects.

Calamansi Peels Larvicidal Effect or Attributes that Could Contribute to

Larvicidal Effects

A study conducted a larvicidal assay which was performed against test

organisms to determine the efficacy of the essential oil of calamansi peel at 8 parts

per million, 9 parts per million, 10 parts per million, and 11 parts per million

concentrations. Data on the larval mortality after 24 hours of exposure were

analyzed using Probit Analysis. Results from the bioassay revealed that calamansi

peel essential oil in 95% ethanol possessed great larvicidal potential with an

estimated lethal concentration 50 of 8.89 parts per million and lethal concentration

90 of 10.57 ppm. The study stated that plants are known to have larvicidal properties

due to limonene. Thus, it entails that it caused the death of the mosquito larvae. This

active compound is a nerve toxin that kills insects on contact by acting upon their

sensory cells, leading to hyperstimulation of motor neurons. One of the factors

accounting for differences between this study’s and related study’s results may be
 8

the species of plant and the plant part used. Plant extracts have various insecticidal

and medicinal values depending on the compound present. In addition to that,

Mahanta et al. stated that major compounds of the essential oil along with its quality

and quantity is one of the significant factors that can determine the insecticidal

activity of a different plant essential oil. Larvicidal Activity. This suggests that

calamansi peel essential oil is effective against third and early fourth instar Aedes

aegypti at low concentrations. Thus, calamansi peel essential oil could be utilized as

a bio-larvicide alternative that may be less hazardous to non-target creatures.

(Carigaba et al., 2020).

In addition to the previous statement a study determined the efficacy of

calamansi, Citrofortunella microcarpa, against the third to fourth instar nymphs of

Brown Planthopper or Nilaparvata lugens. Calamansi peels were dried, macerated

for 48 h, and processed by rotary evaporation to obtain the crude peel extract.

Varying solutions of 2, 4, and 6% calamansi peel crude extracts were formulated and

applied to Nilaparvata lugens in triplicates with 20 hoppers in each replicate. Percent

mortality was recorded after 72 hours of exposure to varying concentrations of

calamansi peel extract. Increasing concentrations of calamansi peel extract was

found to be directly proportional to the mortality of Nilaparvata lugens. Furthermore,

the lethal concentration 50 and lethal concentration 90 of calamansi peel extract was

8.37% and 54.57% respectively. Results suggest that calamansi peel extract is a

potential insecticide against Nilaparvata lugens and could be utilized as an organic

plant-based insecticide. (Caugma et al., 2020)

 9

Furthermore, a study tested the third instar larvae of the dengue mosquito,

Aedes aegypti, were tested using the third instar larvae of four Philippine plant

species: Citrus microcarpa (calamansi), Chromolaena odorata (hagonoy),

Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan), and Jasminum sambac (sampaguita). The

ethanolic extract of Caenorhabditis elegans at 500 parts per million Calamansi

microcarpa offered 80% 24-hour mortality, which was little less than the 100% black

pepper achieved. Calamansi microcarpa may be a possible alternative to Aedes

aegypti for larvicide in the absence of alternative biological methods. For Calamansi

microcarpa, regression analysis revealed that 50% and 90% mortality can be

attained at 581 and 1009 mg/l, respectively (200 parts per million; confidence

limit=95%), suggesting that the plant extract may be considered as a potential

larvicide substitute to Aedes aegypti if other biological means are not available (C.

De Villa et al., 2012).

A study by Pansit and Reposar (2018) agreeing with the previous studies,

conducted a larvicidal experiment which was carried out on third-instar Aedes

aegypti larvae in order to determine the bioactive compounds present in the extract

by qualitative phytochemical screening to evaluate the effectiveness of plant extracts

at concentrations of 6 mg/mL, 12 mg/mL, and 18 mg/mL. The arithmetic mean,

Tukey test, and t-test were used to assess data on mosquito larvae mortality at 24

and 48 hours. The assay's outcomes showed that both plants have the ability to be

larvicidal. But when compared to Carica papaya, Calamansi microcarpa showed a

concentration-dependent impact and significantly stronger larvicidal efficacy at the

0.05 level of significance. This larvicidal property can be related to the presence of

alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins, which are known insecticidal
 10

and larvicidal phytochemicals. The presence of fatty acids, which may work in

concert with other rich phytochemicals to increase larvicidal activity, was also

discovered in Calamansi microcarpa extract.

Moreover, A study used Citrus microcarpa peel samples from Malaysia, the

Philippines, and Vietnam to extract volatile chemicals, which were then analyzed

using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector. Over 98%

of the volatiles, or 79 substances, were identified. A relatively limited number of

potent oxygenated compounds varied dramatically among the three geographical

sources, with Malaysian calamansi peel having the greatest concentration of methyl

N-methylanthranilate as an example. Citrus microcarpa peel samples from Malaysia,

the Philippines, and Vietnam were used to extract volatile chemicals, which were

then analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization

detector. Over 98% of the volatiles, or 79 substances, were identified. A relatively

limited number of potent oxygenated compounds varied dramatically among the

three geographical sources, with Malaysian calamansi peel having the greatest

concentration of methyl N-methylanthranilate as an example. The complex volatile

chemicals in the calamansi peel extracts were interpreted using principal component

analysis and canonical discriminant analysis, and the distinction between the several

origins was confirmed. Additionally, using ultra-fast liquid chromatography connected

to a photodiode array detector, four common hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, p-

coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids) were found in the methanolic extracts of

calamansi peel. The most phenolic acids overall were found in the calamansi peel

from the Philippines. Additionally, ferulic acid was the primary bound phenolic acid,

but p-coumaric acid was the dominant free phenolic acid. (Cheong et al., 2012).
 11

Badiang’s Larvicidal Effect or Attributes that Could Contribute to Larvicidal

Effects

A study examined wild Taro and found that it has a very annoying itching

effect. The itching sensation after handling a plant is a characteristic that the plant

containing calcium oxalate. One of the taro varieties that grow in Aceh has a purple

tuber. However, it has a very annoying itching effect. The itching sensation after

handling a plant is a characteristic that the plant containing calcium oxalate. (Z F

Rozali et al., 2021)

In a study of Lim, T. K. (2014) Alocasia macrorrhiza leaf extract (60–300

parts per million) exhibited larvicidal activity against the first to fourth instar larvae of

the Anopheles stephensi, the malarial vector, and caused pupal mortality of

Anopheles stephensi (Durga Devi and Murugan 2013). The lethal concentration 50

and lethal concentration 90 values were represented as follows: lethal concentration

50 value of I instar was 126.55 parts per million, II instar was 143.19 parts per

million, III instar was 165.10 parts per million, and IV instar was 186.13 parts per

million. The lethal concentration 90 value of I instar was 278.81 parts per million, II

instar was 327.47 parts per million, III instar was 380.01 parts per million, and IV

instar was 421.04 parts per million. The lethal concentration 50 value of pupae was

205.68 parts per million, and the lethal concentration 90 value of pupae was 456.92

parts per million.

 12

A journal by Carson (2019), stated that he encountered an Alocasia

macrorrhizos and after the encounter he developed a painful skin "burning" over

most of his body, he’s primary physician could not diagnose him so he sent him to

see an allergy specialist who diagnosed him with elephant ear poisoning. He goes

on to state that elephant ears, along with other members of the arum family —

houseplants Dieffenbachia (dumb cane), Spathiphyllum (peace lily) and

philodendrons, calla lilies, anthurium and caladiums, along with Italian arum and

Jack-in-the-pulpit, all contain crystals of calcium oxalate which can cause burning

and swelling of the mouth if eaten, and contact dermatitis in some people sensitive to

the sap.

A study by Islam et al., (2013) the larvicidal and pupacidal effectiveness of

methanolic extracts of badiang plant leaves against the malarial vector Anopheles

stephensi mosquitoes was studied, the extracts from the leaves of the badiang plant

were found to be efficient mosquito vector control agents and have a place in

integrated pest management schemes, according to the results. Furthermore,

another study also shown its cytotoxic properties, by evaluating an ethanol extract of

tuber of Alocasia indica in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. In the

cytotoxicity testing, there was 50% lethal concentration against brine shrimp nauplii

at 81.09µg/mL.
 13

Methodology

This chapter presents the subject the study, the procedure, research design,

and the statistical treatment.

The Subject of the Study

The researchers noticed that there are a large number of mosquitos in

Taligaman, which the researchers wanted to help with. Since the researchers are

students of Taligaman National Highschool, the Researchers also noticed that

students going to school, suffered numerous bites from mosquitoes, which cemented

the desire of the Researchers to help. Moreover, the Researchers handled 12

groups of 10 mosquito larvae. The researchers employed a purposive sampling

scheme, by selecting 120 larvae, from the subjects selected. 30 mosquito larvae

were assigned to 3 groups, and were applied with the researchers Cadiang Mixture

A with 10% concentration, another 30 were assigned to another 3 groups and were

applied with 10% concentration of Cadiang Mixture B, another 30 mosquito larvae

were assigned to another 3 groups which was applied with 10% concentration of
 14

calamansi peel extract, another 30 mosquito larvae were assigned to another 3

groups and to be applied with 10% concentration of badiang extract. The larvae were

then observed to see if there were any significant effects of the cadiang and

commercial larvicide, and to record the status of the larvae. According to Robinson

(2014), Purposive sampling is the intentional selection informants based on their

ability to elucidate a specific theme, concept, or phenomenon.

Procedure

The study had three phases: pre- experimental phase; experimental phases

and post- experimental phase.

Materials needed for the experiment:

 4 beakers

 3 medicinal droppers

 Calamansi peels

 Badiang stems

 Gloves

 knife

 Hair nets

 Graduated Cylinder

 Large Piece of cloth

 15

Phase 1. Pre- Experimental Phase

The researchers acquired calamansi peels and badiang stems. After that,

the researchers gathered all the materials needed and they prepared their Cadiang

Mixtures, calmansi peel extract, and badiang extract. Cadiang mixture A was

composed of 50% calamansi peel extract and 50% badiang extract, while Cadiang

Mixture B was composed of 70% calamansi peel extract and 30% badiang extract.

Calamansi peel extract, badaing extract, and Cadiang Mixture A and B was

administered at 10% concentration. The researchers gathered enough Mosquito

larvae to be used in the experiment. The experiment went on for 5 hours at most or

until all the larvae are eliminated. The researchers also put the larvae against a white

background to make observations visible and easier to spot.

Phase 2. Experimental Stage

The Researchers prepared twelve (12) different beakers, and put ten (10)

larvae in each beaker, grouping them into 10 for each beaker. The experiment

immediately commenced after the preparations were done. Group A, B, C larvae

was applied with the Researchers’ Cadiang Mixture A at 10% concentration, the

groups D, E, F larvae were applied at 10% concentration of Cadiang Mixture B,

groups G, H, I larvae at 10% concentration of calmansi extract, groups J, K, L were

applied with 10% concentration of badiang extract. Following the administration of

the treatments, they were immediately monitor and checked for any fatalities or

discrepancies. These observations and discrepancies were documented in a table of

recordings and events, which was important to the research. While conducting their

observations, the researchers took pictures every now and then to document how

each group is responding to the treatment. As long as there are no more mosquito
 16

larvae or until 7 hours has passed, the researchers must keep checking for any

discrepancies.

Phase 3. Post- Experimental Phase

After the experiment, the researchers gathered all of the data and records

collected during the experiment. The results of this experiment were examined, put

into a table and analyzed in order to see the effects of calamansi peel extract,

badiang extract and the researchers’ Cadiang Mixture on the Aedes aegypti

Mosquito Larvae.

Research Design

This study used an experimental research design to carry out certain

processes and testing in an objective and controlled fashion which greatly

maximized the precision of the specific conclusions that were drawn regarding the

study's hypotheses.

This study adopted an experimental research design to achieve the desired

results. A systematic method for defining, creating, exploring, assessing, and

interpreting experience was provided by this study design. The results of each phase

provided information for the next.

Figure 1
Research design and steps

Defining Objective
 17

Planning Objective

Experimentation
Procedure

Modelling Process

Interpretation of the
results/products

Conclusion
Note. Research design and the steps during each phase.

In the defining objectives, both the general and specific objectives were

outlined to set parameters and to best utilize the time for the conduction of the study.

In the planning/designing process, all the materials needed were collected,

available, prepared and set for the smooth experimental run of the study.

In the modelling process, results or the product were analyzed to address the

general and specific problem of the study, certain processes and testing were

repeated to achieve desirable results.

In the interpretation of the result/product, findings were compared whether the

results indicated corroboration or contradiction to the findings of previous studies.

 18

In the conclusions, arguments based on the statement of the problem were

summed up and restated, whether the results imply to accept or reject the

hypothesis of the study.

Data Processing

The researchers used the data gathered from the test and carefully recorded

it in a table, which was analyzed and interpreted accordingly based on the results of

the experiments.

Treatment of the Data

The following techniques were used to provide more relevant analysis and

interpretation of the data gathered.

Thematic Analysis. This was used to treat qualitative data and to analyze for
data that entrails a repeated pattern or reoccurring theme.
Table. This was used to help in recording deaths, discrepancies.
Figure. This was used to help in presenting
Presentation and Analysis of Data

This chapter of the paper presents the data gathered by the researchers from

their experiment. It also provides the analysis, interpretation, and summary of the

data that has been organized according to the questions enumerated in the second

chapter of this paper.

Table 1
No. of minutes to kill mosquito larvae using Calamansi extract

Calamansi extract No. of minutes to kill larvae Number of deaths

Trial 1 39.50 min. 10/10

 19

Trial 2 41 min. 10/10

Trial 3 52.42 min. 10/10

As can be seen in Table 1, using a 100ml of water and 10ml of pure

calamansi extract, the researchers conducted 3 trials, in all the three trials 3 the

researchers noticed a trend, that all the larvae at the start of the administration of the

calamansi extract had a small spike in movement and after 15-20 minutes they had a

drop-in movement and sank to the bottom. The researchers interpreted the larvae

death was due to calmansi peel’s containing limonene because a study conducted a

bioassay that revealed that calamansi peel essential oil possessed great larvicidal

potential with an estimated lethal concentration 50 of 8.89 parts per million and lethal

concentration 90 of 10.57 ppm. The study stated that plants are known to have

larvicidal properties due to limonene. Thus, it entails that it caused the death of the

mosquito larvae. (Carigaba et al., 2020)

Table 2

No. of hours to kill mosquito larvae using badiang extract

Calamansi extract No. of hours to kill larvae Number of deaths

Trial 1 5.31 hours 5/10

Trial 2 5.9 hours 0/10

Trial 3 5.16 hours 0/10

As can be seen in Table 2, using a 100ml of water and 10ml of pure badiang

extract we conducted 3 trials, in all the three trials 3 the researchers noticed a trend,

that all the larvae at the start of the administration of the badiang extract had a more

significant spike in movement compared to the spike in movement in the

 20

administration of calamansi extract and after 10-15 minutes they had a drop-in

movement and instead of sinking like in the calamansi extract trials, they instead

lingered at the top portion of the beaker. The researchers interpreted the more

significant spike in movement at the start of administration was due to badiang

containing calcium oxalate crystals, because a journal stated that elephant ears,

along with other members of the arum family all contain crystals of calcium oxalate

which can cause burning and swelling of the mouth if eaten, and contact dermatitis in

some people sensitive to the sap. (Carson 2019)

Table 3
No. of minutes/hours to kill mosquito larvae using cadiang mixture A
No. of Trials No. of hours to kill larvae Number of deaths

Trial 1 30 min 10/10

Trial 2 1.13 hours 5/10

Trial 3 1.18 hours 0/0

As shown in table 3, Cadiang Mixture A containing 100ml of water, 5ml of

calmansi peel extract and 5ml of badiang extract, in the first trials seemed effective,

however in the later trials this effectiveness seems to dissipate, the researchers

believe this is due to the age of the ingredients used as dates the experiments were

conducted were spaced out, leading to aged ingredients which can affect the

acidity/pH of a substance overtime. With 1st trials of Cadiang Mixture A showing

 21

effectiveness the researchers interpreted the loss/drop in effectiveness as the age of

the ingredients, more specifically the age of the calamansi and badiang extracts,

affecting the overall effectiveness of the mixture. The study interpreted the

effectiveness of the 1st trial was due to the combination of limonene and calcium

oxalate crystals in the mixture, because a study by Carigaba et al., (2020) conducted

a bioassay that revealed that calamansi peel essential oil possessed great larvicidal

potential, the study stated that plants are known to have larvicidal properties due to

limonene, and a journal by Carson (2019) stated that elephant ears, along with other

members of the arum family all contain crystals of calcium oxalate which can cause

burning and swelling of the mouth if eaten, and contact dermatitis in some people

sensitive to the sap.

Table 4
No. of minutes/hours to kill mosquito larvae using cadiang mixture B
Mixture No. of hours to kill larvae Number of deaths

Trial 1 24 min. 10/10

Trial 2 1.13 hours 8/10

Trial 3 1.14 hours 0/10

As can be seen in table 4, Cadiang Mixture B containing 100ml of water, 7ml

of calamansi extract and 3ml of badiang extract, same in the trials in mixture A, in

the first trials it seemed effective, however in the later trials this effectiveness seems

to dissipate, the researchers believe this is due to the age of the ingredients used as

dates the experiments were conducted were spaced out, leading to aged ingredients

which can affect the acidity/pH of a substance overtime. With 1 st trials of mixture A

showing effectiveness the researchers interpreted the loss/drop in effectiveness as

 22

the age of the ingredients, more specifically the age of the calamansi and badiang

extracts, affecting the overall effectiveness of the mixture. Compared to mixture A,

this mixture had lower spikes in movement at administration of the mixture, the

Researchers interpreted the lower spike in movement compared to mixture A’s

administration was due to mixture B having a lower amount of badiang extract in it,

because a journal by Carson (2019) stated that elephant ears, along with other

members of the arum family all contain crystals of calcium oxalate which can cause

burning and swelling of the mouth if eaten, and contact dermatitis in some people

sensitive to the sap.

General Interpretation/Summary

The tests, which resulted in the creation of two combinations of calamansi

extract and badiang extract capable of eradicating larvae, were regarded by the

researchers as great step forward. The experiment provided solutions to a number of

issues raised in chapter 1 of the researchers' study. The results of the trials showed

that a 70:30 ratio was required for cadiang components to be most effective, with 70

representing calamansi Peel extract and 30 from badiang extract. All of the extracts

showed some larvicidal effects in the trials, however the study also found that

calamansi peel extract and badiang extract work better together than they do alone

based on the results of the studies and it was shown that 10% is the most efficient

concentration for killing mosquito larvae. The research also revealed the larvicidal

effect among the extracts of calamansi peels, badiang, and cadiang. Overall, the
 23

experiment provided more insight into the effects of Badiang, Calamansi, and

Cadiang Mixture on mosquito larvae.

Conclusion and Recommendations

This chapter of the paper presents and provides the conclusion and

recommendations of the researchers.

Conclusion

The current study, which assessed the larvicidal efficacy of Calamansi peel

extracts was shown to be typically more effective than badiang extract in killing

Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, but badiang itself still has some larvicidal effects,

based on the findings of the experiments.

According to the findings, badaing appeared to aggravate the larvae more

than calamansi, gradually weakening but ultimately killing them slower compared
 24

to the calamansi trials. The study discovered that when calamansi peel extract and

badiang extract are mixed they can be used as a bio-larvacide capable of killing

Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, and it was also discovered that calamansi peel

extract and badiang extract work better together than they do alone based on the

findings of the experiments.

Recommendations

1. If people are creating a bio-larvicide they should use 70:30 ratio, with 70

representing calamansi peel extract and 30 representing badiang extract,

since it is shown to be very effective.

2. If future researchers were to base they’re research on this, they should

implement more variation in the ratios and concentration of calamansi peel

extract and badiang extract, since there is a plausibility that there could be a

better ratio available.

3. To maximize the efficacy of the bio-larvicide formulation, it is recommended

for researchers to use freshly extracted badiang ang calamansi peels instead

of leftover extracts. By using freshly extracted peels, researchers can ensure

that the bioactive compounds are their peak concentration and activity level,

thus enhancing the effectiveness of the larvicide.

References
Badawy, M. E. I., Taktak, N. E. M., & El-Aswad, A. F. (2018). Chemical
Composition Of The Essential Oils Isolated From Peel Of Three Citrus
Species And Their Mosquitocidal Activity Against Culex Pipiens. Natural
 25

Product Research, 32(23), 2829–2834.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1378216

Biga, alocasia macrorrhiza, elephant ear: Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Philippine

Alternative Medicine. (n.d.). http://www.stuartxchange.org/Biga.html

C. De Villa, L. M., A. Abantes, M. J., C. Asi, M., C. Balmeo, N. J., D. Bustillo, A. M.,
M. Calangi, E., R. Cruzado, L. J., R. Dumaoal, O. S., & R. Magbojos, C.
(2012). The Seth (Vol. 6).
https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/STETH-
6.2.pdf

Carigaba, M.A.E., Leonida, M.A.J., Masculino, C.J.C., Mediodia, C.J.A. & Garbo,
A.G. (2020). Larvicidal activity of Citrofortunella microcarpa (calamansi) peel
essential oil against third and early fourth instar Aedes aegypti. Publiscience,
3 (1):37-41.

Carson, J. (2019, September 7). IN THE GARDEN: Elephant ear plants can cause
serious reactions in some people. Arkansas Online.
https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/sep/07/in-the-garden-20190907

Caugma, Adrienne Clarisse & Acabal, LJ & Gerolaga, Alliya & Del Mundo,
Erickson.
(2020). Calamansi [Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands]: A Potential
Insecticide against Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål).

Cheong, M. W., Chong, Z. L., Liu, S., Zhou, W., Curran, P., & Yu, B. (2012).
Characterisation of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa). Part I: Volatiles, aromatic
profiles and phenolic acids in the peel. Food Chemistry, 134(2), 686–695.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.162

Elliott, E., Chassagne, F., Aubouy, A., Deharo, E., Souvanasy, O., Sythamala, P.,
Sydara, K., Lamxay, V., Manithip, C., Torres, J. A., & Bourdy, G. (2020).
Forest Fevers: Traditional treatment of malaria in the southern lowlands of
Laos. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 249, 112187.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112187

Huang WenJie, Yi XiaoMin, Feng JianYing, Wang YiHai, He XiangJiu, 2017.

Piperidine alkaloids from Alocasia macrorrhiza.Phytochemistry, 14381-86.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00319422

Lim, T.K. (2015). Alocasia macrorrhizos . In: Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal
Plants.
Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9511-1_11

Mohamed E. I. Badawy, Nehad E. M. Taktak & Ahmed F. El-

Aswad (2018) Chemical
 26

composition of the essential oils isolated from peel of three citrus species and
their mosquitocidal activity against Culex pipiens, Natural Product
Research, 32:23, 2829-2834, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14
786419.2017.1378216

Pansit, N., & Reposar, R. (2018). Larvicidal activity of Citrofortunella microcarpa

(Lemonsito) and Carica papaya (papaya) extracts against the dengue-vector
mosquito, Aedes sp. International Journal of Mosquito Research.

Pradeepika, C., Selvakumar, R., Krishnakumar, T., UN Nabi, S., & MS Sajeev.
(2018). Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of underexploited tuber crops: A
review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(5), 1007–1019.
https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue5/PartR/7-5-78-263.pdf

Randall RP, 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Perth, Australia: Department

of
Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 1124 pp.
http://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2013/20133109119.pdf

Robinson, R.S. (2014). Purposive Sampling. In: Michalos, A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia
of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer, Dordrecht.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2337

Rojas-Sandoval, J., & Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. (2022). Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant

taro). CABI Compendium, CABI Compendium.
https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.4220

Rozali, Z & Zulmalisa, Z & Sulaiman, Ismail & Lubis, Yanti & Noviasari, Santi &
Eriani, Kartini & Asrizal, Cynthia. (2021). Decreased of calcium oxalate levels
in the purple taro flour (Colocasia esculenta) from Aceh Province, Indonesia
using three immersion methods. IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science. 711. 012022. 10.1088/1755-1315/711/1/012022.

Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A., & Singh, N. (2020). Phenolic composition,
antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel. Food research
international (Ottawa, Ont.), 132, 109114.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109114

Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.

http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/

Taligaman, Butuan Profile – PhilAtlas. (1990, May 1).

https://www.philatlas.com/mindanao/caraga/butuan/taligaman.html
 27

Toson, Elshahat & Habib, Salem & Saad, Entsar & Harraz, Nahla. (2014). Toxic
and
anti-fertility effects of Alocasia macrorrhiza and Calotropis procera ethanolic
extracts on male mice. International Journal of Biochemistry. 195. 328-338.

Vajravijayan, S., Pletnev, S., Pletnev, V.Z., Nandhagopal, N. and Gunasekaran, K.

(2018), Crystal structure of a novel Kunitz type inhibitor, alocasin with anti-
Aedes aegypti activity targeting midgut proteases. Pest. Manag. Sci., 74:
2761-2772. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5063

World Population Review. (n.d.). Mosquito Deaths by Country / Deaths Caused by

Mosquitos per Country 2023. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-
rankings/mosquito-deaths-by-country